DOCSLIB.ORG

Download/Folleto Ingles2.Pdf> (Retrieved 30 April 2017)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Download/Folleto Ingles2.Pdf> (Retrieved 30 April 2017) INDIGENOUS PEOPLES AND INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS LAW: MINING, MULTINATIONAL CORPORATIONS AND THE STRUGGLES OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLES IN PERU by Gerardo J. Munarriz LL.M., Osgoode Hall Law School, York University, 2004 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE AND POSTDOCTORAL STUDIES (Law) THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA (Vancouver) August 2017 © Gerardo J. Munarriz, 2017 Abstract This thesis examines and questions the role of international human rights law and international economic law in relation to the increasing encroachment and dispossession of Indigenous lands and territories by multinational corporations (MNCs) in the extractive industry. It also aims to explore the role of a national state’s legal framework and policies not only in validating, authorizing and embedding this process, but also in authorizing a growing and pervasive trend of persecution and criminalization of Indigenous communities who challenge and resist MNCs’ operations. The examination of the relationship between national and international law provides a terrain to grasp how international economic law and international human rights law have become part of evolving regulatory architectures of global governance aiming to validate and embed global capital accumulation. Focusing on Peru, this thesis argues that law, particularly international economic law and the legal framework developed in Peru since the 1990s, has played a prominent role in facilitating and embedding multinational corporate investment in the extractive industry, and in weakening the rights of Indigenous and peasant communities to control their land, water and resources. Peru’s legal framework and policies on extractive industries have not only validated the expansion of MNCs operations and dispossession of Indigenous lands, but have also validated a growing trend of persecution and criminalisation of Indigenous communities. While international economic law constitutes, enables and protects MNCs, international human rights law and corporate social responsibility mechanisms are linked to and help to extend the expansion and deepening of global capital accumulation by means of laws and regulations designed to facilitate and remove barriers to the power and mobility of MNCs. ii Notwithstanding legal and socio-economic barriers, Indigenous communities have mobilized against and resisted MNCs operations. A comparison of three conflicts involving corporate actors and local communities reveals the existence of intense social mobilization and resistance of Indigenous and peasant communities to defend their land rights, their environment and livelihood, their participation in the decision making process and fair distribution of economic benefits. iii Lay Summary My thesis discusses a growing phenomenon in Latin America and around the world, which is the opposition and resistance of Indigenous communities to extractive projects that affect their lands, health and life. It discusses the central role of law in the dispossession of Indigenous lands by multinational corporations; as well as in the increasing criminalization and repression of affected communities. Focusing on Peru, my thesis highlights Indigenous peoples’ resistance and struggle for justice. Despite the legacies of racist colonial violence and significant legal obstacles in accessing justice, Indigenous communities in Peru continue opposing and resisting the dispossession of their lands and the violation of their rights by corporations and the State. My thesis embraces and supports Indigenous communities’ demands for justice. It asserts the right to tell Indigenous communities’ stories of discrimination, suffering and resistance as a mean of achieving agency, aiming to question and challenge mainstream narratives. iv Preface This dissertation is my original and independent work and therefore I take responsibility for any errors or omissions. Some segments in Chapter 3 reproduce and adapt writing from Gerardo J. Munarriz, “Rhetoric and Reality: The World Bank Development Policies, Mining Corporations, and Indigenous Communities in Latin America,” (2008) 10 (4) International Community Law Review 431. v Table of Contents Abstract .......................................................................................................................................... ii Lay Summary ............................................................................................................................... iv Preface .............................................................................................................................................v Table of Contents ......................................................................................................................... vi Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................................... xi Dedication .................................................................................................................................... xii Chapter 1: Introduction: Conceptual Framework and Methodology of the Thesis ................1 1.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Issue to be Addressed...................................................................................................... 8 1.3 Central Question and Hypothesis.................................................................................. 12 1.4 Thesis’ Specific Questions ............................................................................................ 12 1.5 Definition of “Indigenous Peoples” .............................................................................. 14 1.6 Research Methodology ................................................................................................. 17 1.6.1 Analysis of Texts and Computer-based and Internet-transmitted Documents ......... 20 1.6.2 Study of Conflicts Involving MNCs and Indigenous Communities in Peru ............ 20 1.7 Theoretical Approach.................................................................................................... 22 1.8 Significance of Thesis Research ................................................................................... 28 1.9 Organization of Chapters .............................................................................................. 30 1.10 Conclusion .................................................................................................................... 31 Chapter 2: Study of Conflicts Involving MNCs and Indigenous and Peasants Communities in Peru ...........................................................................................................................................33 vi 2.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 33 2.2 The Minera Barrick Misquichilca (Barrick Gold Corporation, Canada) v. Pierina Mine Communities (Ancash) ............................................................................................................. 37 2.2.1 The Actors in the Conflict......................................................................................... 38 2.2.2 Nature and Scope of the Conflict and Violations of Indigenous Rights ................... 40 2.2.3 Contention and Power Imbalances between MBM and Indigenous Communities .. 42 2.2.4 Domestic and International Legal Claims ................................................................. 48 2.3 Minera Yanacocha (New Mont Mining Company, U.S.A.) v. Yanacocha Mine Communities (Cajamarca) ........................................................................................................ 51 2.3.1 The Actors in the Conflict......................................................................................... 52 2.3.2 Nature and Scope of the Conflict and Violations of Indigenous Rights ................... 55 2.3.3 Contention and Power Imbalances between Mineral Yanacocha and Indigenous Communities ......................................................................................................................... 58 2.3.4 Domestic and International Legal Claims ................................................................. 66 2.4 Rio Blanco Copper S.A. (Monterrico Metals, United Kingdom-China) v. Segunda y Cajas and Yanta Indigenous Peasant Communities (Piura) ...................................................... 71 2.4.1 The Actors in the Conflict......................................................................................... 72 2.4.2 Nature and Scope of the Conflict and Violations of Indigenous Rights ................... 75 2.4.3 Contention and Power Imbalances between Rio Blanco and Indigenous Communities ......................................................................................................................... 76 2.4.4 Domestic and International Legal Claims ................................................................. 82 2.5 Conclusion .................................................................................................................... 87 vii Chapter 3: Indigenous Peoples in Latin America and the Global Political Economy: A Historical Overview .....................................................................................................................95 3.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Módulos Autosustentables Para La Infraestructura Educativa Primaria En La Zona Rural De Cajamarca, Distrito De Asunción
    Módulos autosustentables para la infraestructura educativa primaria en la zona rural de Cajamarca, distrito de Asunción Item Type info:eu-repo/semantics/masterThesis Authors Balarezo del Valle, Jiri; Huamán Camargo, Joseph Pavel; Mendieta Gutiérrez, José Luis; Salazar Muñoz, Franz Lennon; Sánchez Paredes, Julio Cesar Publisher Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC) Rights info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess; Attribution- NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 United States Download date 04/10/2021 07:06:59 Item License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/us/ Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10757/626350 UNIVERSIDAD PERUANA DE CIENCIAS APLICADAS ESCUELA DE POSTGRADO PROGRAMA DE MAESTRIA EN DIRECCION DE LA CONSTRUCCION Módulos autosustentables para la infraestructura educativa primaria en la zona rural de Cajamarca, distrito de Asunción. TRABAJO DE INVESTIGACIÓN Para optar el grado académico de Maestro en Dirección de la Construcción. AUTORES: Balarezo del Valle, Jiri (ORCID 0000-0003-4193-0987) Huamán Camargo, Joseph Pavel (ORCID 0000-0002-3800-6462) Mendieta Gutiérrez, José Luis (ORCID 0000-0001-9651-0213) Salazar Muñoz, Franz Lennon (ORCID 0000-0003-3845-1715) Sánchez Paredes, Julio Cesar (ORCID 0000-0003-0707-9367) ASESOR: Uehara Yagi, José Daniel (ORCID 0000-0002-9190-6443) Lima, 15 de marzo de 2019 DEDICATORIA: A Dios por habernos dado fortaleza y salud para cumplir nuestros objetivos. A nuestra familia por todo el cariño y apoyo incondicional que siempre nos han demostrado. A todas aquellas personas que colaboraron, mediante sus valiosas opiniones, en el desarrollo de este proyecto. RESUMEN El desarrollo de la presente tesis tiene como objetivo disminuir el déficit de la infraestructura educativa primaria, mediante el desarrollo de módulos autosustentables en el distrito de Asunción de la provincia y departamento de Cajamarca; la cual forma parte de los sectores rurales del Perú con una altitud superior a los 2200 msnm de la sierra peruana del departamento de Cajamarca.
    [Show full text]
  • Food Perceptions and Dietary Changes for Chronic Condition Management in Rural Peru: Insights for Health Promotion
    nutrients Article Food Perceptions and Dietary Changes for Chronic Condition Management in Rural Peru: Insights for Health Promotion Silvana Perez-Leon 1,* , M. Amalia Pesantes 1 , Nathaly Aya Pastrana 2 , Shivani Raman 3 , Jaime Miranda 1 and L. Suzanne Suggs 2 1 CRONICAS Center of Excellence in Chronic Diseases, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 15074, Peru; [email protected] (M.A.P.); [email protected] (J.M.) 2 BeCHANGE Research Group, Institute of Public Communication, Università della Svizzera italiana, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland; [email protected] (N.A.P.); [email protected] (L.S.S.) 3 Department of Sociology, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +51-1-241-6978 Received: 8 September 2018; Accepted: 19 October 2018; Published: 23 October 2018 Abstract: Peru is undergoing a nutrition transition and, at the country level, it faces a double burden of disease where several different conditions require dietary changes to maintain a healthy life and prevent complications. Through semistructured interviews in rural Peru with people affected by three infectious and noninfectious chronic conditions (type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and neurocysticercosis), their relatives, and focus group discussions with community members, we analyzed their perspectives on the value of food and the challenges of dietary changes due to medical diagnosis. The findings show the various ways in which people from rural northern Peru conceptualize good (buena alimentación) and bad (mala alimentación) food, and that food choices are based on life-long learning, experience, exposure, and availability. In the context of poverty, required changes are not only related to what people recognize as healthy food, such as fruits and vegetables, but also of work, family, trust, taste, as well as affordability and accessibility of foods.
    [Show full text]
  • Can Money Whiten? Exploring Race Practice in Colonial Venezuela and Its Implications for Contemporary Race Discourse
    Michigan Journal of Race and Law Volume 3 1998 Can Money Whiten? Exploring Race Practice in Colonial Venezuela and Its Implications for Contemporary Race Discourse Estelle T. Lau State University of New York at Buffalo Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.law.umich.edu/mjrl Part of the Comparative and Foreign Law Commons, Law and Race Commons, Law and Society Commons, and the Legal History Commons Recommended Citation Estelle T. Lau, Can Money Whiten? Exploring Race Practice in Colonial Venezuela and Its Implications for Contemporary Race Discourse, 3 MICH. J. RACE & L. 417 (1998). Available at: https://repository.law.umich.edu/mjrl/vol3/iss2/4 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at University of Michigan Law School Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Michigan Journal of Race and Law by an authorized editor of University of Michigan Law School Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. CAN MONEY WHITEN? EXPLORING RACE PRACTICE IN COLONIAL VENEZUELA AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR CONTEMPORARY RACE DISCOURSE Estelle T. Lau* The Gracias al Sacar, a fascinating and seemingly inconceivable practice in eighteenth century colonial Venezuela, allowed certain individuals of mixed Black and White ancestry to purchase "Whiteness" from their King. The author exposes the irony of this system, developed in a society obsessed with "natural" ordering that labeled individuals according to their precise racial ancestry. While recognizing that the Gracias al Sacar provided opportunities for advancement and an avenue for material and social struggle, the author argues that it also justified the persistence of racial hierarchy.
    [Show full text]
  • Historical Origins of the One-Drop Racial Rule in the United States
    Historical Origins of the One-Drop Racial Rule in the United States Winthrop D. Jordan1 Edited by Paul Spickard2 Editor’s Note Winthrop Jordan was one of the most honored US historians of the second half of the twentieth century. His subjects were race, gender, sex, slavery, and religion, and he wrote almost exclusively about the early centuries of American history. One of his first published articles, “American Chiaroscuro: The Status and Definition of Mulattoes in the British Colonies” (1962), may be considered an intellectual forerunner of multiracial studies, as it described the high degree of social and sexual mixing that occurred in the early centuries between Africans and Europeans in what later became the United States, and hinted at the subtle racial positionings of mixed people in those years.3 Jordan’s first book, White over Black: American Attitudes Toward the Negro, 1550–1812, was published in 1968 at the height of the Civil Rights Movement era. The product of years of painstaking archival research, attentive to the nuances of the thousands of documents that are its sources, and written in sparkling prose, White over Black showed as no previous book had done the subtle psycho-social origins of the American racial caste system.4 It won the National Book Award, the Ralph Waldo Emerson Prize, the Bancroft Prize, the Parkman Prize, and other honors. It has never been out of print since, and it remains a staple of the graduate school curriculum for American historians and scholars of ethnic studies. In 2005, the eminent public intellectual Gerald Early, at the request of the African American magazine American Legacy, listed what he believed to be the ten most influential books on African American history.
    [Show full text]
  • Mining Water Governance
    Mining water governance: Everyday community-mine relationships in the Peruvian Andes Milagros Sosa Landeo Thesis committee Promotors Prof. Dr R. A. Boelens Personal chair at Water Resources Management Wageningen University & Research Prof. Dr M. Z. Zwarteveen Professor of Water Governance IHE Delft Institute for Water Education / University of Amsterdam Other members Prof. Dr B. E. Büscher, Wageningen University & Research Prof. Dr T. A. Perreault, Syracuse University, USA Dr B. B. Hogenboom, University of Amsterdam Dr D. Roth, Wageningen University & Research This research was conducted under the auspices of the Wageningen School of Social Sciences. Mining water governance: Everyday community-mine relationships in the Peruvian Andes Milagros Sosa Landeo Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of doctor at Wageningen University by the authority of the Rector Magnificus, Prof. Dr A.P.J. Mol, in the presence of the Thesis Committee appointed by the Academic Board to be defended in public on Wednesday 25 October 2017 at 1:30 p.m. in the Aula. Milagros Sosa Landeo Mining water governance: Everyday community-mine relationships in the Peruvian Andes 200 pages PhD thesis, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands (2017) With references, with summary in English ISBN: 978-94-6343-676-2 DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/421715 Table of Contents Chapter 1. Introduction ......................................................................................................... 9 1.1 Problem statement: Water governance as everyday politics ........................................ 10 1.2 Research design .................................................................................................................. 13 1.2.1 Research objective and research questions ............................................................. 13 1.2.2 Navigating roles and positions: Research sites and methods .............................. 13 1.3 Theorizing water governance: Politics, practices and people .....................................
    [Show full text]
  • ACTION PLAN AMAZON TRIPLE BORDER Colombia-Brazil-Peru
    ACTION PLAN AMAZON TRIPLE BORDER Colombia-Brazil-Peru August 2020 Puerto Nariño, Amazon, The Amazon region is being significantly impacted by COVID-19, threatening the lives Colombia and livelihoods of its population and posing an existential threat to its large indigenous Cover photo credit: Sergio communities. Rojas/ Umari Journal The basin is home to an estimated 30 million people, and includes territory in Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guyana, Peru and Venezuela. The largest territories in the Amazonas are in The region currently Brazil, Peru and Colombia which host more than 400 indigenous communities amounting to registers the highest an estimated 6 million people. The main channel of the river, which is a vital route for transport mortality rates from in the region, played a key role in the transmission of the disease affecting, in particular, the indigenous population along the border region of Peru, Colombia and Brazil. COVID-19 per 100,000 people in the world. As a result, the United Nations Resident Coordinators in the three countries have come together with the support of OCHA and the participation of WFP, WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA to develop an Action Plan to support Government responses to the urgent needs in the area. The plan is initially focused on mobilizing an emergency response to address the most immediate needs of those affected in the area. First level responses in the three countries have already commenced through reprogramed funding but additional resources are needed to scale up the response. The plan focuses on areas near the so-called Triple Border - between Colombia, Peru and Brazil - home to 208,699 people and where the majority of the population (57%) is indigenous.
    [Show full text]
  • The Zacuto Complex: on Reading the Jews in South Africa
    Richard Mendelsohn, Milton Shain. The Jews in South Africa: An Illustrated History. Johannesburg: Jonathan Ball, 2008. x + 234 pp. $31.95, cloth, ISBN 978-1-86842-281-4. Reviewed by Jonathan Judaken Published on H-Judaic (August, 2009) Commissioned by Jason Kalman (Hebrew Union College - Jewish Institute of Religion) While the frst Jews to officially settle in South hand, Europeans colonized him in the name of Africa did so in the early nineteenth century, the the same basic ideas that justified European ex‐ history of their antecedents is much longer. They pansion and exploitation, notions that we can include Abraham ben Samuel Zacuto, distin‐ name in one word: racism. The "Zacuto complex," guished astronomer and astrologist at the Univer‐ as I want to call it, has played out through most of sity of Salamanca prior to the expulsion of the the history of Jews in South Africa, as this won‐ Jews from Spain in 1492. His astrological tables derful book demonstrates. were published in Hebrew, and then translated The Jews in South Africa, by two of the lead‐ into Latin, and then into Spanish. They were used ing living historians of South Africa’s Jewish past, by Christopher Columbus, and more importantly is the frst general history of South African Jewry by Vasco da Gama, for whom he also selected the in over ffty years. It is written in lively prose, scientific instruments and joined on his voyage to sumptuously illustrated, and includes rare photo‐ Africa.Zacuto, thereby, “was probably the frst Jew graphs as well as documents culled from the ar‐ to land on South African soil when, in mid-No‐ chives, which are inserted into offset “boxes” that vember 1497, the Da Gama party went ashore at help illuminate the forces at work in South St Helena Bay on the Cape west coast” (p.
    [Show full text]
  • Hypogene Alteration, Sulfide Mineralogy, and Metal
    HYPOGENE ALTERATION, SULFIDE MINERALOGY, AND METAL DISTRIBUTION AT CERRO YANACOCHA HIGH-SULFIDATION EPITHERMAL DEPOSIT, NORTHERN PERU by Richard Pilco A Prepublication Manuscript Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF GEOSCIENCES In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of PROFESSIONAL SCIENCE MASTERS IN ECONOMIC GEOLOGY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 2011 1 STATEMENT BY THE AUTHOR This thesis has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for the Professional Science Masters in Economic Geology degree at The University of Arizona and is deposited in the Antevs Reading Room to be made available to borrowers, as are copies of regular theses and dissertations. Brief quotations from this manuscript are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of the source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the Department of Geosciences when the proposed use of the material is in the interests of scholarship. In all other instances, however, permission must be obtained from the author. __________________________________________ _____________ (author’s signature) (date) APPROVAL BY RESEARCH COMMITTEE As members of the Research Committee, we recommend that this thesis be accepted as fulfilling the research requirement for the degree of Master of Science. Eric Seedorff _______________________________ _____________ Major Advisor (type name) (signature) (date) Mark Barton _______________________________ _____________ (type name) (signature) (date) Lukas Zurcher ______________________________ _____________ (type name) (signature) (date) 2 Abstract The Yanacocha district in northern Perú contains clusters of high-sulfidation epithermal deposits, which constitute the most productive group of epithermal deposits in the world.
    [Show full text]
  • Africa «Afrique Africa • Afrique
    WEEKLY EPIDEMIOLOGICAL RECORD, Ho. 12,20 MUCH 1W2 • RELEVE EPIDEMIOLOGIQUE HEBDOMADAIRE, » 12,20 MARS 1992 Influenza Grippe A ustria (23 February 1992). The first signs of influenza A utriche (23 février 1992). Les premiers signes d'activité grippale activity were scattered localized outbreaks in mid-January. ont été des flambées locales disséminées à la mi-janvier. Des cas Cases of influenza-like illness were detected all over the d'affections de type grippal ont été décelés dans tout le pays en country during February and activity reached epidemic février et l'activité a atteint des proportions épidémiques à Vienne. proportions in Vienna. Influenza A has been implicated on La grippe A a été mise en évidence par sérologie mais ria pas encore serological evidence but has not yet been confirmed by virus été confirmée par isolement du virus. isolation. Egypt (2 March 1992).* Additional cases of influenza Egypte (2 mars 1992).‘ Des cas supplémentaires de grippe A(H3N2) were diagnosed among cases of influenza-like A(H3N2) ont été diagnostiqués parmi des affections de type grippal illness investigated during December and January. étudiées en décembre et en janvier. Hong Kong (2 March 1992).2 * Influenza A(H3N2) virus Hong Kong (2 mars 1992).2 Le virus grippal A(H3N2) a été isolé was isolated from a sporadic case in January. d'un cas sporadique en janvier. Israel (28 February 1992).’ Influenza activity reached Israël (28 février 1992).’ L'activité grippale a atteint des niveaux epidemic levels in February. Cases have been seen in all age épidémiques en février. Des cas ont été observés dans tous les groups but most have been children.
    [Show full text]
  • First Records of Koepcke's Screech-Owl Megascops Koepckeae
    NOTA / NOTE First records of Koepcke’s Screech-Owl Megascops koepckeae (Aves: Strigidae) in Ecuador Leonardo Ordóñez-Delgado1,2*, Juan Freile3 1Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Laboratorio de Ecología Tropical y Servicios Ecosistémicos - EcoSs Lab, Loja, Ecuador. 2Programa de Doctorado en Conservación de Recursos Naturales, Escuela Internacional de Doctorado, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, España. 3Comité Ecuatoriano de Registros Ornitológicos, Pasaje El Moro E4–216 y Norberto Salazar, Tumbaco, Ecuador *Corresponding author: [email protected] Editado por/Edited by: Esteban A. Guevara Recibido/Received: 12 Septiembre 2018 Aceptado/Accepted: 9 Noviembre 2018 Publicado en línea/Published online: 25 Noviembre 2019 Primeros registros del Autillo de Koepcke Megascops koepckeae (Aves: Strigidae) en Ecuador Resumen El recientemente descrito Autillo de Koepcke Megascops koepckeae se había registrado, hasta hace poco, únicamente en el norte y centro de los Andes de Perú. Presentamos los primeros registros de M. koepckeae en Ecuador, provenientes de la ciudad de Loja. Estos registros amplían su área de distribución conocida en al menos 90 km al norte del registro más septentrional de Perú, y proporcionan nuevos elementos sobre la elección de hábitat de la especie y su distribución espacial en relación con el Autillo Peruano M. roboratus. Palabras clave: Andes, Autillo de Koepcke, distribución, Loja, registros, Strigidae. Abstract The recently described Koepcke’s Screech-Owl Megascops koepckeae was only known, until recently, from the northern and central Andes of Peru. We present the first records of M. koepckeae in Ecuador, from the city of Loja. Our records extend its known range by at least 90 km northwards from the northernmost record in Peru, and provide new insights into the species’ habitat selection and spatial distribution in relation to the Peruvian Screech-Owl M.
    [Show full text]
  • LEAGUE of NATIONS. Tcominunicated to the Council D Members of the League,- ' Geneva, January 24 Th, 1933'
    LEAGUE OF NATIONS. tCominunicated to the Council d Members of the League,- ' Geneva, January 24 th, 1933' COMMUNICATION FROM THE GOVERNMENT OF PERU. Note by the Secretary-General. The Secretary-General has the honour to circulate to the Council and Members of the League the following communication, dated January 20th, which he has received from the Government •f Peru, Sir, You have brought to the notice of my Government, and to the Members of the Council of the League of Nations, the letter sent you by the Colombian Government on January 2nd concerning the situation at LETICIA. In conformity with instructions just received, I have the honour to transmit to you the requisite details concerning the events which occurred in this town and the present divergencies between Peru and Colombia. The occupation of LETICIA by a group of Peruvians on September 1st, 1932» and the expulsion of the Colombian authorities is the origin of the present dispute. LETICIA, a port on the river Amazon, was founded by Peruvians more than a century ago. It has always been inhabited by Peruvians, but was ceded to Colombia under the Salamon-Lozano Treaty which, in I9 2 8 , fixed the frontier between the two countries. The accusations brought by the Colombian Government against the assailants are absolutely unfounded. The object of these (1} See Document C.2O.M.5 .I9 3 3 .VII. - 2 - || c. ecus' tiv>ns is to obscure the disinterested char a ct or of t no movement. Faced with a situation which ;vas bound to trouble the friendly and neighbourly relations between P.
    [Show full text]
  • Languages of the Middle Andes in Areal-Typological Perspective: Emphasis on Quechuan and Aymaran
    Languages of the Middle Andes in areal-typological perspective: Emphasis on Quechuan and Aymaran Willem F.H. Adelaar 1. Introduction1 Among the indigenous languages of the Andean region of Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, northern Chile and northern Argentina, Quechuan and Aymaran have traditionally occupied a dominant position. Both Quechuan and Aymaran are language families of several million speakers each. Quechuan consists of a conglomerate of geo- graphically defined varieties, traditionally referred to as Quechua “dialects”, not- withstanding the fact that mutual intelligibility is often lacking. Present-day Ayma- ran consists of two distinct languages that are not normally referred to as “dialects”. The absence of a demonstrable genetic relationship between the Quechuan and Aymaran language families, accompanied by a lack of recognizable external gen- etic connections, suggests a long period of independent development, which may hark back to a period of incipient subsistence agriculture roughly dated between 8000 and 5000 BP (Torero 2002: 123–124), long before the Andean civilization at- tained its highest stages of complexity. Quechuan and Aymaran feature a great amount of detailed structural, phono- logical and lexical similarities and thus exemplify one of the most intriguing and intense cases of language contact to be found in the entire world. Often treated as a product of long-term convergence, the similarities between the Quechuan and Ay- maran families can best be understood as the result of an intense period of social and cultural intertwinement, which must have pre-dated the stage of the proto-lan- guages and was in turn followed by a protracted process of incidental and locally confined diffusion.
    [Show full text]