Desiring Postcolonial Britain: Genre Fiction Since the Satanic Verses
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Desiring Postcolonial Britain: Genre Fiction sinceThe Satanic Verses Sarah Post, BA (Hons), MA Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy November 2012 This thesis is my own work and has not been submitted in substantially the same form for the award of a higher degree elsewhere ProQuest Number: 11003747 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 11003747 Published by ProQuest LLC(2018). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 1 Acknowledgements The completion of this project would not have been possible without the academic, financial and emotional support of a great number of people. I would like to thank all those that offered advice on early drafts of my work at conferences and through discussions in the department. Special thanks go to the Contemporary Gothic reading group at Lancaster for engendering lively debate that fed into my understanding of what the Gothic can do today. Equally, I could not have finished the project without financial support, for which I am grateful to the Lancaster English Department for a fee waiver and to Dr. Catherine Spooner and Professor Lynne Pearce for providing me with preferable employment when balancing exhausting jobs with my studies became unviable. I owe the deepest thanks to my supervisor, Dr. Lindsey Moore, for her support and enthusiasm since the project’s inception and throughout. Her patience and encouragement through my own periods of doubt have led to the completion of a project that may have otherwise been abandoned long ago. 1 am also incredibly grateful for her meticulous proofreading and invaluable advice at every stage of the project. Most importantly, I dedicate this work to Johnathan llott for his continued love and emotional support (and for assuring me that I was an idiot when I threatened to give up). I have benefitted so much from your pride and faith in me. I hope that the completion of this project is worth the spells of insanity that you have had to put up with (don’t worry: I won’t make you read it!). ii Sarah Post, BA (Hons), MA Desiring Postcolonial Britain: Genre Fiction sinceThe Satanic Verses Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy November 2012 Abstract This thesis argues that the disciplines of genre studies and postcolonial criticism can usefully be brought to bear upon one other in order to interrogate constructions of Britishness in contemporary fiction. I understand Britain as a postcolonial country and attempt to rectify the frequent sidelining of genre fiction from criticism of postcolonial literature by opening up discussion of a wider range of postcolonial authors and topics. Contrary to popular understandings of genre that tend to operate around rules and conventions, I define genres according to the sets of desires that they engage with, such as fear, lust or consumerism. The overarching questions that I ask of the texts and films regard the negotiation, repression and expression of desires related to hopes and fears about postcolonial Britain and variously expressed through the genres of Bildungsroman, Gothic, comedy, national romance and subcultural urban fiction. This thesis uniquely combines postcolonial theory, genre criticism, psychoanalytic and economic constructions of desire, and contemporary literature, in order to analyse contemporary constructions of Britishness. Each chapter begins with analysis of Salman Rushdie’sThe Satanic Verses (1988), the publication of which created a violent collision between ideas of Britishness, immigration, politics and fiction. By consideringThe Satanic Verses in relation to genres in which it participates - allowing the text to speak as a work of fiction, rather than polemic tract appropriated to suit the agendas of rival ideologies - I shift the parameters of critique and breathe new life into debates surrounding the text. This has the added benefit of illustrating how even the most prestigious postcolonial novels participate in genres, and in doing so concurrently raises the profile of postcolonial genre studies. 1 Table of Contents Introduction - 2 - Chapter One ‘Solid, unchanging, sempiternal, instead of the creature of cracks and absences’: (Em)Bracing Hybridity in the Bildungsroman - 29 - Chapter Two Gothic England: Another Time, Another Space, Another Other - 88- Chapter Three ‘Pitting levity against gravity’: Laughing through the Tears/Laughing through the Fears in Postcolonial British Comedy - 136- Chapter Four ‘And we pursued English roses as we pursued England’: Consuming Desires from National Romance to Subcultural Urban Fiction - 201 - Conclusion - 265 - Works Cited - 269 - 2 Introduction Desiring Postcolonial Britain: Genre Fiction sinceThe Satanic Verses ‘The trouble with the Engenglish is that their hiss hiss history happened overseas so they dodo don’t know what it means. w This thesis argues that the disciplines of genre studies and postcolonial criticism can usefully be brought to bear upon one other in order to interrogate constructions of Britishness in contemporary fiction. I understand Britain as a postcolonial country and attempt to rectify the frequent sidelining of genre fiction from criticism of postcolonial literature by opening up discussion of a wider range of postcolonial authors and topics. Contrary to popular understandings of genre that tend to operate around rules and conventions, I define genres according to the sets of desires that they engage with, such as fear, lust or consumerism. The overarching questions that I ask of my selected texts regard the negotiation, repression and expression of desires related to hopes and fears about postcolonial Britain and variously expressed through the genres of Bildungsroman, Gothic, comedy, national romance and subcultural urban fiction. This thesis uniquely combines postcolonial theory, genre criticism, psychoanalytic and economic constructions of desire, and contemporary literature, in order to analyse contemporary constructions of Britishness. The remainder of this introduction outlines the key theoretical and conceptual paradigms that I bring to bear on my subsequent analysis of literature and film. 1 Salman Rushdie,The Satanic Verses (London: Vintage, 2006), p. 343. 3 Narrating the Nation This thesis works on the premise that in a culturally diverse country, Britain needs something that transcends material, ethnic, economic and religious disparities in order to create a sense of national identity: it requires new modes of narration. The links between nation and narration have been thoroughly interrogated, most notably by Benedict Anderson, who figures nations as ‘imagined political communities]’ and by Homi Bhabha, who claims that ‘[njations, like narratives, lose their origins in the myths of time and only fully realize their horizons in the mind’s eye.’2 Bhabha expands on this, stating: The people are not simply historical events or parts of a patriotic body politic. They are also a complex rhetorical strategy of social reference where the claim to be representative provokes a crisis within the process of signification and discursive address.3 As such, peoples are fictional as well as factual entities, understood and understanding themselves variously through differing ideologies and frames of reference, rather than existing independently of forms of signification. Already, one notes implicit similarities between understandings of nation and storytelling; the nation is understood in terms of its constructed nature, its imaginative qualities and its mode of expression. It is important to note that narration is not the story but the way the story is told, and that there are important psychological and political implications to take into account when considering narration, so as to ensure that it is not conceived of as a neutral act. Peter Brooks states, ‘[w]e can [...] conceive of the reading of plot as a 2 Benedict Anderson,Imagined Communities (London: Verso, 1991), p. 4; Homi K. Bhabha, ‘Introduction: narrating the nation’, Nationin and Narration, ed. by Homi K. Bhabha (London: Routledge, 1990), pp. 1-7 (p. 1). 3 Homi K. Bhabha, ‘DissemiNation: time, narrative, and the margins of the modern nation’, inNation and Narration, ed. by Homi K. Bhabha (London: Routledge, 1990), pp. 291-322 (p. 297). 4 form of desire [...]. Narratives both tell of desire - typically present some story of desire - and arouse and make use of desire as dynamic of signification.’4 Furthermore, Angela Carter highlights the political implications of narration, suggesting that ‘narrative is an argument stated in fictional terms.’5 It now becomes more apparent why the way that nations are imagined and mediated through fiction is important for an understanding of Britishness. The way that the national story is told leaves room for argument or political agenda, coercion or persuasion, whilst comprising power imbalances regarding who has the knowledge and who is able to narrate the stories. This is where the boundaries between nation and nationalism