8 originally chartered standards charters 0 Concept Map organizations include ISoc members form 243 active ccTLDs Domain Name System rely on .ac Ascension Island (licensed) 28 Internet Society (ISoc) is a professional .ad Andorra A concept map is a web of terms. Verbs membership society with more than 150 This diagram is a model of the Domain .ae United Arab Emirates connect nouns to form propositions. organizations and 11,000 individual mem- .af Afghanistan 27 Name System (DNS), a system vital to the Groups of propositions form larger struc- bers from over 182 countries. tures. Examples and details accompany .ag Antigua and Barbuda smooth operation of the Internet. The goal most terms. More important terms re- .ai Anguilla of the diagram is to explain what DNS ceive visual emphasis; less important 11 .al Albania terms, details, and examples are in gray. IETF sponsors working groups are managed by IESG decisions can be appealed to IAB provides advice to IANA functions were moved to .am Armenia is, how it works, and how it’s governed. Terms related to names and addresses write approves .an Netherlands Antilles The diagram knits together many facts (the heart of DNS) are in blue. Terms Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) Internet Engineering Steering Internet Architecture Board (IAB) Internet Assigned Numbers .ao Angola followed by a number link to terms pre- is a voluntary, non-commercial organization Group (IESG) Authority (IANA) originally handled .aq Antarctica about DNS in hopes of presenting a com- ceded by the same number. comprised of individuals concerned with the many of the functions that are now 626,000 .ar Argentina prehensive picture of the system and the evolution of the architecture and operation ICANN’s responsibility. ICANN hired .as American Samoa Begin reading anywhere you like or from of the Internet. 16 many of IANA’s staff. 272,000 .at Austria the top or from the word “people.” 1 342,895 .au Australia 27 context in which it operates. specify rules for assignments made by 10 .aw Aruba implementors include ISC implements standards defined in RFCs related to DNS include RFC 779 “Internet Name Domains,” outlined the problem, 9/81 maintains .az Azerbaijan RFC 819 “The Domain Naming Convention for Internet User Applications,” 8/82, first defined ... DNS 0 .ba Bosnia and Herzegovina Implementors write software based Internet Software Consortium (ISC) is a Requests for Comments (RFCs) document RFC 881 “The Domain Names Plan and Schedule,” 11/83, updated by RFC 897 .bb Barbados on standards—that is, they implement non-profit corporation that develops and technical and organizational aspects of RFC 882 “Domain Names - Concepts And Facilities,” 11/83, updated by RFC 1034 .bd Bangladesh the standards. Other implementors maintains reference implementations of the Internet. RFC 883 “Domain Names - Implementation And Specification,” 11/83, updated by RFC 1035 238,000 .be Belgium include Cisco and Microsoft as well as core Internet protocols—and makes RFC 973 “Domain System Changes and Observations,” 1/86 .bf Burkina Faso smaller firms such as Men & Mice. them available for free. 23 RFC 974 “Mail Routing And The Domain System,” 1/86, ... authored by 33 .bg Bulgaria RFC 1034 “Domain Names - Concepts And Facilities,” 11/87 .bh Bahrain RFC 1035 “Domain Names - Implementation And Specification,” 11/87, defines many ... record types 25 BIND is used by most ... name servers 21 .bi Burundi 27 RFC 1591 “Domain Name System Structure and Delegation,” 3/94 .bj Benin Berkeley Internet Name Domain (BIND): RFC 1886 “DNS Extensions to support IP version 6,” 12/95 .bm Bermuda name server, resolver library, and tools. RFC 2065 “Domain Name System Security Extensions,” 1/97, see also RFC 2136, 2137, 2535, 3007, 3008 .bn Brunei Darussalam RFC 2870 “Root Name Server Operational Requirements,” 6/00, defines the role of ... Root Server Operators 22 United States National .bo Bolivia RFC 2916 “E.164 Number and DNS,” 9/00, ... authored by 31 427,000 .br Brazil RFC 2929 “Domain Name System (DNS) IANA Considerations,” 9/00 Department Telecommunications and Memos of .bs Bahamas RFC 3071 “Reflections on the DNS, RFC 1591, and Categories of Domains” 2/01, ... authored by 32 9 of Commerce Information Administration Understanding .bt Bhutan RFC 3363 “Representing IPv6 Addresses in the DNS, 8/02, see also RFC 3364 ... authored by 30 .bv Bouvet Island government runs at the pleasure of Congress votes funds for (DoC) includes (NTIA) enters into (MoUs) establish a relationship with RFC 3467 ”Role of the Domain Name System (DNS), 2/03, ... authored by 32 .bw Botswana RFC 3490 ”Internationalizing Domain Names in Applications (IDNA),” 3/03, ... authors include 31 charters The US House of Representatives has a Congress has given DoC primary respons- NTIA is run by an Administrator who reports The first MoU between NTIA and ICANN .by Belarus Committee on Commerce, and the US ibility for managing Internet related issues. to the Secretary of the DoC. NTIA has direct was signed on November 25, 1998. Since .bz Belize (licensed as business) 28 Senate has a Committee on Commerce, The President of the United States nomin- responsibility for working with ICANN. then, there have been 5 amendments to the 310,000 .ca Canada Science, and Transportation, which has a ates the Secretary of the DoC who must original agreement. The latest amendment 500,000 .cc Cocos (Keeling) Islands (licensed) 28 Sub-Committee on Commerce. These then be confirmed by the Senate. DoC also includes a Technology Admini- was signed in September 30, 2002 and ex- .cd Congo, Democratic Republic committees oversee the Department of 34 stration run by the Under-Secretary for tends the agreement for one year. .cf Central African Republic Commerce (DoC). Technology. The Technology Administration .cg Congo includes the National Institute of Standards 500,000 .ch Switzerland and Technology which provides technical .ci Cote D'Ivoire (Ivory Coast) advice to NTIA. .ck Cook Islands 88,819 .cl Chile .cm Cameroon 179,000 .cn China .co Colombia .cr Costa Rica .cu Cuba .cv Cape Verde .cx Christmas Island .cy Cyprus has instituted the 131,000 .cz Czech Republic per its by-laws, enters into agreements which create Sponsorship 6,117,000 .de Germany through its by-laws creates a set of .dj Djibouti 3 has entered into and Registry 428,276 .dk Denmark a board of directors governs ICANN has NO agreements covering the operation of Agreements empower Supporting Organizations 13 Regional Internet Registries (RIRs) allocate blocks of IP addresses to Uniform Domain-Name Dispute-Resolution Policy (UDRP) .dm Dominica is made up of members from RIRs are non-profit organizations All registrars in the .biz, .com, .info, .name, .net, and .org .do Dominican Republic should charter - Address Supporting Organization (ASO) 15 Voting Directors Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) is a - Country-Code Supporting Organization (ccSO) will be made up of members from that manage, distribute and register TLDs, as well as some in ccTLDs, have agreed to follow .dz Algeria Chosen by: California non-profit corporation. It resides in Marina del Rey and has a staff - Generic Names Supporting Organization (gNSO) includes members from public numeric Internet address spaces and related resources the UDRP. Under the policy, most types of trademark-based .ec Ecuador 12 8 Nominating Committee of 24 and an FY03 budget of about $7,000,000. It coordinates, at the overall within their respective regions. domain-name disputes must be resolved by agreement, .ee Estonia 13 2 Address Supporting Organization level, the Internet’s systems of unique identifiers and ensures the stable and Advisory Committees - American Registry for Internet Numbers, Ltd. (ARIN) court action, or arbitration before a registrar will cancel, .eg Egypt 13 2 Country-Code Supporting Organization secure operation of those systems. Specifically, it: - At-Large Advisory Committee 14 - Asia Pacific Network Information Centre (APNIC) suspend, or transfer a domain name. .er Eritrea 13 2 Generic Names Supporting Organization 1. Coordinates the allocation and assignment of the three sets - Executive Search Committee - Latin America Caribbean IP Address Registry (LACNIC) .es Spain 1 President of ICANN (serves ex officio) of unique identifiers for the Internet, which are - Governmental Advisory Committee 15 - Réseaux Internet Protocol Européens Network Coordination Centre (RIPE NCC) Internet Service Providers (ISPs) resell ... IP addresses 6 .et Ethiopia a. Domain names (forming a system referred to as DNS) 5 - Root Server System Advisory Committee 17 drawn from ... Operators 22 ICANN has begun the process of accepting other RIRs ISPs can join their RIR and participate in policy making. .fi Finland 6 Non-Voting Liaisons b. Internet protocol (IP) addresses 6 - Security and Stability Advisory Committee 18 - African IP Address Registry (AfriNIC) .fj Fiji Chosen by: and autonomous system (AS) numbers Technical Liaison Group Organizations 19 .fk Falkland Islands (Malvinas) 14 1 At-Large Advisory Committee c. Protocol port and parameter numbers. Other Committees and Task Forces Regional TLD Organizations - ETSI (European Telecommunications Standards Institute) .fm Micronesia (licensed as FM radio) 28 15 1 Governmental Advisory Committee 2. Coordinates the operation and evolution of the DNS root name servers. - Internationalized Domain Names (IDN) Committee - AFTLD, Africa - IAB (Internet Architecture Board) 11 .fo Faroe Islands 16 1 Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)