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July 7, 1972

Chairman Mao Meets Prime Minister Sirimavo Bandaranaike

Unity of Revolutionary Cadres — A Guarantee of Victory

China and Guyana Establish Diplomatic Relations

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PEKING Vol. 15, No. 27 July 7, 1972

REVIEW Published in English, French, Spanish Japanese and German editions

CONTENTS

THE WEEK 3

Chairman Mao Meets Prime Minister Sirimavo Bandaranaike Prime Minister Bandaranaike Leaves Peking New Members for the Party National Tournament Closes China and Guyana Establish Diplomatic Relations Lao Patriotic Front Delegation in China China — Viet Nam

ARTICLES AND DOCUMENTS

Unity of Revolutionary Cadres — A Guarantee of Victory 6 In Changchiakou City: Cadres' Class tor Studying Theory 9 No War Escalation Can Save U.S. Imperialism From Defeat in Viet Nam — Renmin Ribao Commentator 10 New U.S. Imperialist Crimes Against Vietnamese People 11 Uruguay: Politico-Economic Crisis and People's Struggle 12 Serious Environmental Pollution in United States 13 Tibet Autonomous Region: Bank Accounts for Emancipated Serfs 14 Thirty Years in Search of Better Wheat Strains — Chao Hung-chang 15

FRIENDSHIP LOG 20

ROUND THE WORLD 21

U.N. Security Council: Israeli Aggression Against Lebanon Condemned Japan: Sato Government's Anti-China Stand Protested U.S.A.: Unemployment Situation Unimproved

ON THE HOME FRONT 23

Rapeseed Output Increases Peasants' Ait

Published every Friday by PEKING REVIEW Peking (37), China Post Office Registration No. 2-922 Printed in the People's Republic of China

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THE WEEK

Chairman Mao Meets Prime Minister Sirimavo Bandaranaike

CHAIRMAN Mao, the great leader of the Chinese people, met Mme. Sirimavo Bandaranaike, Prime Minister of the Re­ public of Sri Lanka, at Chungnanhai in Peking on the evening of June 28.

When Prime Minister Sirimavo Banda­ ranaike arrived at Chungnanhai, Chairman Mao cordially shook hands with her and warmly welcomed her to China. They had a sincere and friendly talk.

Present on the occasion were Premier Chou En-lai, Assistant Foreign Minister Wang Hai-jung and interpreter Tang Wen- sheng.

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Prime Minister Bandaranaike China and Sri Lanka, consolidating at the top of the right side of the and developing friendly relations page. Leaves Peking and co-operation between the two The same issue of Renmin Ribao "The few days which I have spent countries and reinforcing the Afro- had a report about some 11,600 new in Peking have been full of pleasant Asian cause of unity against impe­ members admitted into the Party and instructive experiences. I have rialism. since 1968 from Peking's industrial visited many places of interest where Referring to the matter of aid, and communications enterprises. The I have seen the people of China at Premier Chou said: "It is our boun- majority of these new Party members work building their economy. I have den internationalist duty to support are outstanding workers, many of seen performances of the arts and and assist Afro-Asian countries in whom have been working for more sports. I have visited historical developing their national economies. than a decade, and quite a number sites. ... I have also had the op­ However, as China's economy is still are women. portunity during my stay of meeting comparatively backward, the mate­ a number of leaders of your Gov­ The new Party members give top rial aid we provide is limited. Fur­ priority to conscientious study of the ernment. I was deeply honoured to thermore, we have consistently be received by Chairman Mao works of Marx, Engels, Lenin and held that assistance is always mutual. Stalin and Chairman Mao's works. Tsetung. It was indeed a great pleas­ We believe that along with the ure for me to renew acquaintance The more than 130 new Party mem­ development of friendly relations be­ bers in the Peking No. 2 Public with Premier Chou En-lai. ... I tween our two countries, such mutual have had a very useful exchange of Works Company, for example, have support and help will steadily spent over a year studying Chairman views with your Prime Minister on increase." matters of bilateral and internation­ Mao's live essays on philosophy. An agreement on economic and al questions and I am happy to say Some have also completed studies of technical co-operation and an agree­ that our discussions reveal a great such Marxist-Leninist classics as The ment on construction of a cotton similarity of outlook and sympathy Manifesto of the Communist Party, spinning, weaving, printing and for our position. We are particularly Critique of the Gotha Programme, dyeing mill were signed on June 29 gratified to have the assurance of the The Civil War in France, and The in Peking between the Governments People's Republic of China of their State and Revolution. In their studies of the People's Republic of China continued support for our proposal they earnestly strive to master the and the Republic of Sri Lanka. for a peace zone in the Indian Marxist-Leninist stand, viewpoint Ocean. We have also had fruitful On June 26, Vice-Chairman Soong and method and use them to guide discussions on continued economic Ching Ling met Prime Minister their practice. co-operation between our two coun­ Bandaranaike. On June 27, the Despite being handicapped by poor tries and we have been able to con­ Prime Minister presented a baby eyesight and little schooling and a clude an agreement covering projects elephant to China's children on be­ full working day, Sun Hsiu-yi, a 55- in which the Government of the half of the children of Sri Lanka. year-old veteran worker at the People's Republic of China will On June 30, the distinguished guests Peking General Knitwear Mill, has assist us." from Sri Lanka left Peking. Seeing after joining the Party managed to them off at the airport were Chou squeeze time every day to devote him­ This is part of the speech by Mme. En-lai, Yeh Chien-ying, Li Hsien- self to study. He often takes notes Sirimavo Bandaranaike. Prime nien, Kuo Mo-jo, Chi Peng-fei, Wu too. He studies dialectical material­ Minister of the Republic of Sri Teh and other Chinese leaders as ism and in work he always gives first Lanka, at the banquet she gave on well as 5,000 well-wishers. place to practice. Last year he led a the eve of her departure from Peking team of workers and technicians to to visit other Chinese cities. She work out, after repeated trials, an also expressed her hope in this speech New Members for the Party important technical innovation which that "it will be always possible for vastly improved the quality of our two countries to work together The Communist Party of China bleaching and dyeing. in this spirit of understanding and marked its 51st anniversary on amity and that the immense good­ July 1, and Renmin Ribao front­ Following Chairman Mao's directive will generated on this visit will be a paged a photograph of Chairman Mao that "the Party organization should permanent feature of our future accompanied by this quotation of his: be composed of the advanced ele­ relations." "The force at the core leading our ments of the proletariat; it should be Premier Chou En-lai, in his speech cause forward is the Chinese Com­ a vigorous vanguard organization at the banquet, spoke highly of munist Party. The theoretical basis capable of leading the proletariat Sri Lanka's Prime Minister's cur­ guiding our thinking is Marxism- and the revolutionary masses in the rent state visit to China. He said that Leninism." Two slogans "Long live fight against the class enemy," it was a big event in the annals of the great Communist Party of the new Party members energetically relations between China and Sri China!" and "Long live our great defend Chairman Mao's revolutionary Lanka and that it has made positive leader Chairman Mao!" expressing line, and are foremost in criticizing contributions towards strengthening the heartfelt wish of the people and repudiating the counter-revolu­ friendship between the peoples of throughout the country were printed tionary revisionist line of Liu Shao­

4 Peking Review, No. 27 Scanned and prepared by It's Right to Rebel! irtr.org/cra IRTR Cultural Revolution Archive [email protected] chi and other political swindlers like football and table tennis team com­ Over 3,000 youngsters performed him. petitions and the first six places in group calisthenics at the closing the badminton team competition, as ceremony. Party organizations at every level well as to the winners and runners- teach Party members to have in mind up in the individual table tennis and the great, long-range aim of realizing China and Guyana Establish badminton events. communism, and at the same time do Diplomatic Relations their best at their own job. Su Yu- On July 2, a closing ceremony The Representative of the Govern­ hua, who became a bus conductor took place at the Peking Workers' ment of the People's Republic of after finishing middle school, dili­ Stadium, which was attended by China Pei Tsien-chang and the Rep­ gently studies Marxism-Leninism- leading comrades of the Party and resentative of the Government of Mao Tsetung Thought. She devotes Government Yeh Chien-ying, Yao the Co-operative Republic of Guyana herself to serving the people whole­ Wen-yuan, Li Hsien-nien, Chi Teng- John Carter signed in London on heartedly. After she was admitted kuei, Li Teh-sheng, Wang Tung- June 27 the Joint Communique on into the Party in 1970 she redoubled hsing, Hua Kuo-feng, Wu Teh and the Establishment: of Diplomatic Re­ her efforts and showed much initia­ others. lations Between the People's Republic tive and ingenuity in her work. She of China and the Co-operative Re­ frequently spends off-hours with The players filed into the arena public of Guyana. The text follows: fellow conductors visiting some three amid strains of a military march. A "The Government of the Peo­ dozen factories and enterprises along contingent of 120 girls carrying ple's Republic of China and the Gov­ her route to collect the masses' flowers were first to enter the sta­ ernment of the Co-operative Republic opinions so as to continually provide dium infield with a placard bearing a of Guyana, through their specially improved service to the people. facsimile of Chairman Mao's inscrip­ appointed representatives meeting in tion mentioned above. They were London, have held friendly consulta­ flanked by columns of athletes from tions during which they have re­ the Chinese P.L.A. and various parts viewed the Agreement for the Mutual National Tournament Closes of the country. As they marched Establishment of Trade Missions con­ in, they were warmly applauded by cluded in Peking on November 14, Held in commemoration of the the 80,000 spectators who packed the 1971 and the relations established be­ 20th anniversary of Chairman Mao's stadium. tween the two Governments and the inscription "Promote physical cul­ two peoples on this basis. The two ture and sports and build up the Wang Meng, Minister of the sides have expressed their satisfac­ people's health," the 1972 National Physical Culture and Sports Com­ tion with the inauguration and opera­ Basketball, Volleyball, Football, Table mission, praised the tournament for tion of these arrangements and have Tennis and Badminton Tournament its success. He said: "Following agreed upon steps for the further closed on July 2. During the 22-day Chairman Mao's teaching 'the line is development of the relations between competitions, the athletes put into the key link; once it is grasped, China and Guyana. action the policy of "friendship first, everything falls into place,' through­ "Both Governments confirm their competition second" and displayed out the tournament the players adherence to the principles of mutual fine sportsmanship and a high stand­ used Marxism-Leninism-Mao Tsetung respect for sovereignty and territo­ ard of play. The tournament re­ Thought as their weapon to criticize rial integrity, of non-interference in flected the new outlook of the men the internal affairs of each other, of and women athletes who have been the revisionist line of Liu Shao-chi equality and of mutual benefit and steeled in the Great Proletarian Cul­ and other political swindlers, publi­ consider that the further develop­ tural Revolution. It also showed the cized Chairman Mao's revolutionary ment of the relations between the flourishing of socialist sports in line on physical culture and sports in two countries on the basis of these China and the vigorous growth of a thoroughgoing way. and upheld the principles is to the mutual advantage new forces. orientation of serving the workers, of the two countries and of their peasants and soldiers. Competitors peoples. A prize-awarding ceremony was from all fronts of endeavour, from held on July 1 at; Peking's Capital the various nationalities and from "Accordingly, the Government of Gymnasium. Among those attending the P.L.A., played matches and the People's Republic of China and were leading comrades of the Party gave exhibitions in factories, rural the Government of the Co-operative and state Chou En-lai, Chiang Ching, people's communes, schools and other Republic of Guyana, in conformity Yeh Chien-ying, Chang Chun-chiao, grass-roots units, where they received with their common desire to develop Yao Wen-yuan, Li Hsien-nien. Chi further the friendly relations and an enthusiastic welcome from the Teng-kuei. Li Teh-sheng. Wang Tung- co-operation between their two masses. Chairman Mao's revolution­ hsing, Hua Kuo-feng and Wu Teh. countries, have decided to establish ary line on sports has struck deep diplomatic relations at ambassadorial Medals and certificates were given roots among the people, and this is level effective from this date. The to the teams taking the first 12 bound to bring new progress to places in the basketball, volleyball, sports in China." (Continued on p. 18.)

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Unity of Revolutionary Cadres — A Guarantee of Victory

HE Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution in China non-proletarian ideology it launched have raised the T has brought new vitality to veteran cadres and Marxist-Leninist level of cadres throughout the Party. maturity to new cadres. Tens of millions of cadres are In 1964, Chairman Mao summed up the historical ever more closely united around the Party's Central experience of the dictatorship of the proletariat inside Committee headed by Chairman Mao. Playing a back­ and outside the country. To ensure that our Party and bone role, they are leading the masses in their hun­ state would not change their political colour, he put. dreds of millions in carrying out Chairman Mao's rev­ forth five requirements for the training and upbringing olutionary line. Historical facts of revolutionary of successors to the revolutionary cause of the pro­ struggle have proved that one important reason for letariat.* The new Party Constitution adopted by the the vigorous and flourishing state of our Party today Ninth Party Congress set these as the basic require­ and the stability of our proletarian dictatorship is our ments for all Party members. staunch and united ranks of cadres. In the past several decades, our Party has followed Selection and Training of Cadres Chairman Mao's proletarian line on cadres and per­ sisted in educating them in Marxism-Leninism-Mao Chairman Mao has pointed out: "The overwhelm­ Tsetung Thought, eliminated the interference of "Left" ing majority of the cadres are good; those who are and Plight opportunism and brought up large numbers not good are very few in number." "Have faith in of outstanding cadres on every front of endeavour. the majority of the cadres and of the masses — this is the most fundamental principle." Our Party's cadres have grown up and become strong in the course of fierce class struggles and the The masses of the people are the real motive force struggle between the two lines. In the great struggle in the making of world history. A fundamental Marx­ of the democratic revolution, they fought heroically ist-Leninist principle is to have faith in the masses. and arduously, tempered themselves in protracted rev­ The broad ranks of our Party cadres are activists from olutionary wars and contributed to the Party and the among the workers, poor and lower-middle peasants, people. In socialist revolution and socialist construc­ revolutionary armymen, revolutionary intellectuals tion, they have persevered in continuing the revolution and other revolutionary elements who have emerged under the dictatorship of the proletariat, worked hard, in protracted revolutionary struggles and mass move­ and diligently served the people. ments. Coming from the people, they serve the people and are the backbone force of the revolution. Faith in * Requirements for successors to the revolutionary cause the majority of the cadres is in complete accord with of the proletariat: faith in the majority of the masses. They must be genuine Marxist-Leninists and not revi­ sionists like Khrushchov wearing the cloak of Marxism- Chairman Mao laid down for our Parly a whole Leninism. series of policies on the selection, training and use of They must be revolutionaries who wholeheartedly serve cadres. He long ago set the criterion for selecting the overwhelming majority of the people of China and the a cadre as someone who should be "resolute in carry­ whole world. ing out the Party line, keeps to Party discipline, has They must be proletarian statesmen capable of uniting and working together with the overwhelming majority. Not close ties with the masses, has the ability to find his only must they unite with those who agree with them, they bearings independently, and is active, hard-working must also be good at uniting with those who disagree and and unselfish." He often enjoins the cadres to "prac­ even with those who formerly opposed them and have since tise Marxism, and not revisionism," to gain a dialectical been proved wrong in practice. and historical materialist world outlook and oppose They must be models in applying the Party's democratic centralism, must master the method of leadership based on idealism and metaphysics, to have political foresight. the principle of "from the masses, to the masses," and must to possess in full the spirit of struggle and the spirit cultivate a democratic style and be good at listening to the of sacrifice, to have largeness of mind, to be staunch masses. and active and to serve the people wholeheartedly. The They must be modest and prudent and guard against successive rectification campaigns carried out in our arrogance and impetuosity; they must be imbued with the spirit of self-criticism and have the courage to correct Party and the struggles of proletarian ideology against mistakes and shortcomings in their work.

6 Peking Review, No. 27

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It is only natural and inevitable that class struggle for usurping Party power and restoring capitalism by in society will find reflection in the Party and in the getting rid of our revolutionary cadres, particularly ranks of cadres. There is nothing strange that a small those revolutionary leading cadres who have devoted number of bad elements and some new-born bourgeois themselves to the Party's cause for years and persisted elements should sneak into the ranks of our Party's in carrying out Chairman Mao's revolutionary line. cadres. Chairman Mao said: "It is imperative to main­ But facts have proved they were only day-dreaming. tain sharp vigilance in all departments, to be good at seeing through those who pretend to support the rev­ olution but actually oppose it, to clear them out on all Unity — Most Valuable Weapon our fronts, and thus defend the great victories we have Chairman Mao has pointed out: "Unite, and don't already won and those yet to be won." This is pre­ split." This is a fundamental principle in Party build­ cisely the course our Party has followed. In the various ing. To bring about unity among the Party's cadres, political movements, and especially in the Great Pro­ we must resolutely oppose the mountain-stronghold letarian Cultural Revolution, we have ceaselessly mentality.* sectarianism and splittism. cleared out of our cadre ranks renegades, enemy agents, absolutely unrepentant capitalist-roaders and other Chairman Mao has taught us: "One is the interna! counter-revolutionaries and bourgeois representatives. unity of the Party and the other the unity of the Party However, bad elements among the cadres have always and the people. These are two most valuable weapons been only a very small handful. Even in those de­ for overcoming hardships, and all Party comrades must partments where power had been usurped by counter­ cherish them." revolutionary revisionists, the majority of the cadres are revolutionary or willing to take the revolutionary Leading the Chinese people in their great revolu­ road. Some may have been deceived for a time and tionary struggle, our Party shoulders the historic task committed mistakes, but once they realize the true of carrying the socialist revolution through to the end nature of the class struggle, they are able to draw a and eventually arriving at communism. To complete clear line of demarcation concerning the class enemy such a task, the Party must unite and rely on the and fight against him. Only an extremely small number masses of the cadres, keep in close touch with the will follow the handful of counter-revolutionary revi­ masses and turn its line and policies into the conscious sionists in being enemies to the people to the end. action of hundreds of millions. Our Party cadres come Facts in the Cultural Revolution have amply proved from all parts of the country and belong to every na­ this. tionality in China. There are cadres in army service and those working in the localities, old as well as new Acting in opposition to Chairman Mao's revolu­ cadres, and worker or peasant cadres as well as intel­ tionary line. Liu Shao-chi and other political swindlers lectual ones. By carrying out Chairman Mao's cadre energetically pushed the opportunist cadre line of line conscientiously, uniting with cadres from all quar­ ostracizing the majority of them. In the Cultural Rev­ ters and fully bringing into play their revolutionary olution, they spread the fallacy of "suspecting all and enthusiasm, it will be possible to unite the masses of overthrowing all" and described the cadre ranks as the people, isolate to the maximum a handful of class being completely hopeless. This fallacy runs counter enemies and attack them, and win victory in the to Marxism-Leninism-Mao Tsetung Thought and is revolution. reactionary through and through. The mountain-stronghold mentality and sectarian­ Liu Shao-chi and other political swindlers are ism are the foremost enemies of Party unity; organi­ agents of the landlord and capitalist classes who have zationally, they are expressions of the opportunist po­ wormed their way into the proletarian revolutionary litical line. They start out from the interests of the ranks, and represent the interests and demands of the sectarian clique in disregard of the revolutionary whole overthrown reactionary classes. They stand in opposi­ and hinder the Party's correct line from being im­ tion to the cadres and masses. Their negation of the plemented. They reflect the pernicious practice of the majority of the cadres means negation of Chairman landlord and capitalist classes and can only harm our Mao's proletarian revolutionary line, negation of the Party and subvert Party unity and the unity between proletarian revolutionary cause for which the broad the Party and the people. Allowed to develop, they ranks of the cadres and masses are striving. Uniting with the people, the cadres of our Party have spear­ * Mountain-stronghold mentality was a tendency to headed their attack against imperialism, feudalism and form cliques which arose mainly out of the circumstances bureaucrat-capitalism in the period of the democratic of protracted guerrilla war in which rural revolutionary revolution. In the socialist revolution period, their bases were scattered and cut off from each other. Most of these bases were first established in mountain regions. targets are the bourgeoisie and all other exploiting Each tended to regard itself as a compact unit, like a single classes. Liu Shao-chi and other political swindlers mountain stronghold, and this wrong tendency became thought they could prepare the way organizationally known as mountain-stronghold mentality.

July 7, 1972 7 Scanned and prepared by It's Right to Rebel! irtr.org/cra IRTR Cultural Revolution Archive [email protected] will inevitably lead to splittism, endanger the Parly's those between ourselves and the enemy, and those life and undermine the revolutionary cause. among the people themselves. We must thoroughly ex­ pose and resolutely expel from the Party proven rene­ All the chiefs of opportunist lines in the history gades, enemy agents, absolutely unrepentant capitalist- of our Party have gone in for either the Right or "Left" roaders and alien class elements and degenerates, so as opportunist line politically and mountain-stronghold to purify the Party ranks and consolidate its unity. To­ mentality, sectarianism and splittism organizationally wards comrades who have committed mistakes, however, in a vain attempt to split and undermine our Party. we should mainly use the method of education, following Chen Tu-hsiu first went in for Right opportunism, but the principle of "learning from past mistakes to avoid after the August 7th Meeting in 1927 he schemed future ones and curing the sickness to save the patient." to split the Party by colluding with the Trotskyites to In the Cultural Revolution, Chairman Mao again point­ form a so-called "Leninist Left-Wing Opposition ed out that "we must permit cadres to make mistakes Party." The ''Left" opportunist lines of Chu Chiu-pai, and permit them to correct mistakes. We must not Li Li-san and Wang Ming adopted a sectarian cadre overthrow them once they make a mistake." "We must policy which ousted and attacked comrades upholding unite with and educate cadres who have made mistakes, the correct line. To split the Party. Rightist Lo Chang- including those who have made serious mistakes, pro­ lung set up another Party Central Committee. Chang vided they do not persist in their mistakes and refuse Kuo-tao also set up one during the Long March in an to correct them after repeated education." effort to split the Party and the Red Army. After China was liberated, Kao Kang and Jao Shu-shih form­ In opposition to Chairman Mao's correct policy, the ed an anti-Party alliance in order to usurp the highest heads of the various opportunist lines have pushed an power of the Party and state. Peng Teh-huai opposed erroneous policy of "ruthless struggle and merciless the Party's general line and dreamt of usurping power. blows." In the Cultural Revolution, Liu Shao-chi and Liu Shao-chi and other political swindlers recruited other political swindlers obstructed and undermined renegades and turncoats and formed their private Chairman Mao's revolutionary line, pushing a line cliques, setting up a bourgeois headquarters in a vain which was "Left" in form but Right in essence — "hitting attempt to usurp Party and state power, subvert the hard at the many and protecting their own handful." proletarian dictatorship and restore capitalism. In doing so, they deliberately mixed up the two differ­ Under the wise leadership of Chairman Mao, our ent types of contradictions, brought confusion to the Party has firmly carried out the struggle between the class ranks and overthrew revolutionary cadres to pro­ two lines, overcome the successive opportunist lines, mote their henchmen and confederates so as to attain shattered the anti-Party sectarian cliques, repudiated the criminal aim of splitting the Party ranks, destroy­ their crimes of splitting the Party, and thus constantly ing its unity and usurping Party leadership. strengthened and consolidated our Party ideologically, We talk of unity on the basis of principle. Chairman politically and organizationally to achieve unity among Mao pointed out: "What do we mean by unity? Of the Party's cadres and the people of the whole coun­ course we mean unity on the basis of Marxism-Leninism, try and victory in the revolution. and not unprincipled unity." Towards cadres who have committed mistakes, the policy of "unity — criticism — Curing the Sickness to Save the Patient unity" must be adhered to. We oppose both the "Left" Marxism-Leninism holds that man's correct knowl­ tendency of wanting only struggle to the exclusion of edge of objective things can only be gained after a unity and the Right tendency of wanting only unity repeated process of practice, knowledge, again practice, to the exclusion of struggle. We must start out from and again knowledge. Man learns from his failures the desire for unity and expose their mistakes, wage and by correcting mistakes is gradually able to make active ideological struggle, analyse and criticize those his knowledge conform to objective laws. It is hard mistakes with a scientific attitude and distinguish be­ for cadres to completely avoid making mistakes of one tween right and wrong, so that they thoroughly under­ kind or another in the course of revolutionary practice stand the reasons for their mistakes, the circumstances due to various subjective and objective reasons. As in which they were committed and the ways to over­ Lenin pointed out about people "who make no mis­ come them, so as to avoid repeating them in future. takes": "There are no such men nor can there be. He is Cadres who have committed mistakes should accept wise who makes not very serious mistakes and who criticism modestly, do their best to overcome them, re­ knows how to correct them easily and quickly." mould their world outlook, and return to the Marxist- Leninist stand. The aim of exposing and criticizing "Learn from past mistakes to avoid future ones and mistakes is to "cure the patient," not "doctor him to cure the sickness to save the patient" is our Party's death." Therefore, we must adopt the principle of be­ principle in correctly treating cadres who have made ing strict in criticizing erroneous thoughts while being mistakes. lenient in dealing with these comrades organizationally. Chairman Mao has always stressed that in waging We must have a careful attitude in handling cases of inner-Party struggle, we must first be clear on who are individual comrades, neither glossing over things nor our enemies and who are the people, and make a strict harming comrades, giving them a chance to correct their distinction between the two types of contradictions — errors, giving them work and trust, and letting them

8 Peking Review, No. 27 Scanned and prepared by It's Right to Rebel! irtr.org/cra IRTR Cultural Revolution Archive [email protected] make new contributions to the cause of the Party and ideological and political line. Chairman Mao's line and the people. Only a unity on such a basis is genuine policies on this question is increasingly being grasped unity. by the people. Across China, from factories to villages, * * * from government organizations to schools, staunch, Thorough criticism and repudiation is being made united, vigorous cadre ranks arc leading the masses of of the counter-revolutionary revisionist line on cadres the people in carrying out the line formulated by the pushed by Liu Shao-chi and other political swindlers Ninth Party Congress in 1969, which is "Unite to win in the current nationwide education movement on still greater victories!"

In Changchiakou City

Cadres9 Class for Studying Theory

TO raise their theoretical level and. work ability in Second, the students should study Marxist philo­ terms of the actual situation, cadres at various levels sophical thinking to criticize idealism and metaphysics, in China are seriously studying the works of Marx, to foster concepts of dialectical materialism and histori­ Engels, Lenin and Stalin and Chairman Mao's works. cal materialism. They paid attention to studying the Study takes many forms. One is to run study classes following concepts: for new leading cadres at the grass-roots level, as the The concept that practice is primary. When they Hsuanhua District Party Committee in Changchiakou, first came to take up leading posts, some cadres Hopei Province, did. Since March last year, this Party paid attention to going deep into reality to give guidance committee has run five successive study classes, each to the work. After they had gained some experience on lasting about two months and with 100 participants. their jobs, they often tended to neglect the importance The cadre-students study excerpts from Marx and of serious investigation and study of the actual situa­ Engels' Manifesto of the Communist Party, Marx's The tion. This resulted in some plans and methods which Civil War in France, Lenin's Materialism and Empirio- did not conform to reality. In the light of this, the Criticism and The State and Revolution, and Chairman students were asked to study Lenin's teaching that "the Mao's On Practice and Where Do Correct Ideas Come standpoint of life, of practice, should be first and From? Emphasis is on the following three aspects. fundamental in the theory of knowledge" and Chairman First, seeing that some cadres knew little about the Mao's On Practice. This made them understand that a historical experience of the inner-Party struggle between man's correct ideas come from practice and that the two lines and were weak in distinguishing sham they develop as practice advances. If one stopped with Marxists from genuine ones, the Party committee a little experience, he would not be able to cope with a organized them to study the history of the inner-Party new situation. Only by continuous practice and struggle between the two lines and Chairman Mao's earnestly summing up experience can one come to know relevant works. Linking their study with their per­ new things, raise work ability and the level of his leader­ sonal experience, the students were taught to distinguish ship. between Chairman Mao's proletarian revolutionary line and policies from the revisionist line and policies of The concept of "one divides into two,"* that is, to political swindlers like Liu Shao-chi. learn to correctly analyse the situation and the work and overcome one-sidedness in thinking. While After coming to his post, one new commune cadre organizing the cadres to study theory, the Party com­ led the poor and lower-middle peasants in criticizing mittee asked them to examine the various manifesta­ Liu Shao-chi's plot to develop the capitalist economy in tions of metaphysics in their thinking. For example, the rural areas, and the collective economy of the peo­ when one talks about an excellent situation, he is easily ple's commune was consolidated and production went led to blind optimism and thinking that everything is up. But later, he showed he lacked knowledge of how good, and neglects the fact that there are still short­ political swindlers like Liu Shao-chi undermined the comings. When some problems crop up in work, one is revolutionary line and the Party policies from the ultra- very likely to negate everything and lose confidence. "Left." For example, he confused the distributing When one visits an advanced unit, he often does not methods arising from the socialist principle "to each according to his work" with "material incentive." see its shortcomings; but when he visits a unit that is When he studied Marxist-Leninist works in the class, he lagging behind, he often does not notice the positive summed up his experience and drew a lesson from it. factors there. When one views himself, he finds more He came to know that to defend Chairman Mao's line, he must be good at fighting both Flight and "Left" * See "The Theory of Two Points," Peking Review, errors. No. 2, 1972.

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No War Escalation Can Save U.S. Imperialism From Defeat in Viet Nam

by "Renmin Ribao" Commentator

N their statements of June 24, 25 and 26, 1972, the Thai reactionaries. In order to continue its military I Ministries of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of activities for aggression in Indochina, the United States South Viet Nam and of the Democratic Republic of Viet recently sent to Thailand large numbers of additional Nam sternly denounced U.S. imperialism for its crimes aircraft, including B-52s, as well as numerous American of intensifying the war of aggression in both south and troops which had been forced to withdraw from south north Viet Nam, bombing Hanoi's city proper and Viet Nam. Acting as a cat's-paw, the Thai reactionaries stopping up the use of Thailand in its war of aggres­ who are accomplices of U.S. imperialism in its war of sion against Viet Nam. The statements said that the aggression against Viet Nam, will come to no good end. Vietnamese people will step up their fight to smash the The heroic Vietnamese people are invincible. military adventure of the U.S. aggressors. The Chinese Fighting shoulder to shoulder with the Cambodian and Government and people firmly support the solemn Lao peoples, they have over the last month or so won and just stand of the Provisional Revolutionary Gov­ outstanding victories in resisting U.S. imperialism's ex­ ernment of the Republic of South Viet Nam and of the pansion of aggression. They are not alone in the strug­ Government of the D.R.V.N. gle. The people of the world stand alongside the Viet­ For more than a month, U.S. imperialism has namese and other Indochinese peoples. Closely related again and again escalated its war in Viet Nam by min­ like lips to the teeth, the Chinese and Vietnamese peo­ ing and blockading the ports of the D.R.V.N., sending massive air and naval forces to attack large rural and ples are brothers and comrades-in-arms who share weal urban areas in both parts of Viet Nam, and continuous­ and woe. No matter how much U.S. imperialism esca­ ly expanding the scope of its bombing, not slopping at lates its war, the Chinese people will, as always, res­ carrying out savage bombing of the city proper of Hanoi, olutely support the Vietnamese and other Indochinese capital of the D.R.V.N. These U.S. imperialist acts of peoples' war against U.S. aggression and for national aggression which are new crimes against the Viet­ salvation. The wild expansion of aggressive war by namese people have aroused strong condemnation and U.S. imperialism can in no way save it from complete opposition from the people of Asia and throughout the failure in Viet Nam or the whole of Indochina, nor can world. it change the fact that the Vietnamese people will win. In expanding its war of aggression against Viet Nam, U.S. imperialism is feverishly making use of the (June 28}

of the good points; but when he looks at other people, classes, they came to understand that whether one had he finds more of their shortcomings. The students then faith in and relied on the masses involved the question analysed the harm of such metaphysical thinking which of sticking to historical materialism or historical ideal­ deem that things are absolute, static, isolated and un­ ism. This understanding resulted in improvement in changeable. In this way, they learnt the viewpoints of work style — continuing to maintaining close links with dialectical materialism. the masses in every way and listening to their opinions.

The concept that "the masses are the real heroes." Third, in accordance with Chairman Mao's teach­ They study this in order to overcome self-approbation, ing that "the class struggle in the ideological field be­ and the work style of having no real faith in and not tween the proletariat and the bourgeoisie will continue relying on the masses, even becoming divorced from to be long and tortuous and at times will even become the masses. very acute," the study class put the elimination of bourgeois thinking and fostering of proletarian thinking Most of the cadre-students came from the grass­ as important content to be studied. The cadre-students roots level, from the masses. Having come to their studied the idea pointed out in the Manifesto of the posts, some thought that because they were there on Communist Parly that "the Communist revolution is behalf of the masses they automatically represented the most radical rupture with traditional property re­ the masses. This idea made them overlook the necessity lations; no wonder that its development involves the of continuously maintaining close links with the masses. most radical rupture with traditional ideas." Mean­ After they had studied the Marxist-Leninist thesis that while, they spent a certain period of time criticizing the masses are the makers of history in these study various bourgeois ideas which often corrupted cadres.

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They emphasized criticizing the thinking of chasing new societies, and the history of inner-Party struggle after fame, gain and position, and fostering the idea of between the two lines in order to help the students seeking not official posts but revolution. They criticized understand class struggle and the struggle between the certain comrades' tendency to look for an easy life two lines in a concrete way. After this kind of educa­ after being put into a leading position and cultivated tion, the students held criticism meetings to criticize the good style of plain living and hard work. the crime of political swindlers like Liu Shao-chi who The study class many times organized the students tried to change the Party's line and policies, undermine to visit exhibitions on the miserable life of the labour­ socialism and pull China back to its old misery. ing people in the old society, which offered class educa­ The cadres who took part in these kinds of classes tion. It also invited veteran workers, old poor peas­ thought it was very good to have this kind of study ants and veteran cadres to tell of the history of rev­ which linked theory with practice. Indeed, when they olutionary struggle in their factories or villages, the went back to their posts, they showed that their political different experiences of their families in the old and and ideological level had been raised.

Dykes. By continually attacking New U.S. Imperialist Crimes dyke systems and other hydraulic works in the midst of the wet mon­ soon season, the U.S. imperialists at­ Against Vietnamese People tempted to cause big floods so as to jeopardize the lives and property of T a press conference on June 29 The attacks have been spread from millions of people, Ngo Dien pointed A in Hanoi, Ngo Dien. Head of the southernmost Vinh Linh to the Viet out. Press and Information Department Nam-China border and from remote At a June 29 press conference, the of the Foreign Ministry of the Dem­ villages to Haiphong and Hanoi, the Vietnamese Vice-Minister of Water ocratic Republic of Viet Nam, capital. Conservancy said that from April 16 exposed the U.S. imperialist war Wanton bombing was calculated to to June 29 U.S. planes had bombed escalation crimes against north Viet bring the Vietnamese people to their dykes, dams and other hydraulic Nam during the last three months. knees. Targets included heavily works 79 times, with 20 large-scale Phan My, the Vice-Minister of Water populated areas, schools, hospitals, raids taking place in June alone. Conservancy, the D.R.V.N. Commis­ factories, co-operative farms, etc. sion for Investigation of the U.S. The U.S. imperialists also bar­ Having witnessed the savage bomb­ Imperialists' War Crimes in Viet Nam barously attacked people repairing ing of Hanoi, some foreign corres­ and foreign correspondents also have damaged dykes and dams. On June pondents reported the following: brought to public attention much 14, for instance, the local people were material about these crimes. The Bach Mai Hospital. A general hospi­ attacked by U.S. planes when they following are some of the main facts. tal in Hanoi, it has evacuated two- were repairing the damaged dyke on thirds of its patients since April when the Ma River in Thanh Hoa Province. Reinforcement Instead of the United States began large-scale Dozens of people were killed or Troop Withdrawal bombing of north Viet Nam. Those wounded. who stayed were either very sick or According to American data, Ngo Gas Canisters. Even more out­ had been seriously wounded in re­ Dien said, the U.S. imperialists have rageous. Ngo Dien observed, was the cent U.S. raids and needed emergency mobilized more than 1,200 fighters U.S. imperialists' use of C.S. gas treatment. On June 27, a U.S. plane and fighter-bombers, 200 B-52s and canisters in a number of areas in dropped a heavy bomb into the hos­ nearly 60 warships and 6 aircraft Thanh Hoa and Quang Binh Prov­ pital compound, killing one doctor carriers operating off the coast of inces. Viet Nam. Various kinds of bombs, and one laundry worker. Buildings, rockets, mines and improved elec­ housing various medical departments, The Commission for Investigation tronic equipment have been used. the therapeutical ward, the surgery of the U.S. Imperialists' War Crimes Despite the Nixon government's dec­ and the pharmaceutic shop, within in Viet Nam listed the following laration of continued troop with­ 700 square metres of the crater were facts in a recent communique. seriously damaged. drawals, the number of U.S. service­ On May 12, at 19:30 hours. U.S. air­ men taking part in the war in Indo­ Truong Dinh Residential Quarters. craft released two C.S. bombs on Eo china has in fact doubled in this With eight blocks of two-storeyed and Tan Son hamlets. Phu Xuan period. There are more than 40,000 buildings and a building with 40 Village, Quan Hoa District. Thanh on board those 7th Fleet ships alone. rooms, the quarters were occupied by Hoa Province; on the night of May working people. Four demolition 23 and the morning of May 24, 6 C.S. Extent of Attacks and blast bombs dropped on June bombs were dropped on Thach Ban- The U.S. imperialists attacked all 27 destroyed or damaged many of Thac Coc Area, Le Thuy District, of north Viet Nam, Ngo Dien noted. these buildings. Quang Binh Province. Over 500

July 7, 1972 11

Scanned and prepared by It's Right to Rebel! irtr.org/cra IRTR Cultural Revolution Archive [email protected] civilians in the two hamlets in Thanh the war "Vietnamization" policy from people in the north have shot down Hoa Province and hundreds of others defeat; it can only arouse widespread 260 American planes and set ablaze in the area in Quang Binh Province condemnation by world public or damaged 50 American war contracted skin and throat inflam­ opinion. He said: "Far from being vessels." mations, their eyes teared and there subdued, the Vietnamese people, Ngo Dien said: "The escalation by was continual sneezing. Twenty seething with hatred, are more united, the Nixon Administration is in itself seriously poisoned people had to be one-minded and resolved to step up a manifestation of failure. Fail, taken to hospital. the offensives and uprisings in south escalate; fail again, escalate more Viet Nam and to duly punish the frenziedly again until a more igno­ U.S. Imperialists Punished United States for its new escalation minious defeat. This is the law of the Ngo Dien pointed out that no U.S. in the north. For nearly three escalation of the U.S. war of aggres­ imperialist war escalation can save months now, the armed forces and sion in Viet Nam."

Uruguay

Politico-Economic Crisis and People's Struggle

Wave after wavc of strikes, rallies foreign debt has grown with the struggle. At the beck and call of and demonstrations by workers, stu­ years. It is estimated that in this imperialism and foreign monopoly dents and people of other strata op­ land of less than 3 million people, capitalists, the ruling clique is never posing imperialist plunder and de­ public and private foreign debts plus slow to call out large numbers of manding democratic rights and interest due on various loans total troops and police and use all kinds means of subsistence has rocked Uru­ nearly 900 million U.S. dollars. In of suppressive measures to deal with guay since the beginning of the year. other words, every Uruguayan has a the masses. The government pro­ debt of over 300 U.S. dollars. Uru­ claimed the June 1969 "emergency The rising tide of the Uruguayan guay's Minister of Finance Francisco security measures" to put down the people's struggle reflects the serious Forteza has said that foreign debt people's movement, but this only state of their country's politico- was "chocking the country." heightened political unrest in the economic crisis. The background to country. this struggle is given below. In an effort to case the economic crisis, the authorities fell back on the The new government which took URUGUAY is a country with large indiscriminate issuing of banknotes. office in March this year not only tracts of fertile land and natural But, like drinking poison to quench has continued to carry out its pre­ grazing areas. However, with its a thirst, this has worsened the situa­ decessor's suppression policy but has economic lifelines long in the hands tion by bringing on soaring prices gone about it with much greater zeal. of foreign monopoly capital, its and repeated devaluations of the Besides announcing a 50 per cent wealth has been plundered, its na­ peso. The 1959 exchange rate of the currency devaluation and a 10 per tional economy badly undermined Uruguayan peso was 4.11 to 1 U.S. cent increase in the prices of a whole and its labouring people live an ex­ dollar, by November 1964 it was 18.7, range of commodities so as to throw tremely difficult life. and now it is 544 pesos for 1 U.S. the burden of the economic crisis on dollar. Wage increases for the masses to the people, the new government Plundered by U.S. Monopoly of working people have fallen far presented a "national security bill" Capital behind price hikes with the result to the Uruguayan General Assembly By such means as granting loans that their real income has rapidly so it could crack down on the people with conditions attached, the U.S.­ declined. Prices in Uruguay in the even harder. On April 15, the controlled International Monetary past five months have gone up 50 per General Assembly approved the deci­ Fund in recent years has forced the cent and wage earners' pay can no sion to proclaim "a state of civil war" Uruguayan authorities to throw the longer keep them at the minimum throughout the country. On May 15, door wide open to imports and pro­ living standard. it decided to extend the "state of vide all kinds of privileges for U.S. civil war." In those two months, the goods so that they can be dumped Sharpening Class Struggle people were stripped of all dem­ into the country on a large scale. The serious economic crisis has ocratic rights. Innocent labouring Yearly deficits in trade with the brought about a serious political people were searched and arrested United States have forced Uruguay crisis. To oppose imperialist plunder indiscriminately and even handed to borrow money to make up for and exploitation, the people of over to illegal "military tribunals" them. The result is that the country's Uruguay have put up a steadfast for interrogation.

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High-handed action, however, can In April, workers and employees 500.000 workers, paralysed the whole never cow the people. The people of held many nationwide general strikes country and was a forceful blow at Uruguay have persevered in their in protest against the suppression of the reactionaries. struggle which is growing in scale the people and to demand abrogation In the course of their struggle, ihe and scope. In March, workers and of the "national security law." Participants in the struggle in May people of Uruguay have strengthened employees of various trades and pro­ represented more social strata. Mass their unity and are steadily growing fessions held two general strikes in rallies and demonstrations swept the in strength and are being tempered. succession. The March 22 strike in­ capital Montevideo and other parts Supported by the people of Latin volved 400,000 people. Some of the of the country time and again. America and the rest of the world, strikers held rallies and demonstra­ Medical workers and primary school they are bound to win final victory tions before the Ministry of Economy teachers and employees joined the in their just struggle no matter how and the Legislature to denounce the struggle. The June 1 nationwide gen­ difficult it is and how many twists government's economic policies. eral strike, involving more than and turns there are.

Serious Environmental Pollution in United States

ERIOUS air and water pollution Air pollution gravely imperils peo­ that drainage from factories and S in the United States has posed a ple's health. A U.S. health officer urban residential quarters amounts threat to the public as the U.S. was quoted as saying that exposure to about 45 trillion tons a year. All monopoly capitalists, interested only to polluted environments has clearly (he 52 major rivers in the country in superprofits, have indiscriminate­ been implicated as a causal factor in are polluted to a lesser or greater ly allowed filthy waste from in­ the increase in the incidence of many extent, varying from dirty, dirtier to dustrial plants to pollute the environ­ diseases. Deaths from emphysema dirtiest. They also vary in colour. ment. This is one aspect of the in the United States are twice as high Thus, one section of the Potomac country's deepening social crisis. in the cities as in the countryside and River turned bright red and the number of emphysema patients bluish green when the waste of dye Air Pollution has risen tenfold in 20 years. More stuff plants were dumped into it; Ash and soot spewed from facto­ than 14,000 people in an industrial river water in the south became ry chimneys and auto exhaust in the region fell sick after being poisoned milky white, polluted by waste from United States amount to more than by toxic gas from industrial plants textile mills; the petroleum industry 213 million tons a year, of which which had failed to disperse. Air turned the Delaware River black; over 47 million tons are toxic sub­ pollution has in these years claimed some mines gave some rivers in Pen­ stances from factory smokestacks, a vast death toll. In November 1969 nsylvania a touch of rusty yellow- and 31 million tons are auto pol­ in Chicago alone, 50 deaths were red. lutants, such as carbon monoxide, caused by air pollution. The Mississippi, the world's longest sulphur oxides and hydrocarbons. Air pollution has also brought big damage to U.S. agriculture, causing river, has long been "a ditch for car­ They produce dense smog that rying off waste and poison," and also plagues many U.S. cities. trees to wither, fruit to go bad, a drop in vegetable output, ruination the main source of man-made poison An American pilot has said that of grazing grounds and increasing polluting the Gulf of Mexico. Accord­ from about 250 kilometres beyond deaths of livestock. Such losses in ing to the New York Times (Febru­ New York one can see heavy grey California alone have amounted to ary 8. 1972). conditions in the Missis­ smog hanging low over the country's about 125 million dollars annually. sippi Valley have gone from bad to biggest city. Hundreds of kilogram­ Orchids used to grow in profusion in worse since 1968. Industrial waste, mes of polluted air are inhaled by New Jersey, usually referred to as insecticides and chemical fertilizer every New Yorker every year. Along the "Garden State." Not only has make up the main pollutants. The the Atlantic coast from New York the number of this flower gone down Mississippi, the paper said, is now so City to Atlanta, the air is polluted in recent years, but it is even dif­ filthy that swimming and fishing in with strong-smelling sulphur oxides. ficult to grow spinach there. it are virtually out of the question. Emissions of toxic pollutants into the air are also reported in California on In 1969. the Cuyahoga River near Water Pollution the Pacific coast. Los Angeles has Cleveland. Ohio, suddenly caught become a "smog centre." Even far Rivers, lakes and coastal waters fire and destroyed two railway out in the Pacific, Hawaii has been are seriously contaminated by in­ bridges. The fire was caused by pe­ covered with noxious smog in recent dustrial waste water, sewage and troleum which had contaminated the years. pesticides. Incomplete statistics show river.

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Many lakes once teeming with fish cury or other poisonous ingredients. for years. Under public pressure, the and aquatic animal and plant life Water pollution resulted in five per­ U.S. authorities have come out with are gradually becoming lakes no sons dead and 18,000 others sick in a promises of a cleanup. The U.S. longer containing life. southern Californian city in 1965. Senate has passed water-pollution- The five Great Lakes — Lake On­ Many people are drinking specially control legislation promising no dis­ tario. Lake Erie, Lake Huron, Lake bottled water. charge of industrial pollutants by Michigan and Lake Superior — have 1985. But this legislation "borders on deception," said the leading admin­ become in varying degrees poisonous Food Pollution lakes so that fresh-water fish catches istrator of the Environmental Pro­ have fallen drastically. In Lake Erie, Food pollution is also very serious. tection Agency William D. Ruckels- into which over 700,000 tons of waste Looking for more and more profits haus. "because it promises a goal are dumped every year, even worms and to boost sales, American food that we know we cannot reach." could not be found for years. The monopolies process their products Ruckelshaus added, "There is no mud in the lake bed was found to with synthetic flavourings, colour­ question that we face a difficult contain a high degree of mercury ings and other chemicals which are problem in restoring the nation's air which is harmful to human health usually detrimental to health. Amer­ quality to levels that will protect the and has also contaminated connect­ ican supermarkets are now flooded public health and welfare." More­ ing waterways, such as the St. Clair with chemically processed products, over, the monopoly capitalist class is River and the Detroit River. including meat, vegetables, bread, bleeding the working people on the cakes and drinks. They have become pretext of "pollution control." Thou­ Waters around the Hawaiian Is­ such a horror that some people have sands of millions of dollars have been lands are now so dirtied by effluvia tried to live on a diet of honey, spent every year to bring pollution — about 100 million cubic metres a cereals and coffee, but even this is down, Ruckelshaus admitted. "No year — that swimmers have to sail not safe. matter who pays directly," he said, away from the beaches to swim. "the individual ultimately foots the Contaminated drinking water has bill . . . pollution control will cost Popular Discontent posed a serious health problem to the the average American over 140 dol­ American people. It is estimated that Environmental pollution by the lars a year in 1975." Thus the Amer­ 100 million people in the United profit-seeking monopolists at the ex­ ican people are already paying States have to drink impure water, pense of public health has aroused dearly for pollution control without which sometimes even contains mer- widespread protests from the masses any visible results.

Tibet Autonomous Region

Bank Accounts for Emancipated Serfs

MANY emancipated Tibetan serfs more and more people to put money hsiang) and by commune members have opened new savings ac­ in the bank, which is a big change in 1971 were 3.2 times that of 1965. counts in branch offices of the Peo­ in Tibetan history. Fixed deposits (for periods of one ple's Bank of China throughout the In the Chengkuan District of year or longer) make up 64 per cent Tibet Autonomous Region in the last Lhasa, the average per-capita savings of the total amount. few years. in 1971 was 30 yuan. The figure was In old Tibet, usury ruined count­ Under the rule of feudal serfdom 57 yuan for pastoral Anto County less families. A 1951 survey of four in the north Tibetan grasslands, for generations, the former serfs manorial estates in Langtang and where the herdsmen persevered in and slaves did not own their own elsewhere revealed that 608 out of taking the socialist road and raised the 658 serf households — 92 per bodies, let alone anything else. livestock production year after year. cent — were in debt. Three big mon­ Moreover, they were subjected to asteries in Lhasa — the Daipung, merciless exploitation by usurers. Statistics for the entire autono­ Sera and Gerden monasteries — Now emancipated, they have be­ mous region for 1971 show an 11 loaned 33.13 million kgs. of grain at come the masters of new Tibet. per cent increase in total urban and rural savings as compared to 1985, usurious rates in the rural areas With the development of industry, the peak year before the Cultural alone. agriculture and livestock-breeding, Revolution, and a fivefold rise over Many serf families spent genera­ the Tibetan economy is constantly 1958, the year before the democratic tions trying to pay off usurious moving ahead. Commodity prices reforms. Bank deposits by rural and debts. The family of Tzujenkungpu, are stable. Rising income enables pastoral people's communes (or a former serf in Mechukungka

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County, was called by the strange overthrew serfdom, abolishing the Tibet's grain and livestock output nickname of "The Hundred Thou­ labouring people's debts to the nearly doubled in 1970. and there sand Ke." The appellation originat­ estate-holders and other landlords was another marked increase in 1971. ed from the time of his great- and freeing the serfs of usury once Where before the liberation not a grandmother, who once got a small and for all. Subsequently, the Peo­ single modern factory exist, Tibet loan. Usurious interest snowballed, ple's Government again issued large now has several hundred small and and what with cheating and swin­ numbers of agricultural loans free medium-sized factories or mines, dling by the serf-owner, in a few of or at nominal interest, thus help­ including power-generating plants, years, she was in debt for the stag­ ing promote farm production and woollen textile mills, farm machin­ gering sum of a hundred thousand livestock-breeding and consolidating ery plants, cement factories, tan­ ke, or 1.4 million kgs. of grain. For the collective economy. neries and sugar refineries. a hundred years or more, the family Today, in Tibet, the People's Tsehsueh. an old worker at the toiled under this back-breaking debt. Bank has greatly expanded its busi­ Lhasa Truck Repair and Assembly The blood and sweat of four genera­ ness. Industrial or mining areas Plant, is one of countless who ex­ tions earned them no more than four have branch offices. Credit co-oper­ perienced these great changes in to five thousand ke of grain, practi­ atives, which were first set up in Tibetan society. He alternated be­ cally all of which found its way to 1960, can now be found in all rural tween begging and holding sheep the serf-owner's granary, and yet and pastoral districts, and their for a serf-owner in the old society. they were still in debt. Such in­ agents in most communes or hsiang. His father died of ill treatment in a stances could be cited by the thou­ All these have actively served the debtor's prison. sands in old Tibet. peasants, herdsmen and workers, Things changed after liberation. After liberation, the Party's Cen­ helping out whenever need arises in Both he and his wife have become tral Committee and Chairman Mao production or daily life. workers, and they and their four showed the greatest concern for the The clirnb in bank savings testi­ children live well in a comfortable impoverished Tibetan peasants and fies to rising political consciousness home. They have wrist watches, herdsmen. The state immediately of the emancipated peasants and radio, trunks and furniture. They issued 1.33 million yuan in interest- herdsmen and the rapid develop­ have savings in the bank. Tsehsueh free loans to help them solve prob­ ment of the national economy as often says: "We have to thank lems in production and daily life. well as the improvement of the peo­ Chairman Mao and the Communist The democratic reforms in 1959 ple's livelihood. Compared to 1958, Party for our happy life today."

Thirty Years in Search of Better Wheat Strains

by Chao Hung-chang

The author of this article is a professor at the ular, I have gained a much deeper understanding of Northwest Agricultural Institute in Shensi Province and Chairman Mao's revolutionary line. a well-known plant breeder. He has persevered in taking the road of integrating with the workers and Only Socialism Can Save China peasants, and has established strong ties with them. While still a student at the Northwest Agricultural He has made notable contributions to breeding fine Institute before the liberation, I often came across old wheat strains and raising wheat yields in the area. peasants in the fields picking up wheat ears hit by — Ed. yellow rust, sighing: "It's all finished! Finished again!" I saw an old peasant woman sitting on a threshing BEGAN breeding wheat in 1942. In the 30 years ground weeping bitter tears. Most of her crop had been I since then, I have been able to develop several fine destroyed by midges, and all that was left to her after strains, thereby doing what little I could for the poor the threshing was one lone pile of sorry-looking wheat. and lower-middle peasants. But my road was not a All this made a deep impression on me. I began to smooth one; there were many failures and setbacks. I think that science could save China. I thought I could have lived under two different social systems — the old improve the peasants' miserable lot by devoting myself and the new. I have had personal experience of the to research in agricultural science. struggle between the two lines. After going through I carried on these studies for six or seven years. the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, in partic­ I did not understand then that the fundamental reason

July 7, 1972 15

Scanned and prepared by It's Right to Rebel! irtr.org/cra IRTR Cultural Revolution Archive [email protected] for such poverty in China was because the Chinese faction if nothing came of the crop. I promptly sug­ people were weighed under the three big mountains of gested that they throw out all the "6028" in favour of imperialism, feudalism and bureaucrat-capitalism. With­ some other crop. The peasants disagreed. They said: out changing the old social order, no science could save "No. we can't pull it out. If we do. we won't be able China. to deliver public grain to the state this year, and this'll In 1943, I succeeded in breeding a new wheat strain affect the War to Resist U.S. Aggression and Aid resistant to rust — "Pima No. 1." The reactionary Korea. We must do all we can to save it." I was thoroughly ashamed of myself, for while I was thinking government did not take the slightest notice of it. The about "face" they had nothing but the state's interests fruit of many years of labour, it got no further than the in mind. experimental stage. Dejected, I almost gave up research work to become a farmer. I attended a plenary session of the Chinese People's Shensi Province was liberated in 1949. The third Political Consultative Conference in spring 1957. I day after the People's Government took control of the heard Chairman Mao's famous report On the Correct Northwest Agricultural Institute, a P.L.A. representa­ Handling of Contradictions Among the People there. tive sought me out, asked me about my work and went Chairman Mao spoke on the subject of intellectuals re­ to the experimental fields to see "Pima No. 1." Sub­ moulding themselves. He said: "We hope that they sequently he discussed with me how to popularize this will continue to make progress and that, in the course strain. Special funds were provided by the Shensi of work and study, they will gradually acquire the Provincial Agricultural Bureau and 300 mu of land communist world outlook, get a better grasp of Marxism-Leninism and become integrated with the allocated by the institute to speed its breeding and workers and peasants." popularization. The state set aside 1,200 places for trial growing of this wheat on the wide plains of central Not long afterwards. I had a chance to study Chair­ Shensi. In only a few years "Pima No. 1" was growing- man Mao's Speech at the Chinese Communist Party's over large tracts of land from the central Shensi plains National Conference on Propaganda Work. In it, he to the lower reaches of the Yellow River. said: "Since their task is to serve the masses of workers All this gave me the greatest encouragement. I fell and peasants, the intellectuals must, first and foremost, deeply how much importance the Communist Party and know them and be familiar with their life, work and People's Government attach to farming and the ideas. We encourage the intellectuals to go among the peasants' livelihood. I resolved to do my utmost to masses, to go to factories and villages." These words raise new strains. Two years later, my efforts were brought home to me the fact that for all my contacts again rewarded with a new wheat strain resistant to with the peasants I had not really moved my feet over midges, which I named "6028." This, too, was speedily to the side of the workers and peasants and become one popularized. with them. To replace my bourgeois world outlook with the proletarian one, I must go to the countryside to be re-educated by the poor and lower-middle Integrating With Workers and Peasants peasants and go through a long process of tempering. Chairman Mao taught us: "This question of 'for In 1958, therefore, I went to the countryside to whom?' is fundamental; it is a question of principle." temper myself through manual labour. In sharing the This is just as true of plant breeding as of other things. poor and lower-middle peasants' life over a compara­ After the liberation, the socialist society provided me tively long time, I was constantly struck by instances with every facility for research, but an intellectual like of their integrity of thought and action, and this helped me must take the road of integrating with the workers me greatly in my ideological transformation. and peasants and thoroughly remould his old world A question arose as to whether a limited supply of outlook to be really able to serve the people. fertilizer should be used on my experimental plot of In this respect, I went through a long process of wheat, or on the production team's other wheatfields. repeated practice and knowledge, and constant ideo­ Again thinking of "face" if the experimental plot failed logical struggle. to get a high yield, I haggled about getting fertilizer. In the early period after liberation, I went to A production team cadre pointed out to me: "We must villages around the institute to help the peasants plant make a go of both the experimental plot and the other "Pima No. 1" and "6028." But because I had not got fields if we are to fulfil the state plan. You mustn't rid of bourgeois ideas and lacked proletarian feelings, think only about the experimental plot." These words I looked at things differently from them even though I touched me to the quick, and I realized my desire for was among them. "face" had led me in the wrong direction again. In spring 1953, for example, 1,600 mu in Meihsien Though I had taught "Plant Cultivation" for many County, Shensi Province, planted to "6028" wheat was years, I was not skilled in doing any field work —. hit by frost. When the peasants took me there to see ploughing, sowing or harrowing. There was the time if anything could be done, I found that the frost had when I was going to apply some additional urine been very severe. The "6028" looked as if it was un­ manure on the experimental plot. The production team equal to the blow. I felt this made me lose face, and leader tried to dissuade me, saying it had enough I had qualms about incurring the peasants' dissatis­ fertilizer as it was, and any more would cause lodging.

16 Peking Review, No. 27

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But I Celt I knew better. I may not know farm work because I've had no experience. I thought, but surely I've got enough learning to know when to apply fertilizer. So I went ahead. The upshot was all the wheat was laid flat. This was a head-on blow to my pride in my "learning" and my under­ estimation of the workers and peasants. My eight-month stay in the villages gave me a good chance to criticize my bourgeois in­ dividualist thoughts. Eating, staying with and working along­ side the poor and lower-middle peasants, my thoughts and feel­ ings gradually underwent some change with their enthusiastic help. We began to find a com­ Professor Chao Hung-chang (40th from right) getting poor and mon language, and mutual lower-middle peasants' opinions on his new wheat strain. liking and understanding in­ creased. I began to see things in their light. Their homes became my home, and from abroad could turn out any work of quality. He they no longer called me "professor" or "teacher," thought every teaching and research group must have but "old Chao." When the time came for me to somebody returning from abroad for the school to be leave, they saw me off with many tears. Some of considered to have a high standard. He told me: "There them even accompanied me all the way back to my are three people in your teaching and research group institute. now studying abroad. If you don't go, how are you going to lead them in future?" He evidently had the In integrating with the workers and peasants, I also mistaken view that scientific research is a matter for met with erroneous thoughts and trends in society. This the few, and that it should be divorced from the was another test for me. workers and peasants and serve the ends of personal The peasants liked "Pima No. 1" and "6028," and fame and gain. He did not consider it at all necessary these two strains were planted widely. One bourgeois for research work to serve the practical needs of current academic "authority" said sarcastically: "Chao Hung- agricultural production. chang would make a fine Labour Hero, but not a At the time, agricultural production throughout the scientist—all experience and no theory." Someone in nation was on the eve of a big leap forward. The the institute told me: "You'd make a good 'guerrilla peasants urgently needed new wheat strains to increase fighter,' but you wouldn't do in the regular army." yields. One or the other of my peasant acquaintances "You're passing up the big things for the small." All would often drop in at the institute to see me and say : this talk meant that they wanted me to go behind closed "Old Chao, how can we get those yields to go up?" I doors to do my research and write theses, and take the also remembered how, every time Chairman Mao wrong path of having theory divorced from practice. received us, he would, with deep feeling, enjoin us to Recalling Chairman Mao's teaching "The intellectuals solve in earnest the problem of raising the level of agri­ will accomplish nothing if they fail to integrate them­ cultural production. How could I leave my work to selves with the workers and peasants," I brushed aside go abroad in the face of Chairman Mao's expectations all these obstructions and continued doing research and the hope the peasants have in us? I refused the work while keeping in contact with actual production leading comrade's "good intentions," criticized his work. erroneous ideas, and firmly geared my research work Later, one of the leading comrades at the institute. to actual production needs. disregarding the research work I was then doing, wanted me to go abroad to study. Learning from Learning From Poor and Lower-Middle Peasants foreign scientific theory is certainly necessary, and we Since 1958, I had made quite a few friends among have always tried to do so. The question is how to the peasants, and established regular contacts with learn and why. This comrade thought that anyone who them. Practice proves that without them, my work in did not obtain a doctor's degree abroad would be un­ selecting and popularizing good wheat strains would be able to develop any theories of value; only people back impossible. In the course of breeding some new strain,

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I would ask them over at different intervals to give Learning from the peasants' experience, we went their opinions on its growth, and whenever the trials to the fields and repeatedly observed the causes of proved successful, I would send the strain to them to lodging in different weather changes, such as when a be tried out and assessed. I asked them to breed and heavy rain or windstorm was raging, when there was popularize the strain at the same time as they tried it a windstorm without rain, or when there was a wind­ out. In this way. the quality during the trial-growing less drizzle. The peasants have a way of classifying was greatly raised, the period of experiment shortened wheat strains by the shape of their leaves. One type of and the rate of popularization increased. wheat having slanting leaves proved to be resistant to The peasants were also my best teachers in the lodging. Finally, we were able to make a plan for pro­ course of breeding the new "Bumper Harvest No. 3." ducing a lodge-resistant, high-yielding wheat. In 1964, the new "Bumper Harvest No. 3" was born. When it During the big leap in 1958, the peasants asked for was proved to be good, it was quickly introduced to high-yielding wheat strains. I had never seriously con­ seven provinces in the lower reaches of the Yellow- sidered this question before. What kind of wheat would River. be high yielding? I lacked practical knowledge, and did not know where to start. So I decided to ask help Unprecedented changes have taken place in the from the poor and lower-middle peasants. I went to Northwest Agricultural Institute during the Great them to learn from their experience in getting bumper Proletarian Cultural Revolution. In order to implement harvests. Chairman Mao's educational line and build itself into a new-type socialist agricultural college, the institute Together with other teachers and students, I went opened an experimental class for the educational rev­ to several provinces, visiting high-yielding experi­ olution, and I was put in charge. At the same time. I mental fields belonging to the peasants or to different carried on experiments and research with other teachers, research organizations. We learnt much from their farm workers and poor and lower-middle peasants. We experience and, once set in the correct direction, built bred the new "Aifeng No. 1." Highly lodge-resistant up confidence in being able to breed high-yielding and with greater high-yield potential, it can obtain much wheat. In many places, I found the wheat grown by higher yields than "Bumper Harvest No. 3" and is now some peasants reaching as high as 900 jin per mu. This being trial-grown and popularized in many places in shows that high yields of 900 jin and over are possible. the country. In joint experiments with the peasants, we proved that, to obtain high yields, we must implement in an all-round way the Eight-Point Charter for agriculture* * The Eight-Point Charter for agriculture: soil (deep ploughing, soil improvement, general survey of soil and which Chairman Mao had drafted. "Seeds," however, land planning), fertilizer (rational application of fertilizer), must first of all be grasped as the "internal cause." water (building water conservancy works and rational use During my visits I had often heard peasants saying: of water), seeds (popularization of good strains), close "High-yielding wheat does not lodge. If it lodges, it is planting (rational close planting), plant protection (plant protection, the prevention and elimination of plant diseases not high yielding." This made me realize that we must and pests), management (field management), and tools first tackle the main contradiction of lodging. (innovation of farm implements).

(Continued from p. 5.) lishment of diplomatic relations be­ the two Governments again signed tween China and Guyana. It said: in the Guyanese capital an agreement Chinese Government will establish for economic and technical co-opera- its Embassy in Georgetown im­ "Though China and Guyana are tion. The development of friendly mediately. The Government of separated by oceans, the people of relations and co-operation between Guyana will establish its Embassy in our two countries have always sup­ China and Guyana conforms to the Peking as early as practicable. ported and assisted each other in the fundamental interests of our two struggle against imperialism and "The Chinese Government and the countries and peoples, and is also colonialism. Since Guyana's in­ Guyanese Government have agreed beneficial to the further promotion of dependence, especially in recent to mutually provide all necessary the friendship between the Chinese years, contacts and friendly relations assistance for the establishment and and Latin American peoples. and co-operation between China and the performance of the functions of Guyana have continuously developed. the embassies in their respective "The establishment of formal In 1971, trade delegations were sent capitals on the basis of reciprocity diplomatic relations between China by the two Governments on mutual and friendly consultation and in and Guyana adds a new chapter to visits, and agreements were signed accordance with international the annals of relations between the for the development of trade rela­ practice." two countries. We are convinced tions between the two countries and that friendly relations and co-opera­ On June 30. Renmin Ribao publish­ for the mutual establishment of tion between the two countries will ed an editorial acclaiming the estab­ trade missions. In April this year, develop further and friendship be-

18 Peking Review, No. 27 Scanned and prepared by It's Right to Rebel! irtr.org/cra IRTR Cultural Revolution Archive [email protected] tween the two peoples will steadily ings and give full support to the military equipment and materiel to grow in the days to come." people of Laos and other Indochinese Viet Nam. countries in their struggle against U.S. aggression and for national sal­ Present at the signing ceremony vation until final victory. No mat­ were Vice-Chairman of the Military Lao Patriotic Front Delegation Commission Yeh Chien-ying and ter what happens, he declared, the Vice-Premier Li Hsien-nien. in China Chinese people will always unite, fight and win victory together with On behalf of their respective The Delegation of the Lao Patriotic the people of Laos, Viet Nam and Governments, Li Chiang. Chinese Front led by Nouhak Phoumsavan, Cambodia. Vice-Minister of Foreign Trade, and Member of the Standing Committee Ly Ban, D.R.V.N. Vice-Minister of of the Central Committee of the Delegation leader Nouhak Phoum­ Foreign Trade, signed the agreement Front, and deputy leader Thao Mun, savan strongly condemned U.S. im­ and the protocol on the supply of Member of the Central Committee of perialism for its crimes of aggression ordinary materials. Peng Shao-hui, the Front, arrived in Peking on June against Laos. He said that under the Deputy Chief of the General Staff of 27 on a friendly visit to China and wise leadership of the Lao Patriotic the Chinese People's Liberation left Peking on July 5. Front and in close co-operation with Army, and Ly Ban signed the proto­ the fraternal Vietnamese and Khmer col on the supply of military equip­ Li Hsien-nien, Member of the people, the Lao people are determined ment and materiel. Political Bureau of the Central Com­ to smash Nixon's new plots and mittee of the Communist Party of defeat his attacks to encroach on the China and Vice-Premier, gave a liberated zones, NEWS BRIEFS banquet on June 27 to welcome the delegation. The Nixon clique must stop all its A Acting Chairman Tung Pi-wu war operations and, first and fore­ and Premier Chou En-lai on June 29 Among the guests at the banquet most, it must unconditionally stop sent a message to Gregoire Kayi- were General Duong Sam Ol, Mem­ bombing the territory of Laos, he banda, President of the Republic of ber of the Political Bureau of the stressed. The affairs of Laos must be Rwanda, expressing warm congrat­ Central Committee of the National settled by the Lao people themselves ulations on the 10th anniversary of United Front of Cambodia and without outside interference. the independence of the Republic of Minister of Military Equipment and Rwanda. Armament of the Royal Government The Lao Patriotic Front and the of National Union of Cambodia, and Lao people are determined to work in A The Cultural Group Under the his wife; Ngo Thuyen, Ambassador close co-operation with the fraternal State Council, the China-Albania of the Democratic Republic of Viet Vietnamese and Cambodian peoples Friendship Association and the Chi­ Nam to China; Nguyen Van Quang, and fight against U.S. imperialism nese People's Association for Friend­ Ambassador of the Republic of until complete victory, he declared. ship With Foreign Countries gave a South Viet Nam to China; Hyun Jun grand farewell banquet on June 28 Keuk, Ambassador of the Democratic Vice-Premier Li Hsien-nien and for the Ballet Troupe of the Opera People's Republic of Korea to China, delegation leader Nouhak Phoumsa­ Theatre of the People's Republic of and his wife. van held talks in a fraternal and Albania, which left Peking for home friendly atmosphere on June 28. on July 3. Vice-Premier Li Hsien-nien and delegation leader Nouhak Phoumsa­ A Premier Chou En-lai, Vice- van spoke at the banquet which Chairman of the Standing Com­ proceeded in a warm atmosphere of China — Viet Nam mittee of the National People's Con­ unity and friendship between the gress Kuo Mo-jo and others met and people of China, Laos, Viet Nam, feted Dr. Yang Chen-ning, a Chinese Cambodia and Korea. An agreement between the Govern­ physicist of American nationality, ments of the People's Republic of who arrived in Peking on June 24. Vice-Premier Li Hsien-nien said China and the Democratic Republic that the Chinese Government and of Viet Nam on China's supplement­ A The Chinese Government Trade people indignantly condemn the U.S. ary economic and military material Delegation led by Minister of Foreign imperialist policies of war and ag­ aid to Viet Nam for 1972 was signed Trade Pai Hsiang-kuo paid a friendly gression, firmly support the five- in Peking on June 28. visit to Pakistan from June 22 to 28. point political solution of the Lao During its stay, Minister Pai Hsiang- Patriotic Front and firmly support In accordance with the agreement, kuo signed a trade protocol for the just stand of the Indochinese two protocols were signed the same 1972-73 in Islamabad with the peoples for settling their internal af­ day by the two Governments. One Pakistan Government. fairs without outside interference. was on China's 1972 supplementary supply of ordinary materials to Viet A A Chinese gymnastic team left The Chinese people, he said, will Nam, the other on China's 1972 sup­ Peking on June 28 for friendly visits always follow Chairman Mao's teach­ plementary, gratuitous supply of to Yugoslavia, Romania and Syria.

July 7, 1972 19

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good luck. Therefore, Mithura is an accept the baby elephant Mithura, FRIENDSHIP LOG ideal choice to be a messenger of the gift you give us Chinese children goodwill and friendship. There is a on behalf of the children of Sri saying in our country that the Lanka. We thank you very much for Mithura — Symbol of Friendship elephant is an animal which never bringing us the friendly sentiments forgets and the choice of an elephant of the children of Sri Lanka. We During her state visit to China, as a gift from the children of Sri wish that Mithura, a symbol of the Prime Minister Sirimavo Bandara- Lanka is therefore a special signif­ friendship between the peoples and naike, on behalf of the children of icance in that it symbolizes their the children of our two countries, Sri Lanka, presented Mithura, a baby appreciation and gratitude." will grow sturdily." elephant, to the children of China. She also said that Mithura would Thanking the Sri Lanka Prime This was done at a ceremony in serve as a living symbol of the Minister for the gift, Premier Chou Peking on June 27 at the Capital friendship between the children of En-lai said: "I am sure Mithura will Gymnasium attended by Premier our two countries. "I have no doubt be loved by the Chinese children and Chou En-lai, Foreign Minister Chi that Mithura will thrive in its second will grow up healthily as a symbol Peng-fei and other Chinese leaders. home in China, growing in size and of the friendship between the peoples strength along with you the children of China and Sri Lanka." Amid applause. Mithura was led of the People's Republic of China into the arena by a skilled animal and keeping pace with the growing "To express their thanks for the keeper who had brought it from Sri friendship between the Republic of friendship of the children of Sri Lanka and his Chinese counterpart Sri Lanka and the People's Republic Lanka," he announced, "the Chinese from the Peking Zoo. It had multi­ of China," she said. children will present the children of coloured trappings with traditional Sri Lanka with a pair of white-lipped Sri Lanka designs made specially by At the end of her speech, Prime deer. We wish that the friendship a famous batik (wax-dyeing) artist. Minister Bandaranaike stepped down between the peoples of China and from the rostrum and presented Sri Lanka will grow from generation Speaking at the ceremony, the Mithura to Premier Chou and six to generation and remain ever Prime Minister said that the children Chinese children. Premier Chou green!" of Sri Lanka wanted her to present warmly shook hands with the Prime on their behalf a baby elephant to Minister and a representative of the the children of the People's Republic Chinese children presented her with of China. She said: "We have named Precious Gift a bouquet. This drew thunderous the baby elephant 'Mithura' which applause from those present. means 'friend' in the Sinhala lan­ Kangwon Province and Wonsan guage. In the traditions of both Sri In a speech of thanks, 12-year-old City, both on the east coast of the Lanka and China an elephant is Shih Chin-hsia told the Prime Minis­ Korean Peninsula, were where very generally considered an omen of ter: "We are very happy today to fierce battles were fought during Korea's Fatherland Liberation War, notably the battles of Height 1211 and Mount Sanggamryong, which had struck terror into the U.S. im­ perialists. During its Korean visit last May, the Shanghai Dance-Drama Troupe paid a visit to this region.

When the troupe arrived, repre­ sentatives of the Korean People's Army units stationed at Height 1211 and Mount Sanggamryong made a special trip of over 150 kilometres to see the performance and have an unforgettable meeting with the Chi­ nese comrades. Lieutenant Colonel Li Jung So from Height 1211 con­ veyed his unit's militant regards to the Chinese comrades-in-arms. He told his Chinese comrades: "Height 1211 now stands at the forefront of the struggle against U.S. imperial­ ism. It will belong to the Korean

At (he presentation ceremony. (Continued on p. 22.) 20 Peking Review, No. 21 Scanned and prepared by It's Right to Rebel! irtr.org/cra IRTR Cultural Revolution Archive [email protected]

gressor and the victim of aggression ROUND THE WORLD and other ambiguous wording and phrases.

U.N. SECURITY COUNCIL As Yasser Arafat, Chairman of the JAPAN Executive Committee of the Pales­ Israeli Aggression Against tine Liberation Organization, pointed Sato Government's Anti-China Lebanon Condemned out in his messages to the Arab Heads of State on June 23, Israel has Stand Protested After three days of discussion, the long sought a new massacre of the As announced on June 21 by U.N. Security Council adopted a guerrillas in Lebanon. It has repeat­ Japan's "Defence Agency," two war­ resolution on June 26 condemning edly carried out harassment and ships of the Chiang Kai-shek clique Israel for its armed aggression aggression on villages in southern on Taiwan would "visit" the Japa­ against Lebanon and demanding that Lebanon, plotting to make the Le­ nese naval ports of Sasebo and Kure Israel immediately release abducted banese army fight the Palestinian from June 28 to July 6. This was Syrian and Lebanese personnel. guerrillas in order to repeat the one more anti-China trick by the conspiracy by the Hashemite regime This is the second resolution adopt­ Sato government at a time when its of Jordan in September 1970 to sup­ ed by the Security Council on Israel's decision to step down had been an­ press the guerrillas. armed invasion of Lebanon. In Res­ nounced but the cabinet had not yet olution 313 adopted on February 28 At the emergency Security Council been dissolved. The purpose was this year, the Security Council de­ meeting, the Israeli representative to create difficulties and obstacles for the succeeding Japanese Gov­ manded Israel immediately stop all stood facts upside down by claiming military action against Lebanon and ernment in handling the question of that Israel's acts of aggression withdraw all its armed forces from Japanese-Chinese relations. This against Lebanon were in "self- the latter's territory. move by the Sato government im­ defence," and used the "terrorist in­ mediately aroused a strong protest However, within the short space of cident at the Tel Aviv airport" as a from the Japanese people. a few months since that resolution pretext for its aggression against was adopted, Israeli authorities, in Lebanon. The U.S. representative The Headquarters of the Japan- disregard of just condemnation by showed undue partiality for Israel China Friendship Association (Or­ the people of the world, have con­ when he described Israeli aggression thodox) issued a statement on tinuously carried out threats and against Lebanon as a 'deplorable June 23 saying: "In the name of military provocations against Le­ reaction" to "terrorism" by the all citizens who demand Japan-China banon. On June 21, Israel sent air­ "terrorist elements," trying to erase craft and ground forces to launch friendship and normalization of their the fundamental distinction between large-scale armed invasion against diplomatic relations, we lodge a the aggressor and the victim of ag­ southern Lebanon and kidnapped five stern protest with the Japanese Gov­ Syrian officers and one Lebanese of­ gression and calling for a so-called ernment and demand that it refuse ficer who were driving on a high­ "fair and balanced" resolution which to allow the Chiang Kai-shek clique's way inside Lebanon for a visit to the is actually beneficial to the Israeli warships to anchor in Japan." Lebanese army. aggressors. A protest was lodged by the Japa­ This is a wanton Israeli Zionist In his speech. Huang Hua strongly nese National Congress for the Res­ provocation against the Lebanese refuted the pretext of the so-called toration of Japan-China Diplomatic and other Arab peoples, a gross terrorist incident. He said: "The oc­ Relations to the following effect: violation of the U.N. Charter and ut­ currence of the incident at the Tel "The only legal government repre­ ter contempt for Security Council Aviv airport is unfortunate. How­ senting China is that of the Peo­ Resolution 313. In his speech at the ever, as is known to all, the root ple's Republic of China. Taiwan is emergency Security Council meeting cause of such incidents is none other an inseparable part of China's ter­ on June 23, Huang Hua, China's per­ than the aggression committed by ritory." That the Sato government manent representative to the United the Israeli Zionists against the Pales­ was permitting the entry of the Nations, strongly condemned the tinian and other Arab peoples over Chiang Kai-shek clique's warships Israeli Zionists for their criminal the past quarter century." into Japanese ports for a so-called aggression. He firmly supported the "goodwill visit" was "an attempt Lebanese Government and people in Although the Chinese representa­ to further strengthen the military their just struggle to resist aggres­ tive voted for the recently adopted alliance between Japan and Taiwan," sion, protect their territory and resolution, he had reservations con­ the protest pointed out. safeguard their state sovereignty. cerning the wording "deploring all acts of violence" in the resolution The protest made it clear that the There was another conspiracy be­ which makes no distinction between "Japan-Chiang treaty" should be hind the Israeli invasion of Lebanon. right and wrong, or between the ag­ abrogated; only then could the pre-

July 7, 1972 21 Scanned and prepared by It's Right to Rebel! irtr.org/cra IRTR Cultural Revolution Archive [email protected] requisite be created for the restora­ demned the Sato government for its cific coast provides an instructive tion of Japan-China diplomatic rela­ crime in intensifying the revival of example. The city had relied on the tions, which was now the unanimous Japanese militarism and strongly Boeing Company — a big U.S. demand of the majority of the Japa­ demanded that the Chiang Kai-shek monopoly and munition contractor — nese people. clique's warships get out of Sasebo for its "boom." With the U.S. finan­ cial and economic crisis deepening Conducted info port by warships immediately. daily in the last few years, Boeing of the Japanese "self-defence forces," The two warships sailed into Kure found itself in a crisis as a result the two Chiang Kai-shek clique's war­ on July 2. People in the Hiroshima of reduced military orders and the ships slipped into Sasebo on June 28. Prefecture working for Japan-China civil aviation slump. In the last friendship held a meeting and dem­ People from all walks of life in three years alone, some 67,000 work­ onstration in the City of Kure that the city on board three motor boats ers at Boeing plants were laid off. same evening, condemning the Sato immediately staged a demonstration According to an article in the May government for its hostile attitude in the port in protest against their issue of the U.S. monthly Ramparts, towards China and firmly opposing entry in the guise of "goodwill visit." 12 to 17 per cent of the people of the entry of the two warships into The angry cry "Chiang Kai-shek Seattle were unemployed. In some Kure. clique's warships get out!" thundered areas of the city, such as the central over the port. district, the figure is close to 35 per On the afternoon of that day, cent. In the first three weeks of U.S.A. 1,500 people held a protest rally in the release of surplus commodities Shimanose Park in Sasebo City. Unemployment Situation by the Department of Agriculture, Mass organizations taking part in beginning in January 1972, over Unimproved the rally included the Nagasaki Pre- 7,000 families, representing 24,000 persons, applied for food. Some fectural Congress and the Sasebo Despite repeated government 15,000 to 20.000 persons apply for Municipal Congress working for the promises of "full employment," the free food every week at the 37 food restoration of Japan-China diplomat­ U.S. jobless total in May remained banks operated by churches. The ic relations, the Kyushu Regional as high as 5.1 million, according to number of suicides in Seattle in­ Branch of the Japan-China Friend­ the figure released by the Depart­ creased by 20 per cent from 1968 to ship Association (Orthodox), the ment of Labour. The U.S. unem­ 1971. The monthly said: 'The point Nagasaki Prefectural Council of ployment rate (the ratio between is very simple: hundreds of thou­ Trade Unions, the Sasebo Regional the unemployed and the total labour sands of people in the State of Council of Trade Unions, the Naga­ force) remained at its 5.9 per cent Washington are depressed, confused, saki Headquarters of the Japanese peak for the third successive month, frightened, and hungry." Socialist Party and the Western the same as last year's average Japan Association for the Promotion unemployment rate, the highest in a A recent article in the Japanese of International Trade. decade. paper Asahi Shimbun 'Unemploy­ Participants at the rally said that ment Remains Unchanged — Bane of Unemployment was particularly the Sato government's "invitation" U.S." by its former special corres­ serious for workers belonging to to the Chiang Kai-shek clique's war­ pondent in the United States pointed minorities. May statistics showed ships was counter to the will of the out that serious unemployment, that the ratio for Afro-Americans Japanese people, especially at a time along with mounting robbery, mur­ and other minorities went from 9.6 when their campaign for Japan- der and other crimes, has become a per cent in April to 10.7 per cent China friendship and restoration of grave political as well as social prob­ that month. diplomatic relations between the two lem in the United States. "Give me countries was mounting as never Unemployment was concentrated a job" is heard in the United States before. The rally unanimously con- in major cities. Seattle on the Pa- every day, the article said.

(Continued from p. 20.) Chinese People's Volunteers against and bullet holes in this piece of the U.S. aggressors presented the wood which is no longer than two- people for ever. You comrades may Chinese comrades, on behalf of the thirds of a metre. Comrade O Sung rest assured that the eastern anti- heroic unit of the Korean People's Han said the gift is evidence of the imperialist outpost is as strong as an Army now stationed at Mount Sang­ fierce fighting on Mount Sanggam- iron wall." gamryong, with a very precious ryong during the war, and represents Lieutenant Colonel O Sung Han gift — a piece of a tree trunk left the great friendship between the of the Korean People's Army who over after the Sanggamryong battle. Korean and Chinese peoples which had fought side by side with the There are many U.S. shell fragments has been cemented in blood.

22 Peking Review, No. 21 Scanned and prepared by It's Right to Rebel! irtr.org/cra IRTR Cultural Revolution Archive [email protected]

see these pictures which remind them ON THE HOME FRONT of the past. Some said: "We must never forget our bitter past and we'll make revolution for ever!" After learning about the family history of misery of a poor peasant and associat­ Rapeseed Output Increases up her brush one evening, and a pic­ ing it with his own. one amateur ture of women picking cotton in the painted a group of pictures entitled CHINA has reported a big rise in fields was the result. Her painting The Anger of the Hired Labourer, For rapeseed output this year. The received varied comments from those the masses, such works have become total amount for the major rapeseed- who saw it. Some said: "There've living material for class education. producing areas, including Shanghai. been good cotton harvests every year. Kiangsu, Chekiang, Anhwei, Kiangsi, This painting hasn't clearly brought Poor peasant commune member Hupeh, Hunan, Szechuan, Yunnan. out the difference between this year Yang Chih-hsien who had done some Kweichow and Shensi, was about 20 and previous years." Others com­ good paintings neglected to take part per cent higher than the peak year mented: "It fails to show that we in labour and go among the masses 1971. plant cotton for the socialist con­ for a period of time and one-sidedly struction of our motherland." En­ pursued "techniques." As a result, Rapeseed is one of China's major lightened by these opinions, Li Feng- his works failed to attract the com­ oil-bearing crops, taking up about Ian consulted with the masses many mune members again. Later, he 40 per cent of the acreage growing times and thought of a new way to modestly listened to criticisms from such crops and making up one-third project the scene. With women pick­ poor and lower-middle peasants, of their total output. Party organiza­ ing cotton as the background, she studied Chairman Mao's Talks at the tions and revolutionary committees now emphasized a scene of a wide Yenan Forum on Literature and Art, at various levels in the main road in front of the cotton fields, and went back to farm work. Last rapeseed-growing areas have over with commune members taking cart­ summer, in order to complete a the past few years conscientiously loads of the new cotton to deliver and drawing of an overall view of a carried out the principle "Take grain sell to the state. In this way the water conservancy work-site in Hu- as the key link and ensure an all- painting vividly depicts the new out­ hsien County, he took part in labour round development." As a result of look of the poor and lower-middle and sketched the construction project effective measures for promoting peasants. at the site under a hot sun. Owing production and expanding areas sown to his persistence in doing labour and to rapeseed, output has climbed year Li Feng-Ian has done more than going among the masses, he came to after year. Using modern scientific 600 paintings since her first success­ understand more deeply the thoughts methods of cultivation and through ful effort. and feelings of the masses and this hard work, many localities overcame Works such as hers by peasants has helped him to create many fine natural adversities such as drought. play the role of uniting and educat­ works in recent years. wind, snow, hailstorm and frost and ing the people. On hearing about gathered a bumper harvest: this year. the misery of four generations of a Huhsien peasants took up painting Peasants are now enthusiastically poor peasant family under landlord in their spare hours in 1958. Their delivering and selling their rapeseed oppression and exploitation before ranks have since then been growing to the state as their contribution to liberation, a group of art workers, steadily under the leadership of the socialist construction. full of bitter hatred for the landlord Party and with the help of pro­ class, did The Fate of Four Genera­ fessionals. To date, a contingent of Peasants' Art tions, a set of pictures telling the about 500 art workers has been story. Many poor and lower-middle formed and more than 30,000 works WALL paintings, posters and car- peasants are deeply moved when they have been produced. toons by amateur local peasant artists are often seen in the villages of Shensi Province in northwest China. Some of their fine works are being shown at the current National Art Exhibition in Peking. Picking Cotton by Li Feng-Ian, a woman commune member, is a favourite of visitors to the exhibition. The mother of four, she takes part in collective productive labour in the day and studies painting at night. When her commune had a bumper cotton harvest last year, she decided to do a painting about it. She took "Picking Cotton." by Li Feng-Ian

July 7, 1972 23

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NEW BOOK On the Long March With Chairman Mao

by Chen Chang-feng

The world-renowned Long March which covered a distance of 25,000 li (12,500 kilo­ metres) was made by the Chinese Workers' and Peasants' Red Army under the leadership of the Chinese Communist Party and Chairman Mao during the period of 1934-36. By the end of 1933, the Kuomintang bandit troops had launched their fifth encirclement campaign against the Central Red Army in Kiangsi. Unfortunately, because the Communist Party was then dominated by the erroneous "Left" line, the Red Army could not break the enemy encirclement and was compelled to leave the Kiangsi base area and embark on the Long March in October 1934. Early in the Long March, the "Left" opportunists continued to carry out an erroneous line and more than once put the Red Army in a precarious position, bringing enormous losses to it. The enlarged meeting of the Political Bureau of the Party Central Committee in Tsunyi in January 1935 put an end to the domination of the "Left" opportunist line and established Comrade Mao Tsetung's leading position in the whole Party. Thus the Party and the Red Army were saved from imminent danger, and the Chinese revolution was able to surmount it. Under the correct leadership of Comrade Mao Tsetung after the Tsunyi Meeting, the Red Army frustrated pursuit and interception by hundreds of thousands of enemy troops, overcame innumerable hardships and difficulties and victoriously reached northern Shensi. Thus the Long March ended in triumph. This book is a record of the author's six years, 1930-36, of serving first as Chairman Mao's orderly and then as bodyguard. It records his impressions of the Chairman's life and work, focusing on the Long March, and the Red Army in time of trial. These re- miniscences of the revolution highlight the historical events of that period and vividly bring out Chairman Mao's revolutionary outlook and plain living. The book is illustrated.

132 pp 11 X 29.5 cm

Also available in Arabic, Burmese, French, German, Hindi, Indonesian, Japanese, Korean, Spanish and Vietnamese.

Published by: FOREIGN LANGUAGES PRESS, Peking, China Distributed by: GUOZI SHUDIAN (China Publications Centre), Peking, China

Order from your local bookseller or write direct to the MAIL ORDER DEPT., GUOZI SHUDIAN, P.O. BOX 399, PEKING, CHINA

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