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Nanostructured Semiconductor Device Design in Solar Cells

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Nanostructured Semiconductor Device Design in Solar Cells University of Kentucky UKnowledge Theses and Dissertations--Electrical and Computer Engineering Electrical and Computer Engineering 2015 Nanostructured Semiconductor Device Design in Solar Cells Hongmei Dang University of Kentucky, [email protected] Right click to open a feedback form in a new tab to let us know how this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Dang, Hongmei, "Nanostructured Semiconductor Device Design in Solar Cells" (2015). Theses and Dissertations--Electrical and Computer Engineering. 77. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/ece_etds/77 This Doctoral Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Electrical and Computer Engineering at UKnowledge. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations--Electrical and Computer Engineering by an authorized administrator of UKnowledge. For more information, please contact [email protected]. STUDENT AGREEMENT: I represent that my thesis or dissertation and abstract are my original work. Proper attribution has been given to all outside sources. I understand that I am solely responsible for obtaining any needed copyright permissions. I have obtained needed written permission statement(s) from the owner(s) of each third-party copyrighted matter to be included in my work, allowing electronic distribution (if such use is not permitted by the fair use doctrine) which will be submitted to UKnowledge as Additional File. I hereby grant to The University of Kentucky and its agents the irrevocable, non-exclusive, and royalty-free license to archive and make accessible my work in whole or in part in all forms of media, now or hereafter known. I agree that the document mentioned above may be made available immediately for worldwide access unless an embargo applies. I retain all other ownership rights to the copyright of my work. I also retain the right to use in future works (such as articles or books) all or part of my work. I understand that I am free to register the copyright to my work. REVIEW, APPROVAL AND ACCEPTANCE The document mentioned above has been reviewed and accepted by the student’s advisor, on behalf of the advisory committee, and by the Director of Graduate Studies (DGS), on behalf of the program; we verify that this is the final, approved version of the student’s thesis including all changes required by the advisory committee. The undersigned agree to abide by the statements above. Hongmei Dang, Student Dr. Vijay Singh, Major Professor Dr. Caicheng Lu, Director of Graduate Studies NANOSTRUCTURED SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICE DESIGN IN SOLAR CELLS DISSERTATION A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the College of Engineering at the University of Kentucky By Hongmei Dang Lexington, Kentucky Director: Dr. Vijay P. Singh, Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering Lexington, Kentucky 2015 Copyright © Hongmei Dang 2015 ABSTRACT OF DISSERTATION NANOSTRUCTURED SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICE DESIGN IN SOLAR CELLS We demonstrate the use of embedded CdS nanowires in improving spectral transmission loss and the low mechanical and electrical robustness of planar CdS window layer and thus enhancing the quantum efficiency and the reliability of the CdS-CdTe solar cells. CdS nanowire window layer enables light transmission gain at 300nm-550nm. A nearly ideal spectral response of quantum efficiency at a wide spectrum range provides an evidence for improving light transmission in the window layer and enhancing absorption and carrier generation in absorber. Nanowire CdS/CdTe solar cells with Cu/graphite/silver paste as back contacts, on SnO2/ITO-soda lime glass substrates, yield the highest efficiency of 12% in nanostructured CdS-CdTe solar cells. Reliability is improved by approximately 3 times over the cells with the traditional planar CdS counterpart. Junction transport mechanisms are delineated for advancing the basic understanding of device physics at the interface. Our results prove the efficacy of this nanowire approach for enhancing the quantum efficiency and the reliability in window- absorber type solar cells (CdS-CdTe, CdS-CIGS and CdS-CZTSSe etc) and other optoelectronic devices. We further introduce MoO3-x as a transparent, low barrier back contact. We design nanowire CdS-CdTe solar cells on flexible foils of metals in a superstrate device structure, which makes low-cost roll-to-roll manufacturing process feasible and greatly reduces the complexity of fabrication. The MoO3 layer reduces the valence band offset relative to the CdTe, and creates improved cell performance. Annealing as-deposited MoO3 in N2 reduces series resistance from 9.98 Ω/cm2 to 7.72 Ω/cm2, and hence efficiency of the nanowire solar cell is improved from 9.9% to 11%, which efficiency comparable to efficiency of planar counterparts. When the nanowire solar cell is illuminated from MoO3-x /Au side, it yields an efficiency of 8.7%. This reduction in efficiency is attributed 2 2 to decrease in Jsc from 25.5mA/cm to 21mA/cm due to light transmission loss in the MoO3-x /Au electrode. Even though these nanowire solar cells, when illuminated from back side exhibit better performance than that of nanopillar CdS-CdTe solar cells, further development of transparent back contacts of CdTe could enable a low-cost roll-to-roll fabrication process for the superstrate structure-nanowire solar cells on Al foil substrate. KEYWORDS: Nanowire CdS-CdTe Solar Cells; Light Transmission; Quantum Efficiency; Reliability; MoO3-x Back Contact. Hongmei Dang Student’s Signature March 10, 2015 Date NANOSTRUCTURED SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICE DESIGN IN SOLAR CELLS By Hongmei Dang Dr. Vijay Singh Director of Dissertation Dr. CaiCheng Lu Director of Graduate Studies March 10, 2015 Date ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my advisor, Dr. Vijay P. Singh, who first introduced me to the fields of solar cell and nanotechnology. He gave me the best opportunity to work on this interesting and challenging research topic. Special thanks also goes to Drs. Zhi Chen, Todd Hastings, Y-T Cheng, and William Murphy, who served as my Ph.D. dissertation committee. I extend my thanks as well to the numerous professors whose classes I attended in the doctoral program at the University of Kentucky. Finally I would like to honor my parents who greatly supported me to pursue my graduate studies in the United States. iii Table of Contents ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................... iii List of Tables .................................................................................................................... vii List of Figures .................................................................................................................. viii Chapter 1 Introduction ....................................................................................................... 1 1.1 World Energy Outlook .................................................................................. 1 1.2 Solar Energy Current status and Future Prospects ........................................ 3 1.3 Potential PV Cost Reduction ......................................................................... 5 1.4 Current Photovoltaic Materials and Devices ................................................. 7 1.4.1. Shockley and Queisser Efficiency Limits .......................................... 7 1.4.2. Silicon Solar Cells............................................................................. 7 1.4.3 Thin-Film Chalcogenide Solar Cells ............................................... 10 1.5 Current PV Module Manufacturing Cost and Market Shares ..................... 15 1.6 PV Future-Low Cost, Reliable and Earth Abound Solar Cells ................... 18 1.6.1 Current PV Issues and Requirements for Future PV Technologies 18 1.6.2 Solution Processed and Earth Abundant Solar Cells ...................... 19 1.6.3 Nanostructured Earth Abundant Solar Cells by Low-Temperature, Solution Synthesis Methods ....................................................................................... 21 Chaper 2 Fundamental Theory of Solar Cells................................................................... 23 2.1.1 p-n junction ...................................................................................... 23 2.1.3 Operation of Thin Film Solar Cells ................................................. 26 2.1.4 Absorption of Materials ................................................................... 28 2.1.5 Quantum Efficiency .......................................................................... 30 2.2 Solar Cell Parameters .................................................................................. 31 2.2.1 Efficiency as a function of their energy gap .................................... 34 2.3 Non-ideal Effect and Double Diode Model ................................................ 35 2.4 Semiconductor-Metal Contact ..................................................................... 38 iv Chapter 3 Device Design and Experimental Procedures .................................................. 42 3.1 Material Property ......................................................................................... 42 3.2 Development of Thin-film CdS-CdTe Solar Cells ...................................... 43 3.3 Technical Issues .......................................................................................... 44 3.4 Device Design ............................................................................................
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