Performance Analysis of a Residential Ground Source Heat Pump System with Antifreeze Solution
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Sector N: Scrap and Waste Recycling
Industrial Stormwater Fact Sheet Series Sector N: Scrap Recycling and Waste Recycling Facilities U.S. EPA Office of Water EPA-833-F-06-029 February 2021 What is the NPDES stormwater program for industrial activity? Activities, such as material handling and storage, equipment maintenance and cleaning, industrial processing or other operations that occur at industrial facilities are often exposed to stormwater. The runoff from these areas may discharge pollutants directly into nearby waterbodies or indirectly via storm sewer systems, thereby degrading water quality. In 1990, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) developed permitting regulations under the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) to control stormwater discharges associated with eleven categories of industrial activity. As a result, NPDES permitting authorities, which may be either EPA or a state environmental agency, issue stormwater permits to control runoff from these industrial facilities. What types of industrial facilities are required to obtain permit coverage? This fact sheet specifically discusses stormwater discharges various industries including scrap recycling and waste recycling facilities as defined by Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) Major Group Code 50 (5093). Facilities and products in this group fall under the following categories, all of which require coverage under an industrial stormwater permit: ◆ Scrap and waste recycling facilities (non-source separated, non-liquid recyclable materials) engaged in processing, reclaiming, and wholesale distribution of scrap and waste materials such as ferrous and nonferrous metals, paper, plastic, cardboard, glass, and animal hides. ◆ Waste recycling facilities (liquid recyclable materials) engaged in reclaiming and recycling liquid wastes such as used oil, antifreeze, mineral spirits, and industrial solvents. -
Boiler System Antifreeze -100°F Safety Data Sheet According to Federal Register / Vol
Boiler System Antifreeze -100°F Safety Data Sheet According To Federal Register / Vol. 77, No. 58 / Monday, March 26, 2012 / Rules And Regulations And According To The Hazardous Products Regulation (February 11, 2015). Date of Issue: 08/24/2020 Version: 1.0 SECTION 1: IDENTIFICATION Product Identifier Product Form: Mixture Product Name: Boiler System Antifreeze -100°F Product Code: 327XX, 32700 Intended Use of the Product Antifreeze Coolant Name, Address, and Telephone of the Responsible Party Company Star brite® Inc. 4041 SW 47th Avenue Fort Lauderdale, FL 33314 (800) 327-8583 www.starbrite.com Emergency Telephone Number Emergency Number : US: (800) 424-9300; International: (703) 527-3887 (CHEMTREC) SECTION 2: HAZARDS IDENTIFICATION Classification of the Substance or Mixture GHS-US/CA Classification Not classified Label Elements GHS-US/CA Labeling No labeling applicable according to 29 CFR 1910.1200 and the Hazardous Products Regulations (HPR) SOR/2015-17. Other Hazards Exposure may aggravate pre-existing eye, skin, or respiratory conditions. Unknown Acute Toxicity (GHS-US/CA) No data available SECTION 3: COMPOSITION/INFORMATION ON INGREDIENTS Mixture Name Synonyms Product Identifier % * GHS Ingredient Classification 1,2-Propanediol** 1,2-Propylene glycol / 1,2- (CAS-No.) 57-55-6 45 - 70 Not classified Dihydroxypropane / Propane- 1,2-diol / Propylene glycol / PROPYLENE GLYCOL Full text of H-phrases: see section 16 *Percentages are listed in weight by weight percentage (w/w%) for liquid and solid ingredients. Gas ingredients are listed in volume by volume percentage (v/v%). ** The actual concentration of ingredient(s) is withheld as a trade secret in accordance with the Hazardous Products Regulations (HPR) SOR/2015-17 and 29 CFR 1910.1200. -
Compact Heat Exchangers for Mobile Co2 Systems
COMPACT HEAT EXCHANGERS FOR MOBILE CO2 SYSTEMS A. Hafner SINTEF Energy Research Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Trondheim (Norway) ABSTRACT The natural refrigerant carbon dioxide (CO2) with all its advantages offers new possibilities of efficient heating and cooling at different climates. In reversible air conditioning systems the capacity and efficiency in cooling mode is seen to be most important. The efficiency of the reversible interior heat exchanger depends on the design of the heat exchanger. Efficiency reduction is among other factors caused by refrigerant- side pressure drop, heat conduction, refrigerant- and air maldistribution. Uniform air temperatures at the outlet of the heat exchanger are an important aspect regarding comfort and control of the mobile HVAC system. A prototype CO2 system with a separator, refrigerant pump and a single pass heat exchanger was tested under varies conditions. The tests were performed at low compressor revolution speed i.e. idle conditions. Compared with a baseline heat exchanger of equal size, the use of an external operated pump to circulate the refrigerant through the heat exchanger, increased the cooling capacity at equal pressure levels by up to 14 %. At equal cooling capacities the COP increased by up to 23 %. Airside temperature distribution was more uniform with this way of operating the system. 1 INTRODUCTION Several authors for example Hrnjak et al 2002, Nekså et al. 2001 describe CO2 systems where flash gas was bypassed the evaporator and thereafter reunified with the leaving gas of the evaporator. With such a system concept only liquid refrigerant enters the evaporator which has an positive effect on distribution of the refrigerant into 20000 the microchannels. -
Energy Saving Trust CE131. Solar Water Heating Systems: Guidance For
CE131 Solar water heating systems – guidance for professionals, conventional indirect models Contents 1 Solar hot water systems 3 1.1 Scope 3 1.2 Introduction 3 1.3 Safety 4 1.4 Risk assessment 5 1.5 Town and country planning 5 2 Design overview 6 2.1 Introduction 6 2.2 Solar domestic hot water (SDHW) energy 6 2.3 SDHW systems 7 3 Design detail 8 3.1 Collectors 8 3.2 Solar primary types 9 3.3 Primary system components 10 3.4 Secondary systems 11 3.5 Pre-heat storage 11 3.6 Auxiliary DHW heating 14 3.7 Combined storage – twin-coil cylinders 15 3.8 Separate storage – two stores 15 3.9 Separate storage – direct DHW heaters 16 3.10 Risk of scalding 16 3.11 Risk of bacteria proliferation 17 3.12 Risk of limescale 17 3.13 Energy conservation 18 3.14 Controls and measurement 20 4 Installation and commissioning 23 4.1 Installation tasks: site survey – technical 23 4.2 Installation tasks: selecting specialist tools 28 4.3 Installation tasks: Initial testing 28 4.4 Commissioning 29 5 Maintenance and documentation 30 6 Appendices 31 6.1 Sample commissioning sheet 31 6.2 Annual solar radiation (kWh/m2) 33 6.3 Sample installation checklist 33 6.4 Further reading 37 6.5 Regulations 38 6.6 Other publications 39 7 Glossary 40 The Energy Saving Trust would like to thank the Solar Trade Association for their advice and assistance in producing this publication. 2 Solar water heating systems – guidance for professionals, conventional indirect models 1 Solar hot water systems 1.1 Scope By following the Energy Saving Trust’s best practice This guide is designed to help installers, specifiers and standards, new build and refurbished housing will commissioning engineers ensure that conventional be more energy efficient – reducing these emissions indirect solar domestic hot water systems (SDHW) and saving energy, money and the environment. -
Heat Exchangers Quick Facts
TM WATER HEATERS Heat Exchangers Quick Facts HUBBELLHEATERS.COM What Are They? A heat exchanger is a device that allows thermal energy (heat) from a liquid or gas to pass another fluid without the two fluids mixing. It transfers the heat without transferring the fluid that carries the heat. Therefore, just the heat is exchanged from one fluid to another. This type of heat transfer is utilized with many applications including water heating, sewage treatment, heating and air conditioning, and refrigera- tion. There are several different types of heat exchangers, each with their own design that work to heat up water. Next we will break down some of the key features of commonly used heat exchangers and the differences between them. Plate: A plate heat exchanger consists of a series of metal plates, typically stainless steel, that are joined together with a small amount of space between the face of the plates. The bottom of the plates create a small gutter or channel in between each plate which helps to keep water flowing. The thinner the channel, the more efficient the plates will be at transferring heat to the water because smaller amounts of water can be heated up faster. Plate heat exchangers have a large surface area, so as fluid flows in between these plates, it extracts heat from the plates rather quickly. This design is available as a brazed plate or gasketed design and can be configured as single or double wall. www.hubbellheaters.com Page 1 Electric/Coil: An electric heat exchanger is probably what most people think of when they think “electric heat” It is a simple coil wire that gives off heat like a light bulb in a lamp, and when electricity flows through it, it converts the energy passing through into heat. -
Flow Controller 3
Flow Controller 3 Residential Geothermal Loop, Single and Two-Pump Modules Installation, Operation & Maintenance Instructions 97B0015N01 Revision: 2/9/16 Table of Contents Model Nomenclature 3 Geothermal Closed Loop Design 19 General Information 3 Loop Fusion Methods 19 Flow Controller Mounting 4 Parallel Loop Design 19-22 Piping Installation 5 Closed Loop Installation 23-24 Electrical Wiring 9 Pressure Drop Tables 25-30 Flushing the Earth Loop 10 Building Entry 31 Antifreeze Selection 13 Site Survey Form 31 Antifreeze Charging 15 Warranty 32 Low Temperature Cutout Selection 16 Revision History 34 Flow Controller Pump Curves 17 Pump Replacement 18 Flow Controller 3 Rev.:Feburary 9,2016 This page has intentionally been left blank. 2 Geothermal Heat Pump Systems Flow Controller 3 Rev.: Feburary 9, 2016 Model Nomenclature 1 2 3 4 567 A F C G 2 C 1 Pump Model # Accessory Flow Controller 1 = UP26-99 2 = UP26-116 (AFC2B2 only) 3 = UPS32-160 Vendor/Series 4 = UPS60-150 G = Current Series Valves B = Brass 3-way valve with double O-ring fittings # of Pumps C = Composite 3-way valve with double O-ring fittings 1 = 1 Pump 2 = 2 Pumps Rev.: 12/07/10 GENERAL INFORMATION FLOW CONTROLLER DESCRIPTION Figure 1a: Flow Controller Dimensions (1 Piece Cabinet) The AFC series Flow Controller is a compact, easy to mount 10.2” [259mm] polystyrene cabinet that contains 3-way valves and pump(s) 4.7” [119mm] 4.7” [119mm] with connections for flushing, filling and pumping residential geothermal closed loop systems. The proven design is foam- insulated to prevent condensation. -
Compressor Cooling
Compressor cooling Compressed air – the fourth utility A gas compressor is a mechanical compressed air are pneumatic tools, The major cooling applications for device that converts power into kinetic energy storage, production lines, compressors where heat exchangers energy by increasing the pressure of automated assembly stations, are used are: gas and reducing its volume. refrigeration, gas dusters and air-start • Air cooling systems. • Oil cooling Compressed air has become one of • Water cooling the most important power media used Another important power media is • Heat recovery in industry providing power for a compressed natural gas (CNG), which multitude of manufacturing operations. is made by compressing natural gas to In industry, compressed air is so widely less than 1% of the volume it occupies used that it is often regarded as the at standard atmospheric pressure. fourth utility, after electricity, natural gas CNG is generally used in traditional and water. General uses of combustion engines. Oil-free Compressor Oil Air Water Air cooling The compressed gas from the Oil cooling A multi-stage compressor can contain compressor is hot after compression, Both lubricated and oil-free one or several intercoolers. Since often 70-200°C. An aftercooler is used compressors need oil cooling. In compression generates heat, the to lower the temperature, which also oil-free compressors it is the lubrication compressed gas needs to be cooled results in condensation. The aftercooler oil for the gearbox that has to be between stages, making the is placed directly after the compressor cooled. In oil-injected compressors it is compression less adiabatic and more in order to precipitate the main part of the oil which is mixed with the isothermal. -
Plate Heat Exchangers for Refrigeration Applications
Plate heat exchangers for refrigeration applications Technical reference manual A Technical Reference Manual for Plate Heat Exchangers in Refrigeration & Air conditioning Applications by Dr. Claes Stenhede/Alfa Laval AB Fifth edition, February 2nd, 2004. Alfa Laval AB II No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of Alfa Laval AB. Permission is usually granted for a limited number of illustrations for non-commer- cial purposes provided proper acknowledgement of the original source is made. The information in this manual is furnished for information only. It is subject to change without notice and is not intended as a commitment by Alfa Laval, nor can Alfa Laval assume responsibility for errors and inaccuracies that might appear. This is especially valid for the various flow sheets and systems shown. These are intended purely as demonstrations of how plate heat exchangers can be used and installed and shall not be considered as examples of actual installations. Local pressure vessel codes, refrigeration codes, practice and the intended use and in- stallation of the plant affect the choice of components, safety system, materials, control systems, etc. Alfa Laval is not in the business of selling plants and cannot take any responsibility for plant designs. Copyright: Alfa Laval Lund AB, Sweden. This manual is written in Word 2000 and the illustrations are made in Designer 3.1. Word is a trademark of Microsoft Corporation and Designer of Micrografx Inc. Printed by Prinfo Paritas Kolding A/S, Kolding, Denmark ISBN 91-630-5853-7 III Content Foreword. -
Cooling Technology Institute
PAPER NO: 18-15 CATEGORY: HVAC APPLIcatIONS COOLING TECHNOLOGY INSTITUTE CLOSING THE LOOP – WHICH METHOD IS BEST FOR YOUR SYSTEM? FRANK MORRISON ANDREW RUSHWORTH BALTIMORE AIRCOIL COMPANY The studies and conclusions reported in this paper are the results of the author’s own work. CTI has not investigated, and CTI expressly disclaims any duty to investigate, any product, service process, procedure, design, or the like that may be described herein. The appearance of any technical data, editorial material, or advertisement in this publication does not constitute endorsement, warranty, or guarantee by CTI of any product, service process, procedure, design, or the like. CTI does not warranty that the information in this publication is free of errors, and CTI does not necessarily agree with any statement or opinion in this publication. The user assumes the entire risk of the use of any information in this publication. Copyright 2018. All rights reserved. Presented at the 2018 Cooling Technology Institute Annual Conference Houston, Texas - February 4-8, 2018 This page left intentionally blank. Page 2 of 32 Closing The Loop – Which Method is Best for Your System? Abstract Closed loop cooling systems deliver many benefits compared to traditional open loop systems, such as reduced system fouling, reduced risk of fluid contamination, lower maintenance, and increased system reliability and uptime. Several methods are used to close the cooling loop, including the use of an open circuit cooling tower coupled with a plate & frame heat exchanger or the use of a closed circuit cooling tower. This study compares the total installed cost of open circuit cooling tower / heat exchanger combinations versus closed circuit cooling towers, including equipment, material, and labor costs. -
Four Types of Heat Exchanger Failures
Four Types of Heat Exchanger Failures . mechanical, chemically induced corrosion, combination of mechanical and chemically induced corrosion, and scale, mud, and algae fouling By MARVIN P. SCHWARTZ, Chief Product Engineer, ITT Bell & Gossett a unit of Fluid Handling Div., International Telephone & Telegraph Corp , Skokie IL Hcat exchangers usually provide a long service life with Maximum recommended velocity in the tubes and little or no maintenance because they do not contain any entrance nozzle is a function of many variables, including moving parts. However, there are four types of heat tube material, fluid handled, and temperature. Materials exchanger failures that can occur, and can usually be such as steel, stainless steel, and copper-nickel withstand prevented: mechanical, chemically induced corrosion, higher tube velocities than copper. Copper is normally combination of mechanical and chemically induced limited to 7.5 fps; the other materials can handle 10 or 11 corrosion, and scale, mud. and algae fouling. fps. If water is flowing through copper tubing, the velocity This article provides the plant engineer with a detailed should be less than 7.5 fps when it contains suspended look at the problems that can develop and describes the solids or is softened. corrective actions that should be taken to prevent them. Erosion problems on the outside of tubes usually result Mechanical-These failures can take seven different from impingement of wet, high-velocity gases, such as forms: metal erosion, steam or water hammer, vibration, steam. Wet gas impingement is controlled by oversizing thermal fatigue, freeze-up, thermal expansion. and loss of inlet nozzles, or by placing impingement baffles in the cooling water. -
BURST-KONTR'l AP-100, 5 GAL PAIL Product Bulletin
Nu-Calgon Product Bulletin 3-75 Glycols INHIBITED HEAT TRANSFER AND ® ANTI-FREEZE FLUID FOR SYSTEMS Burst-Kontr’l AP-100 WITH ALUMINUM HEAT EXCHANGERS • Provides burst protection to -100ºF and freeze protection to -60ºF • Maximum corrosion protection for all metals; especially aluminum • Non-toxic and non-corrosive propylene glycol based fluid • Formulated for optimum heat transfer and maximum fluid life Description Application Burst Kontr’l AP-100 is an inhibited heat transfer and Any residential, commercial or industrial closed loop water antifreeze fluid formulated to current OEM guidelines of near system where the water needs to be suppressed below neutral pH (6 to 8) with optimized corrosion inhibitors for the its natural freezing point so the solution can continue to protection of closed loop systems containing aluminum heat circulate or for the prevention of bursting pipes. Although exchangers. Burst Kontr’l AP-100 is universally acceptable Burst Kontr’l AP-100 is specially formulated for closed loop for use with other heat exchanger alloys or closed loop systems containing aluminum heat exchangers, the product systems made of common materials of construction. has universal acceptability with other common alloys or metals used in chilled water closed loop applications. One Premixed and ready-to-use. The formulated product notable exception - Nu-Calgon does not recommend the provides maximum corrosion protection for common metals, use of formulated glycol product with galvanized surfaces including aluminum with a proven inhibitor chemistry. Burst- since the zinc coated surface can behave adversely with Kontr’l AP-100 is colored blue to aid in leak detection. It has the corrosion inhibitors in the product. -
Residential Solar Hot Water Systems
RESIDENTIAL SOLAR HOT WATER SYSTEMS North Carolina Solar Center Introduction Total Solar hot water heaters in various forms have existed for Annual Annual Annual Annual hundreds of years, supplying generations with free heat from Energy CO2 Energy Cost Energy the sun. During the 1980’s poorly designed federal tax credits System Overview Savings Savings Savings Costs allowed short-lived companies to manufacture and install low 1 Panel, electric 2.2 1.2 tons $200 $200 quality systems. This history should not influence one’s feel- backup MWh ings towards today’s solar hot water systems. The era of poor quality solar hot water systems is long gone; today’s solar hot 2 Panel, electric 3.4 1.8 tons $300 $100 backup MWh water systems are high quality, reliable products. Solar hot water heaters can provide households with a 2 Panel, gas tank 3.4 1.0 tons $315 $115 large proportion of their hot water needs (50% to 80%+), as backup (EF 0.65) MWh well as space heating needs, while reducing home energy costs. 2 Panel, gas tankless 3.4 0.7 tons $200 $75 A back-up heating system for water will be necessary during (EF 0.90) MWh times when solar radiation is insufficient to meet hot water Calculated with RETScreen using average 2005 electricity rates (8.5¢/kWh ) and average demands. This back-up can come from an electric or gas tank 2006 NG prices ($1.79 therm) for Southeast states , all from the Energy Information or tankless water heater. See the descriptions of system com- Administration, www.eia.org ponents and types for more details.