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A Windfall for the Magnates. The Development of Woodland Ownership in Denmark c. 1150-1830 Fritzbøger, Bo Publication date: 2004 Document version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Citation for published version (APA): Fritzbøger, B. (2004). A Windfall for the Magnates. The Development of Woodland Ownership in Denmark c. 1150-1830. Syddansk Universitetsforlag. Download date: 29. Sep. 2021 44259 - Materie 16/08/04 7:27 Side i “A Windfall for the magnates” 44259 - Materie 16/08/04 7:27 Side ii Denne afhandling er af Det Humanistiske Fakultet ved Københavns Universitet antaget til offentligt at forsvares for den filosofiske doktorgrad. København, den 16. september 2003 John Kuhlmann Madsen Dekan Forsvaret finder sted fredag den 29. oktober 2004 i auditorium 23-0-50, Njalsgade 126, bygning 23, kl. 13.00 44259 - Materie 16/08/04 7:27 Side iii “A Windfall for the magnates” The Development of Woodland Ownership in Denmark c. 1150-1830 by Bo Fritzbøger University Press of Southern Denmark 2004 44259 - Materie 16/08/04 7:27 Side iv © The author and University Press of Southern Denmark 2004 University of Southern Denmark Studies in History and Social Sciences vol. 282 Printed by Special-Trykkeriet Viborg a-s ISBN 87-7838-936-4 Cover design: Cover illustration: Published with support from: Forskningsstyrelsen, Danish Research Agency The University of Copenhagen University Press of Southern Denmark Campusvej 55 DK-5230 Odense M Phone: +45 6615 7999 Fax: +45 6615 8126 [email protected] www.universitypress.dk Distribution in the United States and Canada: International Specialized Book Services 5804 NE Hassalo Street Portland, OR 97213-3644 USA Phone: +1-800-944-6190 www.isbs.com 44259 - Materie 16/08/04 7:27 Side v Contents Preface . xi Part I INTRODUCTION . 1 Chapter 1 The scheme . 5 Themes and objectives . 5 Approaches and methods . 9 Chapter 2 The woodland history of Denmark – in brief . 15 The geographical setting . 15 Forests and forestry today . 16 Colonisation, succession and deforestation . 17 Chapter 3 Property rights . 21 Definition . 21 Contending private property . 26 The originality of common property . 30 Feudal relations of production . 34 From common to individual . 39 Chapter 4 Woodland ownership . 45 Seeing the wood . 45 A complex resource . 49 The development of woodland property . 53 The Danish experience . 55 Part II THE MEDIEVAL ORIGINS 1150-1350 . 59 Chapter 5 Introduction . 61 What beginning? . 61 Building a state . 61 The social structure . 66 Population, economy and landscape . 67 44259 - Materie 16/08/04 7:27 Side vi vi · A Windfall for the magnates Chapter 6 Commons and closes . 69 Alminding – an elusive concept . 69 Regal pretensions and peasant rights . 72 Medieval enclosures . 79 Fences? . 83 Violation of property rights . 85 Chapter 7 Discussion: Common vs. individual . 91 Part III DIVERSIFICATION OF PROPERTY RIGHTS 1350-1750 . 95 Chapter 8 Introduction . 97 A society recovered and rearranged . 97 The transformation of property structures . 99 A feudal society . 101 From aristocratic government to absolutist rule . 104 Economy, population and natural resources . 107 Woodland management and wood consumption . 109 Chapter 9 Forest legislation and crown wood administration . 113 Legislation in general . 113 Danske lov and the forest ordinances . 116 Royal forest conservation and propagation . 121 Regulation of wood production and trade . 124 Chapter 10 Parcelling out wood commons . 129 The last almindinger and the appropriation of land . 129 Shared rights to overdrev and fællesskov . 132 Establishment of village boundaries . 140 Towns . 144 Enclosure acts . 145 Enclosure of fællesskov . 149 Marks, memory and writing . 153 Distributive keys . 158 The appearance of woodlots in the landscape . 163 Chapter 11 Enemærker and freehold woods . 171 Manorial enemærker . 171 Woodland cottages . 174 44259 - Materie 16/08/04 7:27 Side vii Contents · vii The property rights of freeholders . 176 Property transfer . 179 Chapter 12 Overwood vs. underwood . 183 Woodland resources . 183 Underwood – allotment or commonage? . 187 Seigneurial rents derived from woodland management . 190 The allowance system . 198 Chapter 13 Pasture, pannage and hunting . 207 Grazing the woods . 207 Pannage . 210 Hunting laws . 214 The royal hunt . 217 Chapter 14 Resource conservation and discipline . 221 Prevention is better than cure . 221 More than his parcel permits . 223 Transgression of woodland boundaries . 224 Cutting and selling without allowance . 227 Insufficient supervision . 229 Illegal pasture and pannage . 231 Material penalties or loss of honour . 232 Chapter 15 Discussion: Forest policies and social disorder . 237 Part IV ABOLISHING THE COMMONS 1750-1830 . 241 Chapter 16 Introduction . 243 Economical fluctuations and reform legislation . 243 The formation of a new society . 244 ‘Oh! What a century, this eighteenth!’ . 248 A struggle against common rights . 250 Forests under pressure . 254 Chapter 17 Reform legislation 1750-1805 . 259 Enclosure legislation 1757-76 . 259 The Enclosure Act and the Forest Ordinance of 1781 . 260 The Forest Conservation Act of 1805 . 263 44259 - Materie 16/08/04 7:27 Side viii viii · A Windfall for the magnates Chapter 18 Woodland reforms before 1805 . 271 The sale of crown woods 1764-74 . 271 From tenancy to freehold . 272 Woodland enclosure . 274 Experimental forest enclosures in Jutland . 276 Crown wood separation on northern Zealand . 278 Private forest enclosures . 282 Chapter 19 The final abolition of wood commons 1805-1830 . 289 Methodological considerations . 289 The procedure . 291 The progress of enclosure 1805-30 . 292 Chapter 20 Forest conservation and sustainability . 307 ‘Conservation is the best forester’ . 307 Fence and form . 310 Partial conservation and continued forest pasture . 313 Hunting rights in the light of reforms . 316 Chapter 21 A silvicultural revolution . 319 Silvicultural experiments 1730-76 . 319 The making of a professional identity . 321 The dispersal of ideas and plants . ..