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INTRODUCTION This Page Intentionally Left Blank A THE TOWN OF YORK, 1793-1815 INTRODUCTION This page intentionally left blank A. THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE CAPITAL THE SITE OF TORONTO has been of strategic importance from the beginning of Ontario's recorded history. It lay at the entrance to one of the oldest routes to the northwest, a route known and used by Huron, Iroquois, and Chippewa Indians.1 From the Humber River, a portage of 28 miles led to the Holland River flowing north- ward into Lake Simcoe, which was connected, in turn, by rivers and portages with Georgian Bay. This route was used by Brûlé, by LaSalle, by Du Lhut. The Sénecas had a village, Teiaigon, near the mouth of the Humber; so did the Missisaugas. And here, about 1720, was built a little French trading post, which lasted for about ten years. The English, meanwhile, established a trading post at Oswego, challenging the French Fort Frontenac at Kingston and French supremacy on Lake Ontario. The French retaliated by rebuilding Fort Niagara. In the spring of 1750 Fort Toronto or Rouillé was built across the lake from Niagara, to cut off Indians coming down from the Upper Lakes to trade at Oswego. This small fort was located on the Humber; in 1750-1 a more ambitious fort was built on the waterfront at the foot of the present Dufferin Street. It was not one of the major bastions of French domination—its usual com- plement was about ten men—but it did a respectable trade, and probably justified its existence in the cut-throat French-English rivalry for power. Always a subsidiary of Fort Niagara, it was destroyed by the French when Niagara was captured by the British under Sir William Johnson in 1759. The ruins were a landmark for many years afterwards. The first 25 years of British control of Toronto were quiet ones. There were occasional independent fur traders at Toronto, some licensed by the Governor at Quebec, some not. There were the usual complaints of debauchery and drunkenness. After the Ameri- can Revolution, the traders based in Montreal began to show some interest in the old Humber River route to the northwest, and on September 23, 1787, at the Carrying Place on the Bay of Quinte, Deputy Surveyor General John Collins, acting for the Crown, bought from three Missisauga chiefs a tract of land including about one-third of York County for about £1700 in cash and goods. JSee Robinson, Toronto during the French Régime, passim. xxxii THE TOWN OF YORK, 1793-1815 There were some doubts about the exact boundaries of the Toronto Purchase, which were settled by a second agreement in 1805. The Governor in Chief, Lord Dorchester, was by this time fully aware of the potential importance of Toronto, and in 1788 a sur- veyor, Alexander Aitkin, was sent to Toronto to lay out a town-site. His plan2 placed the town roughly between Spadina Avenue and Toronto Street, extending north nearly to Gerrard Street. The town was to be surrounded by a belt of commons about half a mile wide with government reserves beyond. The other plans of the pre-Simcoe period followed the same pattern, but enlarged the site to a mile and a quarter square, increased the government reserves, and moved the town further north and west. The garrison was placed by Aitkin on the site of Stanley Barracks. Dorchester was not only planning a town on the site of Toronto before Simcoe's arrival; he and his Council were considering appli- cations for land there. The most persistent applicant was one Philippe François de Rastel de Rocheblave, a French army officer who had transferred to Spanish service on the Mississippi in 1765, and to the British in Illinois about 1773. During the American Revolution he lost his possessions and was taken prisoner. He first asked for land at Toronto in 1785, as well as for the exclusive privilege of carrying goods from Toronto to Lake Simcoe. By 1788 others were also requesting land "near Monsieur De Rocheblave's tract," and on July 14, 1789, these applications were favourably received. On June 10, 1791, Deputy Surveyor General Collins wrote surveyor Augustus Jones at Niagara that Dorchester ordered 1000 acres laid out at Toronto for Rocheblave, and 700 acres each at the same place for two officers of the Provincial Marine, René- Hypolite LaForce and Jean Baptiste Bouchette.3 The fate of this order is interesting. One year later, after Simcoe's arrival in Canada, Jones replied that he had just received these instructions, but that the District Land Board under whose orders he worked considered its powers dissolved by Simcoe's proclamation concerning the grant- ing of land in Upper Canada. The Board recommended postpone- ment until further instructions were received, presumably from Simcoe.4 It is difficult to avoid the conclusion that the Land Board, composed of prominent Niagara citizens, intentionally disobeyed Dorchester. Whether this was an early instance of Niagara's desire 2Ontario, Department of Public Records and Archives (P.A.O.), Simcoe Papers, Aitkin's plan of Toronto, 1788. 3P.A.O., Crown Land Papers, District of Nassau Land Board, Letter Book 2, p. 40. *Ibid., p. 65. INTRODUCTION xxxiii to block the development of Toronto, as Mr. Verschoyle Blake suggests,5 or whether it was done for other motives, is not now clear. In any case, Dorchester's plans for Toronto were overthrown, and Simcoe was able to plan and build his town unhampered by any previous commitment. Simcoe arrived in Quebec on November 11, 1791, and spent the winter there. On July 1, 1792, he went to Kingston where the first meeting of the Executive Council was held. He arrived at Niagara6 on July 26, 1792; here the Legislature met throughout his active administration. While still in the Lower Province, Simcoe had spent much time poring over maps and consulting those who knew Upper Canada. Less than a month after his arrival in Canada he wrote to Dundas that "if possible, I could wish to begin a settlement at Toronto."7 On April 28, 1792, still in Quebec, he proposed three new settlements—Toronto, an unnamed capital of the province on the Thames River, and Long Point. Of Toronto, he wrote, "Toronto appears to be the natural arsenal of Lake Ontario and to afford an easy access over land to Lake Huron."8 It was not, however, until the spring of 1793, that Simcoe actually visited Toronto (A 1). He was impressed by the site, and wrote enthusiastically to General Clarke, acting Governor in Chief in Dorchester's absence (A 2). The most important advantage of Toronto was no longer the route to the northwest, but its excellent harbour and its defensibility. Simcoe proposed building fortifica- tions on the western tip of the Peninsula (now Toronto Island) and on the mainland across from it, a naval arsenal and dockyard at the bottom of the harbour, a town (mentioned almost casually), and a sawmill on the Humber River. Clarke did not feel justified in incurring any expense for the establishment because of the immi- nence of Dorchester's return, but agreed that Simcoe could have anything in the King's Stores that might be useful (A3). In July, 1793, Simcoe and his family, a number of officials, and the Queen's Rangers arrived in Toronto (A 5) ; from that tune there has been continuous settlement. The Governor and his family established themselves in a tent, while the Rangers began felling trees and hutting themselves on the site of Fort York. On August BOntario, Department of Planning and Development, Don Valley Conservation Report, General, pp. 20-2. 6Now called Niagara-on-the-Lake; formerly called Niagara, Newark, and West Niagara. 7Simcoe, Correspondence, ed. by Cruikshank, I, 88-91, Simcoe to Dundas, Dec. 7, 1791. «Ibid., I, 144, Simcoe to Dundas, April 28, 1792. xxxiv THE TOWN OF YORK, 1793-1815 26, a group of Indians from the north came to the Huniber for a council, and earnestly hoped "that the great man now here, will rekindle the fire that the chimney may be strong, that it may never be extinguished" (A 7). The following day, with all the meagre ceremony at his command, Simcoe christened his town site York, ( A 6, H 1 ). This was after the Duke of York, later Commander in Chief of the army, in keeping with Simcoe's policy of substituting English for Indian place names. Apparently the new name did not have the unanimous approval of York's early citizens. In 1804 Angus McDonell, the member for York, requested leave to bring before the House of Assembly a bill to restore the name Toronto, because it was "more familiar and agreeable to the inhabitants."9 He did not, however, proceed further in the matter. The Ridout family also preferred the old name, Toronto, and used it firmly in correspondence (17). York remained the name of the town, however, until its incorporation as the city of Toronto in 1834. Simcoe chose York not as the capital of the province, but as its naval arsenal. For this purpose he thought that Kingston was too close to the American border for safety, and Niagara was even more exposed. In the event of war the maintenance of marine supremacy on Lake Ontario was obviously vital. Dockyards were therefore of the utmost importance; these he proposed to build at York, despite the fact that they were already being established at Kingston. Fortifications were also necessary to protect the ship- building and harbour, and it was to this end that Simcoe devoted most of his energy at York.
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