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The Religious Problem with Religious Freedom: Why International Theory Needs Political Theology

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The Religious Problem with Religious Freedom: Why International Theory Needs Political Theology View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by OpenGrey Repository The religious problem with religious freedom: why international theory needs political theology Robert J. Joustra A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Bath Department of Politics, Languages, and International Studies May 2013 Copyright Attention is drawn to the fact that copyright of this thesis rests with the author. A copy of this thesis has been supplied on condition that anyone who consults it is understood to recognise that its copyright rests with the author and that they must not copy it or use material from it except as permitted by law or with the consent of the author. Restrictions on use This thesis may be made available for consultation within the University Library and may be photocopied or lent to other libraries for the purposes of consultation. Signature: Table of Contents Abstract ..................................................................................................................................... 1 Chapter One – Introduction ................................................................................................... 2 1.1 Research Question and Central Argument ....................................................................... 2 1.2 Clarifying Definitions and Style ..................................................................................... 6 1.3 Research Aims .................................................................................................................. 7 1.4 Research Design and Methodology ................................................................................. 9 1.4.1 The Choice of Canada, Shahbaz Bhatti, and the Office of Religious Freedom ...... 12 1.4.2 The Choice of Taylor’s Secular Age ....................................................................... 15 1.4.3 The Scope of International Theory .......................................................................... 15 1.5 Structure of the Thesis ................................................................................................... 16 Chapter Two – Two Rival Versions of Religious Freedom ................................................ 22 2.1 Argument and Structure of the Chapter ......................................................................... 22 2.2 Religious Freedom in Canada: A Legal and Political Context ...................................... 23 2.3 Two Rival Versions: Laïcité and Judeo-Christian Secularism ...................................... 33 2.4 The Assassination of Shahbaz Bhatti and the Office of Religious Freedom ................. 42 2.5 Laïcité and the Office ..................................................................................................... 47 2.6 Judeo-Christian Secularism and the Office .................................................................... 53 2.7 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................... 57 Chapter Three –The Religious and the Secular in A Secular Age ..................................... 61 3.1 Argument and Structure of the Chapter ......................................................................... 61 3.2 Charles Taylor’s Secular Age ......................................................................................... 64 3.3 The Bulwarks of Disbelief ............................................................................................. 66 3.3.1 The Buffered versus the Porous Self ....................................................................... 66 3.3.2 The Great Disembedding ......................................................................................... 69 3.3.3 Providential Deism .................................................................................................. 71 3.4 The Invention of Religion .............................................................................................. 73 3.5 The Secular Age and the Modern Social Imaginary ...................................................... 79 3.5.1 The Economy and Objectified Reality .................................................................... 81 3.5.2 The Public Sphere.................................................................................................... 83 3.5.3 The Self-Governing People ..................................................................................... 86 3.6 The Malaises of Modernity ............................................................................................ 88 3.7 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................... 91 Chapter Four –The Modern Social Imaginary and International Theory ....................... 93 4.1 Argument and Structure of the Chapter ......................................................................... 93 4.2 Realism and the Modern Social Imaginary .................................................................... 96 4.2.1 The Realist Economy – Anarchy and Objectification ............................................. 97 4.2.2 The Realist Public –Groupism and the State ........................................................... 99 4.2.3 Self-Governance – Egoism and Power Politics ..................................................... 100 4.3 (Neo)Liberal Institutionalism and the Modern Social Imaginary ................................ 102 4.3.1 Self-Government – Modern Man, Freedom, and Autonomy ................................ 104 4.3.2 The Liberal Economy – Interdependence and Equality ........................................ 106 4.3.3 The Public Sphere – Power and Agency ............................................................... 107 4.4 Marxism and the Modern Social Imaginary ................................................................. 109 4.4.1 The Marxist Economy – Secular Materialism and Consequentialism .................. 111 4.4.2 The Public Sphere – Pre-Political Instrumentalism ............................................... 115 4.4.3 Self-Government – Horizontal Secularity and the Rational Man ......................... 116 4.5 Social Constructivism and the Modern Social Imaginary ............................................ 118 4.5.1 The Constructivist Economy and Self-Governing Persons ................................... 120 4.5.2 The Pre-Political Public – Intersubjectivity and Self-Government ....................... 122 4.6 Poststructuralism and the Modern Social Imaginary ................................................... 124 4.6.1 The Aesthetic Economy ........................................................................................ 125 4.6.2 The Unsettled Self ................................................................................................. 127 4.6.3 Pre-Political Perpetuity and Perpetual Suspicion .................................................. 129 4.7 Conclusion .................................................................................................................... 131 Chapter Five – Political theology, the understandings and practices that political actors have about the meaning of and relationship between the religious and the secular, and what constitutes legitimate political authority ................................................................................................................................................ 133 5.1 Argument and Structure of the Chapter ....................................................................... 133 5.2 Carl Schmitt’s Political Theology ................................................................................ 137 5.3 Vendulka Kubálková, International Political Theology (IPT) ..................................... 140 5.4 God’s Century .............................................................................................................. 143 5.5 Political Theology, a definition .................................................................................... 149 5.6 Conclusion .................................................................................................................... 155 Chapter Six – Principled Secularism, a new definition for religious freedom in Canadian foreign policy ................................................................................................................................................ 157 6.1 Argument and Structure of the Chapter ....................................................................... 157 6.2 Getting from political theology to principled secularism ............................................. 161 6.3 Defining Principled Secularism ................................................................................... 167 6.4 The limits of pluralism in principled secularism .......................................................... 170 6.5 Principled Secularism and the Canadian Office of Religious Freedom ....................... 175 6.6 Conclusion .................................................................................................................... 184 Chapter Seven – Conclusion ............................................................................................... 186 7.1 Argument and Structure of the Chapter ....................................................................... 186 7.2 Political theology, a sustained inquiry ........................................................................
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