What Is SIRS?

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

What Is SIRS? New York State Student Information Repository System (SIRS) Manual Reporting Data for the 2019–20 School Year June 5, 2020 Version 15.8 The University of the State of New York THE STATE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Information and Reporting Services Albany, New York 12234 Student Information Repository System Manual Version 15.8 Revision History Version Date Revisions 15.0 August 28, 2019 Initial Release. • Deleted Program Service codes: 5720 (Title III: Services to Non- Immigrant ELL/MLL Students); 5731 (Title III: Language Instruction Immigrant ELL/MLL); • Added Program Service code: 3055 (ELL Eligibility Exit due to being out of the country for more than two years). • New data element ELL Duration (replaced Years Enrolled in a Transitional Bilingual Ed or ENL Program), Chs. 2 & 4. • Added language to Enrollment Exit codes 153 and 170 regarding transfers to other schools/districts. • Change in backmapping procedure, Ch. 2. • CTE student section revised, Ch. 2. • Scenario added to Career Pathways section, Ch. 2. • CTE course code additions: Ch. 2. • Secondary level NYSAA science added, NYSAA and Accountability, Ch. 2. • New data element: Incidental Teaching Assignment Indicator, Chs. 3 & 4. • Removed Regents Competency Test information throughout. • New assessment and course code: Regents U.S. History & Gov’t (Framework). • Removed staff assignment codes: Director (0799), State Federally Added Programs (0999). • New staff assignment codes: Data Coordinator (1411) and Teacher on Special Assignment (1429). • Notes added to Program Service codes 8271 (CDOS Credential Eligible Coursework), 8300 (Child in Foster Care), and 8312 (Received Seal of Biliteracy), Ch. 5. • Notes added to Reason for Ending Enrollment codes 085 (Earned Commencement Credential), Ch. 5. • Social Studies Course Code and Assessment Mapping table added, Ch. 5. • New designation of four- and five-level Regents Standard Achieved codes, Ch. 5. • New Alternate Standard Achieved code (secondary): NF Global, Ch. 5. • Info added re: suspension, Chs. 2 & 6. • Definitions added to Appendix VI: 504 Plan; Diploma Type; and CDOS, Commencement, and Skills & Achievement Commencement Credentials. 15.1 September 27, 2019 • Update to Pre-K eligibility rules, Preschool/Prekindergarten/Universal Pre-K, Ch. 2. • Note added re: submitting response data added, Validity Rules section, Ch. 2. • Clarification re: TAA system accounts, Ch. 3. • Revised reporting options for Regents exemption, Assessment Measure Standard Codes 7 Descriptions, Ch. 5. • Revised Exit Date description, Program Service code 1232 (SIFE), Ch. 5. • Added to description of Reason for Ending Enrollment code 170, Ch. 5. • Revised NYSESLAT admin dates and new Field Test dates, Assessment & Reporting Timeline, Appendix I. • Corrections: removed State Course code 04052 (World History and Geography) and NYSAA Social Studies – Secondary Level. 15.2 November 1, 2019 • Removed Program Service code 3055 (ELL Eligibility Exit due to being out of the country for more than two years). • New District of Residence code NY151801 (Boquet Valley CSD), Ch. 2. • Removed District of Residence codes for Elizabethtown CSD and Westport CSD (merged to form Boquet Valley CSD), Ch. 2. 2 Student Information Repository System Manual Version 15.8 • Content added to FAQs – Course Instructor Assignment Template, Ch. 3. • New Reason for Ending Enrollment code 461 – Prior graduate from outside U.S. enrolled without documentation, Ch. 5. • Added NYSAA Science to Secondary-Level Assessments That Can Be Used for Performance table, Ch. 6. • Removed NYSAA Science from Secondary-Level Social Studies accountability performance chart, Ch. 6. • Added Title III ELL and Immigrant count data extracts to Deadlines for Verification and Certification of 2019-20 SY Data in SIRS table, Appendix I. 15.3 November 22, 2019 • Correction under Grade Level, Ch. 4. • Changes made to codes 153, 170 under Transfers to Other Schools and codes 289, 1089 under Other Circumstances for Ending Enrollment; Ch. 5. 15.4 January 10, 2020 • Removed Postgraduate Plan information throughout (no longer collected in SIRS). • Added language code ZHO – Chinese (simplified) to Language Codes and Descriptions chart, Ch. 5. • Note added to Reason for Ending Enrollment code 461, Prior Graduate from Outside U.S. Enrolled without Documentation, Ch. 5. 15.5 January 31, 2020 • Changes to FRPL eligibility, Ch. 2. • Info added re: homebound students, Daily Attendance, Ch.2. • Added Regents NF Global History January and August exams to Assessment Measure Standard Codes table, Ch. 5. 15.6 February 28, 2020 • Revised note on work-based learning code 22202W, CTE Students, Ch. 2. • Added: Public Health Law 2164 (Failure to Immunize), Ch. 2; Ch. 5. • Revised info re: dual credit courses, Student Class Grade Detail Template, Ch. 3. • Changes to Staff Evaluation Criteria Codes table, Ch. 5. • Updated Code 5817 Free Lunch Program to reflect CEP change, Program Services Codes, Ch. 5. • Revised dates for staff evaluation data, Appendix I: Assessment and Reporting Timeline. 15.7 March 6, 2020 • Detail added to Public Health Law 2164 (Failure to Immunize), Ch. 2. • Code description added for Reason for Ending Enrollment code 430 – Excluded pursuant to PHL 2164; Ch. 5. • Detail added to language code CHI Chinese (traditional), Language Codes and Descriptions, Ch. 5. 15.8 June 5, 2020 Removed: • Accountability Inclusion/Exclusion for Participation/Performance at the Elementary/Middle Levels, Ch.2: Student Reporting Rules. • Backmapping • Continuously enrolled students • June 2020 assessment information • English Language Proficiency, Chronic Absenteeism, College and Career Readiness, Indicator Levels, Suspensions, Ch. 6: Accountability. • 2016 ELA, Math, Science and Social Studies Accountability Cohort information, Ch. 6. Added: • New table: Reporting High School Assessments in 2019-20, Assessment Measure Standard Codes and Descriptions, Ch. 5. • New Day Type codes: Pub health/inst, Pub health/no inst, Ch. 5. • Statement regarding the US Dept of Education waiver for COVID-19, Ch. 6. 3 Student Information Repository System Manual Version 15.8 Table of Contents Table of Contents ___________________________________________________________________ 4 Chapter 1: What is SIRS? ____________________________________________________________ 8 SIRS Data Reporting Levels _______________________________________________________________8 SIRS Data Flow _________________________________________________________________________10 Chapter 2: Student Reporting Rules ___________________________________________________ 11 Guidance on the Role of District Data Coordinator ___________________________________________11 Who Must Report Student Data Using the SIRS? _____________________________________________13 Table of Reporting Responsibility for School-Age Students _____________________________________16 Table of Reporting Responsibility for Preschool-Age and Prekindergarten Students ________________27 Accelerated Students _____________________________________________________________________30 Accommodations ________________________________________________________________________31 Appeal to Graduate with Lower Score on Regents Exam _______________________________________31 Career Development and Occupational Studies (CDOS) _______________________________________33 Career and Technical Education (CTE) Students _____________________________________________33 Career Pathways ________________________________________________________________________38 Charter School Students __________________________________________________________________40 Court-placed Students ___________________________________________________________________40 Daily Attendance ________________________________________________________________________41 District of Residence Codes _______________________________________________________________42 Dropouts/Noncompleters _________________________________________________________________43 Elementary/Middle-Level Students _________________________________________________________45 English Language Learner/Multilingual Learner (ELL/MLL) Students __________________________45 Foreign Exchange Students _______________________________________________________________51 Free and Reduced-Price Lunch Students ____________________________________________________51 Graduates ______________________________________________________________________________52 High School Equivalency (HSE) Students ___________________________________________________53 Home-Schooled Students _________________________________________________________________53 Homeless Students _______________________________________________________________________55 Immigrant Students _____________________________________________________________________55 Job Corps Program Students ______________________________________________________________55 Long-Term Absent Students ______________________________________________________________55 Migrant Students ________________________________________________________________________56 Neglected/Delinquent Students ____________________________________________________________56 New York State Alternate Assessment (NYSAA) ______________________________________________56 4 Student Information Repository System Manual Version 15.8 Nonpublic School Students ________________________________________________________________57 Online Schools __________________________________________________________________________58 Postsecondary Students __________________________________________________________________58
Recommended publications
  • Braillesketch: a Gesture-Based Text Input Method for People with Visual Impairments Mingzhe Li, Mingming Fan, Khai N
    Session: Interaction Techniques and Frameworks ASSETS'17, Oct. 29–Nov. 1, 2017, Baltimore, MD, USA BrailleSketch: A Gesture-based Text Input Method for People with Visual Impairments Mingzhe Li, Mingming Fan, Khai N. Truong Department of Computer Science University of Toronto [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] ABSTRACT onscreen keyboard with screen reader software, such as Apple’s In this paper, we present BrailleSketch, a gesture-based text input VoiceOver. However, this approach results in a very low text method on touchscreen smartphones for people with visual entry speed [4]. Alternatively, people can use speech recognition impairments. To input a letter with BrailleSketch, a user simply software to input text at a much faster rate [3]. However, speaking sketches a gesture that passes through all dots in the in public places may not always be appropriate and can introduce corresponding Braille code for that letter. BrailleSketch allows privacy concerns. A growing body of research has been exploring users to place their fingers anywhere on the screen to begin a ways to leverage the user’s ability to perform touch and multi- gesture and draw the Braille code in many ways. To encourage touch gesture inputs on mobile devices. For example, BrailleTap users to type faster, BrailleSketch does not provide immediate [9], TypeInBraille [15], Perkinput [4], and BrailleEasy [23] enable letter-level audio feedback but instead provides word-level audio the user to type Braille by performing multiple taps sequentially to feedback. It uses an auto-correction algorithm to correct typing specify the dot codes for the desire letter—this can be time errors.
    [Show full text]
  • Texture Perception in Sighted and Blind Observers
    Perception & Psychophysics /989. 45 (I). 49-54 Texture perception in sighted and blind observers MORTON A. HELLER Winston-Salem State University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the utility of visual imagery for texture per­ ception. In Experiment 1, sighted, early-blind, and late-blind observers made relative smooth­ ness judgments of abrasive surfaces using active or passive touch. In Experiment 2, subjects com­ pared vision and touch in the accuracy of smoothness detection, using a broad range of textures, including very fine surfaces. No differences appeared between the sighted and the blind, and it did not matter iftouch were active or passive. Vision and touch showed similar performance with relatively coarse textures, but touch was superior to vision for much finer surface textures. The results were consistent with the notion that visual coding oftactual stimuli is not advantageous (or necessary) for texture perception, since touch may hold advantages for the detection of the smoothness of surfaces. The present study was directed toward an evaluation subjected to tilt. Although the benefits of visual imagery ofthe necessity ofvisual imagery for texture perception. are likely to be pronounced in form perception, it is not Some researchers have claimed that visual images are known whether visualization aids in texture judgments. necessary for tactual perception of form by sighted in­ One would expect that observers would tend to visual­ dividuals (e.g., Pick, 1974). There are numerous reports ize for stimulus dimensions in which vision provides su­ of the benefits of visual imagery for memory in the sighted perior performance, as in form perception.
    [Show full text]
  • Economic and Social Council Distr.: General 22 February 2021
    United Nations E/C.12/2021/SR.5 Economic and Social Council Distr.: General 22 February 2021 Original: English Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights Sixty-ninth session Summary record of the 5th meeting* Held via videoconference, on Wednesday, 17 February 2021, at 12.30 p.m. Central European Time Chair: Mr. Zerbini Ribeiro Leão Contents Consideration of reports (a) Reports submitted by States parties in accordance with articles 16 and 17 of the Covenant Seventh periodic report of Finland * No summary records were issued for the 2nd to 4th meetings. This record is subject to correction. Corrections should be set forth in a memorandum and also incorporated in a copy of the record. They should be sent within one week of the date of the present record to the Documents Management Section ([email protected]). Any corrected records of the public meetings of the Committee at this session will be reissued for technical reasons after the end of the session. GE.21-02222 (E) 190221 220221 E/C.12/2021/SR.5 The meeting was called to order at 12.35 p.m. Consideration of reports (a) Reports submitted by States parties in accordance with articles 16 and 17 of the Covenant Seventh periodic report of Finland (E/C.12/FIN/7; E/C.12/FIN/QPR/7) 1. At the invitation of the Chair, the delegation of Finland joined the meeting. 2. Ms. Oinonen (Finland) said that the promotion of human rights was a clear cross- cutting objective in the Government’s programme. The Government was currently preparing its third National Action Plan on Fundamental and Human Rights, which would focus on the development of monitoring.
    [Show full text]
  • Braille Teaching and Literacy a Report for the European Blind
    Braille Teaching and Literacy A Report for the European Blind Union and European Commission January 2018 Danish Association of the Blind and the International Council for Education of People with Visual Impairment and Dr Sarah Woodin Contents Introduction ............................................................................................... 1 Background to the Project ........................................................................ 3 Aims of the Project ................................................................................... 4 Main Activities of the Project .................................................................... 6 Desk Based Research ........................................................................... 6 Questionnaires for Participating Countries ............................................ 6 Country Visits ........................................................................................ 7 Seminars and Conferences ................................................................... 8 Summary of Findings from the National Surveys ................................... 10 Introductory Information: Registration of Children ............................... 10 Section 1 Children Using Braille Publications ..................................... 10 Section 2 Braille Training .................................................................... 10 Section 3 National Braille Systems ..................................................... 11 Section 4 Electronic Braille .................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Children of a One-Eyed God: Impairment in the Myth and Memory of Medieval Scandinavia Michael David Lawson East Tennessee State University
    East Tennessee State University Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University Electronic Theses and Dissertations Student Works 5-2019 Children of a One-Eyed God: Impairment in the Myth and Memory of Medieval Scandinavia Michael David Lawson East Tennessee State University Follow this and additional works at: https://dc.etsu.edu/etd Part of the Comparative Literature Commons, Cultural History Commons, Disability Studies Commons, European History Commons, European Languages and Societies Commons, Folklore Commons, History of Religion Commons, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine Commons, Medieval History Commons, Medieval Studies Commons, Scandinavian Studies Commons, and the Social and Cultural Anthropology Commons Recommended Citation Lawson, Michael David, "Children of a One-Eyed God: Impairment in the Myth and Memory of Medieval Scandinavia" (2019). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. Paper 3538. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/3538 This Thesis - Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Works at Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Children of a One-Eyed God: Impairment in the Myth and Memory of Medieval Scandinavia ————— A thesis presented to the faculty of the Department of History East Tennessee State University ————— In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree
    [Show full text]
  • Mountbatten Pro User Guide
    User Guide Mountbatten Pro Revision 2 © Harpo Sp. z o. o. ul. 27 Grudnia 7, 61-737 Poznań, Poland www.mountbattenbrailler.com Thank you for purchasing a Mountbatten Pro. Since 1990, the Mountbatten range of Braille Writers has been offering expanded Braille writing opportunities to people all around the world. Mountbatten Braille Writers are in use in countries all over the world, bringing and supporting Braille literacy in many languages. To get the most from your new MB Pro, please read the first section, Welcome, and follow it with the second section, Exploring the MB Pro. After that, you can skip to the sections you want to read first, because you will have the most important basic information. News, resources, regular updates to this User Guide and a range of support material can be obtained from the Mountbatten website: www.mountbattenbrailler.com This device complies with Part 15 of the FCC Rules. Operation is subject to the following two conditions: (1) this device may not cause harmful interference, and (2) this device must accept any interference received, including interference that may cause undesired operation. Contents Welcome................................................................................................................................................................ 1 Reading your User Guide.................................................................................................................................. 1 Very Important!.................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • World Braille Usage, Third Edition
    World Braille Usage Third Edition Perkins International Council on English Braille National Library Service for the Blind and Physically Handicapped Library of Congress UNESCO Washington, D.C. 2013 Published by Perkins 175 North Beacon Street Watertown, MA, 02472, USA International Council on English Braille c/o CNIB 1929 Bayview Avenue Toronto, Ontario Canada M4G 3E8 and National Library Service for the Blind and Physically Handicapped, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C., USA Copyright © 1954, 1990 by UNESCO. Used by permission 2013. Printed in the United States by the National Library Service for the Blind and Physically Handicapped, Library of Congress, 2013 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data World braille usage. — Third edition. page cm Includes index. ISBN 978-0-8444-9564-4 1. Braille. 2. Blind—Printing and writing systems. I. Perkins School for the Blind. II. International Council on English Braille. III. Library of Congress. National Library Service for the Blind and Physically Handicapped. HV1669.W67 2013 411--dc23 2013013833 Contents Foreword to the Third Edition .................................................................................................. viii Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................... x The International Phonetic Alphabet .......................................................................................... xi References ............................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Blindness and Runes
    1 "...blindr er betri en brenndr séi..." Runes as a Tactile Writing System1 Frederick W. Schwink University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign "Attempts to devise characters which could be understood by the blind through their sense of touch reach far back in the epoch of human progress, perhaps to the time when letters or figures were inscribed on some substance to be read by another, and certainly to the earliest period when efforts were made to give instruction to the sightless. The first recorded attempt to find such a means was made shortly after the beginning of the sixteenth century (ca. 1517), when Francisco Lucas of Saragossa, Spain, contrived a set of letters carved on thin tablets of wood." Best 1919:396 Haltr ríðr hrossi, hjörð rekr handar vanr, daufr vegr ok dugir; blindr er betri en brenndr séi, nýtr manngi nás. Hávamál 71 0.0 Introduction In the spring semester of 2010, I was faced with a didactic dilemna. In a graduate overview of the "History of the German Language," my students were to 1 I would like to thank Brad Blair for his willingness to share his time and expertise with me during the gestation of this project. My colleagues in the Department of Germanic Languages at UIUC provided helpful suggestions and encouragement when I presented a preliminary version of this project at a research workshop in Fall of 2009. Sharon Polomé gave me many of the reference works from her late husband's library that made this project feasible. Finally, heartfelt and sincere thanks to Marianne Kalinke, whose generous support has made it possible for me to attend this symposium.
    [Show full text]
  • A Rapid Evidence Assessment of the Effectiveness of Educational Interventions to Support Children and Young People with Vision Impairment
    SOCIAL RESEARCH NUMBER: 39/2019 PUBLICATION DATE: 12/09/2019 A Rapid Evidence Assessment of the effectiveness of educational interventions to support children and young people with vision impairment Mae’r ddogfen yma hefyd ar gael yn Gymraeg. This document is also available in Welsh. © Crown Copyright Digital ISBN 978-1-83933-152-7 A Rapid Evidence Assessment of the effectiveness of educational interventions to support children and young people with vision impairment Author(s): Graeme Douglas, Mike McLinden, Liz Ellis, Rachel Hewett, Liz Hodges, Emmanouela Terlektsi, Angela Wootten, Jean Ware* Lora Williams* University of Birmingham and Bangor University* Full Research Report: < Douglas, G. et al (2019). A Rapid Evidence Assessment of the effectiveness of educational interventions to support children and young people with vision impairment. Cardiff: Welsh Government, GSR report number 39/2019.> Available at: https://gov.wales/rapid-evidence-assessment-effectiveness- educational-interventions-support-children-and-young-people-visual-impairment Views expressed in this report are those of the researcher and not necessarily those of the Welsh Government For further information please contact: David Roberts Social Research and Information Division Welsh Government Sarn Mynach Llandudno Junction LL31 9RZ 0300 062 5485 [email protected] Table of contents 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................ 5 2. Methodology .......................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Analysis of Teachers' Perceptions on Instruction of Braille Literacyin
    ANALYSIS OF TEACHERS’ PERCEPTIONS ON INSTRUCTION OF BRAILLE LITERACYIN PRIMARY SCHOOLS FOR LEARNERS WITH VISUAL IMPAIRMENT IN KENYA CHOMBA M. WA MUNYI E83/27305/2014 A RESEARCHTHESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN THE SCHOOL OF EDUCATION SPECIAL NEEDS EDUCATION KENYATTA UNIVERSITY JUNE, 2017 ii DECLARATION I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and that, to the best of my knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or written by another person nor material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma of the university or other institute of higher learning, except where due acknowledgment has been made in the text. Signature _________________________ Date ______________________ Chomba M. WaMunyi E83/27305/2014 Supervisors: This dissertation has been submitted for appraisal with our/my approval as University supervisor(s). Signature _________________________ Date ______________________ Dr. Margaret Murugami Department of Special Needs Education, Kenyatta University Signature _________________________ Date ______________________ Dr. Stephen Nzoka Department of Special Needs Education, Kenyatta University Signature ________________________ Date ______________________ Prof. Desmond Ozoji Department of Special Education and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of JOS iii DEDICATION I dedicate this dissertation to all children with visual impairment in Kenya. iv v TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION .......................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • A Universal Solution for Braille Transcription Services
    50 DAISY2009 LEIPZIG – Christian Egli LIBLOUIS – A UNIVERSAL SOLUTION FOR BRAILLE TRANSCRIPTION SERVICES Christian Egli Swiss Library for the Blind and Visually Impaired Zurich Grubenstrasse 12 CH-8045 Zurich SWITZERLAND ABSTRACT Software support for the generation of good Braille has historically been hampered by fragmented and small markets. Some languages have good commercial support, others are lacking. Fortunately Liblouis, an open source tool for complete Braille transcription services, is emerging as a universal solution. Liblouis provides Braille translation for literary and computer Braille, offers support for contracted and uncontracted translation for many languages and includes support for Braille mathematics codes such as Nemeth. Liblouis also provides Braille formatting, which can handle many document formats including DTBook XML. Both the translation and the formatting can easily be adapted to new languages and document formats. This paper shows how Liblouis will be used at the Swiss Library for the Blind and Visually Impaired to integrate Braille generation into a production workflow based around DTBook XML. 1 Introduction Producing good Braille is not a trivial process. In particular the production of contracted Braille is difficult as the rules are sometimes ambiguous and sometimes originate from a time when all the Braille transcription was done manually (as explained in (Jolly 2008). There are a number of good software solutions for Braille translation available that support a producer in this task. However, the viability of these tools is limited as the translation rules differ from language to language, i.e. the market for Braille transcription tools is not only limited to Braille users, but further fragmented by differing rules for each language.
    [Show full text]
  • Grammatological Studies Writing and Its Relation to Speech
    RUUL Reports from Uppsala University Linguistics #29 — 1996 (digital format 2019 with minor corrections) John Sören Pettersson Grammatological Studies Writing and its Relation to Speech Dissertation for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Linguistics at Uppsala University 1996 ABSTRACT Petterson, J. S. I 996. Grammatological Studies: Writing and its Relation to Speech. Reports from Uppsala University, Department of Linguistics RUUL #29. 228 pp. Uppsala. ISBN 91-506-1170-4. This work addresses the problem of how writing is related to speech and how our notions of language are related to writing principles such as ‘the alphabetic principle’. The target of the study is the concept of ‘phonography’ (sound-writing, sometimes called ‘glottography’). This has been used in several theoretical works on writing, often with the assumption that the existence of phonographic systems somehow proves that the purpose of writing is to represent speech. From a functional approach, that is, from a theoretical base where language (of whatever modality) is seen as crucially dependent on actual communicative events, the notion that writing is representational in nature is criticised. Three areas are investigated: 1. the origin of the phono+graphic type of writing (also treated are the origin of spoken language and the medium-dependency of language); 2. the relation between alphabetic writing and notions concerning the structure of language in general and of particular languages; 3. the relationship between phonographic methods of reading old scripts and the prevailing phonocentrism. In all three areas it is found that the possibility of indicating pronunciation of written texts by phonographic means has been overinterpretated in favour of the prevalent representational view.
    [Show full text]