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DVD Primer from DV to DVD: Enriching the Experience of High-Quality Video

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DVD Primer from DV to DVD: Enriching the Experience of High-Quality Video PRIMER A DVD Primer From DV to DVD: Enriching the Experience of High-Quality Video TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction 1 Introduction From Stone Age to Bronze Age to Industrial Age to Information Age, humans have found 1 What is DVD? new ways to communicate and to tell stories that educate, inform, and entertain. Digital 2 What are the advantages of DVD? technology has transformed the ways we access and use information more profoundly 2 The components of DVD technology than any other human invention, and brought us to the dawn of the Interactive Age. 5 DVD-Video Within three years of its introduction in September 1997, DVD technology products 6 Video compression outpaced the consumer adoption rate of any other product in history. The online 9 Audio for DVD-Video resource Research and Markets predicts that worldwide DVD recorder shipments will 11 Aspect ratios grow from 9.4 million in 2004 to 67.7 million in 2009. This number does not even count 17 Multiple camera angles players, set-top boxes, and computer DVD drives. 18 Subpicture streams and closed captions While DVD players have rapidly become a standard component of home entertainment 19 DVD-Video interactivity systems, and DVD drives continue to replace CD drives in personal computers, there 20 Menus and navigation are also developments that are changing the way we experience and use video: 24 Region Coding • Digital video software and hardware is readily available and affordable, so more 25 Content Protection people are producing their own videos—for work or their own entertainment. 27 How do I make DVDs? • Nonlinear editing software has made capturing video and crafting compelling video 27 What tools do I need? productions affordable and easy. 31 The DVD workflow • DVD allows for richer content than other media. Compact Disc (CD) technology 34 Resources empowered computer users of all levels to become adept at selecting, organizing, and 35 Glossary storing their own collections of imagery and audio. Today, DVDs bring broadcast quality video to those users. This primer introduces you to key concepts of DVD technology and shows you how easy it can be to develop and author your own DVDs. You’ll learn how you can use DVD technology to make your video content more dynamic. If you’re a beginner, you’ll learn enough to be an informed member of a workgroup planning or producing DVD projects. If you are already creating video productions, this primer will introduce you to state-of-the-art technology you can use to repurpose your content for DVD distribu- tion. As you read this primer, you might encounter unfamiliar words or abbreviations. Terms in boldface are defined in the Glossary and many will also be covered in greater detail as you read on. What is DVD? DVD is an optical disc storage medium similar to CD, but capable of holding far more data. DVD stands for more than just the disc itself; it represents a whole system of standards for DVD technology—discs, drives, and players and the formats that support them. DVD technology offers the higher quality and speed needed to deliver cinema- like video and better-than-CD audio. DVD was originally an abbreviation for Digital Video Disc. To highlight the flexibility of the format, some industry leaders have sug- gested that DVD is an abbreviation for Digital Versatile Disc. What are the advantages of DVD? DVD has a number of advantages as both a delivery medium for digital media and a portable storage medium: • Storage capacity: A CD stores a maximum of 650MB of data. That’s enough for approximately 74 minutes of audio. A DVD stores up to 4.7GB per layer, per side. Using MPEG-2 compres- sion, a single-sided, single-layer DVD can easily accommodate an entire feature-length film with multichannel digital audio. A DVD-18 disc (currently the highest-capacity format), with two layers on each side and a capacity just over 17GB, can hold up to eight hours of broadcast- quality video. • Quality: DVD provides almost twice the video resolution of standard VHS videotape. Because video on DVD is stored digitally, the medium itself does not create noise. As a result, DVD provides a much clearer picture than analog videotape. • Convenience and compatibility: Unlike the larger laser disc, a DVD is the same size and thick- ness as a CD. Computer DVD drives support both CDs and DVDs. DVDs offer interactive menus that let users randomly navigate content. The interactive capabilities of DVDs provides unlimited possibilities for creating user experiences. • Durability: While videotapes eventually wear out or break, DVDs do not suffer loss of fidelity over time, because they don’t come into direct contact with the player’s mechanics. Because of its many attributes, DVD meets the demands of a number of industries: • Computer industry: Recordable and rewritable DVDs provide the next generation of conve- nience and higher capacity for data storage and archiving. Increasingly complex multimedia applications are continually being developed and these can easily be delivered on DVD. • Motion picture industry: The movie industry has embraced DVDs because they can hold a full- length feature film, while delivering excellent quality video with surround-sound audio. • Music industry: The high storage capacity enables the music industry to offer products on DVD- Audio discs, which deliver higher quality sound than can be achieved on CDs. • Video game industry: DVD technology delivers realistic video content with longer playing time. Standards are set by a single association DVD owes its phenomenal success largely to the organization that governs its standards and promotes its acceptance—the DVD Forum (www.dvdforum.org). An often uneasy alliance of hardware manufacturers, software firms, and other users of DVD technology, this international association was established in 1995 initially as the DVD Consortium by 10 companies: Hitachi, Matsushita, Mitsubishi, Philips, Pioneer, Sony, Thomson Multimedia, Time-Warner, Toshiba, and JVC (Victor Company of Japan). Today, virtually every major company involved in DVD technology is a member of the DVD Forum. The components of DVD technology DVD discs look much like CDs. They are the same diameter (120mm) and thickness (1.2mm). However, each layer (up to two) on each of the two sides of a DVD can hold up to seven times the data that can be stored on a single-sided, single-layer CD. While the layers on a dual-layer side of a DVD don’t hold as much data as a single layer side, a double-sided, dual-layer DVD (DVD-18) can hold up to 17GB of data. Etched into the surface of the metallic discs that are bonded within the acrylic coatings of both CDs and DVDs are microscopic marks called pits. The surface area surrounding the pits is called land. The pits are arranged on spiral tracks; the pitch, or space between tracks on a DVD disc is less than half the pitch between tracks on a CD, enabling more tracks to be placed on a DVD disc. The laser in the DVD drive reads the pits, and then the drive interprets the information, translating it into a signal that can, in turn, be used by a computer, television set, or audio receiver. A DVD Primer: From DV to DVD DVDs have greater capacity than CDs primarily because they use better laser technology. A smaller spot of laser light, operating at a shorter wavelength, enables the DVD laser to read smaller pits. The DVD laser also has the ability to change focus so it can scan and read multiple layers. To make it easier for the laser to focus on the smaller pits, DVDs are made from a thinner plastic than what is used for CDs. A single thickness of DVD plastic, however, is too thin to withstand handling and playing, so two discs are bonded together (whether or not they are single- or CD: Wider pitch, larger pits DVD: Narrower pitch, double-sided), potentially doubling data storage capacity. Additionally, software used to read and smaller pits decode DVDs uses a more efficient method of error correction than CDs, leaving more room on the disc for actual data. Disc NUMBER L AYERS STOR AGE HOURS stOR AGE OF sides peR capacit Y OF Understanding DVD formats capacities side videO Just as in digital video, where the term format may be used to refer to a variety of different Disc TYpe things, such as tape formats, broadcast formats, aspect ratios, or even content formats, in DVD CD 1 1 650MB - technology the term format also refers to different sets of characteristics, sometimes known as DVD-5 1 1 4.7 GB 2 technology layers. A technology layer is defined by a format. With DVD technology, we are pri- DVD-9 1 2 8.5 GB 4 marily interested in two layers: the physical layer, which determines the recordability of a DVD, DVD-10 2 1 9.4GB 4.5 and the application layer, which governs how the data is stored on a disc and how it is played. DVD-14 2 2, 1 12.32GB 6.5 DVD-18 2 2 17GB 8 Physical layer The physical layer determines recording capability: The chart above indicates the capacity possible when using the very best equipment and methodology. • Read-only format: DVD-ROM, with its large data storage capacity, is perfect for delivering Compression techniques and variable bit rate copyright-protected content such as movies and music, as well as multimedia and interactive (VBR) encoding can help you fit more data on a DVD, as you’ll see later in this primer. applications like video games, and training materials.
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