Interim Report IR-02-073 Life-Cycle Approaches to Sustainable Consumption Workshop Proceedings, 22 November 2002 Edgar Hertwich (Ed.)
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International Institute for Tel: +43 2236 807 342 Applied Systems Analysis Fax: +43 2236 71313 Schlossplatz 1 E-mail: [email protected] A-2361 Laxenburg, Austria Web: www.iiasa.ac.at Interim Report IR-02-073 Life-cycle Approaches to Sustainable Consumption Workshop Proceedings, 22 November 2002 Edgar Hertwich (ed.) Approved by Prof. Leen Hordijk Director, IIASA Interim Reports on work of the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis receive only limited review. Views or opinions expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of the Institute, its National Member Organizations, or other organizations supporting the work. Table of Contents Life Cycle Approaches to Sustainable Consumption.................................................1 Introduction.................................................................................................................2 Values as determinants of environmental behaviour.................................................4 Anders Biel........................................................................................................................... 4 Durable consumption: reflections on product life cycles and the throwaway society ...................................................................................................................................11 Tim Cooper ........................................................................................................................ 11 GIS maps and qualitative studies combined provide knowledge of energy and water consumption in households.............................................................................28 Kirsten Gram-Hanssen and Ole Michael Jensen Danish Building and Urban Research....... 28 Environmental load from private Dutch consumption............................................38 Mark J. Goedkoop, Jacob Madsen, Durk S. Nijdam and Harry C. Wilting ............................ 38 What Do Social Systems Consume? A Different View on Sustainable Consumption ...................................................................................................................................48 Willi Haas........................................................................................................................... 48 Promoting sustainable product culture and consumption.......................................57 Eva Heiskanen, Päivi Timonen, Mari Niva and Kristiina Aalto.............................................. 57 Pollution embodied in Norway's import and export and its relevance for the environmental profile of households ........................................................................63 Edgar G. Hertwich, Kristin Erlandsen, Knut Sørensen, Jørgen Aasness, Klaus Hubacek .... 63 Sustainable consumption: an NGO’s dream about data, tools and insights...........73 Patrick Hofstetter and Stefan Haas..................................................................................... 73 A Proposal of the Quantitative Evaluation Method for Social Acceptability of Products and Services ...............................................................................................81 Yoshie Yagita, Yoshihiro Aikawa, Atsushi Inaba ................................................................. 81 ii Changes in China’s economy and society and its effects on water use....................87 Klaus Hubacek and Laixiang Sun ....................................................................................... 87 On the Way to Sustainable Development, Resource Efficiency and Dematerialisation.The Importance of Repair and Upgrade..................................101 Harald Hutterer................................................................................................................. 101 Sustainable Consumption and Factor X in the Food and ICT Sectors .................104 Michael Kuhndt and Raquel Garcia................................................................................... 104 Economic Modelling of Sustainable Consumption Patterns for Mobility and Heating ....................................................................................................................117 Daniela Kletzan, Angela Koeppl, Kurt Kratena, Michael Wueger ....................................... 117 Life-cycle based methods for sustainable product development ...........................133 Walter Klöpffer ................................................................................................................. 133 Indicators for Environmentally Sound Household Consumption.........................139 Sylvia Lorek ..................................................................................................................... 139 Towards sustainable development at city level: evaluating and changing the household metabolism in five European cities .......................................................153 Henri C. Moll and Klaas Jan Noorman .............................................................................. 153 Indicators for the environmental pressure of consumption ..................................171 Jesper Munksgaard, Mette Wier, Manfred Lenzen, Christopher Dey ................................. 171 Life Cycle Sustainable Development: An Extension of the Product Life Cycle Assessment Framework to Address Questions of Sustainable Consumption and Development............................................................................................................193 Gregory A. Norris and Jerome M. Segal ........................................................................... 193 Understanding consumption patterns - including time use, skills, and market failures .....................................................................................................................206 Adriaan Perrels ................................................................................................................ 206 An environmental space based approach to assessing the environmental impact of household consumption...........................................................................................228 Joachim H. Spangenberg ................................................................................................. 228 iii A Framework for a Community-based Comparison of Consumption Patterns...241 Sigrid Stagl and Klaus Hubacek........................................................................................ 241 Advantages and limitations of eco labels as consumer and environmental political instruments. Report from the European DEEP project. .......................................246 Eivind Stø and Pål Strandbakken ..................................................................................... 246 The interaction between environmental norms and behaviour: a panel study of organic food consumption.......................................................................................268 John Thøgersen and Folke Ölander.................................................................................. 268 How to Link the Use of Consumer-Products and the Consumer-Exposure to Chemicals? ..............................................................................................................270 Matthias Wormuth, Martin Scheringer, and Konrad Hungerbühler ..................................... 270 iv “Life Cycle Approaches to Sustainable Consumption” This workshop has been organized as a collaboration of three institutions, the Research Center for Life Cycle Assessment, AIST in Japan, the United Nations Environment Programme, and the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis. It serves to promote international cooperation on sustainable consumption research. UNEP is interested in this because it is responsible to follow up the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation, which calls for a "10-year framework of programmes to support sustainable consumption and production". For IIASA, this is part of an exploratory research project on the industrial ecology of consumption, and the first opportunity to bring together a consortium of researchers which put together a proposal to the European Union on "Policies and Tools for Sustainable Consumption" (part of the 6th framework programme for research). For the Research Center for Life Cycle Assessment, AIST this is an opportunity to collaborate on an important Japanese project. Please allow me to elaborate. In November 2002, the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI) of Japan has started a new project named “The promotion project in international research collaboration on global climate change”. As a part of the program, the Society of Non- Traditional Technology (SNTT) has been promoting a new project, “Life Cycle Approaches to Sustainable Consumption”. This project is fully supported by METI through SNTT. The aim of this project is to find new ways to reduce the CO2 emissions from the viewpoint of consumers. It might include Product Service Systems, Change of the patterns of household consumption etc. To accomplish this project successfully, a steering committee was organized with the members from academia, research institutes, and industry. The head of the steering committee is Dr.Atsushi Inaba of Research Center for Life Cycle Assessment of the National Institute for Advance Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) and it was decided that the Research Center of Life Cycle Assessment was responsible to execute and conduct this project under the steering committee. On behalf of the steering