museums & art galleries survival strategies
A guide for reducing operating costs and improving sustainability museums & art galleries Survival Strategies sur vival Contents strategies A guide for reducing operating costs and improving sustainability including Foreword 2 A five-step plan for institutions plus 205 initiatives to help get you Introduction 3 started Museums, Galleries and Energy Benefits of Change
Survival strategies for museums & art galleries 4
Legislation Environmental Control and Collections Care Standards
Five simple steps – A survival strategy for your institution 9
Step #1 Determine your baseline and appropriate level of refurbishment 10
Step #2 Review your building maintenance, housekeeping and energy purchasing 14
Sustainability makes good sense for museums. Step #3 Establish your targets and goals 18 A sustainable business is one that will survive and Step #4 Select your optimal upgrade initiatives 22 continue to benefit society. Vanessa Trevelyan, 2010 President of Museums Association Head of Norfolk Museums & Archaeology Service Step #5 Make your survival strategy happen 50
Further information 54
Renaissance in the Regions Environmental Sustainability Initiatives 58
Acknowledgements and Contacts 60
Cover © Scott Frances 1 Foreword Introduction
The UK sustainable development strategy The Green Museums programme in the Our Green Museums programme has Museums, Galleries and Benefits of Change “aims to enable all people throughout the North West is part of a nationwide fabric focussed on empowering members of staff world to satisfy their basic needs and enjoy of initiatives and projects developed and at all levels to bring about organisational Energy Improving energy efficiency and acting Meet the needs a better quality of life without compromising supported through Renaissance in the change. We have recognised that in Museums and Galleries consume sustainably now will avoid the increasing of users, reduce the quality of life of future generations”. Regions. They have been inspired and addition to developing technical expertise significant amounts of energy to maintain costs of acting later and avoid the penalties consumption, guided by the work of the Museums’ and confidence, there is a need to internal environments to protect and being introduced by legislation. This is improve Museums and galleries are striving for Association and other agencies on strengthen individual responsibility and preserve their collections. By targeting this in addition to the immediate benefits of organisational, social, economic and sustainability, and will provide a significant capacity to influence. An important part energy demand, significant energy savings operating more sustainably. environmental environmental sustainability in a challenging resource for museums and galleries. This of this has been working together as a can be made. performance and economic climate, to develop and provide work also supports and complements work network of green champions to test ideas, Museums and Galleries are strongly linked protect your balance relevant and inspirational services to undertaken by the Heritage Lottery Fund develop transferable findings and to share The Survival Strategy has been developed to the community, and so have a choice users. As a result of pressures to become to minimise the environmental impact of learning and best practice. We hope that to build on the Green Museum Step- as to how they promote sustainability. sheet Institutions can directly educate the public more sustainable, our sector is becoming capital developments. the Survival Strategy is a crucial tool for by-step Guide, delivered as part of Make do with the increasingly aware and focused on the everyone working in museums to use to Groundwork Derby & Derbyshire’s Green through newsletters, displays, events etc. reduction of energy use, costs and carbon Many museums and galleries are located make immediate and long-term change in Museums programme initiated and funded Alternatively sustainability can be promoted current performance emissions. within local authorities and universities the way we work. by Museums, Libraries and Archives East indirectly through sustainable practices of your existing carried out by an institution. Both methods that have their own climate change action Midlands and Renaissance East Midlands. buildings, or plan plans. For example, a groundbreaking Sustainability remains one of the key http://www.mla.gov.uk/what/programmes/ have advantages and disadvantages; initiative to help protect against the impacts challenges for our sector; as a contributor renaissance/regions/east_midlands/ however each is a big step towards more your survival of global warming will provide a blueprint to the Museums Association’s consultation info_for_sector/collections_buildings/ sustainable behaviour in the institution and strategy and reap for Greater Manchester to adapt to what stated, ‘It’s pointless showcasing history to buildings_projects the wider community. are now accepted as the inevitable effects the world if it costs the earth’. the rewards - the of climate change. By 2015 Manchester Together these documents will help your choice is yours will be a “Green City” with improved local organisation to benchmark current energy and global environmental performance and water use as well as waste production, and with sustainable transport, which develop a strategy with reduction contributes to economic growth. targets and choose the best options for implementing new practices and initiatives to meet your goals.
The Survival Strategy comprises 5 steps which will guide your institution through the process with a selection of case studies to demonstrate how the survival strategies have been implemented. The 205 upgrade initiatives listed in Step 4 of the Survival Strategy range from low cost, quick win solutions to longer-term schemes across a range of operational activities. Virginia Tandy OBE Director of Culture, Other environmental sustainability initiatives Manchester City Council, and supported by the Renaissance in the Now, it makes more sense than ever for Hub Lead Renaissance North West Regions programme are listed on page 58. museums to reduce their use of energy and other natural resources; it’s not just good for the planet, but it reduces running costs too. Maurice Davies, Head of Policy and Communication, Museums Association
Image credit: Ben Blackall
2 3 Survival strategies Case study for museums and art galleries
Legislation Environmental Control and New European standard being developed Updating Lighting by CEN/TC 346 The tightening of the regulatory Collections Care Standards The development of a new European Manchester Museum environment over the last decade is BS 5454 standard dealing with the protection scheduled to increase steadily to meet Work is underway for a new Published of objects in all types of collections is the overarching Government objective Document (PD 5454), Guide for the currently under way by CEN, the European Manchester Museum houses over 4.25 million of reducing carbon emissions by 80% Storage and Exhibition of Archival Committee for Standardisation. It will specimens and objects. Its collections range widely by 2050. Below is a list of the relevant Material, which will merge BS 5454 with take the latest thinking on environmental from Ancient Egypt to Plants and the Changing Planet. legislation and other considerations that its accompanying guidance, PD 0024. criteria into consideration and update In 2008 The Carbon Trust surveyed Manchester are applicable to Museums and Galleries. It will still include guidance relating to advice on building construction and Museum to identify the ways in which it could reduce Additional details about the legislation can building construction, security, fire and protection, fire precautions, storage and its carbon footprint. The objective was to highlight be found in the Further Information section flood protection but will take into account packing requirements, modern media and the most productive activities that would reduce the on page 53. exhibitions. This work should be completed current thinking around environmental museum’s carbon footprint. sustainability. It is directed to archive and by 2013/14. s Energy Performance of Buildings library collections only, but is often used as Benefits Directive (EPBD) a reference by museums and galleries. For updated news on the changing s UK Building Regulations standards visit http://www.bsigroup.com/ The Carbon Trust survey highlighted three main areas s BS5454 PAS 198 where savings could be made. These comprised A Publically Available Specification, PAS Government Indemnity Scheme s Government Indemnity Scheme lighting, local hot water supply and space heating. The 198 Specification for environmental The Government Indemnity Scheme s The Carbon Reduction Commitment museum identified updating lighting as having the most conditions for cultural collections, is due (GIS) provides compensation cover for Energy Efficiency Scheme (CRC) significant potential to save energy. Lighting previously to be available in May 2011. PAS 198 objects being loaned by the institution. Feed in Tariffs (FITs) accounted for 50% of the total electricity consumption. s will provide a set of requirements for The scheme covers loss and damage for s BREEAM the objects; however, the institution must the environmental conditions in which Matrix Initiatives s The EU Emission Trading System (ETS) archive, library and museum collections meet certain requirements to qualify for the should be stored and displayed, including scheme. Energy/Lighting requirements for temperature, relative s LED Lighting humidity, light and pollution. It will provide The Environmental Assessor is responsible s Occupancy sensors for lighting a framework for risk-based decision for approving the environmental conditions s Provide programmable lighting control system making that allows organisations to identify set for the object. The GIS guidelines state that conditions should be constantly and implement tailored controls to meet The lighting project is split into two phases. The first the needs of particular collections and maintained during the loan, and that phase replaced the luminaires in The Fossils Gallery. buildings whilst looking at responsible use environmental readings are provided for one year prior to the display period. During of energy. Phase one replaced the fluorescent tubes and dichroic a full week the relative humidity is required lamps with LED lamps. This upgrade cost £15,500. A PAS is a sponsored fast-track standard to be kept within the band of 40-65%, with In total 576 35W halogen lamps were changed to 5W that is reviewed after two years to a maximum cycle of 10% within 24 hours. LED lamps. become a formal British Standard. This The temperature must also be kept in the band of 16-24°C, with a maximum cycle of work follows on from the growing need The second phase will improve the lighting control 4°C within 24 hours. to meet environmental conditions whilst system. It is predicted that by re-zoning the lighting being responsible with the use of energy. and adding occupancy sensing, energy consumption There is potential for significant energy The GIS allows institutions to loan objects will be reduced by a further 5%. saving measures to be adopted if the for which it would not otherwise be able to provide sufficient insurance and therefore it environmental conditions can be relaxed. As a result of the change to LED lamps with their will be a priority for institutions to meet the lower light output and greater efficiency, the energy GIS requirements. However, there is still potential for the institutions to meet these consumption reduced by 89% with a 1.5 year payback period. This will save 60 tonnes of CO requirements and provide energy savings. 2 per year. For example, by providing climate control using display cases, instead of conditioning Contact Details the entire gallery space. Nigel Thompson [email protected]
Samantha Sportun [email protected]
©Steve Devine - The Manchester Museum 4 5 Survival strategies for museums and art galleries Case study
BREEAM To assess a building’s performance, The rating tools award points for Voltage Power Optimisation BREEAM was first launched in 1990 and BREEAM uses nine categories: performance against criteria that are added World Museum Liverpool is updated annually to keep ahead of UK s Management together for an overall score and then National Museums Liverpool Building Regulations and to stay in line s Health and wellbeing awarded a “Pass”, “Good”, “Very Good”, with current best practice. The first version s Energy use “Excellent”, or “Outstanding” grade, based of BREEAM was developed to assess on the overall building performance. It s Transport World Museum Liverpool combines a collection of the environmental performance of offices. provides assessment opportunities for pre- s Water historic treasures with interactive exhibitions and has Since then schemes have been developed design, design completion, and occupied Materials been an institution since 1851. It is the largest consumer to cover 16 types of buildings. Museums s buildings. Overall BREEAM provides a of energy on the NML estate, with approximately 5 and Galleries will come under a bespoke s Waste management recognised means of demonstrating a million kWh electricity usage per annum. Previous classification as they are not covered by a s Land use and ecology building’s environmental performance. strategies have included low energy lighting, power standard scheme. s Pollution factor correction and switch off campaigns. NML identified the opportunity for meaningful savings by installing voltage power optimisation. Key Initiatives The supply voltage for the institution is likely to be higher than the voltage required by the equipment. The excess voltage is usually discharged in the form of heat. NML uses a transformer and a regulator to match the supply voltage to the voltage required by the equipment, and thus reduces the losses due to inefficiencies. SALIX funding was available which provided an interest free, Government- backed loan to finance 100% of the costs of energy saving products. We need to reduce the energy load in caring for, Matrix Initiatives Energy/Electrical displaying and lending our collections, and consider s Voltage Power Optimisation fresh options for how we design and operate our Outcomes buildings. This is an opportunity for all of us - Directors, s Potential savings of £43,300 - a saving of 12% on Curators, Conservators, Registrars, Architects and electricity consumption s Savings of 332 tonnes of CO2 per annum Engineers - to share our expertise and research. s Reduction in maintenance costs because of matching supply and demand voltage The growing momentum for revised professional s Benefit in reduction to CRC claims s Any future electricity tariff increases will reduce the practices reflects the urgency and project payback period
priority of this issue. Overall the project will provide both economic and Judith Nesbitt, Chief Curator, Tate Britain maintenance benefits. The payback period is estimated to be 4 years. Contact Chris Bailey [email protected]
©National Museums Liverpool 6 7 Reducing our carbon footprint not only saves money but also helps sustain the quality of the environment for future generations. Museums are not just about the past and must show they can Five simple steps help safeguard the future. A survival strategy for your building Vanessa Trevelyan, 2010 President of Museums Association Head of Norfolk Museums & Archaeology Service
Step #1 Determine your baseline and appropriate level of refurbishment 10
Step #2 Review your building maintenance, housekeeping and energy purchasing 14
Step #3 Establish your targets and goals 18
Step #4 Select your optimal upgrade initiatives 22
Step #5 Make your survival strategy happen 50
Our research has shown that electricity usage contributes to over 60% of the typical museum carbon footprint. Rachel Madan, Executive Director, Greener Museums
Abbot Hall Art Gallery ©Tony West 8 9 Step #1 Case study Determine your baseline and Reducing Energy Consumpton appropriate level of refurbishment Abbot Hall Art Gallery, Kendal
Abbot Hall Art Gallery owned by Lakeland Arts Trust (LAT) is located within a Grade I listed Georgian house built in 1759, which was saved from dereliction in the 1950s and opened as the gallery in 1962. Abbot Hall was refurbished in the late 1950s and again What is the baseline? Energy audit in the 1980s, but since then has remained unchanged with a very To plan a route to where you want to be An energy audit is intended to find out limited maintenance programme. This has resulted in the building requires that you know where you are which areas or services within a building Top 10 “quick win” operating in an extremely inefficient way; heating and hot water starting from by defining the baseline. are responsible for contributing significantly initiatives are both run on electricity, with the main rooms fitted with old and For buildings, the key baselines are to the energy bill. Only when these are expensive underfloor heating and typical high consumption gallery energy consumption, lighting, the established can you target savings. Energy In no particular order, these lighting fitted throughout the building. facilities management operation, and the audits often contain surprising results and are easy to achieve, yet yield condition of the building. Other baselines uncover great potential for ‘quick wins’. substantial benefits: might include water consumption, waste They identify the sources of energy use Key Initiatives 1. Conduct an energy audit generation, and Indoor Environment Quality and help to prioritise reduction strategies and act upon it A recent mechanical and electrical survey has shown that all of the (IEQ). and establish the most cost effective electrical systems, including heating and lighting, are in need of opportunities for energy savings. 2. Replace existing luminaires A baseline can be established by a major refurbishment. Currently the underfloor heating accounts with ones using T5 conducting an audit. This should be The term energy audit describes a broad for 60% of the annual electricity usage and fails to produce a fluorescents and provide carried out as a systematic examination range of energy studies. These range from comfortable environment for the occupants. With this in mind clear light switch labelling and measurement of key aspects of the a quick walk through of a facility to identify ©Tony West the following initiatives have been selected for implementation as building’s performance or condition. The major problem areas, to comprehensive 3. Modify relative humidity and resources become available: results of audits can be compared against measurement and analysis of the energy temperature set points to benchmarks to determine opportunities for flows. provide wider control bands Matrix Initiatives improvement. Knowing what to measure focusing on preservation Security audit and how to measure it against key of collections over human Legislative and code compliance benchmark parameters are key to defining A significant facilities cost for many comfort s Feed in Tariff (FIT) a reliable starting position. institutions is the cost of appropriately 4. Switch off equipment not in Energy/Lighting qualified static guarding. If this manpower Occupant satisfaction audit use can be reduced to a twelve hours per day, s LED lighting Occupant surveys can be highly effective five days per week basis then potentially 5. Use low irritant or non- s Occupancy sensors for lighting in judging a building’s current performance. significant savings are realisable, often for chemical cleaning products Energy/Building fabric A well conducted survey will highlight any a modest capital outlay on physical and 6. Implement a comprehensive s Draught excluders aspect of building condition, facilities, or electronic systems. building preventative s Add secondary glazing to existing single glazing to improve day-to-day performance that falls below Outsourcing security monitoring to a maintenance programme insulation value occupants’ expectations. Upgrade wall and roof insulation. qualified alarm receiving centre without 7. Maintain up-to-date, s Surveys of staff and visitor satisfaction reducing security or flexibility is possible comprehensive, accessible allow institutions to gauge how well a but must be planned and backed up by building users’ guide and Outcomes good physical security as well as electronic building is performing. However, for Operations & Maintenance systems. The most important requirement Through installing a more effective and efficient heating system, conditioned display areas the maintenance (O&M) manuals of appropriate conditions for exhibits is that the galleries can be closed, locked the LAT will save a significant amount of energy and money, whilst overrides the comfort conditions for staff and alarmed separately from other 8. Provide sub-metering of also providing a more comfortable environment for visitors and and visitors. Issues that affect occupant operations such as café’s and offices electricity, gas and water staff. Installing a renewable energy source would reduce costs satisfaction include thermal comfort, which may have different operational hours. 9. Ensure control systems in further and also significantly reduce the carbon footprint of the acoustics (including speech privacy), Where indemnified works are involved the the building are working building. floor planning, ventilation, amenities and MLA National Security Advisor should be correctly management regimes. To be effective involved in the planning. In addition to Abbot Hall has an electrical consumption of 145kWh/m²/yr. By the audit has to be carried out in a highly manning, key holding and opening and 10. Provide water-efficient implementing the above initiatives this figure will reduce significantly. structured manner so that the results closing services can be outsourced easily, appliances are capable of comparison with a well- either to remove manning or reduce risks Contact established benchmarked database of associated with lone-working. Charlotte Upton criteria. [email protected] ©Tony West 10 11 Step #1 Determine your baseline and appropriate level of refurbishment
Benchmarks Condition audit Other audits Refurbishment Museums and Galleries Did you know? A condition audit is intended to determine Water audit Table 1 provides a quick guide to Benchmarks provide a direct means of the current condition and expected A water audit should be performed to determining what level of refurbishment Water consumption in the UK has been rising by 1% estimating how a particular institution is remaining economic life of a building’s establish the areas of the building that your building may require, based on its a year since 1930. This level is not sustainable in the performing. Below are benchmarks specific components. It is a vehicle for producing a are consuming large amounts of water condition and its performance, in order for Museums and Galleries referenced from complete inventory of a building, including and target them for improvement. The to bring it up to optimal standard. Table long term without measures to reduce leakage and Chartered Institution of Building Services equipment, that identifies deficiencies. audit should include a review of water bills 2 provides examples of the degree of waste, to recycle and to collect rainwater. Engineers (CIBSE) Guide F (CIBSE, 2004). Typical areas to be examined will include to determine any seasonal variations in intervention for each level of refurbishment. However, by their nature museums and structure, external walls and roof, consumption that may be abnormal. galleries are very varied with differing levels mechanical, electrical and IT systems, Waste audit of environmental contol. hazardous materials (asbestos, lead, etc), Table 1 – What level of refurbishment is required? security and life safety. The condition of Undertake a waste audit to find out the total amount the building generates, the The benchmarks listed below relate to non- the finishes in the public areas of buildings Building condition humidity controlled museums and galleries. will be one determinant of occupant types and amount produced, how much is being recycled, and how much is sent to satisfaction. Excellent Good Poor Very Poor Calculating the benchmarks involves taking landfill. the total kWh energy consumption (fossil Excellent Maintain Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Indoor environment quality audit fuel or electrical) and dividing it by the Many existing buildings have poor indoor gross internal floor area. Good Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 3 environmental/air quality (IEQ/IAQ). These encompass thermal comfort, air quality, Energy Consumption benchmarks for Poor Level 2 Level 3 Level 3 Level 4 air tightness, lighting and noise levels. At museums and galleries kWh/m² of gross Building performance their worst, buildings may suffer signs of a internal area per year: Very Poor Level 3 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5 “sick building syndrome” with occupants suffering with symptoms such as nasal Good Practice stuffiness, eye irritation, wheezing, skin Fossil fuels 96 irritation, or asthma. An on-site audit will Table 2 – Examples of the degree of intervention for each level of refurbishment Electricity 57 involve physical inspection, sampling and (based on BSRIA, 1998, and BRE, 2000). testing, and the assembly of an inventory of all cleaning chemicals currently in use. Level of refurbishment Examples of degree of intervention Typical Practice Fossil fuels 142 For additional information see page 54. Level 1 Carry out health checks on Building Management System (BMS) Tune up and minor and controls, revise layout to improve daylight and flexibility, low Electricity 70 refurbishment energy ICT option on replacement. Recommissioning of building services.
Level 2 All level 1 works plus: renew lighting and control system, remove Did you know? Intermediate refurbishment false ceilings to expose thermal mass.
Level 3 Replacement of major plant and services, floor finishes, raised Government policy on CO2 emissions reduction targets - The Climate Change Act 2008 calls for a 26% Major refurbishment floors, and internal walls. Installation of external solar control. reduction in the “net UK carbon account” by 2020, Level 4 Only substructure, superstructure and floor structure retained. against a 1990 baseline; and for an 80% reduction by Complete refurbishment Structural and façade alterations. Possible relocation of cores 2050. Manchester, has set itself the more ambitious and risers. target of a 41% reduction by 2020 against a 2005 Level 5 Consider demolition and rebuild. baseline. Demolition
12 13 Step #2 Case study Review your building maintenance, Auxiliary lighting retrofit housekeeping and energy purchasing Whitworth Art Gallery, Manchester
The Whitworth Art Gallery is part of The University of Manchester. It is home to internationally renowned collections of modern art, textiles, watercolours, prints, drawings and sculpture. Created in 1908, with a refurbished Scandinavian modern interior dating from the 1960s, the Do you know what’s going on? s Water use These measures, together with a regular Whitworth is today developing a new vision for the role of a university s System performance health check of consumption trends, will Effective property maintenance and gallery through a Heritage Lottery Fund application for a park-facing s Carbon emissions help predict when the performance of housekeeping is essential to the efficient the building systems has strayed outside second entrance and extension. s Operations & Maintenance costs operation of buildings. In many instances anticipated performance boundaries, s Plant lifespan Until recently the gallery used a variety of high wattage tungsten and facilities management (FM) contracts are enabling prompt corrective action. well executed, but all too often they are s Occupant satisfaction/wellbeing halogen lamps (50-100W). These would typically run for between 10- not reviewed for many years. In doing so Energy purchasing – 24 hours per day, were expensive to run and needed to be replaced opportunities to maximise savings and Housekeeping and Facilities maybe you have the best deal frequently. With a pending extension and refurbishment it didn’t make optimise performance are overlooked. Management (FM) – financial sense to invest heavily in new fittings and transformers, and Most contracts deal with the ‘oil change’ are they combined? With the transformation of the energy therefore it was decided to concentrate on direct replacements for elements of maintenance very effectively, marketplace a majority of domestic Often housekeeping and FM activities are existing bulbs. but do less well on maintaining system customers now take the opportunity undertaken separately with little linkage efficiencies to cut energy costs or seek to switch suppliers to save money. A Several lamp types were sampled and suitable products for all areas between the two activities. Whilst this is a continual performance improvement. review of your supplier could instantly were identified. It became apparent that the better known branded reasonable approach, these activities must save money. This has probably already manufacturers’ lamps produced a superior colour rendering and had a be coordinated if cost savings are to be A modest investment to review your FM been covered in most building strategies, maximised. The drudgery of continuously shorter warm up time compared to the cheaper brands. strategies will either confirm that they but have these strategies included monitoring energy and utility costs can, to are protecting your investment, or need an examination of potential technical The high cost of LED replacements for Par 38 and R80 fittings were a large degree, be automated using smart updating to provide effective standards and modifications such as intelligent peak less viable and often their energy consumption was comparable to meters and setting performance envelopes. provide assurance that you are achieving lopping or the reduction of reactive energy the Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFL). In non-gallery areas tungsten In setting these parameters, opportunities value for money. charges? lamps were replaced with retrofit CFLs. A mixture of tungsten and to reset control values to save energy whilst maintaining comfort levels need CFLs were also used in areas of the gallery where colour rendering Out of control If you are undertaking a significant to be explored. Temperature standards properties were not a priority. 50W halogen lamps in areas such as the upgrade in the building’s systems resulting for comfort vary over time and with the foyer, reception areas, shop and general gallery lighting were replaced From the day new buildings are handed in an increase in the required supply seasons. Therefore by adopting adaptive with 7W LEDs. over, the building services systems require capacity, you may have to negotiate behavioural control strategies to climatic constant tuning to match the use of the a new connection contract with the conditions, savings in the energy used for Matrix Initiatives building with the output of the building’s incumbent utility or network operator. heating and cooling can be achieved. systems. This has only recently been fully Be sure to understand your demand Energy/Lighting acknowledged, with the introduction of requirements, and the impact in terms of s LED lighting the ‘soft landings’ programme for new the network tariffs. If the network operator s Formal/out-of-hours lighting buildings. It involves continued input from demands a customer contribution, s Energy efficient lamps, luminaires, ballasts the system’s designers for a period that make sure their request conforms to the extends past construction completion. This regulatory authority’s criteria for developer Outcomes allows the designer to tune the building in contributions. the light of operational experience. Where After an initial outlay of around £1,600 electricity usage has been buildings have undergone long periods of reduced by a total of 53,373 kWh per year which in 2010 equates to a well intentioned but uninformed tweaking, We are looking forward 100 years and saving of £5,200; this is a 10% reduction in electricity usage. Retro-Commissioning (RCx) should be considered. RCx is a process that attempts changing the way in which we The project has highlighted how different areas require different light to resolve operating problems, improve approach everything. properties and grades of product. It is important to prioritise the comfort, optimise energy use and identify areas which have the greatest usage as these will deliver the shortest retrofits for existing buildings. Maria Balshaw, Director, Whitworth Art Gallery payback.
RCx can directly benefit: Contact s Electricity demand Dean Whiteside s Fuel use [email protected] ©Whitworth Art Gallery, University of Manchester 14 15 The cost of the new lighting scheme has been estimated at Case study £98k, giving a payback of just under 2.5 years.
Low Energy Lighting Manchester Art Gallery
Manchester Art Gallery (MAG) is a local authority service; The current review of lighting density, energy consumption part of Manchester City Council, the gallery houses many and an options appraisal by Arup has shown that existing of the city’s most important fine and decorative art works, gallery lamps consume 780,000 kWh of electricity at a cost which are designated as being of national importance. It of £59k. LED lighting will save around £26k in electricity has an international reputation for high profile, high quality costs and deliver additional savings in maintenance/re- exhibitions. lamping costs of c. £15k per annum - saving over £40k per annum. The gallery comprises two 19th century buildings brought together in a £35m expansion and refurbishment of Until recently, LED lighting was not an appropriate low the City Art Gallery, a Grade I Listed Building, and The energy solution for lighting museum and gallery collections Athenaeum. The gallery reopened in 2002 and attracts due to problems with colour-rendering and spectral 400,000 visitors per year. composition. However recent innovations have resulted in the production of a cold phosphor LED that has excellent The gallery consumes 4.8 million kWh of energy per colour rendering, no significant contribution in the UV area annum, affording it a G energy rating and placing it in of the spectrum and an extremely long lamp life with no the bottom 5% of UK museums and galleries. Cutting degradation in the appearance or quality of light. the building’s existing £800k+ bill for utilities and plant maintenance is a key priority. Matrix Initiatives MAG are working to identify priority initiatives to tackle Energy/Lighting demand reduction. Replacing the existing tungsten- s LED lighting halogen gallery lighting with energy-efficient LED lamps has s Formal/out of hours maintenance lighting been identified as a priority for MAG for three reasons: Legislative and code compliance 1. Existing tungsten-halogen lamps have now been s Display Energy Certificate (DEC) phased out and are no longer available. MAG has s Compliance with current environmental requirements secured a stock of lamps but, once this stock is s Carbon Reduction Commitment Energy Efficiency exhausted around March 2011, it will no longer be Scheme (CRC) able to light its temporary exhibition spaces, or replace Energy/HVAC lamps in permanent gallery displays. s Review of standards for storage and display 2. The existing lighting consumes a significant amount of electricity. This could be reduced by up to 60% Outcomes by converting to LED light sources. Factoring in the The cost of the new lighting scheme has been estimated additional savings in lamp costs and maintenance, this at £98k, giving a payback of just under 2.5 years. The scheme is estimated to have a payback of 2.5 years. heat load contribution of the current lights has not yet 3. Existing lamps generate a significant heat load that been factored but the additional energy savings due to places additional pressure on the air conditioning the reduced cooling would reduce the payback further equipment, increasing energy consumption due to the and deliver even greater efficiencies. Additional savings additional cooling requirement and reducing longevity can be made through introducing a robust strategy for the of plant components. If heat load from lighting can be maintenance/display lighting regime, whereby full gallery reduced, we can explore modifications to the operation lighting is only in use when spaces are open to visitors. This of the Building Management System and the relaxing could potentially save a further 10%, £5.9k in electricity of environmental performance parameters. This has the costs and a further reduction in electrical consumption and potential to further reduce energy use and maintenance cooling requirement. costs. Contact Catriona Morgan [email protected] ©David Millington Photography 16 17 Step #3 Case study Establish your targets and goals Passive Humidity Control Victoria and Albert Museum, London
The Victoria and Albert Museum (V&A) is an art and design museum in London. The new Medieval & Renaissance Galleries have adopted a passive approach to environmental control which allows less energy to be Understanding your aims Energy Performance Certificates (EPCs) used to control the gallery environment. and Display Energy Certificates (DECs) To survive in today’s climate you need to develop a strategy, work out a plan, act on it Energy will be an increasingly important Factors to bear in Key Initiatives and review it regularly. consideration for institutions because of mind ... During the design process the V&A decided to revise its rising bills and ever fiercer legislation. environmental guidelines so that a wider band of Relative As an institution you will have aims and s 3TAFF EDUCATION IS ESSENTIAL for the initiatives to be goals. You will have an understanding of the Since October 2008 all domestic and Humidity (RH) is allowable. The updated guidelines implementated successfully. service you provide and the methods you commercial buildings must have an EPC specify a RH of 45±10% with less than 10% variation use to achieve it. It is important to decide whenever the building is sold, built or s -USEUM AND GALLERY within a 24hr period. This replaces a much stricter range what you want from your Survival Strategy. rented. The certificate records how energy buildings are very varied, of 50±5% RH with a temperature control of 22±1ºC. By These aims could be to reduce energy efficient a building is and provides A to G resulting in unique prioritising object conservation over occupant comfort bills, improve sustainability or to promote ratings. These are similar to the labels now strategies for each. the perimeter heating and ventilation system can be used the profile of the institution. There are many provided with domestic appliances such as s /FTEN THE BUILDING IS NOT to provide adequate environmental control. possible approaches to achieving these refrigerators and washing machines. DECs, owned by the Gallery/ aims, such as: required for public sector buildings, show Museum itself and this Matrix Initiatives the actual energy usage of a building, and may limit the extent of Energy saving focus – Prioritise the make this information publicly available. Energy/HVAC s the changes that can be energy efficiency of your institution, made. It is essential that s Modify set-points taking the sustainability benefits as an These certificates make it possible for the the institution has strong s Optimise free cooling additional benefit. energy efficiency of one building to be communication links with s Passive environmental control easily compared with another building of s Sustainability focus – Selecting initiatives the governing body in the same type. This allows prospective that have the greatest sustainability order to allow a successful buyers, tenants, owners, occupiers and Outcomes benefit. strategy to be employed. s Intangible benefits – The greater the purchasers to include energy efficiency in s No humidification or refrigeration equipment required influence the institution wishes to have their investment decisions. s 3OME OF THE STRATEGIES WILL s Environmental control achievable through ventilation on the public, the more obvious the be more obvious and so and heating systems initiatives will need to be. Improving the EPC and DEC ratings of an if the institution wishes to s Up to 30% energy saving possible compared to a existing building will have a positive effect on promote sustainability as a traditional close controlled mechanical air conditioning the institution. Any changes or interventions priority, this will influence system should be carefully evaluated to ensure EPC their choices. s Less capital required for mechanical equipment and and DEC ratings are improved. reduced running costs s Reduced carbon dioxide emissions due to less For many institutions, improving the energy mechanical equipment rating will be an important part of their upgrade strategy. Contact Michael Bingham, Arup [email protected]
Andrew Lerpiniere, Arup [email protected]
©Alan Williams Photography 18 19
Electricity consumption has gone down by over 9,000kWh, Case study or 10%, on the same period last year, which represents a reduction in carbon dioxide emissions of 4 tonnes. Staff Awareness Harris Museum & Art Gallery, Preston
The Harris building was opened in 1893 in the heart of To keep the momentum going we are making sure that the Preston as a free Museum, Library & Art Gallery. Today, the work we are doing on sustainability remains visible to staff. Museum & Art Gallery are run by Preston City Council and Monthly electricity consumption figures have been turned the Library services are run by Lancashire County Council. into a graph which is pinned up in all the staff kitchens. The Museum houses displays of fine and contemporary art, Greening the museum is a fixed item on meeting agendas decorative art and social history. so we can regularly update on what’s happening. Signs have been put on light switches as a reminder to switch Details and benefits of actions them off; staff have been given plans of the basement, marking the location of light switches including which ones The building is Grade I listed and still retains most of to leave on to light corridors and which are optional for its original features including grand, but inefficient and when needed. uncontrollable, Victorian radiators. The building has a central rotunda through the middle which acts as a We have already achieved a substantial reduction in a chimney stack drawing up heat, making conditions on the short time and from such small measures, but with Preston top floors extremely warm, even in winter. City Council supporting us we are now aiming higher. Our next steps are in two directions. Firstly, to talk to our A major contributory factor to the heat and energy bills is visitors, explaining what we’re doing and why, and to get the amount of electricity used by lighting and computers. ideas from them on how we can make their museum more Therefore we decided to concentrate our efforts on sustainable. Secondly, using a recent detailed survey of reducing our electricity consumption. the condition of the building as a basis, to tackle the larger In May 2010 staff attended a briefing introducing them issues requiring substantial investment, such as replacing to the sustainability work we were going to be doing and inefficient heating and lighting systems, which will ensure we recruited a volunteer from each section, including the the sustainability of the building well into the future. library, to form a Green Champions group. The Green Champions are advocates for sustainability; they are Matrix Initiatives providing a lead for others to follow in incorporating small Management changes to everyday working practices that are already s Formal staff feedback mechanisms starting to make a big difference. s Raise tenant and staff awareness on sustainability Each Green Champion went back to their team and ` worked with the rest of the staff to come up with 3 lists: s Easily understood light switch labelling 1) what we currently do that’s green Outcomes 2) the “quick wins” we could start to implement straight away In the three months since the staff briefing and formation of the Green Champions Group, our electricity consumption 3) “in an ideal world” thoughts / longer term ideas / ideas has gone down by over 9,000kWh, or 10%, on the same with a financial cost period last year, which represents a reduction in carbon We put these ideas together to produce definitive lists and dioxide emissions of 4 tonnes. This is purely through being we are now concentrating on the “quick wins”. Most of more diligent about switching off lights and computers. these are based around reducing the amount of electricity We are also experimenting with different light levels on we use. stairwells, galleries and the libraries. Contact
Lynsey Jones [email protected]
©Harris Museum and Art Gallery 20 21 Step #4 Case study Select your optimal upgrade initiatives Gallery Refurbishment Bolton Museum
Bolton Museum was opened to the public in 1947 and forms part of the Le Mans Crescent Civic Centre. Bolton Museum is a local authority service run by Bolton Council. The Museum houses an art gallery, 205 initiatives to improve How to use the initiatives summary If complex initiatives are not easily your buildings understood by the building’s users they Egyptology gallery, history centre and a local history By following Steps 1-3 in this guide may not make much difference gallery. The local history gallery, telling the story of On the following pages are 205 initiatives you have determined your baseline and s Consider the system efficiency, not just Bolton, has undergone a significant refurbishment in to help you choose those that are right for appropriate level of refurbishment, you have the individual component efficiency 2010. your building and your institution. To make reviewed your maintenance, housekeeping Some initiatives may not complement selection easier, the initiatives are grouped and energy purchase strategy and you s each other directly, e.g. increasing Key Initiatives into the following categories: have established your targets and goals. outside air rates may improve IAQ but These will have given you a good indication As part of the local history gallery refurbishment various increase energy consumption. A balance s Management as to what categories of upgrades may be energy savings opportunities were identified and must be found. s Legislative and code compliance appropriate. integrated into the project. These included zone control s Economic of the heating system, upgraded thermal insulation to Next, read through the initiatives listed in s Business continuity walls and ceilings, improved air tightness, replacement the indicated categories and select those s Energy/Lighting of lighting systems and refurbishment of Edmonds that address your particular objectives, Energy/Electrical cases. s at the appropriate level of refurbishment. s Energy/HVAC For example, if you want to reduce your Matrix Initiatives s Energy/Fitout building’s electrical consumption, then s Energy/Building fabric consider the initiatives listed in the Energy/ Factors to bear in Energy/HVAC s Building modifications and alterations Lighting, Energy/Electrical and Energy/ s HVAC zone control Fitout categories. Step 1 has told you mind ... s Emissions Energy/Building fabric s Indoor environmental quality what level of refurbishment (1, 2, 3 or 4) s ,ISTED BUILDINGS WILL HAVE is appropriate for your building’s condition more restrictions on new s Improve air tightness to reduce unwanted infiltration s Materials and performance. Use this to help narrow interventions than new s Upgrade wall and roof insulation s Water down your choice to the initiatives most builds – This will be a s Site appropriate for your refurbishment level, major consideration when Outcomes s Transport e.g. for a level 3 refurbishment, consider developing a strategy. Benefits of the refurbishment will include lower s Social initiatives rated at level 3 and below. Then s #ONTINUITY OF 3TAFF n -ANY Additional use the cost and benefit indicators to help energy use, improved gallery temperature control and s of the initiatives rely on you further narrow down your selection. improved microclimates within display cabinets. staff involvement and Each initiative is ranked according to the so it is essential that a Future work identified includes improvement to level of intervention required, its cost, Repeat this process for all your objectives. sufficient number of staff summertime ventilation using passive techniques where and its benefits to the environment, the When you have a list of possible initiatives, are involved, so that occupants and the institution. Within each move to Step 5, which will help you decide possible. Monitoring of the refurbished display cases the initiatives continue category, initiatives are listed in ascending which combination and sequence of will be undertaken to identify the improvements in the independently of staff cost order, i.e. cheapest first. Some initiatives are best for your institution. microclimate of the cases. turnover. initiatives require only a light touch, while others represent a major intervention. Remember s 4IME TO IMPLEMENT THE Contact Some offer immediate paybacks, while adopted initiatives – many Use the energy hierarchy – reduce others will take longer to recoup costs. A s of the initiatives will require Liz McNabb [email protected] demand first, then maximise efficiency list of 10 “quick win” initiatives is provided staff time. Although this will before installing renewable energy Pierrette Squires [email protected] in Step 1. prove a challenge, for the systems strategy to be worthwhile Tim Whitley [email protected] s Use the water hierarchy – reduce it is important that this demand first, then maximise efficiency provision is put in place. before installing water recycling features s Simple solutions are often the best.
©Bolton Council 22 23 The Gallery has to save £50k per annum to meet Case study efficiency savings targets.
Smart Metering Manchester Art Gallery
Manchester Art Gallery is in the process of installing s To log current usage by catering partners to inform a comprehensive telemetric utility monitoring system the tender process for renewing the catering contract. with reporting software for gas, electricity and water Under the terms of the current contract the catering consumption. This is a major step in identifying areas partner pays a set fee and all utility costs are included. Consumption data will inform us whether current fees of high energy/utility consumption and engaging staff are set at an appropriate level and will allow us to in individual and collective responsibility for reducing identify areas of waste or inefficiency and set targets energy consumption. The project has been supported by for improvement and demand reduction. funding from Manchester City Council Carbon Innovation Fund. s Identify areas of wastage due to inefficient operation of the building and log the impact this has on the We currently consume almost £400k in electricity, gas operation of the environmental plant (e.g. external and water. The City Council has signed up to a Low delivery doors left open for long periods); inform good
Carbon Policy to reduce CO2 emissions by 41% by 2020 practice in running the building efficiently. and the gallery has a business plan commitment to Provide baseline data on current consumption on a save £50k per annum to meet efficiency savings targets; s variety of plant and equipment such as chillers, boiler therefore all staff must engage with our environmental burners, humidifiers, pumps and fans on air handling and financial sustainability plans to address operational units to support a longer term strategy to secure wastage. continued investment in the mechanical and electrical Matrix Initiatives infrastructure of the building. s The software will interpret the data from the smart Energy/Electrical metering and present it in a user friendly format via s Electrical sub-metering- lighting small power, the website to encourage collective responsibility and machinery and plant understanding of consumption and also enable us to s Time switches on small equipment and electrical inform and engage with our visitors. sockets Energy/HVAC Contact s Gas sub-metering Catriona Morgan Water [email protected] s Water sub-meters for all major users Outcomes Utility monitoring (and reporting software) will allow us to monitor consumption and inform our planning in the following areas: s Full cost recovery for commercial activities such as weddings, corporate and private hire out of hours events, where the daily occupancy hours of the building are extended to accommodate the event. With an average of 90 events per year, this equates to approximately 440 hours per year (approx 10% of annual average opening hours).
©David Millington Photography 24 25 Step #4 Select your optimal upgrade initiatives
Level 1 refurbishment, consider initiatives categorised under refurbishment level 1 Level 2 refurbishment, consider initiatives categorised under refurbishment level 1 & 2 Refurbishment Management Level Cost Environment Occupant Level 3 refurbishment, consider initiatives categorised under refurbishment level 1, 2 & 3 Level 4 refurbishment, consider initiatives categorised under refurbishment level 1, 2, 3 & 4 Responsive Facilities Management (FM) team 0£
A FM team that responds quickly and effectively to the occupants’ concerns will help ensure that the occupants report problems and do not let them fester
Key to initiatives chart Temperature of server rooms 10
Heading Brief Description Symbols Key to Symbols Some ICT equipment can tolerate higher than the recommended temperatures, though meantime between failures (MTBF) may reduce
Refurbishment level Describes the degree of intervention 1 Tune Up/Minor refurbishment. typically required for the initiative. Supply chain management 1£ 2 Intermediate refurbishment. 3 Major refurbishment. Suppliers can be selected on the basis of environmental performance 4 Complete refurbishment.
Capital Cost Quantitative measure of capital cost Nil No cost. Energy consumption targets and monitoring/metering 1£ requirement for the initiative. Minor cost financed under maintenance budget. £ Setting consumption targets allows the performance of the building to be Considerable cost financed under an annual objectively measured ££ project budget. £££ Substantial cost financed over a number Water consumption targets and monitoring 1£ of years. Setting consumption targets allows the performance of the building to be Environment The benefit of the initiative with respect to No benefit. objectively measured the environment. Waste generation targets and monitoring 1£ Minor benefit.
Setting consumption targets allows the performance of the building to be Considerable benefit. objectively measured
Substantial benefit. Formal staff feedback mechanisms 1£
Occupant The benefit of the initiative to the No benefit. Staff feedback can identify under-performing areas of the institution, as occupants. Some initiatives will help save well as any indoor environmental quality issues costs. Others will have a less measurable Minor benefit. BMS (Building Management System) trend logging of museum/ qualitative benefit. 1£ gallery areas
Considerable benefit. Monitoring review and graphing of museum/gallery conditions. Clear understanding of condition and monitoring will enable plant use to be optimised Substantial benefit.
Institution The benefit of the initiative to the institution/ No benefit. Representative location for BMS Sensors 1£ building owner. Some initiatives will directly improve or preserve value once completed. Minor benefit. Sensor position should be where the control is needed to give precise feedback
Considerable benefit. BMS (Building Management System) Sensor Calibration 1£
Substantial benefit. Correct calibration will ensure precise feedback is given
For some galleries/museums the occupant and institution/building owner will be the same Communication Plan 1£
Museums/Galleries are often publically owned or part of a larger organisation. Therefore actions can only be taken once the relevant group has been consulted
26 27 Step #4 Select your optimal upgrade initiatives
Refurbishment Legislative and code Management Level Cost Environment Occupant Refurbishment compliance Level Cost Environment Occupant Raise Tenant and Staff Awareness on Sustainability 1£ Display Energy Certificate, DEC 1£ A sustainability brief for tenants and staff gives tenants and staff guidance on sustainable features, both in general, and in relation to the building they occupy Required for public institutions with a total useful floor area over 1,000m². Valid for one year. The accompanying Advisory Report is valid for seven years Clean Grilles/Diffusers 1£ WEEE (Waste of Electrical and Electronic Equipment) 1£ Remove build up of dust/dirt to maintain efficient operation The WEEE Directive aims to reduce the amount of electrical and electronic equipment being produced and to encourage everyone to reuse, recycle Develop a building user training program 1£ and recover it
Sustainable Timber Policy 1£ A training program can be used to facilitate energy, waste and water management Requirement to comply with the Sustainable Timber Policy set out by Government Daytime cleaning service 1£
Cleaning during the day means that lights do not have to be used at night, Carbon Reduction Commitment Energy Efficiency Scheme (CRC) 1££ when the building would be otherwise unoccupied. Additional benefit of added security The CRC is designed to improve energy efficiency in large organisations. It will operate as a ‘cap and trade’ mechanism, providing a financial Building users’ guides 1£ incentive to reduce energy use by putting a price on carbon emissions from energy use. Museums/Galleries may need to comply if part of a local authority A building users’ guide provides details of the everyday operations of the base building to staff and tenants. This includes information of energy efficient features and strategies RHI (Renewable Heat Incentive) 2 £££
Up to date, comprehensive, accessible O&M manuals 1£ The Renewable Heat Incentive (RHI) will provide financial support for those who install renewable heating, which qualifies for support under the scheme Effective operations and maintenance manuals will help ensure that equipment is maintained at optimal working conditions FIT (Feed in Tariffs) 2 £££
Building management and operation team employed on site 1££ Government backed financial incentive to produce renewable electricity
For large and/or multi-tenanted buildings and for estates, an onsite building management and operations team ensures that equipment is maintained, Compliance with current health & safety and disability requirements 3££ and any issues can be tended to quickly Ensure building facilities and operations comply with current H&S safety and Environmental management system 1££ disability regulations. This may require prioritisation
An environmental management system can be used to track the usage of Consequential improvements 3££ energy, water, materials and waste generation. This provides a feedback mechanism Under Part L of the Building Regulations, when carrying out works on an existing building, there is a requirement in certain situations to undertake Ongoing training of building management staff 1££ consequential improvements
Staff that undergo ongoing training will be able to work efficiently and Compliance with current environmental requirements 3££ respond quickly to any problems. They will also stay up to date with the latest technological advances and legislative requirements, helping to ensure high quality maintenance and up to date building management practices Ensure building operations comply with current environmental requirements. This may require prioritisation Electric, water and gas sub-metering 2££ BS 5454 for archives 3££
Sub-metering ensures that all tenants are charged only for what they use. This allows institutions to pass on accurate costs to tenants Ensure archives meet the required temperature, humidity and air-borne pollutant requirements
28 29 Step #4 Select your optimal upgrade initiatives
Refurbishment Refurbishment Economic Level Cost Environment Occupant Energy/Lighting Level Cost Environment Occupant
Review tariff structure 10 Easily understood light switch labelling 1£
Easily understood light switch labelling is an effective way to reduce energy Reviewing the tariff structure ensures you are only paying for the capacity consumption, by ensuring that staff know which switches control which lighting that you need, reducing utility costs zones. This is especially relevant for out of hours and weekend use, and will reduce operating costs
Track Lighting zone control and dimming 1££
Provide for each lamp on a lighting track to have individual control and dimming by having multiple units or individual addressable lighting
Display Case Lighting 1££ Refurbishment Business continuity Level Cost Environment Occupant Lighting strategy tailored for display cases. Meeting display requirements and improving efficiency Risers with security access 2£ Lighting Optimisation 1£ Security access controls who can access risers Re-assess the lighting currently used. Identify where lighting levels can be reduced, or the ambience changed to use the lighting more Standby power supply for security measures 2££ efficiently. Confirm light is efficiently aimed onto exhibits and not spilt beyond. Are spaces or exhibits overlit? Identify redundant luminaires Maintain protection of valuable exhibits during a power cut. Includes and omit CCTV, secure access controls, and security centre LED lighting 2££ Remove single points of failure with critical systems 3££ LED lighting can offer significant energy savings and excellent longevity when compared with halogen light sources. Care needs to be taken with In critical systems redundancy should be provided so that in case of a system equipment selection to avoid issues with colour rendering and consistent failure the institution's operations can continue. Important for exhibit security colour temperature. Negligible UV and IR are possible with some LED sources. Equipment can be retrofit lamps for reception areas etc, or replacement Provide greater than 60% cooling plant redundancy 3££ spotlights for gallery spaces where highest quality lighting is required
Identifies the minimum amount of plant cooling capacity available if one Daylight pipes 2 £££ chiller, cooling tower or pump fails, expressed as a percentage of estimated peak building cooling load A daylight pipe is a tube used for transmitting daylight to an internal space. These can be used as an alternative to electric lighting, and offer better heat Provide standby power to 50% of lifts 3££ insulation properties than skylights and windows with reduced running costs
Identifies the minimum base building stand-by power provision required Daylighting Lighting Control 2££ for lifts In a space with natural and electrical lighting, lighting control only turns on Provide standby power to 100% of emergency services 3££ electrical lighting when there isn't sufficient natural daylighting
Identifies the minimum base building stand-by power provision required for Formal/Out of hours Lighting 2££ all essential services and base building ventilation systems The lighting requirements will be reduced during out of hours. Therefore by having separate lighting strategies for formal/out of hours times, energy can Provide standby power to 50% of chillers 3££ be saved Identifies the minimum base building standby power required to achieve the Lighting Zoning in storage rooms 2££ specified percentage chilled water operation. Potentially required for archives and areas with climate control Useful for large storage rooms where only small sections will be accessed at any given time. Lighting triggers will ensure only necessary spaces are lit
30 31 Step #4 Select your optimal upgrade initiatives
Refurbishment Refurbishment Energy/Lighting Level Cost Environment Occupant Energy/Electrical Level Cost Environment Occupant
Occupancy sensors for lighting 2££ Green energy procurement 1£
Occupancy sensors can be installed stand-alone (lower cost option) Green energy procurement involves the procurement of energy from a or as part of a lighting control system. These control lighting based supplier who has sourced it from verified renewable generators on occupant detection and should be installed as a minimum in intermittently occupied areas such as meeting rooms, toilets and print rooms Assess efficiency of Freezers/low temperature storage 2££
Provide programmable lighting control system 2££ By reducing the size and use of the freezers energy can be saved. Efficiency will also reduced with appliance age. Alternative methods such as using nitrogen may be possible Lighting control systems can switch off lights automatically or step down lighting levels for night-time security or reduced occupancies. This lowers operating costs Time switches or similar on small equipment 2£
Individual light switches for individual enclosed spaces 2££ Time switches ensure that equipment is switched off automatically after a period of time when they are not used, reducing unnecessary energy usage Enclosed spaces should have individual lighting switches to ensure they are not unnecessarily lit. These switches can be used in conjunction with room Upgrade all motors to high efficiency 2££ occupancy sensors High efficiency motors improve the performance of equipment wherever a Switching/dimming according to available daylight 2 £££ motor is used. They also tend to be quieter and cooler then regular motors
Daylight sensors can be used to dim or even switch off lights to respond to Occupant controlled master isolation switch 2££ room daylight levels, reducing operating and energy costs
A staff controlled master isolation switch can be used to switch off Office lighting zones <100m². 2 £££ appliances after hours automatically after all occupants have left
Reducing office lighting zones below 100m² ensures that areas of the Power factor correction 2 £££ office that do not need the same level of lighting are not used unnecessarily Power factor correction units can be installed to keep the power factor of Energy efficient lamps, luminaires, ballasts 2 £££ the system as close to 1 as possible; this increases energy efficiency and reduces operating costs Cost reductions can be achieved by renewing old, inefficient equipment with more modern light sources and electronic lamp controllers. Modern equipment Building integrated wind turbines 3 £££ typically offers lower heat gains, more controllability and greater efficiency Wind turbines can be integrated as part of the building façade. Effective Create an atrium within the building to improve daylight 4 £££ aerodynamic design can funnel wind so that the turbines are more efficient. Possible limitations with listed buildings and not generally effective in urban areas An atrium produces daylight and is a social space for staff/visitors to gather Photovoltaics (PV) 3 £££
Electricity generating PV solar panels can be installed on building roofs or incorporated into their façades and shading elements. As production costs continue to fall, lengthy payback periods will reduce. PV is not effective in every solution. Possible limitations with listed buildings Refurbishment Energy/Electrical Level Cost Environment Occupant Combined heat and power 3 £££
Electrical sub-metering - lighting, small power, machinery, plant 1£ Combined heat and power plants produce heating as a by-product of electricity production. Best for mixed used buildings with different load profiles. Electrical sub-metering allows tenants to be charged only for the energy they Institutions with climate control air conditioning have the potential to use CHP use. This allows institutions to pass on accurate costs to tenants, and for reheat to provide humidity control. Overall reduces energy costs and highlight any areas operating inefficiently. It also provides the tenant with occupancy costs but has heavy capital cost financial incentives to reduce energy use Voltage power optimisation 3 £££ Last Man Out Switch 1£ The supply voltage for the institution is likely to be higher than the voltage By powering down all non essential equipment with one switch the staff required by the equipment. The excess voltage is usually discharged in the are more likely to save energy form of heat. VPO uses a transformer and a regulator to match the supply voltage to the voltage required by the equipment, and thus reduces the losses due to inefficiencies
32 33 Step #4 Select your optimal upgrade initiatives
Refurbishment Refurbishment Energy/HVAC Level Cost Environment Occupant Energy/HVAC Level Cost Environment Occupant
Modify setpoints 10 Investigate original Natural Ventilation Strategy for older buildings 2££
Modify setpoints to the upper and lower limits of acceptable thermal For older buildings the likelihood is that the ventilation strategy was natural comfort boundaries ventilation. Therefore, with possible relaxed ventilation standards, it might be possible to return to the original strategy Ensure controls are working correctly 1£ Optimise free cooling 2£ Incorrectly set or functioning controls can significantly increase energy Air handling unit economiser cycles replace treated air with untreated consumption, and reduce stability of control for exhibits and thermal outdoor air when outdoor ambient conditions are similar to those the air comfort for staff/visitors handling system would typically produce Implement a comprehensive preventative maintenance program 1£ Up to 100% outside air can be supplied to the system in this way, resulting in significant energy savings. This method is suited to museums/galleries, A comprehensive preventative maintenance program ensures equipment however there needs to be an awareness of quality of air supplied to rooms efficiency does not decrease over time containing sensitive items. Carbon filters will be required in city centre locations to clean the outside air
Comprehensive cooling tower maintenance program 1£ Check and repair any major ductwork leakage 2£
A comprehensive cooling tower maintenance program ensures chiller efficiency does not decrease by ensuring condenser temperature is Ductwork leakage increases the amount of energy needed to meet indoor maintained at an appropriate level air conditions, and reduces indoor air quality
Outside Plant Setpoints 1£ Chilled water temperature reset 2£
Air conditioning systems with outside air plants often have fixed supply Reset CHW temperatures higher when conditions permit, thereby improving setpoints. These need to be reviewed to ensure that maximum energy system efficiency savings are realised Gas sub-metering 2£ Review of standards for storage and display 1£ Gas sub-metering ensures that tenants are charged only for the gas they use. Relaxed temperature and humidity setpoints can save considerable This allows building owners to pass on accurate costs to tenants, identify energy leaks, and gives tenants a financial incentive to reduce energy use
Implement seasonal setpoint adjustments 1£ Occupancy sensor/switch controlled air conditioning 2£
Adjustment of temperature and humidity setpoints throughout the year Occupancy or switch control ensures that air conditioning systems do not will save energy operate needlessly, which saves energy costs and reduces greenhouse emissions
Rebalance and recommission all plant 1££ Active Display Case Microclimates rather than Climate Control of 2££ building Rebalancing and recommissioning all plant ensures that systems are operated Climate control strategy tailored for display cases. Meeting display as efficiently as possible, reducing running costs requirements and improving efficiency by conditioning smaller air volumes
Categorise archives depending on level of condition needed 1£ Passive Display Case Microclimates rather than Climate Control of 2££ building Tailor HVAC to exhibit needs. Potential cost saving by having the provision Climate control strategy tailored for display cases. Meeting display for, say, one highly serviced exhibit space. Therefore infrastructure is only requirements using passive means if possible. Passive microclimates have needed for one highly serviced archive, saving costs and energy preference over active methods
Modify Flow and Return Temperatures of Heating Water 1£ Positioning of exhibits within museum 2££
Set to give maximum system efficiency by changing temperatures to Depending on the orientation and layout of the museum, gallery exhibits can optimise energy saving be arranged to reduce the amount of zone control required. For example, positioning a sensitive exhibit away from an area of high solar gains Air Conditioning Control 1£
Ensure systems are not cooling, heating and humidifying simultaneously
34 35 Step #4 Select your optimal upgrade initiatives
Refurbishment Refurbishment Energy/HVAC Level Cost Environment Occupant Energy/HVAC Level Cost Environment Occupant
HVAC (Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning) Zone Control 2££ Solar boosted domestic hot water 3££
Specifically for display areas that require a high level of climate control, such Solar boosted domestic hot water can be used to reduce fossil fuel energy as humidity control in archives and gallery areas. Broadly, the areas could consumption in heating hot water be split into climate control and non-climate control areas as they will have different requirements Biogas 3 £££ Conditioned wall mounted display cabinet 2££ Biogas is gas produced by anaerobic digestion of organic matter, and can Separate conditioning for art mounted on walls, provided from behind the then be used as a fuel art work. This will meet display requirements at improved efficiency by conditioning smaller air volumes Ground source heat pumps 3 £££
Heat recovery ventilation 2££ With the aid of a heat pump, the ground can be used to reject heat or gain heat. High efficiencies can be realised compared to air cooled systems, as Heat recovery systems transfer heat between inbound and outgoing air the ground temperature is relatively stable throughout the year flow streams, reducing the heating (or cooling) demands of the inbound air Mixed mode ventilation 3 £££ Introduce night cooling in conjunction with exposed thermal mass 2££ Natural ventilation is used when ambient conditions are suitable, with A/C Night cooling can be used to lower the temperature of the thermal mass operated only during peak conditions, thereby reducing energy consumption of the building when the outside temperature is below the internal daytime design temperature Efficient chiller selection 3 £££
Use heating hot water for zone reheat 2££ Modern chillers have increased efficiency (more cooling can be provided with less electrical power consumed), which can reduce the energy Inefficient electric reheat should be replaced with hot water reheat demand on the building wherever possible Natural ventilation 3 £££ Introduce variable speed pumps and fans 2££ If a fully naturally ventilated system is provided, significant energy savings can be realised. Older institutions will have been naturally ventilated. It is Variable speed works by decreasing power to pumps and fans to decrease worthwhile investigating the possibility of reinstating the ventilation strategy. flow rates to match decreased loads This also improves indoor air quality
Introduce demand ventilation control 2££ Replace existing air conditioning 3 £££
Demand control ventilation involves monitoring carbon dioxide levels in the Antiquated systems can be replaced with modern more efficient types to air and varying ventilation rates proportionally significantly reduce energy consumption and improve thermal comfort In this way, outside air rates are matched to actual occupancy densities, This may be a tax deductible improvement rather than on assumed occupancy patterns Biomass heating 3 £££ Zone controls 2££
Biomass refers to living and recently dead biological matter, including Zoning existing air conditioning systems can improve their energy biodegradable waste, which can be used as a fuel consumption by ensuring that only relevant parts of the building are cooled. This improves thermal comfort for staff/visitors Chilled beams or underfloor supply 3 £££ Provide digital control system to monitor and control all major plant 2££ Chilled beams or underfloor supply systems can provide a more energy Digital control systems can control and modify flow rates, compressors, efficient means of cooling spaces pumps, fans, valves, etc. A digital system will ensure accurate and efficient use of equipment Passive environmental control 3 £££
Review ductwork and pipework insulation 3££ Mechanical refrigeration and humidification equipment can be replaced by passive systems to provide environmental control. The relative humidity is controlled by exploiting the external air conditions along with the heating Insulation reduces the amount of energy lost in duct and piping systems and ventilation of the space. This design strategy requires a suitable building and a relaxed range of temperature and humidity conditions. Significant energy savings are possible
36 37 Step #4 Select your optimal upgrade initiatives
Refurbishment Refurbishment Energy/Fitout Level Cost Environment Occupant Energy/Building fabric Level Cost Environment Occupant
Internal blinds 1£ Internal shading 1£
Internal blinds can be used to reduce the solar gain to a building, decreasing Internal solar shading can be used to reduce unwanted solar gains to a the cooling loads building, increasing the thermal and visual comfort of staff/visitors
Use LCD/LED Screens 1£ Paint roof with reflective paint 1£
LCD/LED screens use significantly less energy then CRT screens, as well Reflective paint can be used to reduce the amount of solar heat transmitted as taking up less space, and emitting no harmful radiation and reducing the to the building cooling required
Draught Excluders 1£ Next generation thin client technology 1£
Thin client technology is where the client computer is used for input and Reduce infiltration in transient spaces output to the user, while the actual processing is done on a central server. Thin client technology uses much less energy then traditional systems, as well as decreasing the heating load within the office space. It can also produce a Improve air tightness to reduce unwanted infiltration 1££ quieter environment because the noise from computer fans is removed Unwanted infiltration can increase the amount of unconditioned air into a Energy efficient appliance selection 1££ space, increasing the heating or cooling requirements. Infiltration can also decrease thermal comfort and introduce unwanted particulates, Selecting energy efficient appliances can reduce energy consumption such as dust, into the environment significantly Automatic blinds 1££
Automatic blinds can be programmed to close as solar radiation or glare increases
Review of daylighting for exhibits 2£
Maximising the potential daylighting in place of electrical lighting saves energy. Suitability depends on exhibit sensitivity and location. Light shelves etc. can be used to maximise potential daylighting
Sealing of galleries / air tightness between spaces 2££
Depending on the time of year this improves the effectiveness of the HVAC systems by reducing unwanted losses/gains. Particularly important where conditioned and non-conditioned spaces are adjacent to each other
UV protection 2££
Reduces the potential for UV damage from daylighting
Blackout unused areas 2££
Minimise solar gains when a space is unused by using blackout blinds
38 39 Step #4 Select your optimal upgrade initiatives
Refurbishment Building modifications Energy/Building fabric Level Cost Environment Occupant Refurbishment and alterations Level Cost Environment Occupant Add solar control film to existing glazing 2££ Review entrance area lobbies 1£ Solar control film can reduce heat gains to a building, as well as reduce UV transmission, which reduces fading. This results in cost savings for Relaxed temperature and humidity setpoints will save considerable energy. institutions Lobbies themselves have potential to save energy Mid pane blinds 2££ Link adjacent buildings 2££ Mid pane blinds can be installed in the air cavity of double glazed systems. They are particularly effective at reducing solar gain and controlling glare Bridges can enable adjacent buildings to work together Add secondary glazing to existing single glazing to improve 2££ insulation value Locate buildings together 3££ Secondary glazing can be installed with an existing single glazed system to improve insulation, without the need to completely remove the framing Avoid having stores and exhibit spaces in separate locations. Having the store near the exhibition space will reduce the transportation demands Upgrade wall and roof insulation 3££ Roof over courtyard 3 £££ Upgrading wall and roof insulation can significantly reduce conduction through walls and roofs, with a corresponding decrease in the amount of This can provide additional useful floor space and reduce envelope heat heating and cooling required losses
External light shelves 3££ Infill small gaps between buildings 3 £££
Light shelves can be used to reflect incoming sunlight upwards to illuminate This can provide additional floor space, such as toilets or meeting rooms or the ceiling. The reflected light will have little solar heat content, and can break-out rooms, which frees up the planning of the existing floors reduce the need for indoor lighting. It is also useful for reducing glare
External solar shading 3££ New floors in light wells and atria 3 £££
External solar shading can be used to reduce unwanted solar gains and These can provide additional floor space, such as toilets or meeting rooms glare to a building or break-out rooms, which frees up the planning of the existing floors
Optimise window area 3 £££ New floors in double height spaces 3 £££
Reducing the window area decreases transmitted solar gains, reducing the These can provide additional floor space for storage or general office use cooling load on the space
Double skin façade 3 £££
A double skin façade usually consists of an inner double glazed unit, a cavity and a second outer pane of glass. The cavity is usually around 1 metre wide, and can contain solar control devices and walkways for maintenance
40 41 Step #4 Select your optimal upgrade initiatives
Indoor environmental Refurbishment Emissions Level Cost Environment Occupant Refurbishment quality Level Cost Environment Occupant Boiler emissions 1£ Personal control of thermal conditions 3 £££
A regular boiler maintenance programme can minimise NOx, CO and CO2 emissions from boilers Personal control of thermal conditions allows the differing comfort needs of individuals to be met. This is appropriate for non-exhibit areas
Zero Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP) refrigerants 2£ Replace existing glazing with high performance Low-E double 3 £££ glazing Use Zero ODP refrigerants refer to those refrigerants that have no ozone An appropriately selected double glazed, Low-E system with solar depletion potential (for example HFC or HCs) control performance reduces solar heat gain, radiant heat transfer, glare, noise and improves daylight Refrigerant leak detection 2£ Natural ventilation to some parts of the building, where appropriate 4 £££ Where practicable, refrigerant leak detection tied into the BMS ensures that dangerous refrigerants leaks are detected quickly. This reduces a safety and The use of natural ventilation increases the amount of outside air supplied to environmental hazard, while saving money the building, which increases the indoor air quality Automatic refrigerant pump down 2£
Where practicable, automatic refrigerant pump down captures and stores refrigerant during maintenance of refrigeration systems
Refurbishment Materials Level Cost Environment Occupant Indoor environmental Collections Rationalisation 10 Removing surplus items from the collection will reduce the energy required Refurbishment to provide suitable storage quality Level Cost Environment Occupant
Internal plants 1£ Inter-gallery recycling 10
Plants improve indoor air quality Unwanted display materials can be reused by another institution
Reuse packaging materials/cases/crates 10 Increasing outdoor air supply above Part L2 requirements 1££
Increases in the level of outside air supplied to a building has been This saves costs and improves the sustainability of the supply chain shown to improve air quality, but may also increase energy demand costs Green waste compost 1£ Printers located near dedicated exhausts 2£
Printers can release harmful chemicals, such as ozone. Where possible, Compost can be collected for use in landscaping placing printers near dedicated exhausts helps ensure that these particulates do not effect occupants' health Low maintenance, durable materials 1£ Low VOC products 3£ Low maintenance, durable materials last longer, use less consumable Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) arise from the use of solvents which end materials and take less time to maintain up in formaldehyde paints, carpets, adhesives & wood products. VOCs can cause adverse health effects commonly known as ‘sick building syndrome’ Avoid having a large number of temporary exhibits 1£
Top level skylights 3 £££ A sustainability benefit can be gained by recycling as much of the material from temporary exhibitions as possible
Skylights can be used to introduce natural daylight into a building
42 43 Step #4 Select your optimal upgrade initiatives
Refurbishment Refurbishment MaterialsLevel Cost Environment Occupant Water Level Cost Environment Occupant
Preference of environmentally friendly suppliers 1££ Water audits 1£
Environmental impact can be reduced by selecting environmentally Regular water audits can determine potential ways to reduce the use of water conscious suppliers
Operational waste management plans 1££ Low flow shower heads 1£
A waste management plan details the expected levels of waste, and plans strategies to minimise the waste sent to landfill Low flow shower heads are an effective way to reduce water usage of showers
Reuse materials as much as possible 2££ Water efficient appliances 1££
Reusing materials reduces waste and saves money, specifically for exhibits Products should be chosen with reference to their efficiency rating
Waste separation and recycling facilities 2££ Flow/pressure responsive flow regulators 2£
Waste separation and recycling ensures that waste is diverted from Flow regulators throttle the amount of flow through pipes to ensure water is landfill not used unnecessarily
Carpet treated and reused in high use areas 2££ Water sub-meters for all major end users 2£
Water sub-metering ensures that all tenants are charged only for the water The reuse of carpet reduces wastage, consumption of materials and VOCs they use. This allows the building owner to pass on accurate costs to tenants, and identify leaks Centralised waste 2££ Water leak detection 2£
Centralised waste handling facilities can improve the effectiveness of collecting waste and can help to increase the lettable area of the building A leak detection system as part of a BMS can pick up leaks quickly, meaning leaks can be repaired without significant water waste
Minimise PVC in pipes, conduits, cables 3££ Urinal flush controls 2£ PVC production can produce harmful chemicals such as dioxins. Urinal flush controls can be used to ensure that urinals flush only when used, They also are difficult to dispose of, and much PVC is either left in situ or rather than continuously sent to waste landfill at the end of its life
Dual flush toilets 2££ Sustainable timber 3££
Dual flush toilets provide the option of a full or half flush, reducing water Sustainable timber refers to timber that is either reused, post-consumer consumption recycled timber or Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) certified timber
Waterless urinals 2££ Waste compaction plant 3 £££
Waterless urinals operate without the use of water A waste compaction plant can be used to minimise refuse truck movements
Drought resistant landscape design 2££ Recycled concrete subgrade fill 40
Recycled concrete can be used as an environmentally friendly substitute for Drought resistant landscaping design ensures the landscape does not new concrete. The reclaimed concrete is crushed and used as a substitute require supplemental irrigation for crushed virgin rock Non-potable water in cooling towers 3££
Non-potable water such as recycled water, rainwater, treated grey water, may be used in cooling towers instead of potable water
44 45 Step #4 Select your optimal upgrade initiatives
Refurbishment Refurbishment Water Level Cost Environment Occupant Transport Level Cost Environment Occupant
Rainwater capture, treatment and reuse 3££ Dedicated car parks for car pooling 10
Rainwater capture treatment and reuse systems can be used to reduce Encouraging car pooling reduces the number of cars on the road, and reliance on potable water improves employee relations
Grey water capture treatment and reuse 3 £££ Sustainable travel plan for employees 1£
Grey water can be captured from showers, basins and dishwashing, A sustainable travel plan encourages employees to travel via more then treated and reused where non-potable water is required sustainable methods
Black water capture and reuse 3 £££ Real time transport information 1£
The provision of real time transport information makes it easier for the Black water can be treated and reused for non potable uses building's visitors and staff to use public transport
Bicycle maintenance 1£
An on-site bicycle maintenance scheme, operated by visiting bicycle mechanics, encourages staff to use bicycles and reduces transport emissions
Park and ride 2££ Refurbishment Site Level Cost Environment Occupant A park and ride scheme, perhaps shared with neighbouring buildings, can Native planting 1£ reduce congestion and the need for on-site parking
Native plants, once established, require less maintenance, are more tolerant Bicycle storage, accessible showers, changing facilities, lockers 2££ to the local environmental conditions and improve biodiversity Encouraging visitors and staff to ride to work helps reduce transport emissions Regular pest assessment and removal 1££
Regular pest assessment and removal ensures that disease carrying pests can be removed before causing adverse effects on staff or community
Semi-permeable landscape 2££
Semi-permeable landscaping allows water to seep into the landscaping, Refurbishment providing plants and lawn with water, and reducing runoff to the sewer system Social Level Cost Environment Occupant
Communication with other stakeholders, eg monitoring tenant/ 1£ Soft landscaping 2££ investment satisfaction
Soft landscaping allows water to seep into landscaping, providing plants and Good communication will help ensure that the needs of stakeholders are met lawns with water, and attenuating runoff into the sewer system
Stormwater detention 3££ Communication with community 1£
Stormwater detention captures stormwater on site, and then releases it Increased communication improves relations between the institution and slowly to reduce impact on the stormwater system at discharge tenants with the local neighbourhood
External lights on movement sensors 2£
Linking external lights to movement sensors improves the security of staff outside the building at night, and reduces energy consumption
46 47 Step #4 Select your optimal upgrade initiatives
Refurbishment Refurbishment Social Level Cost Environment Occupant Additional Level Cost Environment Occupant
Public Sustainability Display 1£ Gas Suppression System 2££
Inform the public of the institution’s intentions and actions. This will help Fire fighting strategy for where sprinklers are not usable due to delicate engage the public and promote the institution exhibits
Technology infrastructure that facilitates the use of various work 2££ Promote community related meetings 1£ settings
This will engage the institution more with the community, and so indirectly This helps staff and visitors work in a range of locations and settings promote the sustainability methods being adopted by the institution
Organise sustainability themed public volunteering events 1£ Outdoor breakout spaces such as roof gardens or courtyards 3££
These provide a change from the internal environment and promote social This will promote sustainability within the community and benefit the interaction institution
Provide CCTV to main public areas, carparks and goods lifts 3£ Community involvement e.g. community events, open days 1££
Identify the minimum level of CCTV coverage provided by the base Community involvement can help to establish a connection and engagement building between the institution and tenants and the local community
Provide car parking 3 £££ Improved accessibility and wayfinding 2££
Identify the minimum requirement for car parking available as part of the base Provision of appropriate footpaths, lifts, floor layouts and access ways to building cater for all levels of physical ability
Accessible open space 2££
Accessible office space promotes an environment that encourages interaction
Provide a concierge desk 2££
A concierge facility can be a part of the base building
Circulation and social spaces 2££
Circulation and social spaces foster informal and spontaneous interactions
Acoustic attenuation for neighbours 2££
Acoustic attenuation minimises noise pollution into the surrounding areas
48 49 Step #5 Case Study Make your survival strategy happen Sustainable Energy Review Wordsworth Trust
The Wordsworth Trust owns a number of buildings in Grasmere, Cumbria including the Wordsworth Museum and Jerwood Centre which house much of the Trust’s collection of work by William Wordsworth. The museum was partially Make your survival strategy happen Establish costs Assess returns refurbished in 2004 at the time that the new Jerwood Centre Once you have established a Survival Next, find out the cost of a proposed Interventions are designed to produce building was completed. The two interconnected buildings Strategy it is essential that you set up intervention. Likely cost ranges of many cost savings, but whether some do is contain a number of galleries, reading room, archives, offices, a feedback mechanism to review the interventions can be established relatively another matter. The greenest building can workrooms and a shop. impacts of your actions. Certain initiatives easily, by reference to published cost be operated poorly if its systems are not will provide tangible benefits, such as data. These figures must then be “tuned” well understood by those responsible for The two buildings currently consume 129,000kWh gas reduced energy bills. Others will be more to fit the particular circumstances of your running it, or if they do not suit the needs per annum and 280,000kWh electricity per annum which difficult to measure, such as public opinion. building. For example, must exhibits be and behaviours of the staff, visitors or means the buildings are considerable users of energy. The Nonetheless, it is important to determine moved to allow work to proceed? Could exhibits. A realistic assessment of savings high usage is due to the plant that is installed to control the the benefit of each. new plant be tax-deductible? is therefore required, that takes account temperature and humidity in the galleries and archives. not only of the best possible outcome but Benchmark your building Larger scale or more intrusive interventions also factors that may lessen the benefits. An energy review was commissioned by the Wordsworth Trust will need the involvement of a design team (undertaken by Arup) which looked at museum and gallery The energy benchmarks for museums containing building services engineers, Conversely, this assessment may setpoints, building management system, general review of and galleries are a very useful method of structural engineers, architects, cost highlight the need for further actions by systems and identification of potential interventions. measuring performance and improvement. consultants, and possibly specialists such management, such as the preparation Calculating a kWh/m² per year value will be as fire or façade engineers. of building users’ guides or clear light a direct means of assessing the building Matrix Initiatives switch labelling, to inform and educate the performance. building’s occupants and make it easier for Management them to do the right thing. s BMS Trend logging of gallery areas s BMS sensor calibration Energy/HVAC s Ensure controls are working correctly s Air conditioning control s Review of standards for storage and display s Passive environmental control Energy/Building fabric s Improve air tightness to reduce unwanted infiltration Outcomes Following the review various options are under discussion as to those that will be most cost effective to implement in This concludes your five steps. Take a look at the the future. Options include radical changes such as using case studies in this document for examples of a system which does not rely on mechanical refrigeration, people who are “making it happen”. dehumidification and humidification to control humidity. Systems utilising heating to control humidity are being considered to potentially provide more stable control and reduced energy use. Contact Jeff Cowton [email protected] Tim Whitley [email protected]
©The Wordsworth Trust - Grasmere 50 51 Case study Changes have resulted in display lighting energy use being reduced by 18% saving 5.5 tonnes CO2 per annum.
Sustainable Behaviour The Beacon Museum, Whitehaven
The Beacon is Copeland Borough Council’s museum Matrix Initiatives in Whitehaven, Cumbria. Opened in 1996 in a purpose Management built building on Whitehaven’s harbourside, The Beacon supports the Council’s aims to increase s Energy consumption targets and monitoring / metering tourism spend, support area regeneration and economic development, as well as enabling lifelong s Develop a building user training programme learning and access to cultural heritage. s Ongoing training of building management staff Legislative and code compliance The 5-storey building contains approx 1500 sq metres s Carbon Reduction Commitment and includes 3 floors of permanent galleries, 1 large Energy/Lighting temporary exhibition gallery, education space, offices, reference library, photographic darkroom, shop and s Easily understood light switch labelling café/bistro (tenanted). With the exception of the top s Occupancy sensors for lighting floor or Viewing Gallery there are no windows to the Water other galleries. s Water efficient appliances Transport The museum is open all year round and caters to evening room hire bookings or corporate events twice s Sustainable travel plan for employees a week on average. Social s Organise sustainability themed public volunteering A lighting audit resulted in the following actions and events results:
Gallery lights were left off until needed, cleaners were Outcomes trained to operate lights, lights not required during These changes have resulted in display lighting energy daylight hours have been identified and not used use being reduced by 18% saving 5.5 tonnes CO2 per during the day, gallery shop and reception lights are annum and £1,050 per year. not operated until opening time, saving 2 hours usage per day. In addition water saving in toilets by reduced flush volumes, and a change from bottled to mains drinking water has realised considerable water savings.
The museum also encourages sustainable behaviour by a scheme of incentives and educational participation. Contact Sue Palmer [email protected]
©Brian Sherwen 52 53 Further information Further information
Legislation UK Building Regulations The Carbon Reduction Commitment Energy Feed in Tariffs (FITs) Legislation Environmental legislation that may be In response to the EPBD, the UK Efficiency Scheme (CRC) This scheme rewards the production of The following link lists UK energy legislation relevant to building owners and managers Energy Performance of Buildings Directive introduced building regulations in England This scheme is a legally binding carbon electricity from renewable or low carbon on the UK statute law database maintained Environmental Protection Act 1990 as (EPBD) and Wales in April 2006, in Northern Ireland emissions trading scheme that covers sources. From April 2010 energy suppliers by the Ministry of Justice http://www. amended and associated regulations Directive 2002/91/EC of the European in November 2006, and in Scotland in all businesses and large public sector will make regular payments to an institution statutelaw.gov.uk/SearchResults.aspx?TYP including: Parliament and Council, on the energy June 2008. The most significant change organisations with a yearly consumption for all accredited renewable/low carbon E=QS&Title=energy&Year=&Number=&Leg s Environmental Protection (Duty of Care) performance of buildings, came into was the development and implementation of more than 6,000MWh per year of electricity generated, and additional Type=All+Legislation Regulations, 1991, as amended force on 4 January 2003. The principal of a National Calculation Methodology electricity. This translates to approximately payments for electricity exported to the s Controlled Waste Regulations, 1992, as objectives of the Directive are to promote (NCM) that standardises the calculation £500,000 of electricity/year. grid. Health and safety and disability legislation amended improvement of the energy performance of CO emissions from energy use in non- that may be relevant to institutions: s Waste Management Licensing of buildings within the EU through cost 2 domestic buildings. The aim of the scheme is to reduce the For the institution this provides a means s The Health and Safety at Work, etc, Act, Regulations, 1994, as amended effective measures, and to promote the carbon emissions from these sectors by 4 of making renewable and low carbon 1974 convergence of building standards towards s Regulation 2037/2000 on substances Part L of the building regulations sets million tonnes of carbon dioxide per year, technology more financially accessible. s The Electricity at Work Regulations, 1981 that deplete the ozone layer those member states that already have by 2020. Each year the organisations minimum standards for energy efficiency in Once the technology is installed the s Health and Safety (First Aid) Regulations, s Landfill (England and Wales) Regulations, ambitious levels. concerned will need to submit sufficient new and some existing buildings. institution will be able to generate a 1981 2002 allowances to cover their annual emissions. proportion of its electricity sustainably. As part of the Directive, all EU member s The Food Safety Act, 1990 s Water Resources Act, 1991 The new Part L 2010 (introduced in The scheme starts in April 2010 and The benefits will be threefold: a reduction states must: s Workplace (Health, Safety and Welfare) s Noise and Statutory Nuisances Act, October 2010) builds on the 2006 allowances will be available for purchase in electricity bills, payment for producing Regulations, 1992 1993 s Make “consequential improvements” to regulations, requiring carbon emissions in April 2011. Initially the allowances will electricity sustainably, and payment for s Manual Handling Operations Regulations, Clean Air Act, 1993 the energy efficiency of buildings over to be reduced by 25% on an aggregate be sold at a fixed rate of £12 per tonne of exporting electricity. Often a loan is taken s 2 1992 1000m undergoing refurbishment approach based on the building type. carbon dioxide. out to pay for the technology and so the s Environment Act, 1995 s Arrange for all buildings to have an Each type of building will have a Target repayments and the interest needs to be s Health and Safety (Display Screen s Anti-pollution Works Regulations, 1999 Energy Performance Certificate (EPC) If in 2008 the institution’s electricity bill accounted for. Equipment) Regulations, 1992 The Environmental Protection (Controls CO2 Emission Rate (TER) based on the s available whenever they are offered for cost effectiveness of the carbon emission was greater than £500,000 then it will be s Disability Discrimination Act (DDA), 1995 on Ozone Depleting Substances) sale or rent. A small number of buildings reductions for that building type. required to participate. Only very large For museums and galleries the ability to s Management of Health and Safety At Regulations, 2002, including: Ozone are exempt (eg some heritage buildings). institutions will need to be involved with install renewable or low carbon sources will Work Regulations, 1999 depleting substances (Qualifications) The EPC’s of large buildings, to which The EU Emissions Trading System (ETS) the CRC. Each year the involved institution vary considerably. An institution based in s Control of Substances Hazardous to regulations SI 2006/1510 the public has access, must be displayed This scheme is intended to collectively will need to purchase allowances. If a Listed Building will find it more difficult to Health Regulations, 2002 reduce CO emissions to combat the threat the institution has reduced its carbon s Implement the inspection of air- 2 gain permission to install this technology, s The Fire Regulatory Reform Order, 2005 of climate change. At present the EU ETS emissions below its allowable amount, conditioning systems whereas a modern science museum for s The Reporting of Injuries Diseases and has the greatest impact on big power then it will receive its contribution back, as example, could install this technology and 2008 saw the implementation of this Dangerous Occurrences Regulations, companies; however, in time it is likely to well as a bonus. Essentially the institutions incorporate it as an exhibit. Overall the Directive in the UK with the introduction of 2005 affect all buildings. involved will pay into a pot, and at the end benefit of FITs will need to be decided on a EPCs whenever a building is constructed, s Construction (Design and Management) of the year the highly performing institutions case by case basis. Regulations, 2007 sold or rented. In addition, Display Energy will be rewarded, and the others will be Certificates (DECs) are required for public penalised further. Renewable Heat Incentive (RHI) buildings. The rationale behind this The Renewable Heat Incentive (RHI) is a legislation is to encourage the process Link new scheme to support the generation of market transformation, by making the http://www.carbontrust.co.uk/policy- of heat from renewable sources. The energy performance of a building clear to legislation/business-public-sector/pages/ government was expected to introduce this potential purchasers, tenants and users in carbon-reduction-commitment.aspx scheme in April 2011 but the Department FITs work by the same way that the labelling of domestic for Energy and Climate Change has appliances has led to the virtual elimination announced that it will set out a detailed guaranteeing a of poorly performing white goods. proposal for the RHI after the Spending long term premium Review in October 2010. If the scheme is payment for electricity The recently published EU document “An introduced it should give a very significant EU Energy Security and Solidarity Action boost to renewable heating technologies generated from Plan” indicates that it is intended to revise such as air source and ground source heat renewable sources and the EPBD in 2010 to require member pumps, biomass heating and solar water fed into the grid. The states to penalise via the tax system the heating. owners of buildings with a poor EPC. In the government fixes both UK, business rates, Council Tax, Stamp the payment levels Duty Land Tax would perhaps in the future apply at variable levels to reflect the energy and the duration of the performance of individual buildings. scheme, thus providing certainty for investors.
54 55 Further information Further information
Web Resources Glossary References and Information
Carbon Trust - http://www.carbontrust. Constructing Excellence - http://www. A/C: Air-Conditioning NOX: Nitrogen Oxides Stern, N. (2006) The Economics of Climate co.uk/default.ct constructingexcellence.org.uk/ AHU: Air Handling Unit NPV: Net Present Value Change: The Stern Review, Cambridge Global Action Plan - http://www. Energy Saving Trust - http://www. BMS: Building Management System O&M: Operations & Maintenance University Press. globalactionplan.org.uk/ energysavingtrust.org.uk/ BREEAM: Building Research Establishment ODP: Ozone depletion potential. Thomson, G (2002), The Museum Centre for Construction and Innovation- Groundwork - http://www.groundwork.org. Environmental Assessment Method PROBE: Post-occupancy review of Environment, Second Edition, Butterworth- Salford University - http://www.ccinw.com/ uk CCTV: Closed Circuit Television buildings and their engineering Heinemann Centre for Alternative Technology - http:// Historic Scotland - http://www.historic- CDP: Carbon Disclosure Project PV: Photovoltaic CIBSE (2004) CIBSE Guide F – Energy www.cat.org.uk/ scotland.gov.uk/index.htm CHP: Combined Heat and Power PVC: Polyvinyl chloride efficiency in buildings Building Research Establishment’s Publications on conservation and repair of CHW: Chilled Water RCx: Retro-commissioning Environmental Assessment Method - historic buildings CLG: Department of Communities and RHI: Renewable Heat Incentive BRE Building Research Establishment (2000), Comfort without air conditioning http://www.breeam.org/ 10:10 - http://www.1010uk.org/ Local Government TER: Target CO2 Emission Rate in refurbished offices - an assessment of Green Globes - http://www.greenglobes. British Standards Institute - http://www. CO: Carbon Monoxide UV: Ultra Violet possibilities. com/ bsigroup.com CO2: Carbon Dioxide VOC: Volatile Organic Compound Green Building Initiative - http://www. News on updated standards CRC: Carbon Reduction Commitment VPO: Voltage Power Optimisation BSRIA Building Services Research thegbi.org/ Business Link - http://www.businesslink. Energy Efficiency Scheme WELS: Water Efficiency Labelling and and Information Association (1998), UK Green Building Council - http://www. gov.uk/bdotg/action/home CSR: Corporate Social Responsibility Standards scheme Refurbishment of air-conditioned buildings ukgbc.org/ Environment and Efficiency resources DEC: Display Energy Certificate WRAP: Waste & Resources Action for natural ventilation TN8/98. EPBD: Energy Performance of Buildings Programme. International Council for Local Department for Environment, Food and Environmental Initiatives - http://www.iclei. Rural Affairs - http://www.defra.gov.uk Directive EPC: Energy Performance Certificate org/ The Green Tourism Business Scheme International Council for Local (GTBS) is the national sustainable tourism ETS: Emissions Trading System Environmental Initiatives - Europe - http:// certification scheme for the UK - http:// FIT: Feed-in tariff www.iclei-europe.org/ www.green-business.co.uk/index.asp FM: Facilities Management ICLEI—Local Governments for FSC: Forestry Stewardship Council Sustainability is an international association GHG: Green House Gas of local governments and national and HCs: Hydro Carbon regional local government organisations HFCs: Hydro Fluorocarbon that have made a commitment to HVAC: Heating, Ventilating and Air sustainable development. Also provide Conditioning training. IAQ/IEQ: Indoor Air Quality/Indoor National Energy Foundation - http://www. Environment Quality nef.org.uk ICT: Information and communication technologies IR: Infra Red IRR: Internal Rate of Return kWh: Kilo Watt Hour LCD: Liquid crystal diode LED: Light emitting diode LEED: Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design MATV: Master Antenna Television MTBF: Mean Time Between Failures MWh: Mega Watt Hour NCM: National Calculation Methodology
56 57 Renaissance in the Regions Environmental Renaissance in the Regions Environmental Sustainability Initiatives Sustainability Initiatives
Renaissance Yorkshire Renaissance North East Renaissance East of England Renaissance London Renaissance East Midlands The Museums Libraries and Archives Council Sustainability Advisory Panel Programme: Yorkshire and Humber Programme: The programme has Programme: An ambitious programme Programmes: Regional Green Museum Programme: A three year programme Museum Sustainability Project, in worked with the Green Tourism Business focusing on triple bottom line sustainability; Programme – participating museums to gain a greater understanding of the Maurice Davies, Museums Association conjunction with Welcome to Yorkshire Scheme (GTBS), the national sustainable in relation to environmental issues it has receive one year membership of the sustainability issues faced by museums (Chair) and CO2Sense Yorkshire, encourages tourism certification scheme for the worked with the Rural Museums East Green Business Tourism Scheme (GTBS) in the East Midlands. Support has been Tony Butler, Museum of East Anglian Life museums to look at their operations from UK. Participating museums receive one partnership, and addressed retrofitting and including an advisory visit and evaluation provided to help participant sites undertake Laura Frampton, Victoria & Albert Museum an environmentally sustainable point of year membership including an advisory the Green Gateway at Gressenhall Farm from GTBS. Funding is available to tackle effective environmental monitoring Ben Cowell, National Trust view. Groundwork Sheffield is working visit and an assessment by a qualified and Workhouse; the evaluation of modern action points. and develop action plans for future Bill Seaman, Norfolk Museums & with 12 museums to reduce costs and grading advisor against a rigorous set of green build with Stockwood Discovery environmental improvements. Archaeology Service meet recognised environmental standards criteria, covering a range of areas, such Centre, Luton. It also encourages more Green Museum Promotional Museum Hedley Swain, MLA through evaluating the impact of four as energy and water efficiency, waste museums across the region to become Programme – funding is available Resources and Tools: Green Museums Jo Woolley, MLA development methodologies; (1) direct management, biodiversity and more. more sustainable; museums in East of for museums to run activities that Step by Step guide and the environmental Silvia Anton, MLA support, (2) use of Green Museums, a self- Progress is being made beyond the initial England have had the opportunity to work communicate green issues to local performance monitoring spreadsheet, Jo Dimitri, MLA help guide following the model developed audits with consultancy support to facilitate through the Green Museums Step by Step communities through partnerships with developed by Groundwork Derby & Josephine Burns, BOP by Groundwork and Renaissance East the development of an Environmental Guide, with Green Action Grants to help local authorities. Derbyshire. It can be used by museums Javier Stanziola, BOP Midlands, (3) Green Start, an on-line Sustainability Improvement Plan and put ideas into practice. across the country for their own monitoring Alex Homfray, BOP toolkit administered through Visit England monitoring system for each museum. Resources and Tools: Further information and environmental improvement Richard Harris, Weald & Downland and (4) Green Tourism Business Scheme Introductory training has also been Resources and Tools: Sustainability Case available - programme. Museum (GTBS), a certificated membership scheme delivered across the region through ‘Green studies publication, Social Sustainability http://www.mla.gov.uk/what/programmes/ http://www.mla.gov.uk/what/programmes/ administered by Green Business UK Ltd, a Advantage’ training courses (Welcome to toolkit are being developed. renaissance/regions/london/regional_ renaissance/regions/east_midlands/ not-for-profit independent company. Excellence). programme/Funding_sustainability info_for_sector/collections_buildings/ Contact buildings_projects Participating museums assess Resources and Tools: Green Business Hannah Jackson Green Business Tourism Scheme (GTBS) performance, develop a targeted action Tourism Scheme (GTBS) Sustainability Project Officer http://www.green-business.co.uk Contact plan and implement improvements, with http://www.green-business.co.uk Gressenhall Farm & Workhouse, Norfolk Katherine Wilson access to a small improvement fund as T. 01362 869262 Sustainable Exhibitions for Museums E. [email protected] well as additional funding opportunities, in Green Advantage: E. [email protected] Group uk.groups.yahoo.com/group/ Finella Bottomley, Renaissance Manager order to http://www.welcometoexcellence.co.uk/ sustainable_exhibitions T. 0116 252 7321 trainingprogrammes/greenadvantage.asp E. fi[email protected] s Reduce costs associated with energy Contact use, water use and waste collection and Contact Nigel Sadler disposal. Sarah Carr Museum Development Officer, Central Identify where new technologies and s Senior Museums Development Officer London equipment could help make further Tyne & Wear Archives & Museums Museum of London Docklands savings T: 0191 2772328 T. 020 7001 9831 s Access expertise, grants and support E: [email protected] E. nsadler@museumoflondon.org.uk s Gain an environmental sustainability accreditation
Resources and Tools: http://www.better-tourism.org http://www.co2sense.org.uk http://www.yorkshire.groundwork.org.uk
Contact: Janet Thompson Head of Renaissance Yorkshire Museums Sheffield T. 0114 278 2672 E. janet.thompson@museums-sheffield. org.uk
58 59 Acknowledgements and contacts
Renaissance is the Museums, Libraries We are particularly grateful to the Green Arup Contacts and Archives Council’s (MLA) national Museums Steering Group that has been Design, Consulting, Engineering investment programme to transform led so effectively by Kaye Tetlow, and Arup is a multi-disciplinary firm of Emma Anderson Kaye Tetlow England’s regional museums. Renaissance includes Amanda Wallace, Nicola Walker, designers, planners, engineers, consultants Renaissance North West Manager Collections Care Liaison Officer is helping to meet people’s changing needs Dean Whiteside, Jeff Cowton, Ronald and technical specialists. Arup has a T 0161 235 8822 T 07500 065537 – and to change people’s lives. Mcgregor, Samantha Sportun, Rachel reputation of producing landmark projects E [email protected] E [email protected] Hammond, Pierrette Squires, Heather with a focus on sustainability. We have Renaissance North West is delivered Davis, Mary Robinson, and Anne Fahy. a diverse international portfolio and an Jennie Pitceathly Lancashire Conservation Studios through six hub museums and galleries extensive track record in the Arts and Regional Museums Development Stanley Street with sustainability and innovation This publication is one of the legacies of Culture sector. Our first iconic project Manager Preston PR1 4YP embedded throughout our work. It comes the Green Museums programme that has was the Sydney Opera House. More T 0161 235 8810 from new ways of working, new ways brought together museums and galleries recently in the Arts sector in the UK, our E [email protected] of thinking and new ways of sharing the across the North West to get to grips projects have included the Natural History learning. Innovation comes from working with practical and organisational changes Museum, Darwin Gallery and National Manchester City Galleries together, testing and disseminating ideas to required to reduce resource usage and Gallery, Sainsbury Wing in London, as well Mosley Street achieve greater impact. increase energy efficiency. It has been as the Manchester Art Gallery, Nottingham Manchester M2 3JL produced through a powerful partnership Contemporary and Pallant House Gallery, Working towards greater sustainability has with Arup. Chichester. been at the heart of Renaissance North West’s work over the last two years and will inform future developments. In the initial Tim Whitley Arup stages we were inspired and informed Arup St James’s Buildings, by the Museums Association’s extensive T 0161 228 2331 Oxford Street work led by Maurice Davies. We have also E [email protected] Manchester M1 6EL brought in a range of experts and critical friends to help us on this journey including Nick Colledge 12th Floor, The Plaza, Gaby Porter, Rachel Madan, Steve Connor Arup 100 Old Hall Street, and Helen Wilkinson. T 0161 228 2331 Liverpool L3 9QJ E [email protected] www.arup.com
Reducing our carbon footprint not only saves money but also helps sustain the quality of the environment for future generations. Museums are not just about the past and must show they can help safeguard the future. Vanessa Trevelyan, 2010 President of Museums Association Head of Norfolk Museums & Archaeology Service
Acknowledgement This guide is based on the publication “existing buildings/survival strategies, a toolbox for re-energising tired assets” prepared by Arup for the Property Council of Australia and published by the Property Council of Australia in July 2008 www.propertyoz.com.au. Printed on FSC certified paper It also follows on from the Arup publication Existing Buildings, Survival Strategies 100% recycled stock and vegetable-based published in January 2009 inks were used throughout . Printed September 2010. © Arup 2010.
60 The Heritage Lottery Fund has a strong focus on environmental impact and sustainable use of resources. We encourage all of our applicants to explore a sustainable approach in their projects, including energy efficiency, renewable energy, water and sustainable building materials. We are delighted that the Survival Strategy will assist museums and galleries in planning effectively for greater efficiency and to reduce their environmental impact. Sara Hilton, Head of Heritage Lottery Fund North West
museums & art galleries sur vival strategies A guide for reducing operating costs and improving sustainability
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