JOURNAL the Association of Jewish Refugees
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VOLUME 17 NO.7 JULY 2017 JOURNAL The Association of Jewish Refugees Hitler’s ROOTS AND ALL Family roots are very much at the heart of this month’s journal, with Channel Islands several stories about AJR members, trustees and staff commemorating and in some cases discovering their lost ancestors. Fans of arts and culture will enjoy a fascinating article about the huge contribution that Jewish immigrants made to Hollywood, as well as reviews of recent productions at the Southbank Centre and JW3, in addition to our usual book reviews and Art Notes. We also have a report and some lovely photos from the AJR’s recent summer trip to Liverpool, complementing our regular round up of regional meetings and events. We hope you enjoy reading this issue. Actor and author John Nettles stands next to a German occupation observation tower in Les Landes, Jersey. News ........................................................3, 20 Photo: UKTV Family lost and found ....................................4 Letter from Israel ............................................5 During World War II, the infant AJR, founded in 1941, could only Letters to the Editor ................................... 6-7 communicate with its members through irregularly appearing Art Notes .......................................................8 circulars. One subject about which these circulars sought to inform At Your Service ...............................................9 Reviews ........................................................10 anxious refugee readers was the fate of family members who had Opinion piece: Primo Levi ............................12 been deported by the Nazis to destinations in the East, cloaked in Looking for ..................................................13 ominous mystery. The few camps named included the internment Around the AJR ............................................14 My missing grandfather ...............................15 camps at Biberach in south-west Germany and Laufen in Bavaria, Hollywood history ..................................16-17 which were known to the British authorities because many hundreds Discovering my roots ...................................18 of those deported from the Channel Islands by the occupying Liverpool report............................................19 Germans had been interned there; the two waves of deportations, carried out in September 1942 and February 1943, were acts of AJR Team Chief Executive Michael Newman reprisal that demonstrated the harsher side of what has otherwise Finance Director David Kaye been termed a ‘model occupation’. Heads of Department HR & Administration Karen Markham The occupation of the Channel Islands, authorities on the islands appeared to Social Services Sue Kurlander Community & Volunteer Services Carol Hart the only part of British soil to fall have cooperated with their occupiers under Nazi rule, is a sensitive subject, was hard to accept, as it ran directly AJR Journal largely shunned by historians until the counter to the carefully cultivated Consultant Editor Dr Anthony Grenville Editor Jo Briggs 1990s and since then a matter of acute image of Britain and its people as Secretarial/Advertisements Karin Pereira controversy. The extent to which the Continued on page 2 1 AJR Journal | July 2017 Hitler’s Channel Islands style raids on the islands, some of which were executed with staggering continued… incompetence and all of which achieved nothing beyond the pointless loss of unwavering in their defiance of the British lives and the implementation Nazis. Commentators sympathetic of German retaliatory measures, to the islanders have pointed to the including the removal of the able extreme difficulty of mounting any Attorney General of Guernsey, Ambrose resistance to a powerful and ruthless Sherwill, from his post as President invader in an area as restricted and of the Controlling Committee on the as easily overseen as the Channel island. After the war, the eagerness of Islands. The hardships that the islanders the British authorities to avoid any full endured have been vividly portrayed investigation into the issues of wartime in works of fiction like The Guernsey collaboration on the islands was, Nettles Literary and Potato Peel Pie Society by argues, fuelled by the government’s Mary Ann Shaffer and Annie Barrows guilty awareness of its having left them (2009); the title proclaims the near- in the lurch in June 1940. Neither Prime starvation to which the population was Minister Churchill nor the King ever reduced in the later stages of the war, broadcast to the islanders during the once the islands, still under German five long years of German occupation. occupation, had been cut off from mainland France by the Normandy John Nettles’ book The Germans were fully aware of the landings. propaganda value of the occupation of British territory and exploited their On the other hand, Madeleine kind of Gibraltar of the English Channel. unopposed takeover of the Channel Bunting’s hard-hitting study The Model That cost the lives of unnumbered slave Islands to the full. The stage was thus Occupation. The Channel Islands under labourers brought in to carry out the set for the creation of the image of German Rule (1995) is highly critical construction work, while contributing a peaceful and largely benevolent of the island authorities’ apparent nothing of military value to the defence occupation, in which occupiers and collaboration with the Germans. of Nazi-occupied France, except for occupied cooperated to their mutual Bunting highlights their eagerness to the effective incarceration of an entire advantage. That image was furthered discourage resistance activities for German division, which could only by the relatively restrained and fear of provoking retaliation from the stand by uselessly while the Allies civilised behaviour of the German Germans and also the assistance that bypassed the islands on their advance military – at least initially – and by they rendered to the Germans in the into Europe. the personal qualities of the senior implementation of their anti-Jewish German personnel. Nettles gives measures; these ultimately led to the After the Germans, the principal detailed and not unattractive portraits deportation to Auschwitz of three non- villain of the piece is for Nettles of men like Baron von Aufseß, the British Jews, two refugees from Vienna, the British government. The threat officer in charge of civilian affairs in the Therese Steiner and Auguste Spitz, and from the advancing German forces military administration, and Count von Marianne Grünfeld from Germany. Julia to the Channel Islands caught the Schmettow, military commander of the Pascal’s play Theresa (1990) uses the British unprepared. The government, Channel Islands until his replacement in story of one of these Jews, abandoned considering the islands to be of no February 1945 by the ardent Nazi Vice- to her fate by a largely indifferent island strategic importance, had no clear Admiral Hüffmeier. community, to powerful dramatic effect. plan of action until the disastrous deterioration of the military situation by The counterparts to these German More recently, a comprehensive mid-June 1940 forced it to withdraw all officers were the Bailiff of Jersey, and sensibly balanced history of the British forces from the islands, leaving Alexander Coutanche, and Victor occupation of the Channel Islands has them undefended, and to declare them Carey, his less effective counterpart appeared from the pen of John Nettles, demilitarised, the equivalent of an open on Guernsey, where Sherwill and his famous for his portrayal of the hero city. But the British neglected to inform successor, John Leale, played key of the TV series Bergerac (1981-91), the Germans who, assuming the islands parts. Under Coutanche, an able man, which was set in Jersey. His study, were still defended, launched air raids the civil administration continued Jewels and Jackboots: Hitler’s British on 28 June that cost 38 lives on Jersey to function, but as directed by the Channel Islands, published in 2013, and Guernsey, wholly unnecessarily. Germans; crucial to Coutanche was appeared in German in 2015 as Hitlers that this arrangement still permitted Inselwahn: Die britischen Kanalinseln Nettles believes that this ‘betrayal’ of the administration a certain freedom unter deutscher Besetzung 1940-1945. the islanders influenced British policy of manoeuvre, enabling it to act as a The first part of that title translates as towards the Channel Islands during the buffer between the islanders and the ‘Hitler’s Island Delusion’, a reference war and after their liberation in May occupying forces and thus preserving to the Führer’s obsession with turning 1945. In the early years of the war, the the former from the worst excesses of the islands into an offshore fortress, a British launched a series of commando- Nazi rule. If Coutanche had opposed 2 AJR Journal | July 2017 the Germans’ demands outright, the islanders would, he believed, have faced the full harshness of direct German, even SS, control. Victor Carey fell into FUN the trap of prioritising good relations with the occupiers, apparently adopting AT THE RUN a mode of collaboration that favoured German interests over British loyalties. Chief Executive Michael On 8 July 1941, he notoriously issued a Newman donned his running proclamation offering a reward of £25 shorts to represent AJR at to anyone informing the authorities the Maccabi Community Fun about persons making the V-for-Victory Run on 11