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Climate in Svalbard 2100
M-1242 | 2018 Climate in Svalbard 2100 – a knowledge base for climate adaptation NCCS report no. 1/2019 Photo: Ketil Isaksen, MET Norway Editors I.Hanssen-Bauer, E.J.Førland, H.Hisdal, S.Mayer, A.B.Sandø, A.Sorteberg CLIMATE IN SVALBARD 2100 CLIMATE IN SVALBARD 2100 Commissioned by Title: Date Climate in Svalbard 2100 January 2019 – a knowledge base for climate adaptation ISSN nr. Rapport nr. 2387-3027 1/2019 Authors Classification Editors: I.Hanssen-Bauer1,12, E.J.Førland1,12, H.Hisdal2,12, Free S.Mayer3,12,13, A.B.Sandø5,13, A.Sorteberg4,13 Clients Authors: M.Adakudlu3,13, J.Andresen2, J.Bakke4,13, S.Beldring2,12, R.Benestad1, W. Bilt4,13, J.Bogen2, C.Borstad6, Norwegian Environment Agency (Miljødirektoratet) K.Breili9, Ø.Breivik1,4, K.Y.Børsheim5,13, H.H.Christiansen6, A.Dobler1, R.Engeset2, R.Frauenfelder7, S.Gerland10, H.M.Gjelten1, J.Gundersen2, K.Isaksen1,12, C.Jaedicke7, H.Kierulf9, J.Kohler10, H.Li2,12, J.Lutz1,12, K.Melvold2,12, Client’s reference 1,12 4,6 2,12 5,8,13 A.Mezghani , F.Nilsen , I.B.Nilsen , J.E.Ø.Nilsen , http://www.miljodirektoratet.no/M1242 O. Pavlova10, O.Ravndal9, B.Risebrobakken3,13, T.Saloranta2, S.Sandven6,8,13, T.V.Schuler6,11, M.J.R.Simpson9, M.Skogen5,13, L.H.Smedsrud4,6,13, M.Sund2, D. Vikhamar-Schuler1,2,12, S.Westermann11, W.K.Wong2,12 Affiliations: See Acknowledgements! Abstract The Norwegian Centre for Climate Services (NCCS) is collaboration between the Norwegian Meteorological In- This report was commissioned by the Norwegian Environment Agency in order to provide basic information for use stitute, the Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Directorate, Norwegian Research Centre and the Bjerknes in climate change adaptation in Svalbard. -
'.Com,' Names for Antarctica, Urdu and More 17 June 2011, by ANICK JESDANUN , AP Technology Writer
Beyond '.com,' names for Antarctica, Urdu and more 17 June 2011, By ANICK JESDANUN , AP Technology Writer (AP) -- Unless you're a Luddite, you're bound to the system from that round, including ".xxx." know of ".com," the Internet's most common address suffix. Meanwhile, ICANN approved ".ps" for the Palestinian territories (in 2000) and ".eu" for the You've also probably heard of ".gov," for U.S. European Union (in 2005). That's because those government sites, and ".edu," for educational two were on a country-code list kept by the institutions. International Organization for Standards, which in turn takes information from the United Nations. Did you know Antarctica has its own suffix, too? It's More recently, ICANN approved country names in ".aq." languages other than English - so India has ones for Hindi, Urdu and five others. The aviation industry has ".aero" and porn sites have ".xxx." There's ".asia" for the continent, plus An expansion plan before ICANN on Monday would suffixes for individual countries such as Thailand streamline procedures for creating names and (".th") and South Korea (".kr"). Thailand and Korea allow for an endless number. also have addresses in Thai and Korean. Just as names get added, names can disappear. There are currently 310 domain name suffixes - the Yugoslavia's ".yu" is gone, as is East Germany's ".com" part of Web and email addresses. Now, the ".dd." There's no longer an ".um" for the U.S. "minor organization that oversees the system is poised to outlying islands," which include the Midway Islands. accept hundreds or thousands more. -
The Internet and Isi: Four Decades of Innovation
THE INTERNET AND ISI: FOUR DECADES OF INNOVATION ROD BECKSTROM President and Chief Executive Officer Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) 40th Anniversary of USC Information Sciences Institute 26 April 2012 As prepared for delivery It’s an honor to be here today to mark the 40th anniversary of the University of Southern California’s Information Sciences Institute. Thank you to Herb Schorr for inviting me to speak with you today and participate in the day’s events. When he steps down he will leave some very large shoes to fill. When I received Herb’s invitation, I seized upon it as an opportunity to come before you to express the sincere gratitude that my colleagues and I feel for the work and support of ISI. When I think of ICANN and its development, and all we have accomplished, I never forget that we stand upon the shoulders of giants, many of whom contributed to my remarks today. In fact, I owe a special debt of gratitude to Bob Kahn, who has been a mentor to me. I am honored that he took the time to walk through a number of details in the history I have been asked to relate. The organizers asked me to speak about the history of ISI and ICANN. They also invited me to talk a bit about the future of the Internet. In my role as President and CEO of ICANN, I have many speaking engagements that are forward looking. They are opportunities to talk about ICANN’s work and how it will usher in the next phase in the history of the global, unified Internet that many of you have helped to create. -
Business Process Outsourcing Connecting with New Markets
Business Process Outsourcing Connecting with new markets Edition 2017/2018 KEY FACTS Official name: Inflation rate, 2016: The Republic of Moldova 6.4 % Autonomous Territorial Unit of Gagauzia (ATU) Unique tax of 7% for IT park residents Area: 1,848 km² Corporate tax: in Free Economic Zones: 12 % 6%, 0% Population: 162,000 inhabitants VAT: in Free Economic Zones: 20%, 8% 0% Language: Gagauzian (Turkic Language Family), Employment rate: Russian and Romanian are most 32% commonly spoken languages in Gagauzia The average gross monthly wage in IT sector:* Capital of ATU Gagauzia: 650 EUR Comrat (26,200 inhabitants) Currency: Moldovan Leu (MDL) *Source: www.statistica.md CONTENT Key Facts 1 Why bussiness process outsoursing to Gagauzia? 3 Bussines process outsourcing (BPO) and ICT 5 Telecommunications 8 Telephony 9 Internet 9 Incentives in ICT sector 11 Bussiness partners 12 Association of ICT companies 12 Invest in Moldova & Invest Gagauzia help you 13 WHY BUSINESS PROCESS OUTSOURCING TO GAGAUZIA? Human capital • Gagauzia is an autonomous region of the Republic of Moldova. The region has a population of 162,000 inhabitants. Comrat municipality is the administrative center of Autonomous Territorial Unit with 23,556 inhabitants. Over 80 percent of the total population speaks Gagauz language which is closely linked to Turkic language family. That enables Gagauz people to speak and understand Turkish and Azerbaijani languages. Russian and Romanian are second most spoken languages in Gagauzia. English is widely spoken and understood by the youth; • Work force – the employable population constitutes 104.8 thousand people, which make up for 64.8 % of total population; • Yearly, circa 750 students graduate from the State University of Comrat, two colleges and three vocational schools. -
Digitalization of Public Services in Moldova in the Covid-19 Era
UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME DIGITALIZATION OF PUBLIC SERVICES IN MOLDOVA IN THE COVID-19 ERA The Impact of COVID-19 It is now six months since the COVID-19 pandemic engulfed our world. It has now become clear that our lives are unlikely to return quickly, if ever, to our previous normality. The COVID-19 pandemic has exposed flaws and limitations in our existing systems and norms. Everybody has either witnessed or experienced large-scale lockdowns. And although the world is re-opening now, COVID-19 is still spreading around the world. Our societies will have to adapt to a “new normal” in practically everything we do. Public services are vital for people’s livelihoods. Everyday people need public services to help them access services, register for retraining programmes or receive social benefits. In this “new normal” the government should make long-term improvements to public services, with a focus on filling the gaps in infrastructure and designing personalized public services. Virtual communication and connectedness will not end with the end of the lockdown. Face-to-face communication will still be important in service provision. However, the government should gradually create the conditions when people will not feel a radical difference between virtual (digital) and physical delivery of public services. To achieve this, it is crucial for the Government to bring the spirit of human interaction and connectedness to digital public services. How do we combine all of this and make public services efficient, personalized, trustworthy, human and most importantly safe in the post-COVID era in Moldova? We attempt to address these questions in this brief. -
Afilias Limited Request 28 January 2020
Registry Services Evaluation Policy (RSEP) Request January 17, 2020 Registry Operator Afilias Limited Request Details Case Number: 00941695 This Registry Services Evaluation Policy (RSEP) request form should be submitted for review by ICANN org when a registry operator is adding, modifying, or removing a Registry Service for a TLD or group of TLDs. The RSEP Process webpage provides additional information about the process and lists RSEP requests that have been reviewed and/or approved by ICANN org. If you are proposing a service that was previously approved, we encourage you to respond similarly to the most recently approved request(s) to facilitate ICANN org’s review. Certain known Registry Services are identified in the Naming Services portal (NSp) case type list under “RSEP Fast Track” (example: “RSEP Fast Track – BTAPPA”). If you would like to submit a request for one of these services, please exit this case and select the specific Fast Track case type. Unless the service is identified under RSEP Fast Track, all other RSEP requests should be submitted through this form. Helpful Tips • Click the “Save” button to save your work. This will allow you to return to the request at a later time and will not submit the request. • You may print or save your request as a PDF by clicking the printer icon in the upper right corner. You must click “Save” at least once in order to print the request. • Click the “Submit” button to submit your completed request to ICANN org. • Complete the information requested below. All fields marked with an asterisk (*) are required. -
Key-Site Monitoring in Norway 2018, Including Svalbard and Jan Mayen
Short Report 1-2019 Key-site monitoring in Norway 2018, including Svalbard and Jan Mayen Tycho Anker-Nilssen, Rob Barrett, Børge Moe, Tone K. Reiertsen, Geir H. Systad, Jan Ove Bustnes, Signe Christensen-Dalsgaard, Sébastien Descamps, Kjell-Einar Erikstad, Arne Follestad, Sveinn Are Hanssen, Magdalene Langset, Svein-Håkon Lorentsen, Erlend Lorentzen, Hallvard Strøm, © SEAPOP 2019 SEAPOP Short Report 1-2019 Key-site monitoring in Norway 2018, including Svalbard and Jan Mayen Breeding success The 2018 breeding season was, overall, not good for Norwegian seabirds (Table 1a) with a third of the populations having a poor breeding success, as was the case in 2017. Fortunately, several populations did do well (38% compared to 34% in 2017). When comparing pelagic and coastal populations, the former were more successful (43% good, 22% poor) than the coastal (33% good, 33% poor). Among the pelagic species, northern gannets and razorbills fared best with a good breeding success recorded in two out of two and three of four populations respectively. Common guillemots also did well with five of eight populations having good breeding success. The three puffin colonies monitored in the Barents Sea produced many chicks while at Røst breeding success was poor for the 12th year in a row. At the two other colonies in the Norwegian Sea, it was moderate. Little auks on Bjørnøya did well, but only moderately so on Spitsbergen. The fulmar’s success on Jan Mayen was good, but poor on Røst and Sklinna. Brünnich’s guillemots had a poor breeding season on Jan Mayen, a good one on Bjørnøya and a moderate one on Spitsbergen. -
ICANN, Ipv6 and the Root
ICANN, IPv6 and the Root John L. Crain Chief Technical Officer Beijing, China April 12, 2007 1 12 APRIL 2007 In the beginning . 2 12 APRIL 2007 Internet’s unique identifiers were coordinated through the Internet Address Naming Authority JonJon PostelPostel 19431943––19981998 3 12 APRIL 2007 Need for change circa 1996–97 • Globalisation of Internet • Commercialisation of Internet • Lack of competition in domain name space • Trademark–domain name conflicts • Need for a new model of governance 4 12 APRIL 2007 ICANN mission statement • To coordinate, overall, the global Internet's system of unique identifiers, and to ensure stable and secure operation of the Internet's unique identifier systems. In particular, ICANN coordinates: 1. Allocation and assignment of the three sets of unique identifiers for the Internet: • Domain names (forming a system called the DNS) • Internet protocol (IP) addresses and autonomous system (AS) numbers • Protocol port and parameter numbers 2. Operation and evolution of the DNS root name server system 3. Policy development reasonably and appropriately related to these technical functions 5 12 APRIL 2007 Principles of operation 1. Contribute to stability and security of the unique identifiers system and root management 2. Promote competition and choice for registrants and other users 3. Forum for multi-stakeholder bottom-up development of related policy 4. Ensuring on a global basis an opportunity for participation by all interested parties 6 12 APRIL 2007 The Secretariat (People doing the day to day work) 58 Staff from 26 Countries 7 12 APRIL 2007 • The secretariat’s work is administration and aiding policy processes. • We do not set policy, that is the job of the community. -
Identifier System Attack Mitigation Methodology DATE: 13 February 2017 Identifier System Attack Mitigation Methodology
Identifier System Attack Mitigation Methodology DATE: 13 February 2017 Identifier System Attack Mitigation Methodology Introduction This document is part of ICANN’s effort to contribute to enhancing the Stability, Security, and Resiliency (SSR) of the Internet’s system of unique identifiers (“Internet Identifiers”) by working with the Community to identify and increase awareness of related attacks and to promote broader adoption of attack mitigation practices. This effort also addresses Recommendation #12 of the Security, Stability & Resiliency (SSR) Review Team (SSR-RT) by creating an Identifier System Attack Mitigation Methodology. Specifically, this document identifies and prioritizes types of attacks against the Identifier System, providing a stepping-off point for ICANN to coordinate with the Community to develop a series of short technical documents (“Tech Notes”) on actual high-impact attacks and emerging high-risk vulnerabilities. This document will be periodically updated to reflect evolution of both the Identifier System and the cybercrime landscape, supporting on-going efforts within both ICANN and the Community to mitigate attacks that pose the greatest risk to Identifier System SSR. Authors: Lisa Phifer and David Piscitello Page 1 Identifier System Attack Mitigation Methodology DATE: 13 February 2017 Attack Mitigation Methodology ICANN is proposing a new Identifier System Attack Mitigation Methodology to: • Identify, prioritize, and periodically refresh a list of top Identifier System attacks; • Develop guidance on actual high-impact attacks and emerging high-risk vulnerabilities; • Describe corresponding attack mitigation practices that are commonly considered useful; and • Encourage broader adoption of those practices via contracts, agreements, incentives, etc. This document represents the first component of this methodology. -
The State of the Internet in France
2020 TOME 3 2020 REPORT The state of the Internet in France French Republic - June 2020 2020 REPORT The state of the Internet in France TABLE OF CONTENTS EDITORIAL 06 CHAPTER 3 ACCELERATING Editorial by Sébastien Soriano, THE TRANSITION TO IPV6 40 President of Arcep 06 1. Phasing out IPv4: the indispensable transition to IPv6 40 NETWORKS DURING 2. Barometer of the transition HET COVID-19 CRISIS 08 to IPv6 in France 47 3. Creation of an IPv6 task force 54 PART 1 000012 gathering the Internet ecosystem ENSURING THE INTERNET FUNCTIONS PROPERLY PART 2 58 CHAPTER 1 ENSURING IMPROVING INTERNET INTERNET OPENNESS QUALITY MEASUREMENT 14 CHAPTER 4 1. Potential biases of quality of service GUARANTEEING measurement 15 NET NEUTRALITY 60 2. Implementing an API in customer 1. Net neutrality outside of France 60 boxes to characterise the user environment 15 2. Arcep’s involvement in European works 65 3. Towards more transparent and robust measurement 3. Developing Arcep’s toolkit 68 18 methodologies 4. Inventory of observed practices 70 4. Importance of choosing the right test servers 22 CHAPTER 5 5. Arcep’s monitoring of mobile DEVICES AND PLATFORMS, Internet quality 26 TWO STRUCTURAL LINKS IN THE INTERNET ACCESS CHAPTER 2 CHAIN 72 SUPERVISING DATA 1. Device neutrality: progress report 72 INTERCONNECTION 29 2. Structural digital platforms 74 1. How the Internet’s architecture has evolved over time 29 2. State of interconnection in France 33 PART 3 76 TACKLE THE DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY’S ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGE CHAPTER 6 INTEGRATE DIGITAL TECH’S ENVIRONMENTAL FOOTPRINT INTO THE REGULATION 78 1. -
THE Kingdom OF
THE KINGDOM OF BY Clifford J. Mugnier, CP, CMS, FASPRS The Grids & Datums column has completed an exploration of every country on the Earth. For those who did not get to enjoy this world tour the first time,PE&RS is reprinting prior articles from the column. This month’s article on the Kingdom of Norway was originally printed in 1999 but contains updates to their coordinate system since then. orway was settled in the Middle Stone Age (circa 7000 B.C.), and by the 9th century NA.D., the Norse expeditions began which colonized the islands off Scotland, Ireland, Ice- land, and Greenland. Trondheim was the Nor- wegian capital until 1380. Kristiania, founded in 1050, became the capital in the 14th century and was renamed Oslo in 1924. The Kingdom occupies the western part of the Scandinavian Peninsula. It is bounded on the west by the Atlantic Ocean, on the north by the Arctic Ocean, on the north east by Russia and Finland, on the east by Sweden, and on the south by the Skagerrak and Denmark. Because of the numerous fjords and small coastal sured on Lake Storsren using wooden sur-vey bars. By 1784, a islands, the Kingdom has one of the longest coast- triangulation arc was surveyed between Kongsvinger and Ver- lines in the world. Norway claims the islands of dal. Additional triangulation work continued, and the survey was adjusted in 1810. The geographical position of Bergen was Svalbard and Jan Mayen in the Norwegian Sea. compared to another determination from a triangulation arc The earliest modern map of Nor-way was the map of Scandi- from Lindesnes. -
The People Who Invented the Internet Source: Wikipedia's History of the Internet
The People Who Invented the Internet Source: Wikipedia's History of the Internet PDF generated using the open source mwlib toolkit. See http://code.pediapress.com/ for more information. PDF generated at: Sat, 22 Sep 2012 02:49:54 UTC Contents Articles History of the Internet 1 Barry Appelman 26 Paul Baran 28 Vint Cerf 33 Danny Cohen (engineer) 41 David D. Clark 44 Steve Crocker 45 Donald Davies 47 Douglas Engelbart 49 Charles M. Herzfeld 56 Internet Engineering Task Force 58 Bob Kahn 61 Peter T. Kirstein 65 Leonard Kleinrock 66 John Klensin 70 J. C. R. Licklider 71 Jon Postel 77 Louis Pouzin 80 Lawrence Roberts (scientist) 81 John Romkey 84 Ivan Sutherland 85 Robert Taylor (computer scientist) 89 Ray Tomlinson 92 Oleg Vishnepolsky 94 Phil Zimmermann 96 References Article Sources and Contributors 99 Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 102 Article Licenses License 103 History of the Internet 1 History of the Internet The history of the Internet began with the development of electronic computers in the 1950s. This began with point-to-point communication between mainframe computers and terminals, expanded to point-to-point connections between computers and then early research into packet switching. Packet switched networks such as ARPANET, Mark I at NPL in the UK, CYCLADES, Merit Network, Tymnet, and Telenet, were developed in the late 1960s and early 1970s using a variety of protocols. The ARPANET in particular led to the development of protocols for internetworking, where multiple separate networks could be joined together into a network of networks. In 1982 the Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP) was standardized and the concept of a world-wide network of fully interconnected TCP/IP networks called the Internet was introduced.