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Emergy As a Life Cycle Impact Assessment Indicator a Gold Mining Case Study

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Emergy As a Life Cycle Impact Assessment Indicator a Gold Mining Case Study University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Papers U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 2011 Emergy as a Life Cycle Impact Assessment Indicator A Gold Mining Case Study Wesley W. Ingwesen US Environmental Protection Agency, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usepapapers Part of the Civil and Environmental Engineering Commons Ingwesen, Wesley W., "Emergy as a Life Cycle Impact Assessment Indicator A Gold Mining Case Study" (2011). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Papers. 86. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usepapapers/86 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Papers by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS Emergy as a Life Cycle Impact Assessment Indicator A Gold Mining Case Study Wesley W. Ingwersen Keywords: Summary energy industrial ecology Founded in thermodynamics and systems ecology, emergy metals evaluation is a method to associate a product with its depen- resource use indicator dencies on all upstream environmental and resource flows sustainability indicator using a common unit of energy. Emergy is thus proposed as uncertainty an indicator of aggregate resource use for life cycle assessment (LCA). An LCA of gold mining, based on an original life cycle Supporting information is available inventory of a large gold mine in Peru, is used to demonstrate on the JIE Web site how emergy can be incorporated as an impact indicator into a process-based LCA model. The results demonstrate the usefulness of emergy in the LCA context. The adaptation of emergy evaluation, traditionally performed outside of the LCA framework, requires changes to the conventional accounting rules and the incorporation of uncertainty estimations of the emergy conversion factors, or unit emergy values. At the same time, traditional LCA boundaries are extended to incorporate the environmental processes that provide for raw resources, including ores. The total environmental contribution to the product, dore,´ is dominated by mining and metallurgical pro- cesses and not the geological processes forming the gold ore. The measure of environmental contribution to 1 gram (g) of doreis6.8E´ + 12 solar-equivalent Joules (sej) and can be con- sidered accurate within a factor of 2. These results are useful in assessing a process in light of available resources, which is essential to measuring long-term sustainability. Comparisons are made between emergy and other measures of resource use, and recommendations are made for future incorporation Address correspondence to: Wesley W. Ingwersen of emergy into LCA that will result in greater consistency with US Environmental Protection Agency existing life cycle inventory (LCI) databases and other LCA MS-483 indicators. 26 W. Martin Luther King Dr. Cincinnati, OH 45268 [email protected] c 2011 by Yale University DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-9290.2011.00333.x Volume 15, Number 4 550 Journal of Industrial Ecology www.wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/jie RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS In reference to the first question, these three Introduction key points provide a theoretical justification for Life cycle assessment (LCA) is an established the use of emergy in LCA: and widely utilized approach to evaluating en- vironmental burdens associated with production 1. Emergy offers the most extensive mea- activities. Emergy synthesis has been used for sim- sure of energy requirements. System ilar ends, although in an emergy synthesis one boundaries in a cradle-to-gate LCA typ- tracks a single, all-encompassing environmental ically begin with an initial unit process attribute, a measure of embodied energy (Odum in which a raw material is acquired (e.g., 1996). Although each is a developed methodol- extraction) and include raw materials en- ogy of environmental accounting, they are not tering into that process but do not in- mutually exclusive. clude any information on the environmen- tal processes1 creating those raw materials. Emergy traces energy inputs back further Emergy in the Life Cycle Assessment into the life cycle than any other ther- Context modynamic method, summing life cycle LCA is a flexible framework that continues energy inputs using the common denomi- to grow to integrate new and revised indicators nator of the solar energy that directly and of impact, as determined by their relevance to indirectly drives all biosphere processes the LCA purpose and the scientific validity of (figure 1).2 This energy could also be con- the indicator sets (ISO 2006a). Other thermo- ceived as the energy requirements underly- dynamically based methods, such as exergy, have ing at least some of the ecosystems services been integrated into LCA (Ayres et al. 1998; used in a process (Zhang et al. 2010a). Bosch¨ et al. 2007). Emergy synthesis offers orig- Other thermodynamic methods, includ- inal information about the relationship between ing exergy, do not include energy require- a product or process and the environment that ments underlying environmental processes is not captured by existing LCA indicators, par- (Ukidwe and Bakshi 2004). ticularly relevant to resource use and long-term 2. Emergy approximates the work of the en- sustainability, which could be valuable for LCA. vironment to replace what is used. When There are, however, differences in the conven- a resource is consumed in a production pro- tions, systems boundaries, and allocation rules be- cess, more energy is required to regenerate tween emergy and LCA that require adjustments or replenish that resource. The emergy of from the conventional application of emergy to a resource is the energy required to make achieve a consistent integration. it, including work of the environment and From the perspective of the LCA practitioner, assuming equivalent conditions; this is the the first questions regarding use of emergy are energy that it takes to replenish the re- those of its utility. Why would one select emergy source. Sustainability ultimately requires in lieu of or in addition to other indicators of en- that inputs and outputs to the biosphere vironmental impact? For what purposes defined or its subsystems balance out (Gallopin for an LCA study is emergy an appropriate metric? 2003). As the only measure that relates If we assume the inclusion of emergy as an indica- products to energy inputs into the bio- tor, what is necessary for its integration into the sphere required to create them, emergy LCA framework? This article briefly describes the relates consumption to ultimate limits in utility of emergy and, through a case study eval- the biosphere by quantifying the additional uation of a gold mining operation at Yanacocha, work it would require from nature to re- Peru, presents one example of how emergy can be place the consumed resources. used in an LCA framework. Finally, the theoreti- 3. Emergy presents a unified measure of cal and technical challenges posed by integration resource use. Comparing the impacts of are discussed. use of biotic versus abiotic resources or Ingwersen, Emergy as Life Cycle Assessment Indicator 551 RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS Figure 1 Proposed boundary expansion of life cycle assessment (LCA) with emergy. Driving energies include, for example, sunlight, rain, wind, deep heat, and tidal flow. renewable versus nonrenewable resources This is not the first study to attempt to com- typically necessitates some sort of weight- bine emergy and LCA. Earlier studies focused ing scheme for comparison. Because there on contrasting the two approaches (Pizzigallo is less agreement on characterization of bi- et al. 2008) or extending emergy to include dis- otic resources, these may not be included, posal and recycling processes (Brown and Bu- despite their potential relevance (Guinee´ ranakarn 2003). The most comprehensive ap- 2002).3 In emergy, abiotic and biotic re- proaches probably include the Eco-LCA and sources are both included and measured SUMMA models. Although referred to as eco- with the same units. As follows from its logical cumulative exergy consumption (ECEC) nature as a unified indicator, one that char- rather than emergy due to some slight modifica- acterizes inputs with a single methodol- tions to emergy algebra, the Eco-LCA model is ogy to relate them with one unit (emergy an enhanced input-output LCA model that uses uses solar emjoules [sejs], which are solar- emergy as an impact indicator (Urban and Bakshi equivalent joules), no weighting scheme 2009; Zhang et al. 2010b). The SUMMA model is necessary to join different forms of re- is a multicriteria analysis tool that uses emergy sources (e.g., renewable and nonrenew- as one measure of “upstream” impact, which it able; fuels and minerals) to interpret the combines with other measures of downstream im- results. pact (Ulgiati et al. 2006). A similar multicriteria approach using MFA, embodied energy, exergy, The choice of measures of impact in an LCA and emergy is used by Cherubini and colleagues follow from the goal and scope of the study (2009). (ISO 2006a). Emergy analyses have been used In contrast with these previous studies, the for a multitude of LCA-related purposes, includ- present study draws on a more conventional ing to measure cumulative energy consumption process-based LCA approach using common (Federici et al. 2008), to compare environmental industry software (SimaPro; PRe´ Consultants, performance of process alternatives (La Rosa et al. 2008) and attempts to integrate emergy as an in- 2008), to create indexes for measuring sustain- dicator within that framework, as specified by the ability (Brown and Ulgiati 1997), to quantify the ISO 14040/44 standards, which results in adjust- resource base of ecosystems (Tilley 2003), to mea- ments to the conventional emergy methodology. sure environmental carrying capacity (Cuadra This is also the first study to use emergy in a de- and Bjorklund¨ 2007), and for nonmarket-based tailed process LCA in which flows are tracked at valuation (Odum and Odum 2000).
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