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Stepping out of Brunelleschi's Shadow
STEPPING OUT OF BRUNELLESCHI’S SHADOW. THE CONSECRATION OF SANTA MARIA DEL FIORE AS INTERNATIONAL STATECRAFT IN MEDICEAN FLORENCE Roger J. Crum In his De pictura of 1435 (translated by the author into Italian as Della pittura in 1436) Leon Battista Alberti praised Brunelleschi’s dome of Florence cathedral, Santa Maria del Fiore [Fig. 1], as ‘such a large struc- ture’ that it rose ‘above the skies, ample to cover with its shadow all the Tuscan people’.1 Alberti was writing metaphorically, but he might as easily have written literally in prediction of the shadowing effect that Brunelleschi’s dome, dedicated on 30 August 1436, would eventually cast over the Florentine cultural and historical landscape of the next several centuries.2 So ever-present has Brunelleschi’s structure been in the historical perspective of scholars – not to mention in the more popular conception of Florence – that its stately coming into being in the Quattrocento has almost fully overshadowed in memory and sense of importance another significant moment in the history of the cathedral and city of Florence that immediately preceded the dome’s dedication in 1436: the consecration of Santa Maria del Fiore itself on 25 March of that same year.3 The cathedral was consecrated by Pope Eugenius IV (r. 1431–1447), and the ceremony witnessed the unification in purpose of high eccle- siastical, foreign, and Florentine dignitaries. The event brought to a close a history that had begun 140 years earlier when the first stones of the church were laid in 1296; in 1436, the actual date of the con- secration was particularly auspicious, for not only is 25 March the feast of the Annunciation, but in the Renaissance that day was also the start of the Florentine calendar year. -
The Medici Palace, Cosimo the Elder, and Michelozzo: a Historiographical Survey
chapter 11 The Medici Palace, Cosimo the Elder, and Michelozzo: A Historiographical Survey Emanuela Ferretti* The Medici Palace has long been recognized as an architectural icon of the Florentine Quattrocento. This imposing building, commissioned by Cosimo di Giovanni de’ Medici (1389–1464), is a palimpsest that reveals complex layers rooted in the city’s architectural, urban, economic, and social history. A symbol – just like its patron – of a formidable era of Italian art, the palace on the Via Larga represents a key moment in the development of the palace type and and influenced every other Italian centre. Indeed, it is this building that scholars have identified as the prototype for the urban residence of the nobility.1 The aim of this chapter, based on a great wealth of secondary literature, including articles, essays, and monographs, is to touch upon several themes and problems of relevance to the Medici Palace, some of which remain unresolved or are still debated in the current scholarship. After delineating the basic construction chronology, this chapter will turn to questions such as the patron’s role in the building of his family palace, the architecture itself with regards to its spatial, morphological, and linguistic characteristics, and finally the issue of author- ship. We can try to draw the state of the literature: this preliminary historio- graphical survey comes more than twenty years after the monograph edited by Cherubini and Fanelli (1990)2 and follows an extensive period of innovative study of the Florentine early Quattrocento,3 as well as the fundamental works * I would like to thank Nadja Naksamija who checked the English translation, showing many kindnesses. -
Donatello's Terracotta Louvre Madonna
Donatello’s Terracotta Louvre Madonna: A Consideration of Structure and Meaning A thesis presented to the faculty of the College of Fine Arts of Ohio University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Arts Sandra E. Russell May 2015 © 2015 Sandra E. Russell. All Rights Reserved. 2 This thesis titled Donatello’s Terracotta Louvre Madonna: A Consideration of Structure and Meaning by SANDRA E. RUSSELL has been approved for the School of Art + Design and the College of Fine Arts by Marilyn Bradshaw Professor of Art History Margaret Kennedy-Dygas Dean, College of Fine Arts 3 Abstract RUSSELL, SANDRA E., M.A., May 2015, Art History Donatello’s Terracotta Louvre Madonna: A Consideration of Structure and Meaning Director of Thesis: Marilyn Bradshaw A large relief at the Musée du Louvre, Paris (R.F. 353), is one of several examples of the Madonna and Child in terracotta now widely accepted as by Donatello (c. 1386-1466). A medium commonly used in antiquity, terracotta fell out of favor until the Quattrocento, when central Italian artists became reacquainted with it. Terracotta was cheap and versatile, and sculptors discovered that it was useful for a range of purposes, including modeling larger works, making life casts, and molding. Reliefs of the half- length image of the Madonna and Child became a particularly popular theme in terracotta, suitable for domestic use or installation in small chapels. Donatello’s Louvre Madonna presents this theme in a variation unusual in both its form and its approach. In order to better understand the structure and the meaning of this work, I undertook to make some clay works similar to or suggestive of it. -
The Magic of Donatello Andrew Butterfield
The Magic of Donatello Andrew Butterfield Sculpture in the Age of Donatello: smith Lorenzo Ghiberti, and another Renaissance Masterpieces from young Florentine goldsmith, Filippo Florence Cathedral Brunelleschi—the future architect— an exhibition at the Museum of came in second. A new era in the his- Biblical Art, New York City, tory of art had begun. February 20–June 14, 2015. Like all revolutions, the transfor- Catalog of the exhibition edited by mation of the arts in early-fifteenth- Timothy Verdon and Daniel M. Zolli. century Florence can never be fully Museum of Biblical Art/Giles, explained; at best we can only identify 200 pp., $49.95 some contributing causes. Stimulated in part by the city’s soaring prosperity The Museum of Biblical Art, lodged and growing hegemony, around 1400 in a relatively small space on Broad- the wealthy merchants who ran Flor- way near Lincoln Center, is now show- ence began to pour unprecedented ing nine sculptures by Donatello, one amounts of cash into new buildings, of the greatest of all Renaissance art- paintings, and sculptures. They were ists. Never before have so many of his proud of the architectural splendor best works been shown together in the of Florence and saw it as a sign of the United States. Antonio Quattrone/Opera di Santa Maria del Fiore, Florence city’s manifest destiny. This attitude Among the works on view is Don- was given voice by Leonardo Bruni, atello’s large sculpture of the Old Tes- who wrote around 1403–1404 in his tament prophet Habakkuk. “Speak, Panegyric to the City of Florence: damn you, speak!” Donatello, we are told, repeatedly shouted at the statue As soon as [visitors] have seen . -
I Medici E La Toscana Bibliografia
I Medici e la Toscana Bibliografia Febbraio 2018 Biblioteca della Toscana Pietro Leopoldo Introduzione La bibliografia che qui proponiamo raccoglie i libri che la biblioteca possiede sulla famiglia de’ Medici, nota per aver retto le sorti della città di Firenze prima e della Toscana poi, dal 1434 fino al 1737. I volumi sono presentati in ordine alfabetico. I libri proposti in questa bibliografia, come quelli presenti nel catalogo della biblioteca, possono essere presi in prestito direttamente presso la sede della Biblioteca della Toscana Pietro Leopoldo oppure presso le biblioteche che fanno servizio di prestito interbibliotecario. Così come copie cartacee e digitali di articoli qui citati possono essere richieste presso biblioteche che effettuano il servizio di document delivery (servizio di fornitura documenti). Bibliografia I Medici e la Toscana febbraio 2018 2 Biblioteca della Toscana Pietro Leopoldo 1536-1541 : Mediceo del Principato, filze 329-353 / a cura di Anna Bellinazzi e Claudio Lamioni ; con un saggio di Giuseppe Pansini. - Firenze : Giunta regionale toscana ; [Scandicci] : La nuova Italia, 1982. - LXXXV, 357 p., 28 p. di tav. ; 30 cm 1541-1546 : Mediceo del Principato, filze 354-372 / a cura di Anna Bellinazzi e Claudio Lamioni. - Firenze : Giunta regionale toscana ; Scandicci : La nuova Italia, 1986. - 446 p., [20] c. di tav. : ill. ; 30 cm 1544-1549 : Mediceo del Principato, filze 373-391 A / a cura di Anna Bellinazzi, Claudio Lamioni, Marcella Morviducci. - Firenze : Regione Toscana ; Ospedaletto, Pisa : Pacini, 2013. - 271 p. ; 30 cm 1549-1551 : Mediceo del Principato, filze 392-403 A / a cura di Vanna Arrighi. - [Firenze] : Giunta regionale toscana ; Milano : Bibliografica, 1992. - VIII, 411 p., 16 p. -
Sources of Donatello's Pulpits in San Lorenzo Revival and Freedom of Choice in the Early Renaissance*
! " #$ % ! &'()*+',)+"- )'+./.#')+.012 3 3 %! ! 34http://www.jstor.org/stable/3047811 ! +565.67552+*+5 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=caa. Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. JSTOR is a not-for-profit organization founded in 1995 to build trusted digital archives for scholarship. We work with the scholarly community to preserve their work and the materials they rely upon, and to build a common research platform that promotes the discovery and use of these resources. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. http://www.jstor.org THE SOURCES OF DONATELLO'S PULPITS IN SAN LORENZO REVIVAL AND FREEDOM OF CHOICE IN THE EARLY RENAISSANCE* IRVING LAVIN HE bronze pulpits executed by Donatello for the church of San Lorenzo in Florence T confront the investigator with something of a paradox.1 They stand today on either side of Brunelleschi's nave in the last bay toward the crossing.• The one on the left side (facing the altar, see text fig.) contains six scenes of Christ's earthly Passion, from the Agony in the Garden through the Entombment (Fig. -
Giorgio Vasari and Mannerist Architecture: a Marriage of Beauty and Function in Urban Spaces
Journal of Literature and Art Studies, October 2016, Vol. 6, No. 10, 1159-1180 doi: 10.17265/2159-5836/2016.10.007 D DAVID PUBLISHING Giorgio Vasari and Mannerist Architecture: A Marriage of Beauty and Function in Urban Spaces Liana De Girolami Cheney SIELAE, Universidad de Coruña, Coruña, Spain The first part of this essay deals with Giorgio Vasari’s conception of architecture in sixteenth-century Italy, and the second part examines Vasari’s practical application of one of his constructions, the loggia (open gallery or arcade) or corridoio (corridor). The essay also discusses the merits of Vasari’s open gallery (loggia) as a vernacular architectural construct with egalitarian functions and Vasari’s principles of architecture (design, rule, order, and proportion) and beauty (delight and necessity) for the formulation of the theory of art in Mannerism, a sixteenth-century style of art. Keywords: mannerism, fine arts, loggia (open gallery), architectural principles, theory of art, design, beauty, necessity and functionality Chi non ha disegno e grande invenzione da sé, sarà sempre povero di grazia, di perfezione e di giudizio ne’ componimenti grandi d’architettura. [One that lacks design and great invention [in his art] will always have meager architectural constructions lacking beauty, perfection, and judgment.] —Giorgio Vasari Vite (1550/1568)1 Introduction The renowned Mannerist painter, architect, and writer of Florence, Giorgio Vasari (1511-1574, see Figure 1), considered architecture one of the most important aspects of the fine arts or the sister arts (architecture, painting, and sculpture).2 In the first Florentine publication of the Vite with La Torrentina in 1550, Vasari’s original title lists architecture before the other arts: Le vite de più eccellenti architetti, pittori, et scultori Italiani da Cimabue insino a’ tempi nostri. -
Firenze in Guerra, 1940-1944
Firenze in Guerra, 1940-1944 Il 23 ottobre, alle ore 17.00, si aprirà a Palazzo Medici Riccardi la mostra storica Firenze in guerra, 1940-1944; l’evento è promosso dall’Istituto storico della Resistenza in Toscana col sostegno della Regione Toscana, della Provincia e del Comune di Firenze. Documenti, immagini, voci, filmati, nonché fotografie provenienti dall’Archivio Foto Locchi animer- anno un ampio percorso espositivo ideato dagli architetti Giacomo Pirazzoli e Francesco Collotti. Intrecciando storie individuali e esperienze collettive, la narrazione attraverserà i pri- mi anni di guerra fino agli ultimi mesi dell’occupazione tedesca, quando la città e la provincia furono violentemente investite dal conflitto. Uno spazio di condivisione interattiva sarà garantito dal progetto Memory Sharing, che ha l’obiettivo di raccogliere e valorizzare documenti, fotografie, storie di vita relative agli an- ni del conflitto. Tutti possono contribuire al progetto, rivolgendosi alla postazione allestita all’interno della mostra oppure partecipando online, attraverso il sito www.firenzeinguerra.com (in costruzione). Al Rondò di Bacco, nel complesso monumentale di Palazzo Pitti, un film sonoro e la serie completa delle fotografie scattate dall’architetto Nello Baroni permetteranno di im- mergersi nell’esperienza dei “giorni dell’emergenza”, quando migliaia di fiorentini furono costretti a lasciare le case del centro storico per rifugiarsi nelle sale di Palazzo Pitti. La mostra, curata da Valeria Galimi e Francesca Cavarocchi – con la supervisione scientifica di Enzo Collotti – si snoderà attraverso tre scenari: la città della guerra (1940-1943), la città dell’occupazione (1943-1944) e la città della Liberazione. Fin dagli anni ’20 il regime assegna al capoluogo toscano un ruolo chiave nel progetto di fascistizzazione della cultura: importante polo accademico e editoriale, Firenze ospita una serie di riviste e istituzioni di rilievo nazionale, dal “Selvaggio” al “Bargello”, fino al Maggio musicale. -
Italian Humanism Was Developed During the Fourteenth and the Beginning of the Fifteenth Centuries As a Response to the Medieval Scholastic Education
Italian Humanism Was developed during the fourteenth and the beginning of the fifteenth centuries as a response to the Medieval scholastic education • Growing concern with the natural world, the individual, and humanity’s worldly existence. • Revived interest in classical cultures and attempt to restore the glorious past of Greece and Rome. Recovering of Greek and Roman texts that were previously lost or ignored. • Interest in the liberal arts - grammar, rhetoric, poetry, history and moral philosophy. • Promotes human values as distinct from religious values, mainly Roman civic virtues: self-sacrificing service to the state, participation in government, defense of state institutions. Renaissance architecture: Style of architecture, reflecting the rebirth of Classical culture, that originated in Florence in the early 15th century. There was a revival of ancient Roman forms, including the column and round arch, the tunnel vault, and the dome. The basic design element was the order. Knowledge of Classical architecture came from the ruins of ancient buildings and the writings of Vitruvius. As in the Classical period, proportion was the most important factor of beauty. Filippo Brunelleschi (1377 - 1446), Florentine architect and engineer. Trained as a sculptor and goldsmith, he turned his attention to architecture after failing to win a competition for the bronze doors of the Baptistery of Florence. Besides accomplishments in architecture, Brunelleschi is also credited with inventing one-point linear perspective which revolutionized painting. Sculpture of Brunelleschi looking at the dome in Florence Filippo Brunelleschi, Foundling Hospital, (children's orphanage that was built and managed by the Silk and Goldsmiths Guild), Florence, Italy, designed 1419, built 1421-44 Loggia Arcade A roofed arcade or gallery with open sides A series of arches supported by stretching along the front or side of a building. -
Competitive Spirit, Architecture, and Brunelleschi's Individual
Armstrong Undergraduate Journal of History Volume 8 Issue 1 Article 2 4-2018 A City of Feuds: Competitive Spirit, Architecture, and Brunelleschi’s Individual Renaissance in Florence Landen Kleisinger University of Regina Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.georgiasouthern.edu/aujh Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Kleisinger, Landen (2018) "A City of Feuds: Competitive Spirit, Architecture, and Brunelleschi’s Individual Renaissance in Florence," Armstrong Undergraduate Journal of History: Vol. 8 : Iss. 1 , Article 2. DOI: 10.20429/aujh.2018.080102 Available at: https://digitalcommons.georgiasouthern.edu/aujh/vol8/iss1/2 This article is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at Digital Commons@Georgia Southern. It has been accepted for inclusion in Armstrong Undergraduate Journal of History by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons@Georgia Southern. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Kleisinger: A City of Feuds A City of Feuds: Competitive Spirit, Architecture, and Brunelleschi’s Individual Renaissance in Florence Landen Kleisinger University of Regina (Saskatchewan, Canada) Daedalus, the unparalleled inventor and master craftsman of Greek mythology, fashioned wax wings for his son Icarus by which they attempted to escape Crete. Flying too close to the sun, Icarus’ wings soon melted, causing him to plummet into the sea. If “Icarus has come to symbolize hubris, in his failure to respect the limits of human flight imposed by nature, Daedalus’ ability to construct tools to transcend nature’s limits effectively symbolizes the triumph of technology over nature.”1 This transcendence of human nature came to be Filippo Brunelleschi’s (1377-1446) mythic achievement. -
Donatello, Michelangelo, and Bernini: Their
DONATELLO, MICHELANGELO, AND BERNINI: THEIR UNDERSTANDING OF ANTIQUITY AND ITS INFLUENCE ON THE REPRESENTATION OF DAVID by Kathryn Sanders Department of Art and Art History April 7, 2020 A thesis submitted to the Honors Council of the University of the Colorado Dr. Robert Nauman honors council representative, department of Art and Art History Dr. Fernando Loffredo thesis advisor, department of Art and Art History Dr. Sarah James committee member, department of Classics TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………..……………….……………1 Chapter I: The Davids…………………………………………………..…………………5 Chapter II: Antiquity and David…………………………………………………………21 CONCLUSION………………...………………………………………………………………...40 BIBLIOGRAPHY………………………………………………………………………………..58 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Donatello, David, 1430s……………………………………………………………….43 Figure 2: Michelangelo, David, 1504……………………………………………………………44 Figure 3: Bernini, David, 1624…………………………………………………………………..45 Figure 4: Donatello, David, 1408-1409………………………………………………………….46 Figure 5: Taddeo Gaddi, David, 1330…………………………………………………………...47 Figure 6: Donatello, Saint Mark, 1411…………………………………………………………..48 Figure 7: Andrea del Verrocchio, David, 1473-1475……………………………………………49 Figure 8: Bernini, Monsignor Montoya, 1621-1622……………………………………………..50 Figure 9: Bernini, Damned Soul, 1619…………………………………………………………..51 Figure 10: Annibale Carracci, Polyphemus and Acis, 1595-1605……………………………….52 Figure 11: Anavysos Kouros, 530 BCE………………………………………………………….53 Figure 12: Polykleitos, Doryphoros, 450-440 BCE……………………………………………..54 Figure 13: Praxiteles, Hermes and Dionysus, 350-330 BCE…………………………………….55 Figure 14: Myron, Discobolus, 460-450 BCE…………………………………………………...56 Figure 15: Agasias, Borghese Gladiator, 101 BCE……………………………………………...57 Introduction “And there came out from the camp of the Philistines a champion named Goliath, of Gath, whose height was six cubits and a span. He had a helmet of bronze on his head, and he was armed with a coat of mail; the weight of the coat was five thousand shekels of bronze. -
Love in Control by HEIDI J
68 © 2016 The Institute for Faith and Learning at Baylor University Due to copyright restrictions, this image is only available in the print version of Christian Reflection. Botticelli draws freely from mythological figures to create a moral allegory of chaste and pure love controlling the sensual passions. Sandro Botticelli (1445-1510), PALLAS AND THE CENTAUR (c. 1482). Tempera on canvas. 81½“ x 58¼”. Galleria degli Uffizi, Florence. Photo: Scala / Art Resource, NY. Used by permission. © 2016 The Institute for Faith and Learning at Baylor University 69 Love in Control BY HEIDI J. HORNIK y the 1480s, Sandro Botticelli was one of the leading painters of the Renaissance and was working for the Medici family. Many works of Bthis period, often considered his masterpieces, use mythological sub- jects to blend contemporary historical references and moral instruction. Pallas and the Centaur, which is recorded in the 1498-1499 inventory as “Camilla and a Satyr,” originally was hung in the “old house” of the Medici family in a ground floor room alongside the chamber of Lorenzo, together with the Primavera.1 The old palace on Via Larga was owned by Lorenzo and Pierfrancesco de’ Medici, cousins of Lorenzo the Magnificent. The female figure with long blonde hair wears a wreath of olive branches with a diamond at the top. Her white, transparent gown is decorated with linked balls or circles, perhaps a symbol of the Medici family crest. She wears leather boots and bears defensive weapons—a diamond-crusted halberd (combined spear and battle axe) and a shield on her back.2 The centaur submits to her, despite his having a bow and quiver of arrows.