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Lundiana 10-1.P65 Lundiana 10(1):19-52, 2009 © 2011 Instituto de Ciências Biológicas - UFMG ISSN 1676-6180 Diversidad de Trichinelloidea (Enoplea, Nematoda) en Chile y su implicancia en salud humana, animal y ecosistémica Julio A. San Martín-Órdenes Escuela de Postgrado, Programa M. Cs. Mención Producción, Manejo y Conservación de Recursos Naturales, Universidad de Los Lagos, Osorno, Chile. E-mail: [email protected] Abstract Diversity of Trichinelloidea (Enoplea, Nematoda) in Chile and its implication for human, animal and ecosystemic health. The nematode zooparasites of vertebrate and invertebrate correspond to an aspect of biodiversity which has not been properly evaluated. In Chile, specific research on Trichinelloidea (Order Trichinellida) is scarce. For this reason, a recompilation on the taxa observed in this country was carried out, by means of a bibliographic review. The reported families are Capillariidae Néveu-Lemaire, 1936, with 11 identified species in Mammalia, Aves and Osteichtyes (including Capillaria sp. s. l. in Milvago chimango from the Metropolitan region, recorde here for the first time); Trichinellidae Ward, 1907, with one identified species in Mammalia; Trichuridae Railliet, 1915 with 11 species in Mammalia; and Trichosomoididae Hall, 1916; with one species in Rodentia. There were no records of these parasites associated with Reptilia, Amphibia, Agnatha, Chondrichtyes or to invertebrates, which are hosts recorded for the superfamily in other parts of the world. Involvement of species in this superfamily with human and ecosystemic health is argued, in the context of a debatable and confused taxonomy and identification, together with a scarce knowledge of this group. Therefore, it is considered that more studies on Trichinelloidea and its presence in this country are required. Keywords: Parasites, Chile, Trichinelloidea, Capillaria, Trichinella, Trichuris, Trichosomoides, animal health, human health, ecosystem health. Introducción Schmid-Hempel & Frank, 2007; Thompson et al., 2008). Por otra parte, los parásitos poseen una belleza intrínseca en su Los nemátodos zooparásitos de vertebrados e invertebrados apariencia o en sus ciclos de vida especialmente complejos que conforman un aspecto de la biodiversidad que no ha sido demuestran la “armonía” de la coevolución (Daszak & evaluado en detalle y que es importante desde el punto de vista Cunningham, 2002). De este modo no hay razón ética para no de la parasitología y también para aumentar el conocimiento de conservar la biodiversidad parasitaria de la misma forma que la las especies de vida libre con las que interactúan (Pérez-Ponce del hospedador (Daszak & Cunningham, 2002). de León & García, 2001). No obstante, actualmente, se han En Chile, los estudios sobre parásitos de diferentes grupos hecho algunos esfuerzos en el conocimiento de algunas especies taxonómicos son escasos, restringiéndose principalmente a de nemátodos (e.g. Viney, 2006; Schmid-Hempel & Frank, animales domésticos (Tagle, 1966; Tagle, 1970; Alcaíno & 2007). La situación anterior, tiene implicancias con respecto a la Gorman, 1999) y al hombre (Atías, 1991), aunque recientemente conservación parasitaria, la que a su vez, tiene ventajas prácticas se han realizado esfuerzos en la recopilación de datos en para la conservación de los hospedadores (Cunningham, 1996). animales silvestres (Puga, 1994; Cattán, 1995; Hinojosa-Sáez & El conocimiento de la biología y ecología evolutiva, asociada a González-Acuña, 2005; Olmos & Muñoz, 2006; Muñoz & la biodiversidad genética parasitaria puede entregar antecedentes Olmos, 2008). Precisamente, sobre la superfamilia sobre los ciclos y las asociaciones de hospedadores y parásitos, Trichinelloidea Ward, 1907 (Trichinellida Hall, 1916: Nematoda el desarrollo de inmunidad, los mecanismos de infección, Potts, 1932), no se han hecho muchos estudios específicos, virulencia y dosis infecciosa, que pueden ser útiles para el exceptuando en lo referente a Trichinella spiralis, especie sobre control de estos organismos (Viney, 2006, Gardner et al., 2007; la cual existe abundante información en el hombre, especies domésticas y sinantrópicas (Alcaíno & Arenas, 1981; Atías, 1991; Schenone et al., 1999). Received: 12-IX-07 La taxonomía de esta superfamilia ha sido muy discutida, Accepted: 10-I-09 incluyendo, de acuerdo a varios autores (Blaxter et al., 1998; Distributed: 13-IX-11 Moravec, 2001; De Ley & Blaxter, 2002), las familias 19 San Martín-Órdenes Capillariidae, Trichinellidae, Trichuridae, Trichosomoididae, encontrado trabajos sobre la helmintofauna de especies parásitas Anatrichosomatidae, Cystoopsidae y Dioctowittidae. de Reptilia, Amphibia, Condrichtyes o Agnata ni tampoco en El trabajo presentado tiene como objetivo entregar una invertebrados, que involucren a esta superfamilia de nemátodos. recopilación de antecedentes de la superfamilia Trichinelloidea De las familias de Trichinelloidea, sólo cuatro (Capillariidae, con respecto a los parásitos descubiertos o recolectados en Trichinellidae, Trichuridae y Trichosomoididae) han sido Chile, para dimensionar, de manera más integral, los alcances de registradas dentro del país. este taxón en este país en el contexto de la biodiversidad De las especies de la familia Capillariidae se registran los parasitaria nacional. géneros Capillaria Zeder, 1800 con tres especies identificadas en Aves (C. columbae, C collaris y C. tenuissima), una especie Materiales y métodos de Baruscapillaria Moravec, 1982 en Aves (B. obsignata), una especie de Pterothominx Freitas, 1959 en Aves (P. caudinflata), Este trabajo es principalmente una revisión de literatura, tres de Eucoleus Dujardin, 1845 en Mammalia (E. aerophilus) y realizada a través de los portales buscadores Google Académico en Aves (E. annulatus y E. contortus), una de Calodium (http://scholar.google.cl); Scielo, la Biblioteca en línea Dujardin, 1845 en Mammalia (Calodium hepaticum), una de Electrónica Científica (http://www.scielo.cl/), Biblioteca Virtual Aonchoteca López-Neyra, 1947 en Mammalia (A. bovis) y una em Saúde (BVS), que incluye LILACS y Medline (http:// de Pearsonema Freitas & Mendonça, 1960 en Mammalia (P. bases.bvsalud.org); PubMed, desarrollado por el Center for plica). Además, se recopilaron Capillaria s.l. sp. en 26 taxa Biotechnology Information (NCBI) en el National Library of (especies o subespecies) de hospedadores (Tablas 2a-c). En Medicine (NLM) (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/) y Trichinellidae, se identificó una especie de Trichinella Railliet, Agris Caris, el sistema de información internacional para las 1895 (T. spiralis s. l.) en Mammalia (Tabla 2d) En Trichuridae, Ciencias y Tecnologías Agrícolas de la FAO (http:// se recopilaron 11 especies de Trichuris Roederer, 1761 en www.fao.org/agris/). De manera anexa, se revisó las bibliotecas Mammalia (T. bradleyi, T. chilensis, T. discolor, T. fulvis, T. digitales y sus tesis, de la Universidad de Concepción myocastoris; T. ovis, T. robustis; T skrjabini, T. suis, T. (www.bibliodigital.udec.cl), Universidad Austral de Chile (http:/ trichiura y T. vulpis), y 17 especies (o subespecies) de /cybertesis.uach.cl/), y Universidad Católica de Temuco (http:// hospedadores con registros sin identificar la especie de Trichuris www.uctem.cl/biblioteca/tesis.php), considerando su (Tablas 2d-g). En Trichosomoididae, se recopiló una especie de importancia en la investigación parasitológica en pregrado. Se Trichosomoides Railliet, 1895 en Rodentia (Mammalia) (T. incluye, también, los trabajos recopilatorios de Tagle (1966), crassicauda) (Tabla 2d). Para el caso del ave necropsiada, se Cattán (1995) y Alcaíno & Gorman (1999). Además, se ha agrega Capillaria sp. s.l, ya que algunos especimenes fueron agregado un registro nuevo de Capillaria sensu lato que fue obtenidos del intestino y se visualizaron nemátodos, obtenido durante la realización de mi tesis de Medicina aparentemente Trichinelloidea, en los cortes histológicos. Veterinaria. Para ello se utilizó la técnica de necropsia parasitaria descrita posteriormente por González-Acuña et al. (1) Trichinelloidea en hospedadores Mammalia Linnaeus, (2004a), en un tiuque [Milvago chimango chimango (Vieillot, 1758 1816), Falconidae, Aves] proveniente de la región El registro de Trichinelloidea en mamíferos chilenos se Metropolitana. El ave fue conservada mediante congelación y concentra en especies domésticas o sinantrópicas, incluyendo posteriormente, se les realizó cortes histológicos de acuerdo a gamos (Dama dama) y muflones (Ovis musimon) introducidos las técnicas estándares (Luna, 1968). (Díaz et al., 1977). Además, se agregan registros de roedores La nomenclatura utilizada para los taxones de Nematoda silvestres (Cattán, 1995; Landaeta-Aqueveque et al.; 2007), hasta el nivel de familia, corresponde a las de Blaxter et al. zorro chilla (Pseudalopex griseus) (Alarcón, 2005), guanaco (1998) y Moravec (2001). Para la familia Capillariidae, se utiliza (Lama guanicoe) (Henning, 1984) y pudú (Pudu puda) la sistemática de Moravec (1982) (Tabla 1), que es aceptada por (Valverde, 1988; Duval, 1990), dejando sin investigar, una gran la mayoría de los autores, actualmente (Okulewicz & Zalezny, cantidad de especies de mamíferos autóctonos no introducidos ni 2005). Se describe los helmintos Trichinelloidea bajo cinco asilvestrados que en total son 147 especies en la totalidad del apartados: (1) Trichinelloidea en hospedadores Mammalia territorio tricontinental (Contreras & Yáñez, 1995) (Tabla 3a y Linnaeus, 1758. (2) Trichinelloidea en hospedadores Aves 3b). Linnaeus, 1758. (3) Trichinelloidea
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