Sample page from Pianos Inside Out. Copyright © 2013 Mario Igrec. 527

Index

composite parts 375 rails, repairing 240 facing off 439 Numerics compressed 68 rebuilding, overview 325 grooved, effects on tuning 132 105 System 336 diagram 64 regulating 166 reducing height of 439 16th Tone Piano 94 Double Repetition in verticals 77 regulating on the bench 141 replacing 436 1867 Exposition in Paris 13 double-escapement 5, 12 regulation, effects on tuning 129 to rebuild or replace 326 3M 267, 338 dropped 68, 113, 140, 320 removing 136 Air microfinishing film 202 English 9 removing from keyboard 154 dehumidifying 85 409 89 escapement of jack 76 repairing 240 humidifying 86 Fandrich 68 repetition, speed of 77 Air conditioner 86, 328 frame stability in verticals, Schwander 77 Albert Steinway 13, 76 A inspecting 191 single-escapement 4 Alcohol 144, 145, 147, 155, 156, 158, Abel 66, 71, 72, 340, 383 geometry 273, 303 spread 149, 280, 282, 287, 315 161, 179, 182, 191, 213, 217, 221, hammers 72, 384 geometry troubleshooter 304 tape-check 11 237, 238, 264, 265, 337, 338, 352, Naturals 71 grand, inserting into the piano troubleshooters 304 353, 356, 437, 439, 449, 478 Abrasive cord 338 137 Tubular Metallic Frame 66, 68 as sizing agent 215, 491 Abrasives, in buffing compounds grand, rebuilding 373 vertical 68 as solvent for shellac 480 364 grand, regulating 166 vertical, development of 15 as suspension for blue chalk 449 ABS grand, removing 136 vertical, Double Repetition 77 as suspension for chalk 240, 364, Carbon 17, 66 grand, removing from keyboard vertical, rebuilding 408 365 Styran 66 379 vertical, regulating 189 denatured 144 Absolute humidity 84 grand, rough-regulating 394 vertical, removing 140 ethyl 144, 222 Absolute Piano Restoration 236, grand, transporting 137 vertical, rough-regulating 416 for reflowing finish 481 288, 292, 313, 314, 394, 459, 466 grand, types 63 Viennese 3, 341 isopropyl 144, 222 Académie Royale des Sciences 3 Herz-Érard 63, 320 Action Geometry Program 273 methyl 144 Accelerated Action 59, 164, 300, how it works 76 Action rack rubbing 89, 90, 136, 144 315, 347, 496 in relation to damper 77 checking 152 Alcohol lamp 156, 168, 169, 194, Accu-Tuner 125 leather 341 repositioning 315 196, 243 Acetone 338, 384 leverage (see also “Distance Action spread 282 Aleene’s 336, 358 Acid, used in making hammer felt leverage,” “Weight ratio”) 279 Acu-Just 56, 424, 427, 428, 429, 430, Alexandre-Françoise Debain 76 71, 384 leverage, altering 312 432, 433, 434, 436 Alfons Huber 3 Acoustic Glue (see “Bolduc, leverage, changing through key Adhesive tape 337 Alfred Dolge 4, 5, 13, 14 Acoustic Glue”) travel 283, 284 Adhesives (see “Glue”) Aligning Acousticraft 203 missing notes 82 Adjustable Leverage Action 315 action parts 167 Acoustics, of room 209 modifying 378 Adrien de la Fage 76 grand damper heads 183 Acrylic 215, 217 parts with flanges, traveling 168 Aeolian mode 94 Alignment of hammers, checking in as hammer felt hardener 217 parts, comparing in grands 376 Affleck Piano Tuning 419 grands 149 for key tops 354 parts, repinning and rebushing Aftertouch Aliquot 36 AcryliKey 238 244 adjusting in verticals 195 Allen Wright 89, 157, 171, 211, 213, Action 24, 63 parts, rubbing 153 checking 153 228, 237, 261, 423, 425, 472 Accelerated in Steinways 59, parts, sluggish due to verdigris grand, regulating 173 Allied Piano/LakeOne USA 263, 265, 315, 347 246, 374 insufficient 171 483 Birdcage design 68 parts, testing the fit in grands 377 recording 344 Alpheus Babcock 12, 15 bracket 22 parts, to rebuild or replace 374 Agraffe 13, 21, 22, 56 Altering action leverage ratio (see bracket bolt 140 parts, traveling, squaring, broken, extracting 262 “Action, leverage”) brackets, expanding 142, 149 aligning 167 friction 131 Aluminum oxide 338 bumping type 3, 5 push type 3 reamer 437 Aluminum piano 25 cloth (Sticker cloth) 340 rails 66 Agraffes Amazing GOOP 336 528 Index Sample page from Pianos Inside Out. Copyright © 2013 Mario Igrec.

American Steel & Wire Company 44 bearing 58, 59, 163, 164 Blackstone Valley Piano 61, 88, 235, separated, effects on tuning 132 Americus Backers 7 felt punchings 340 237, 345, 346, 348, 355, 356, 357, setting the downbearing 475 André Bolduc 259, 472, 473 glides, adjusting 159 360, 361, 364, 367, 400 shimming to increase crown 467 André Oorebeek 157, 208 glides, lubricating 155 Blade, sostenuto (see “Sostenuto, Bridge pins 21, 23, 40 André Stein 8 pins 76 rod blade”) drilling holes for 477 Andrea Coen 2 punchings 59 Blanchet et Roller 10, 76 friction with 131 Angle of grain in soundboards 49 Balance weight 276, 278 Blankets 329 grooved, effects on tuning 132 Angle vise 387 Balancier 22 Bleaching installing 479 Anodized aluminum capstans 314 Baldassin, Rick 103, 128 hammer felt 71 loose, effects on tuning 132 Antique Finishers 335 Baldwin 31, 36, 49, 56, 140, 193, 319, soundboard 469 loose, repairing 256 Antique pianos, rebuilding 319 378, 424, 433, 434, 436, 459 white key tops 363 Bridges 36 Antoine Bord 13 Ball-peen hammer 214, 215 Blending of wool 71 diagnosing before rebuilding 322 Anton Stelzhammer 25, 27 Ballpoint pen spring 189 Blind dowel marker 454 graphiting 478 Anton Walter 5, 6 Bamboo skewers 241 Block, sanding 337 inspecting before restringing 419 Apostles, twelve 8 Band saw 330 Bloom, in sound envelope 44 rebuilding 472 Applicators for hammer hardener Bar soap 145 Blow distance 275 Bridle straps 140, 341 218 Bar, cutoff 46 regulating in grands 170 adjusting 191, 198 Apron in bass bridges 20, 40 Barclay, R. 320 Blow, half (see “Half-blow”) replacing 411 Ari Isaac 384 Bartolomeo Cristofori 1, 4, 6 Blue chalk 449 Broadwood 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 15, 37, Arledge Music Wire 422 Baseboard 76 Blue Point hammers 71, 72 43, 320 Ascending intervals 95 block or bracket noises 493 Blued tuning pins 421 Broadwood, Thomas 12 Assembly 65 (see “Franklin glue”) in verticals 24, 252 Blushing of lacquers 479 Brooks, Ltd. 384 Assist spring (see “Wippen noises 494 Blüthner 34, 43, 63, 319 Broukal, Thomas 67 assist spring”) strengthening attachment of 494 Bob Flexner 479 Brown, Christopher 141, 142, 201 Attack 43 Bases of jacks in verticals, Bobbling 10, 151, 172, 195, 196 Bruce Dornfeld 149 August Kögler 13 inspecting 191 Boisselot & Sons 76 Brush Aural tuning 118 Bass bridge 20, 36, 40 Bolduc 329, 435, 444 cosmetics, for applying powder AvantGrand 63 Bass section, tuning 119 Acoustic Glue 336, 454 lubricant 157 Bass strings 34 pinblock router bit 442, 444 for dusting the plate 90 B hexagonal core 36 pinblocks 451 for tuning pin holes 421 making 34 see also “pianos Bolduc” suede 156 Babcock, Alpheus 12, 15 replacing in grands 231 Bolduc, André 259, 472, 473 Brushing varnishes, on Bach, Johann Christian 8 swaging (see “Swaging bass Bolduc, Christian 259, 472, 473 soundboards 470 Bach, Johann Sebastian 2, 9 strings”) Bolts 339 Bubble gauge string leveler 204 Back (frame in verticals) 24 twisting 231 Bookcase piano 8 Buckskin 241, 341 Back rail 22, 58 Beam, lack of, affecting melody Bord, Antoine 13 Buffing Back stop (see “Catcher”) octave 458 Boring specifications for drilling compounds 364 Backaction 22, 74, 300, 406, 407 Beams 19, 20, 23, 24, 27, 131 hammers 386 finish 483 weight 302, 309 Beats 96 Bösendorfer xiii, 3, 5, 15, 17, 19, 20, sponge 484 Backcheck 22, 76 false 41, 132 24, 25, 29, 30, 31, 32, 34, 35, 40, white key tops 364 felt in verticals 340 in intervals 112 44, 47, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 58, 67, Bulbs, infrared, heating 460 leather (see “Buckskin”) Bechstein 12, 13, 54, 57, 254, 319, 116, 165, 169, 175, 181, 214, 319, Bumping action 3 wires in grands, replacing or not 320, 441, 461, 464 320, 353, 399, 441, 483, 484, 501 Bungee cord 415 369 grand plate cracks 254 open-face pinblock 456 Burlap, used to apply lacquer filler wires, types 371 open-face pinblock 456 Boston piano 28 482 Backchecking Becket 223, 260 Bottom panel noises 494 Burnish 145, 147, 156, 350, 473, 478 grand, regulating 174 Bedding a key frame (see “Key Bowman, Keith 109 graphite 145 importance 77 frame, bedding”) Brace, ratchet 333 Bushing regulating in verticals 196 Bees’ wax 340 Brackets, expanding (see “Action, cauls or “wedges” 348 Backchecks 62 Beethoven Pianos 37 brackets, expanding”) cloth (felt) 341, 348 aligning to hammer tails in Beethoven, Ludwig van 6, 11, 12 Brady, Stephen 221, 374, 437 Bushings grands 170 Behm, Chuck 409, 410, 411, 412, Brahms, Johannes 13, 70 damper guide rail, replacing 402 grand, height 368 413, 415, 440 Braid, stringing 341 in action parts, replacing 246 grand, inspecting 153 Bell, in Steinway grands 21 Brass in keys 58, 61 grand, rebuilding 368 Belly rail 19, 20, 21, 27, 28, 49, 186, bar, for squaring keys 162 in plate 326 grand, replacing 369 434, 459, 463 bristle suede brush 156 leather 490 grand, square and align 170 lack of beam 458 chopstick voicer 210 wooden, in plate, for tuning pins installed low, ramifications 368 Bellymen felt 22, 340 decal, installing 484 54 releathering 369 Belt sander 331, 332 weights, improving sustain with Bushmaster 349 rubbing against hammer tails in Bench regulating 141 459 Butt, of the hammer in verticals 76 grands 175 Bending force 101 Breakpoint, dynamic (see Butterfly spring 67, 176, 288, 320 vertical, aligning to back stops Bentside 8, 46, 50 “Dynamic breakpoint”) Button 196 Bevel, on edge of soundboard 50 Brian Capleton 107 drop in grand shanks 77 vertical, inspecting 189 Bill Spurlock 194, 286, 393 Bridge 23 let off 68, 76 Backers, Americus 7 Billings flange 410, 415 bass 20, 36, 40 Buzzes Backscale 49 Binder clips 308 cap 37 diagnosing 489 Badura-Skoda, Paul 212 Biofelt Project 384 cap, replacing 473 effect on tuning 133 Balance holes 237 Bird cage action 11 cracks, repairing 256 checking 155 Bird, Lonnie 446 floating 39 C in keys, reaming 350 Bird’s eye 143 joints, repairing 258 loose, repairing 237 Birdcage vertical action 68 long 20, 36, 37 C.F. Theodor Steinway (see reaming 351 Birkett, Stephen 300 notching 41, 478 “Steinway, C.F. Theodor”) Balance key bushings 22 Black key tops 22 offset, bass 40 CA glue 221, 238, 247, 255, 256, 336, Balance point of key, moving 315 replacing 365 repairs 256 367 Balance rail 22, 58 Black keys 94 root 37 treating pinblock with 255 Sample page from Pianos Inside Out. Copyright © 2013 Mario Igrec. Index 529

Cabinet piano 8 for soundboard shimming 466 Contraction of plate 54 felts in grands, replacing 400 Cadenza S 384 Chopin, Frederic 13 Cord, abrasive 338 felts in verticals, replacing 413 Calculating leads 297 Chopstick voicer 210, 213, 214 Core, hexagonal, in bass strings 36 guide rail 22 Caliper 247, 274, 344, 351, 417, 422, Christian Bolduc 259, 472, 473 Cork grease 145, 268, 270, 493 guide rail bushings 181 446, 448 Christoph Gottlieb Schröter 3, 6 Cornice (see “Stretcher”) guide rail bushings, replacing Cam for locking grand legs 28 Christopher Brown 141, 142, 201 Corrosion 89, 319 402 Cantrell, Norman 136 Chromatic Cory 89 head 22, 74 Cap electronic tuner 124, 125 Cottage piano 10 heads with wires, replacing 404 on bridges 37 scale 94 Cotton swab, for polishing agraffe heads, aligning, in grands 183 on bridges, replacing 473 Chrome buffing compound 364 holes 437 heads, refinishing 401 Capleton, Brian 107 Chuck Behm 409, 410, 411, 412, 413, Council of National Defense 16 lever 77 Capo tasto 6, 21, 34, 56 415, 440 Countersinking screws 339 levers 192, 197 grooved V bar, effects on tuning Cigarette lighter (see “Lighter”) Couperin, François 6 lift rod 192 132 Circle of fifths and fourths 117 Coved hammer tails 73 mechanism (see “Backaction”) patent 13 CITES 355 Cow bone key tops 355 noises in grands 181 Capstan Clair Davies xvii Cracks pedal 74 block (capstan boat) 314 Clamps 333 in pinblock, repairing 256 pedal lift, regulating 179 let off (see “Let off buttons”) spring 311 in plate 253 regulation in grands 182 Capstan screw (see “Key capstans”) Clanking noise in soundboard, shimming 460, repairs 248 Carbon fiber 25, 54 Clatter 491 465 spoon, in verticals 77 composite shanks 66 Claude Debussy 76 Craig McDougal 9 spoons in verticals, adjusting soundboard 19 Claude Montal 75, 76, 275 Crail, Gordon 268 197 Carding felt 71 Clavecin 9 Crane 329 springs in verticals, lubricating Carl Sauter 94 Clavecin à maillets 3 Crawford, Matthew 318 192 Carpenter’s Wood Glue 335, 391 Clavichord xv, 3 Creaking noise stop rail 77 Carrillo, Julian 94 Clavicytherum 7 in grand pedals 493 stop rail, adjusting 178 Case 20, 23, 28 Cleaning 89, 141 in verticals 490 system in grands, design flaws cast-iron 25 Clear Coat laminating resin 336 Creepage of glue 28, 319, 334, 335, 182 Caster 23 Clementi, Muzio 9 336, 358, 454, 467 system in grands, rebuilding 400 socket 28 Clicking noises 491 Crescendo key punchings 59, 340, system, description 74 Cast-iron Climate 347 system, rebuilding overview 325 case 25 control in a shop 328 Crescendo Publications 208 system, with threaded wires, plate 50 effects on refinishing 479 Crimp of wool fibers 71 modifying 404 Catalyzed finishes, repairing 265 humidity 83 Cristofori, Bartolomeo 1, 3, 4, 6 underfelt 74 Catcher, aligning backcheck to 196 Cloth 341 Critica musica 2 underlever 77 CATIPULT 392 emery 338 Critical recoat time 471 underlevers, aligning to key end Cauls for key bushings 348 Crosby Brown Collection of Musical felts 407 for key bushings 348 Clothes moths (see “Moths”) Instruments 1, 2 underlevers, rebuilding vs. for pressing hammer felt 71 Cobalt drill bit 451 Cross bars (see “Struts”) replacing 405 CAUT x, 434, 509, 516, 518 Coen, Andrea 2 Cross block (see “Belly rail”) wire 22 Cedar balls, as moth repellent 88 Coincident partials 96, 121 Cross-stringing (see “Over- wire touching a string 183 Ceiling, dynamic (see “Dynamic Cold-drawing steel wire 34 stringing”) wires, lubricating 181 ceiling”) Cold-pressed hammers 71 Crowbar 280, 443, 445 Damper action 22 Cembalo 9 Cole, Michael 2 Crown Damper Bean Bag 185 Cement, contact 336 College of William and Mary 7 in soundboards 20, 48 Damper lift 150, 180, 181, 182, 183, Centennial International Exhibition Collodion 217 in soundboards, affected by 185, 248, 346, 400, 405, 423 14 Colonial Williamsburg Foundation humidity 84 defined 77 Center pins 4, 7, 9, 358 in soundboards, forcing 466 delayed 491 friction 77 Combing felt 71 in soundboards, increasing 460, grand, regulation 183 in hammer butts, inspecting 191 Comparing grand action parts 376 467, 475 late 130 of shanks, inspecting in grands Composite in soundboards, measuring 461 uneven 253 153 action parts 375 of piano hammer 70, 208 with pedal in verticals (see Centers for Disease Control and plate 440 Crystal Soundboard 45 “Pedal, damper lift”) Prevention 136 Compound, buffing 364 Cupola plate 56 Damper lift rod 74, 147, 192, 197, Central (de)humidification 86 Compressed action 68 Cutoff bar 46 253, 490, 494 Ceramic magnet 204 Compression set 251, 457 Cutting Damper stop rail CEUS, by Bösendorfer 17 Compression-crowned leather and felt 342 adjusting 152 Chalk 422 soundboards 49 new pinblock 445 Dampers 74 blue (see “Blue chalk”) Compressor 331, 479 Cyanoacrylate glue (see “CA glue”) grand, rebuilding 400 buffing ivory tops with 240, 365 Computer Numerical Control (CNC) CyberHammer 110 grand, regulating 180 for stringing 224 61 CyberTuner 126 low, effects on tuning 130 on tuning pins 323 Conair 214 Cymbal-Clavir 3 vertical, rebuilding 413 Cheating jack 494 Concert Level 204 vertical, regulating 196 Cheek 8 Concert String Tool 203 D Dampp-Chaser 85, 87, 88, 90 block (see “End block”) Condensation of moisture 84 Daniel Levitan 103, 109, 111, 114, disease 11, 12, 320 Condenser, in air-conditioner 86 Dag 22, 145, 156, 160 130 Chemical Conklin, Harold Jr. 45, 46, 56, 459 stop screw, adjusting 152 Darije Kos 461, 464 hardeners 216 Conn Strobotuner 124 Dain, Richard 17, 19, 25, 43, 45 Darrell Fandrich 17, 68, 69, 273, 290, stripper 481 Conrad Graf 11, 12 Dale Erwin 416 292, 298, 299, 300, 378, 458, 501 Chen, Hailun and Faye 17 Console humidifier 87 Damper 77 Dave Roberts 419 Chickering 13, 14, 319 Consonance 95 block 74 Davenport Tools 203, 204 Chickering, Jonas 12 Consonant intervals 97 blocks and strips in verticals 413 David G. Hughes 321 China 16 Contact adhesives (cement) 336 felt, flat 74 David Huggins 274 Chipping to tune new strings 129 Contiguous M3s 117 felt, noise 490 David Kirkland 16, 27, 56 Chisel 333 Continuous curved bridge 38 felts 22, 74, 340 David Stanwood 144, 214, 273, 283, 530 Index Sample page from Pianos Inside Out. Copyright © 2013 Mario Igrec.

286, 288, 290, 291, 309, 315, 506 for drilling hammers 387 in a rebuilding shop 329 in keyboard 59 David Sutherland 2 Drilling Érard, Pierre 12, 13, 320 in verticals, inspecting 191 Davies, Clair xvii bridge pin holes 477 Érard, Sébastien 12, 13, 77, 320 on dampers in verticals, de la Fage, Adrien 76 hammer heads 386 Eric Johnson 45 replacing 413 de Zwolle, Henri Arnaut 1 pinblock 451 Erwin, Dale 416 on grand dampers, replacing 400 Debain, Alexandre-Françoise 76 vertical piano hammers 414 Erwin’s & Sons pinblock 451 replacing 340 Debussy, Claude 76 Driscoll CF Tuning Lever 110 Erwin’s Piano Restoration 48, 281 replacing, overview 326 Decal Drop Escapement of jack 76 Ferdinand Hoffman 6 brass letters, installing 484 adjusting in grands 172 escutcheon 489 Ferrini, Giovanni 1 soundboard, applying 472 button in grand shanks 77 Estonia 73 File 333 Decay, of sound 43, 44 regulating 172 ETDs 125 Nicholson 237, 382 Dehumidifier 86, 328 screw 22 Ether 217 Filler, pore, for lacquer 482 Dehumidifying air 85 testing by feel 174 European strings, wire gauges 34 Filling surface for finishing 482 with air conditioner 86 Dropped action 68, 113, 140, 320 Europiano xvi Filter/separator 479 Deicing, in dehumidifier 86 Dryburgh Adhesive 255 Evaporator, in air-conditioner 86 Fine, Larry 17 Del Mela, Domenico 8 Duct tape 337 Exhibition Finish Delaminated pinblock, repairing Dulcimer 2, 6 Centennial 14 blushing 479 256 Duncan Enterprises 336 in Paris in 1867 13 buffing 483 Delignit 28, 441, 451, 456 Duplex 36 Expanding action brackets (see refinishing 479 Deluxe Hammer Boring Jig 387 bar, friction with 131 “Action, brackets, expanding”) repairing 263 Delwyn Fandrich 17, 459 portion of strings 62 Expression pedal 75 satinizing 264, 484 Density resonances 133 Extracting broken agraffe 262 soundboard, refinishing 468 in soundboards 50 termination 22 Eyedropper 218 touching up 263 of hammers 72 Dvor Trakoscan 11 types 480 Descending intervals 95 Dynamic breakpoint 300 F Finishing Design 19 Dynamic ceiling 49, 298 hazards 480 DETOA 60 Dynamic touchweight 276, 298 Fabric softener 215 materials, protecting from water Dewey, John 242, 375 Facing off agraffes 439 vapor 84 Diagnosing E Faivre 12, 47 Fish, for increasing sustain in treble piano before rebuilding 321 Falconwood 28, 441 46 Diagram Easing key bushings 352 Fallboard 22, 28 Fitting new pinblock 448 action 64 Eastern Europe, as piano market 16 removing 136 Flagpoling of tuning pins 54, 107 grand piano cross section 22 Easy String Calc 46, 419 Fallboard lock 91 Flange of the plate, fitting pinblock Diaphragmatic soundboard 47 Ebony False beats 41, 132, 256 to 441 Diatonic scale 94 black key tops 365 False bridge 37 Flanges of hammer shanks 77 Didymic comma 98 sealing 367 Fan, effects on tuning (see Flannel buffing wheel 365 Disc sander 331 Echo 490 “Reflection of sound”) Flat damper felt 74 Dishwashing detergent 338 Eclectic Products 336 Fandrich 15 Flat-head screws 339 Disklavier 17 Ecsaine 341 vertical back 25 Flexner, Bob 479 Dissonance 95 Ed Foote 214 vertical piano action 68 Flitz 156, 425, 437 Dissonant intervals 97 Edges, touching up 263, 484 Fandrich Vertical Action 69, 77 Floating Distance leverage 279 Edwin Good 13 Fandrich, Darrell 17, 68, 69, 273, bridge 39 Distance multiplier 295 Effects of environment on pianos 83 290, 292, 298, 299, 300, 378, 458, pinblock 33, 441 Ditanaklasis 10 Elastic limit 33 501 soundboard 46 Ditonic comma 98 reaching and exceeding 128 Fandrich, Delwyn 17, 459 Florence 1 Dolge, Alfred 4, 5, 13, 14 Elbows 409 Fandrich-Rhodes 273, 274, 299 Flügel 3, 9 Dolly 268 Electricity in the shop 328 Fast Grab 336 Foote, Ed 214 Domenico del Mela 8 Electronic tuning 124 Fasteners 339 Force, bending, in strings 101 Domenico Scarlatti 2 corrections 126 Fatigue, of strings 34 Forcing soundboard crown 466 Don Anthonio da Braganza 2 Ellis, James F. 46 Faulk Piano Service 109 Fractured key, repairing 234 Donhauser, Peter 8 EMC (see “Equilibrium moisture Faust Harrison Pianos 35, 47, 52, 58 Frame 19, 24 Dorian mode 94 content”) 49 Faye Chen 17 rails, restoring 344 Dornfeld, Bruce 149 Emerson, George “Frank” 17, 47 Fazioli 17, 29, 36, 42, 48, 53, 55, 75, Tubular Metallic 66, 68 Double Cupola plate 56 Emery cloth 338 138, 398 underlever (see “Underlever Double Repetition vertical action 77 Empfindsamer Stil 9 Feeler gauge 258, 449, 450, 461 tray”) Double strings 224 Encore 384 Felt vertical 24 Dowel, pitman 23 End block 22 affected by humidity 85 François Couperin 6 Dowels adjusting 152 cutting 342 Frank E. Morton 44 for repairing stripped screw removing 136 for key bushings 348 Frank Emerson 17, 47 holes 240 English Action 9 for timpani 340 Frankfurt Musikmesse xvi supporting the plate 20 English Double Action 10 friction with strings 131 Franklin glue 335, 336, 454 Downbearing 21 Enharmonic notes 94 gluing 342 Franz Jacob Späth 9 improving by installing thinner Envelope, of sound 43, 383 in hammers 70 Franz Joseph Haydn 11 pinblock 449 Environment, effects on pianos 83 in hammers, rinsing (see Franz Liszt 13, 82 measuring 419 Environmental Protection Agency “Rinsing”) Fred Sturm 69, 109, 124, 130, 155, of strings 48, 54, 84 xvii interwoven with thread 340 165, 193, 210, 215 of strings, diagnosing 322 Epoxy 256, 336 manufacture of 71 Frederic Chopin 13 setting with new bridge cap 475 in soundboard cracks 318 on hammers, ironing 214 Frederick the Great of Prussia 2 Downweight 276 soaking the soundboard with on hammers, resetting during Frederick Vietor 59 Dremel 331 459 voicing 211 Frequency of sound 43 Dresden 2 Equal temperament 99 plain 340 Friction 276, 443 Drill 331 Equilibrium moisture content 49, punchings 59 changing during key travel 278 Drill bit, laminate-trimming (see 460 types 340 controlling 306 “Laminate-trimming bit”) Equipment Felts in action center pins 77 Drill press 331 for spraying finishes 479 in dampers 74 Friedrich Marpurg 3 Sample page from Pianos Inside Out. 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Front rail 22, 58 action, rough-regulating 394 Hamburg Steinway 16, 21, 31, 59, Hammering key pins 58 backchecks, rebuilding 368 67, 313, 369, 384 overhardened hammers 214 Front weight 291, 297, 398 Centennial 14 Hammer 22 tuning pins 230, 254, 417 calculating 294 damper system design flaws 182 ball-peen (see “Ball-peen Hammers 70 ceiling 291, 293, 397 damper system noises 181 hammer”) affecting the tuning 133 estimating 296 damper system, rebuilding 400 boring jig 387 checking alignment and spacing Fujan Products 109 damper system, regulating 180 crown 70, 208 in grands 149 Fuji Silysia Chemical, Ltd. 85 damper underlevers, rebuilding felt 70, 340 cold-pressed 71 Full-fit pinblock 33, 441 vs. replacing 405 felt, ironing 214 dense, voicing 209 Functioning of an ideal hammer 208 diagram 22 felt, resetting 211 drilling and tapering in verticals Fundamental pitch 96 hammers, replacing 383 felt, rinsing (see “Rinsing”) 414 jack, split 243 felt, sanding 211, 216 glue for installation of 391 G keyboard vs. vertical keyboard felt, sanding top layer 393 gluing onto shanks 391 343 felt, steam-treating 71, 214 grand, replacing 383 Gap, between jack and hammer keyboard, inserting 137 felt, treated with hardeners 216 grooved, unresilient 133 butt, adjusting 195 keyboard, removing 136 hardener (see “Hardener”) in verticals, replacing 414 Garnet sandpaper 338 knuckles, repairing (see head 76 installing 390 Gauge numbers, marking on plate “Knuckles, repairing”) heads, drilling 386 manufacture 71 with stencils 440 legs 28 heads, inspecting 153 marking 387 Gauge, bubble 204 legs, removing and installing 268 height, regulating in grands 170 mating to strings 207 Geib, John 4, 10 lid 28 ideal, functioning 208 needling 210 Geigenwerk 1 lid, removing and installing 268 mass, changing (see “Strike new, voicing 394 Gel, superglue 336 lyre, removing and installing 271 weight, changing”) over/under-centering (see Geometry (see “Action geometry”) pedals, noises 493 molding 71 “Over-centering,” “Under- George “Frank” Emerson 17, 47 piano restringing 423 molding materials 73 centering”) Gerald Cousins 392 pinblock types 440 properties 70 replacement, deciding on weight German loop 225, 231 pinblock, replacing 440 rail 22 of 286 German silver 143 shank rest felt (see “Shank rest rebounding 70 reshaping before regulating Gertz, Richard 14, 25 felt”) rest rail, adjusting in grands 178 action 166 Gilding, refinishing piano plate 439 wippens, traveling 170 shoulders 70, 208 selecting 383 Gillis, Ian 4 Grand Piano Solutions 242, 416 shoulders, needling 211 shaping tails 71 Giovanni Ferrini 1 Grand Plate Puller 329, 435 strike point 73, 208, 375 soft, voicing up 216 Giraffe 8 Grandwork 204, 205 strike weight (see “Strike squaring 168 Giustini, Lodovico 2 Grandwork Regulation Station 141 weight”) steam-treating (see “Steam- Glass Granite sanding block 359 tails, shaping and tapering 388 treating hammer felt”) sanding block 359 Graphite 145 tails, types 73 variations 72 soundboard 45 Graphiting bridges 478 Tapering Jig (also see “Spurlock voicing 73 Glazbala Kos 461, 464 Gravagne, Nick 273, 393, 468 Specialty Tools”) 385 warm-pressed 71, 384 Glides 22 Gravicembalo col piano e forte 1 underfelt 73 Hand stops 6 adjusting 159 Grease, cork 268, 270, 493 weight 72, 275, 283 Hand tools 333 lubricate 155 Great Depression 15, 16, 321 Hammer butt Hands Off fallboard lock 91 Glover’s needles 210 Gregor Heller 232 Billings flange (see “Billings Hans Velo 46, 306, 311, 419 Gloves 146, 422 Gregory Graham 143 flange”) Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome applying powder lubricant with Grid, sanding 338 center pins, inspecting 191 136 158 Griffa & Figli 5 in verticals 76 Hard Wax 264 inspection 221 Grijalva, Robert 458, 459 in verticals, rebuilding 411 Hardener wearing during regulation 135 Grinder 331 leathers and felts, inspecting 191 applying to hammer felt 218 Glue 334 Grossbach, Jan 263 Schwander 411 for hammers 216 creepage of (see “Creepage of Grotrian 24, 25, 31, 35, 37, 38, 159, spring 77 voicing overhardened hammers glue”) 186, 225, 319, 339, 366, 501 spring, variations in 68 215 for installing hammers 391 Growing action brackets (see springs, inspecting 191 Hardening hammer felt 71 for key bushings 349 “Action, brackets, expanding”) Hammer shank 22, 76, 376 Hardwood insert, for repairing sizing 237 Guide notes 142 center pins, inspecting in grands action rails 242 thermoplasticity 335 regulating 166 153 Harmonic bar 13 Gluing felt and leather 342 Guide rail drop button 77 Harmonic intervals 95 Golfer’s glove 422 bushings 181 flange 22 Harmonic minor scale 94 Good, Edwin 13 bushings in grand pedals, noises ratio 282 Harmonic Piano 94 Gordon Crail 268 493 rest cloth, on rail 340 Harmonic series 95 Gottfried Silbermann 2, 6 bushings, easing 248 rest felt 22, 340 Harmonics (see also “Partials”) 95 Goudonnet 76 Gym chalk 422 rest rail, regulating 178 Harold Conklin Jr. 45, 46, 56, 459 Gouges, repairing 264 split, repairing 243 Harpsichord xv Gradient, in tone (see “Tonal H strike weight 286 Harrison, Michael 94 gradient”) weight ratio 288 Harshness, tonal, removing 211 Graf, Conrad 11, 12 Hackbrett 2 Hammer shanks Hawkins, John Isaac 10 Graham, Gregory 143 Hailun Chen 17 gluing hammers onto 391 Haydn, Franz Joseph 11 Grain angle, in soundboards 49 Hailun Piano Company 17, 47 grand, comparing 376 Haydn, Joseph 8, 9 Grand Half pedaling 185 grand, replacing 380 Hazards in finishing and refinishing action and keyboard, Half step 94 grand, traveling 167 480 transporting 137 Half-blow heating and twisting 168, 393 Head action diagram 64 distance 181, 197 in verticals, replacing 414 hammer 76 action rails 66 pedal 198, 275 made of carbon fiber composite hexagonal on bolts 339 action rebuilding 373 rail 194, 198 66 Hearing protection xvii action types 63 Half-moon punchings 315 old, reusing 385 Heat gun 194, 196, 243 action, regulating 166 Half-round dowel (see “Balance rail stubs, cutting 393 Heating and twisting shanks 168, action, removing 136 bearing”) Hammer Square tool 167 393 532 Index Sample page from Pianos Inside Out. Copyright © 2013 Mario Igrec.

Heating lamps 255, 256, 460, 461 Imadegawa hammers 72, 384 Jim Schmitt 262 under 163 Hebenstreit, Pantaleon 2, 3, 6 Impact tuning lever 110 Johann Andreas Stein 3, 6, 8, 9, 12 legs, fitting under 112 Height of grand backchecks 368 Impedance in soundboards 44 Johann Christian Bach 8 leveling strings from 205 Heinrich Neuhaus 76 Increasing soundboard crown 475 Johann Sebastian Bach 2, 9 lubricating 145, 147, 155, 179 Heli-Coil 243, 262 Individually-tied strings 224 Johann Socher 3 positioning key frame on 208 Heller, Gregor 232 Industrial Revolution 8, 11 Johannes Brahms 13, 70 pounding into 112 Hellerbass 232, 422 Industrial scale production 13 Johannes Pohlman 9 protecting during restringing 427 Helmholtz, Hermann von xviii, 97 Inertia 275, 298, 304 Johannes Zumpe 9, 10 removing in verticals 430 Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal benefits 299 John Dewey Enterprises 242, 375 sostenuto dowel in 137, 188 Syndrome 136 reducing 309 John Geib 4, 10 transmitting noises 62, 96 Henri Arnaut de Zwolle 1 Inertial Touch Force 273, 299, 300 John Isaac Hawkins 10 underlever tool on 183 Henri Herz 12, 320 Infrared heating bulbs 460 John Nelson Woodworking 355 using for tuning fork 116 Henri Pape 10, 13 Inharmonicity 41, 101 John Parham 253 Key bushings 22, 58, 61 Herbert A. Shead xvii of intervals (see “Interval John Rhodes 273, 290, 292, 299, cauls 348 Hermann Kluge 16 inharmonicity”) 300, 501 checking 155 Hermann Lichtenthal 11, 507 of strings 34 John Watson 4, 7, 89, 136, 320 easing 155, 352 Hermann von Helmholtz xviii, 97 variations between scale designs Johnson, Eric 45 leather 490 Herrburger-Schwander 320 107 Joints, on bridges, repairing 258 loose, repairing 236 wippens 67 Inherent vice 319 Jolly, Roger 165 replacing 347 Hertz (Hz) 97 Insects 88 Jonas Chickering 12 Key buttons 22, 60, 61 Herz, Henri 12, 320 Insert, hardwood, for repairing Jones, Scott 283, 311 cracked, repairing 234 Herz-Érard 63, 320 action rails 242 Joseph Haydn 8, 9 replacing 236 Hex screws 339 Inserting grand action and Jude Reveley 236, 288, 292, 313, Key capstans 62, 76 Hexagonal keyboard 137 314, 394, 459, 466 checking 155 core in bass strings 36 Interval 94, 95 Julian Carrillo 94 lubricating 155 head on bolts 339 consonant v. dissonant 97 repositioning 313 Hexagrip pinblock 28, 32 inharmonicity 103, 106 K Key dip Hickey, Jeffrey 262 Inventronics 125 checking in grands 149 Hide glue 334, 335 Ionian mode 94 Kawai 17, 66, 197, 319, 375 constraints 275 High gloss 483 Ironing hammer felt 214 Kehl, Roy 56 measuring 344 lacquer, repairing 264 Isaac hammers 384 Keith Bowman 109 regulating 164 High Performance Super Glue Gel Isaac Pianos 422 Keith McGavern 262 setting inside the piano 161 336 Isaac, Ari 384 Kelly 16 Key end felts 22, 340 High-build finish 481 Isocyanates 483 Kent Webb 16, 85, 146 replacing 353 High-speed ITF (see “Inertial Touch Force”) Key 22, 94 Key frame 22, 58 rotary power tool 331 Ivoplast 354 balance felt punchings 340 “bedding” to key bed 159 steel drill bits 451 Ivorine key tops 354 balance holes, reaming 351 back rail 22, 58 History 1 Ivorite key tops 355 balance point, moving 315 balance rail and pins 58 Hitch pins 21, 22 Ivory block (see “End block”) bedding 159 Acu-Just (see “Acu-Just”) chipped, repairing 238 damper lift (see “Damper lift”) checking 154 Hi-tech finishes 483 from fossil mammoth 355 fractured, repairing 234 cloths and felts 59 Hoffman, Ferdinand 6 key tops 355 front felt punchings 340 cloths and felts, effect on noises Hoist 329 Ivory soap 145 height, measuring 343 63 Holes leads 22, 62, 397 end block (see “End block”) for screws, repairing 240 J level, observing 149 flexing 141, 167 in keys 237 mortise, broken 234 front pins 58 Hollow mill 437 Jack 22, 76 pulley (see “Pulley key”) front rail 22, 58 Horn (see “Plate horn”) bases in verticals, inspecting 191 ratio 280 gaining access to 140 Hot hide glue 334 binding on knuckle 156 rest felt 340 grasping 136 Hot Stuff 255 center pins, in verticals 191 stop rail 22, 159, 166, 343 holes, stripped, repairing 240 Hot-melt glue 337 cheating (see “Cheating jack”) stop rail, removing 153 immobilized 251 Huber, Alfons 3 gap, adjusting 195 weight ratio 291 inspecting 154 Huggins, David 274 grand, aligning to knuckle 176 Key bed 20, 22, 24, 30, 57, 74, 76, lubricating 155, 179 Hughes, David G. 321 in grands, split 243 136, 164, 179 preparing for rebushed keys 350 Humidifier 87, 328 realigning to repetition lever attaching lyre to 271 rebuilding vs. replacing 326, 343 Humidifying air 86 opening 156 bending 160 restoring 344 Humidity 83 spring 77 blocking hitch pins in verticals return spring, lubricating 156 effects on tuning 130 springs in verticals, inspecting 233 shift, diagnosing 149 increasing 86 189 bowed 205 shifting type 158 lowering 85 tender 22 curvature of 141, 164, 173 shimming, to adjust curvature of relative vs. absolute 84 tender, lubricating 158 curvature, measuring 344 175 Hurstwood Farm Piano Studios 19, Jacks damaging 268 Steinway balance rail bearings 43, 45 inspecting in grands 156 distance to strings, altering 449 59 Hydrogen peroxide 363 regulating in pianos with let off distance to strings, measuring Key pins 58 Hygrometer 85 capstans 177 344, 423 checking 154 Hypo oiler 218 James F. Ellis 46 fitting key frame to 159 cleaning and lubricating 154 James Geiger 15 flexing 493 friction, checking 149 I Jan Grossbach 263 glides in 160 replacing 345 Janissary effects 8 hammers perpendicular to 204 Key punchings, felt 59 Ialeggio, Jim 242, 416 Jansen & Son 268 hollowed 141, 160, 205 Key shoe 60, 61 Ian Gillis 4 Japan 16 in vertical, action supports on regluing 238 Ibach 319 Jean Marius 3 140 Key slip 22, 28 Ignace Pleyel 10 Jeffrey Hickey 262 in verticals 28 removing 136 Igor Stravinsky 63 Jigsaw 332 key frame, fastened to 136 Key tops 58, 61 Igrec, Seni 82 Jim Ialeggio 242, 416 key level adjustment screws, black 22 Sample page from Pianos Inside Out. Copyright © 2013 Mario Igrec. Index 533

black, replacing 365 Leveling strings 202 Magic line 282, 377, 378 cleaning 89 L with ceramic magnets 204 Magnesium carbonate 422 porous white, sanding 363 Lacquer 217 Lever Magnet, for string leveling 204 porous, tools and materials 358 as hammer felt hardener 216 damper, adjusting 197 Magnetic Balanced Action 306, 311 regluing and replacing 238 blushing 479 damper, in verticals 77 Magnetic Friction Reduction 306 sealing ebony 367 high-gloss 483 repetition 76 Magnetically Accelerated Action white 22 pore filler 482 underdamper in grands (see 311 white, bleaching 363 sanding sealer 482 “Damper, underlever”) Maintenance 83 white, buffing 364 satin, repairing 264 Leverage (see “Action, leverage”) periodic 89 white, loose 491 Special Repair (see “Special Levitan Tuning Levers 109 Major scale 94 white, replacing 354 Repair Lacquer”) 264 Levitan, Daniel 103, 109, 111, 114, Maleic resin 499 white, scraping 363 thinner 338 130 Mammoth ivory 355 Keyboard 58 Lacquer stick 264 Lichtenthal, Hermann 11, 507 Mapes 224, 422 effects of noises on tone 62 Lafargue Pianos 127 Lid 23 Maria Barbara, queen or Spain 2 felts 59 Laible, Ulrich 4 as a surface for regulation 137 Marius, Jean 3 grand, inserting 137 LakeOne USA 482 grand 28 Marking hammers 387 grand, removing the action from Laminates, plastic, for key tops 354 grand, removing and installing Marpurg, Friedrich 3 379 Laminate-trimming bit 236, 358, 361, 268 Mary Oey 320 grand, transporting 137 400 keyboard 28 Masking tape 337 how it works 76 Lamination sheet 201 prop 23 Mason & Hamlin 14, 15, 25, 27, 30, in grands, removing 136 Lamps, heating 255, 256, 460 Lift, of dampers (see “Damper lift”) 36, 38, 39, 65, 67, 319, 378, 504 in verticals, regulation 158 Lanolin 145, 210, 215 Lifting piano plate 435 Mass noises 59 Laoureux 384 Light in a rebuilding shop 328 in soundboards 44 rebuilding 342 Lap of wool 71 Lighter 194, 196, 243 of hammers, reducing 71 rebuilding vs. replacing 326, 343 Larry Fine 17 Limit, elastic, in strings 33 Massage, trigger point xvii rebuilding, overview 326 Lavender, as moth repellent 88 Linesman pliers 333 Material Safety Data Sheet 217, 334 regulating 158, 161 Lead Lip balm 145 Materials xvii regulating on the bench 141 corroded 89 Liquid hide glue 335 compatibility 318 removing top stack from 154 placement 299 Liquid Sandpaper 263 for black key tops 365 taking measurements 343 weights 295 Liquid Wrench 434, 437 for finishing soundboards 469 Key-Brite 89 weights, calculating 297 Liszt, Franz 13, 82 for pinblocks 441 Key-imbalance weight 295 weights, in keys 22, 62, 397 Lock bar 23 for rebuilding 334 Keys 94 weights, installing/removing 397 Lock washers 339 for white key tops 354 balance pin hole 61 wire 308 LOCK-N-STITCH 254 Mathias Müller 10 balance pin holes, reaming 350 Lead factor 292, 295 Locrian mode 94 Mathushek 15, 68, 321 checking 153 Leads Lodovico Giustini 2 Mating hammers to strings 207 cleaning 154 calculating 295 Logitudinal mode of vibration 44, 46 Mattheson 2 leaded to adjust touchweight 396 loose, repairing 236 Long bridge 20, 36 Matthew Crawford 318 leading temporarily 161 Leather 341 Long stick 23 Matthias Stöckle 467 manufacture 61 affected by humidity 85 Longman & Broderip 358 McDougal, Craig 9 properties 60 bushings 490 Lonnie Bird 446 McFerrin, W.V. 142 repairing 234 cutting 342 Louis Renner GmbH 64, 467 McGavern, Keith 262 rubbing 153 gluing on wood 342 Low-creep PVA glue 336 McLube 1708L 478 sanding on key frame 357 nap of 341 LPS 1 114 McLube 444NPB 145 sluggish 234 replacing 340 Lubricants 145 Mean-tone temperament 99 spacing between, regulating 162 replacing on grand backchecks Lubricating Measuring squaring 162 369 damper levers and springs 192 downbearing 419 steaming to remove bushings LED head light 221 hammer butts 191 relative humidity 85 347 Leg 23 key frame and key bed in grands soundboard crown 461 weighting 397 plates 28 179 Mechanical damping 142 Kick board 140 Legato xviii, 63, 112, 174, 183, 397, knuckles 156 Mechanism 24, 57 Killer octave (see “Melody octave”) 490 lid hinge pins 268, 270 how it works 76 Kirkland, David 16, 27, 56 Legs 28 pedals 493 modifying 378 Klaus Wogram 45 removing and installing 268 repetition spring and notch 157 MEE (see “Moisture Excluding Klavierhaus 36, 52, 57 Lens case 222, 287 screws with bees’ wax 340 Effectiveness”) Kluge 61, 355 Lentz 76 vertical damper springs 192 Meguiar 90, 264, 265, 471, 483, 484 Kluge, Hermann 16 Lessons in tuning 111 voicing needles 210 Melodic intervals 95 Knabe 14, 319 Let off voicing needles with lanolin 210 Melodic minor scale 94 Knee levers 6 adjusting in grands 171 Ludwig van Beethoven 6, 11, 12 Melody octave 42, 46, 49, 50, 73, Knuckle 385 adjusting in verticals 194 Lumber, quarter-sawn (see 204, 386 distance 278 button cloth, brushing and “Quartersawn Menzerna 265, 483 distance, altering 312 ironing 158 lumber”) Metal jack binding on 156 buttons 22, 68, 76 Lydian mode 94 affected by humidity 85 Knuckles 22 buttons in grands, replacing 379 Lyre 23 gluing felt on 342 grand, inspecting 156 buttons in verticals, replacing detached pedal box 251 soundboard 45 lubricating 156 411 for pedals in grands 74 Metrology, of touchweight 273 repairing 244 buttons, lubricating 158 removing and installing 271 Metropolitan Museum of Art 1, 2 repositioning 313 capstans 68 repairing 249 Meyne Klaviertechnik 214 Kögler, August 13 rail 22 Mice 88 König 263, 264 rail, removing 177 M Michael Cole 2 Korea 16 screw, extracting 233 Michael Harrison 94 Korg 124, 126 testing by feel 174 Machine screws 339 Michael Wathen 43 Korg chromatic tuners 126 Letraset stencils for gauge numbers Machinist oil 145 Micro powder lubricant 145 Kos, Darije 461, 464 on plate 440 Machinist’s center drill 437 Microfinishing film 202 Kotibe 384 Leveler Company 163 Maffei, Scipione 1, 2, 6 Micrometer 34, 225, 227, 422 534 Index Sample page from Pianos Inside Out. Copyright © 2013 Mario Igrec.

Microtonal tunings 94 Nannette Streicher 3, 12 Over-centering of hammers 375, noises 493 MIDI 17 Nap of leather 341 386, 387 Pédale d’expression 75 Mike Morvan 61, 88, 235, 237, 345, Natural Felt 384 Overdamper action (see “Birdcage Pedals 6, 8, 74 346, 348, 355, 356, 357, 360, 361, Natural minor scale 94 action”) description 74 364, 367, 400 Needles Overdamping 11, 12 diagnosing 149 Miles, Poppy 238 glover’s 210 Overpull 128 loose, repairing 249 Millenium III action 17 lubricating 210 Overs Pianos 17 noisy 492 Minor scale 94 lubricating with lanolin 210 Overs, Ron 17 regulating 179 Mirror Glaze 90, 264, 265, 482, 483, Needling hammers 210 Over-stringing 13, 20, 36, 37, 56, 73, repairing 249, 250, 253 484 Neuhaus, Heinrich 76 227 Penetrating oil 434 Missing notes 82 New touchweight metrology 273 Overtone 95 Periodic maintenance 89 checking in grand actions 153 Nicholson file 237, 382 Overview of rebuilding procedures Perma-Grit 202 Notes, missing 494 Nick Gravagne 273, 393, 468 323 Peroxide, hydrogen, for bleaching Mixolydian mode 94 Nickel plating on steel strings 34 Oxidized white key tops 363 Modal analysis 45 Nickel-plated tuning pins 421 key capstans 155 Perspiration, effects on piano Modal scale 94 Nippers for cutting wire 333 key pins 154 strings 224 Mode of vibration 46 Noises Peter Donhauser 8 Moderator action parts 490 P Peterson Strobe Tuner 126 pedal 76 buzzes (see “Buzzes”) Petrof 36, 311, 410 pedal, regulating 198 clanking, in pedals (see Paint (see also “Finish”) 263 Petroleum jelly 145 Modifying “Clanking noise”) Paint thinner 338 used on plate flange 454 action 378 clatter (see “Clatter”) Painter’s tape 337 Pfeiffer, Walter 273 grand dampers with threaded clicking (see “Clicking noises”) Panels Philadelphia Centennial Exhibition wires 404 creaking (see “Creaking noise”) in pianos 28 14 pitman dowel 408 damper felt (see “Damper, felt in verticals, removing 137 Phillips head screws 339 Moisture noise”) of particleboard 28 Phillips, Ruth 263 condensation of 84 effects on tuning 489 Pan-head screws 339 Phoenix 19, 56 Moisture (see also “Humidity”) 83 in grand damper system 181 Pantaleon Hebenstreit 2, 3, 6 Phoenix Piano Company 25, 54 Moisture-absorbing agent 85, 87, 91 in keyboard 59 Pantalon 2 Phoenix Pianos 319 Moisture-excluding effectiveness in pedals 492 Pape, Henri 10, 13 Phrygian mode 94 84, 319, 469, 470 in vertical pedals 493 Papps mute 111, 112 Piano Molding keyboard, affecting tone 62 Parham, John 253 diagram 22 of hammers 71 oinking (see “Oinking noise”) Paris Conservatory 9 Harmonic, by Michael Harrison of hammers, materials 73 outside piano, effects on tuning Paris exhibition in 1867 13 94 Molitor 458 133 Paris Green 136 prepared 224 Monkey, sostenuto, removing 379 rattles (see “Rattles”) Parsons, Tremaine 419 Sixteenth Tone 94 Montal, Claude 75, 76, 275 sizzling 489 Partials Piano Forte Supply 59, 202, 208, Moondog Grand Piano Tilter 268 squealing (see “Squealing coincident 96, 121 340, 347 Mortise (see “Key, mortise”) noise”) prominence of 101 Piano Life Saver System (See Morton, Frank E. 44 zings (see “Zing noise”) Particleboard 28 “Dampp-Chaser”) Morvan, Mike 61, 88, 235, 237, 345, Nomenclature, musical xviii Parts Piano Scale Design Program 419 346, 348, 355, 356, 357, 360, 361, Norman Cantrell 136 action, comparing in grands 376 Piano String Couplers 121 364, 367, 400 Nose 27 action, rebushing 246 Piano Technicians Guild xvi, 124, Moth balls 88 Nose bolts 20, 131 action, repinning 244 126, 419, 458 Mother Goose 204 cups or nuts 20, 22 Pattern of tuning pins 131 Piano Technicians Guild Moths 88 Nossaman, Ron 452 Paul Badura-Skoda 212 Foundation 15 Moto Tool 331 Notching, bridges 41, 478 Paul L. Jansen & Son, Inc 268 Piano Technicians Journal 253, 419, Mouse infestation (see “Rodents”) Notes 94 Paul Revenko-Jones 437 458 Mover’s blankets (see “Blankets”) Nuts, used with bolts as fasteners Paulello, Stephen 17, 224 Piano Wrangler Equipment Co. 268 Moving Grand Piano 267 339 Pedal 23 PianoDisc 149 Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus 3, 6, 9, damper (sustain) 74 PianoHorse 268 11 O damper lift 402 Pianos Bolduc 259, 434, 435, 444, MSDS (see “Material Safety Data damper lift rod 192 445, 446, 449, 451, 452, 453, 454, Sheet”) O.S. Kelly 16 damper lift, in verticals 196 455, 458, 473, 514 Müller, Mathias 10 Oblong tuning pins 110 damper, regulating 179 Pianotech x, 262, 383, 458, 516, 520 Multi-laminated pinblock 451 Observations before rebuilding half-blow (see “Half-blow, Pianotek 91, 255, 265, 274, 346, 349, Multiple chemical sensitivity 479 grand action 375 pedal”) 384, 407, 414, 437, 458 Music desk (see “Music rack”) Octagrip 28 linkage 74 Pianoworld.com x, xvi, 383, 516, 520 Music nomenclature xviii Octave 94 lyre 74 Piccolo piano 10 Music rack 23 melody (see “Melody octave”) moderator 76 Pierre Érard 12, 13, 320 removing 136 tuning 116 moderator, regulating 198 Pinblock 20, 21, 22, 28 Music Sorb 85, 87, 91 Octaves, stretched 119 noises in grands 493 as precondition for tuning 131 Music typesetting 11 Oey, Mary 320 practice 76 Bolduc router bit (see “Bolduc, Music wire (piano strings) 33 Offset bass bridge 40 right 74 pinblock router bit”) Musikmesse Frankfurt xvi Ohlendorf, Rick 234 rods 23, 76 brushing holes 421 Muslin buffing wheel 364 Oinking noise 490 soft (see “Soft pedal”) drilling 451 Mute, tuning 112 Old Brown Glue 335 sostenuto 74, 76 fitting to the plate 54 Mutton tallow 145, 158 Oorebeek, André 157, 208 sostenuto, regulating 186 floating 33, 441 Muzio Clementi 9 Open-face pinblock 33, 440 sustain (see “Pedal, damper”) full-fit 33, 441, 444 Mylar 424 replacing 456 trapwork in grands (linkage) 76 Hexagrip 28, 32 Orange-peel look 470, 483 vertical damper lift 190 inspecting before restringing 419 N Orbital sander 332 whoosh 183, 491 installing thinner to improve Organizing a rebuilding shop 328 Pedal box, detached 251 downbearing 449 Nails 339, 403 Outer rim (Case) 23, 28 Pedal rods materials 441 NAMM xvi Oval head screws 339 adjusting 180 open face 33, 440, 456 Sample page from Pianos Inside Out. 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regular-fit 33, 441 Plates in grand legs 28 fractured key 234 repairs 254 Playability 273, 303, 306 Q key button 234 replacing or rebuilding, improvement road map 310 Quartersawn key shoe 238 overview 326 Plexiglas 215, 384 keys 61 soundboard separations 459 replacing, in grands 440 Pleyel 13 lumber 50, 61 soundboard to ribs and rim 463 types, in grands 440 Pleyel, Ignace 10 lumber, for bridge caps 474 split hammer shank 243 Pins Pliers 333 lumber, for pinblocks 443 Regular-fit pinblock 33, 441 balance rail 58, 76 Plugs, hardwood 241 lumber, for soundboards 44, 441 Regulating 135 bridge 21 Plunge router 331 Queen Maria Barbara of Spain 2 action 166 bridge, installing 479 Pohlman, Johannes 9 Quick Dry Tacky Glue 358 as periodic maintenance 89 front, on key frame 58 Polishing 89 QuicKey Leveler 163, 164 blow distance in verticals 195 hitch, Acu-Just 56 Polyester finish 28, 265, 481 Quicktite 336 damper spoons 197 in bridges 40 Polyurethane 481 dampers in verticals 196 in bridges, repairing loose 256 Polyvinyl glues (see “PVA glue,” grand action 166 tuning 21 “PVC-E glue”) R grand action, rough 394 tuning, oblong 110 Poppy Miles 238 Rack for music, removing 136 grand damper system 180 tuning, problems with 130 Pore filler 482 Rail guide notes 166 Pitch Porous key tops, tools and materials belly 21 jacks in pianos with let off lowering 129 358 half-blow (see “Half-blow, rail”) capstans 177 raising 128 Portable power tools 331 Rails key dip inside the piano 161 Pitchlock Inc. 121, 311 Portable upright 10 damaged, repairing 240 key frame glides 159 Pitman dowel 23, 408 Portugal 1 in piano action 66 keyboard 158, 161 lubricating 493 Pounding stick 112 Railsback curve 102, 104 on piano’s lid 137 modernizing 408 Powell, Sam 278 Raised plate flange 21 on the bench 141 regulating 179 Power tools 330 Raising pitch 128 pedals 179 Plain felts 340 Practice pedal 76 Raking buffing wheel 365 soft pedal 178 Planer, portable power 332 Precision Dip Force Gauge 164 Range, expanding 12 sostenuto 186 Planer/jointer 331 Precision TouchDesign 273, 309 Rasps 333 touchweight 396 Planes 333 kit 274, 292 Ratchet brace 333 vertical action 189 Plastic Prellleiste 3 Ratio of action leverage (see Regulation Station (see “Grandwork acrylic for key tops 354 Prellmechanik 3 “Action, leverage”) Regulation Station”) black key tops 365 Premium Blue hammers 73, 384 Rats 88 Reinforcement, of hammer felt 73 elbows 409 Pre-needling hammers 386 Rattles Relative humidity 84 laminates for key tops 354 Prepared piano 224 diagnosing 489 Releasing tension of strings 421 Plastic cleaner 484 Pressure bars 24, 430 effect on tuning 133 Renaissance 99 Plastic piano 25, 66 Pressure iron 6 in soundboard 261 Renner 5, 24, 58, 66, 67, 71, 210, Plastic polish 484 Pressure plates 339 Ravenscroft 17, 41 247, 374, 380, 383, 406, 467 Plate 20, 22, 50 Pressure ridges 49 RC&S (see also “rib-crowned”) hammers 384 bolt 22 Priming surface for finishing 482 soundboard 49 Renner USA 68, 282, 384, 387, 407 bushings 54, 326 Pro Grade by 3M 338 Real-Time Specialties 125, 126 Repairs 221 bushings, applying CA glue to Projection of sound, increasing 211 Reamalgamation solvent 481 Repetition 255 Prokofiev, Sergei 63 Reaming grand lever height, regulating changing inner tensions 133 Prolube 192 agraffe holes 437 177 composite 440 Prolube (see “Protek, Prolube”) holes in hammers 391 see “Wippen” 67 contraction 54 Protecting hearing xvii key balance holes 350 speed of 77 cracked 131 Protek Rebounding of hammers 70 Repetition lever and spring 22, 76 cracked, repairing 253 CLP 114, 144, 145, 146, 148, 193, Rebuilding 317 lubricating 157 cupola 56 246, 249, 490 shop requirements 327 see also “Spring, repetition” hitch pins 21 MPL-1 145 Recrowning soundboard 460 Repetition-assisted English action inspecting before restringing 419 Prolube 114, 145, 192 Reducing height of agraffes 439 13 internal stress 54 PSCALE 419 Refinishing 479 Repinning action parts 244 lifting out of the piano 435 Psychometer 85 grand damper heads 401 Replacing loose 130 PTG (see “Piano Technicians overview 327 agraffes 436 lowering 449 Guild”) piano plate 439 black key tops 365 manufacture 54 Pull saw 393, 394 soundboard 460, 468 bridge cap 473 marking gauge numbers on with Puller, of grand plate 329, 435 Reflection of energy 6 bridle straps 411 stencils 440 Pulley key 237, 314 by bridge pins 41 broken string 223 nose bolts 20, 131 Pulling piano to pitch 128 by bridges 36 damper felts in verticals 413 rebuilding, overview 326 Punchings by Phoenix rim 54 damper guide rail bushings 402 regilding (refinishing) 439 balance rail 59 by plate 28, 51 damper heads with wires 404 reinstalling 436 Crescendo 59, 340, 347 by V bar 56 felts and leathers 340 removing 433 front 340 helped by pinblock 33 grand backchecks 369 resonances 133 half-moon 315 in soundboard 44, 49 grand damper felts 400 screws, tightening 130 Pure Intonation tuning 94 Reflection of light 264, 484 grand damper underlevers 406 stress 54 Pure Sound 224, 422 by acrylic key tops 356 grand hammer shanks 380 struts 22 Push action 3 Reflection of sound grand hammers 383 struts, effects on tuning 133 PVA glue 335, 366 by fan 112, 133 grand pinblock 440 support dowels 20, 22 low creep 336 effect on voicing 209 grand wippens 379 suspension, nonstandard 433 PVC-E glue 336, 366, 367 Reflective foil 364 hammers and shanks in three-quarter 33, 440 Pyramid piano 8 Reflowing verticals 414 three-quarter, replacing Pythagorean finish 481 key bushings 347 pinblock 456 comma 98 hammer hardener 215 key button 236 Plate horn 21, 27, 28, 29, 204, 434, temperament 99 old finish 481 key end felts 353 436 Regilding piano plate 439 key pins 345 Plate Puller 329, 435 Regluing key tops 238 536 Index Sample page from Pianos Inside Out. Copyright © 2013 Mario Igrec.

let off buttons 379 Rotary sander 332 SEER 86 Soft Wax 264 pinblock 441, 456 Rotary tool, high speed 331 Seesawing hammer and key 368, Softener, fabric 215 string in verticals 233 Rough-regulating 371 Sohmer 43 strings 418 grand action 394 Seiko 126 Solvents 338 vertical action parts 408 vertical action 416 Selecting hammers 383 Son, Sam 149 white key tops 354 Round-head screws 339 Semitone 94 Sostenuto 63, 121 Repositioning Router 331 Seni Igrec 82 blade 187, 188 action rack 315 Roy Kehl 56 Separations bracket spring clamp 379 key balance point 315 Royal Blue 73, 384 in soundboards, regluing 459 height gauge 188 key capstans 313 RR action 69 on bridge joints, repairing 258 monkey 154 knuckles 312, 313 Rubbing, to clean satin finishes 90 Sergei Prokofiev 63 monkey, removing 379 wippen rail 315 Ruth Phillips 263 Series of harmonics 95 noises 493 Resetting hammer felt during Seven Years’ War 8 pedal 74, 76 voicing 211 S Shank (see “Hammer shank”) pedal, adjusting 180 Reshaping hammers before Shaping hammer tails 71, 388 regulating 186 regulating action 166 SAE 20W oil 145 Sharps, replacing 365 rod 22, 63, 404 Resonances Sam Powell 278 Shead, Herbert A. xvii rod blade 187 duplex 133 Sam Son 149 Sheet-metal screws 258, 259, 261, rod, lubricating 186 in soundboards 45 Sander 331, 332 339, 463, 464, 465 rod, removing 379 in the plate 133 Sanderson Accu-Tuner 125 Shelf Sound 43 Resonator, tension 25 Sanding in bass bridges 20, 40 envelope 43 Resonator, Treble Tone 458 block 337, 357 underlever (see “Underlever regulating (see “Voicing”) Resonators, in spruce 44 block, glass or granite 359 tray”) sustain, related to rim or frame Resorcinol 337 grid 338 Shift pedal (see “Soft pedal”) 25 Restringing 418 hammers 211, 213, 216 Shifting key frame (see “Soft pedal”) transmission through bridges 36 grand pianos 423 hammers, cupped 386 Shigeru Kawai 17 transmitted to soundboard 43 overview 326 keys on key frame 357 Shimming volume 209 vertical pianos 430 porous white key tops 363 chisel 466 waves, reflection (see Reveley, Jude 236, 288, 292, 313, sealer, applying 482 long bridge (see “Soundboard, “Reflection of energy”) 314, 394, 459, 466 sponge 338 crown, increasing”) Soundboard 20, 23, 43 Revenko-Jones, Paul 437 top layer of hammer felt 393 soundboard cracks 318, 460, 465 bleaching 469 Revolving screen humidifier 87 Sandpaper 337 Shock absorption, as a result of clamping to rim 50 Reyburn CyberTuner 126 3M microfinishing film 202 friction 142 compression set 457 Reyburn Piano Service 125 sanding grid 338 Shoe 21, 27, 434, 436 compression-crowned 49 Reyburn Piano Tech 110 Satin lacquer Shop cracks, shimming 318, 460, 465 Rhodes, John 273, 290, 292, 299, repairing 264 climate, effects on refinishing crown (see “Crown”) 300, 501 rubbing 90 479 decal, applying 472 Rib-crowned soundboards 49 Satinizing finish 264, 484 equipment and tools 329 density 50 Riblets 458 Sauter 15, 41, 68, 77 organizing 328 diaphragmatic 47 Ribs Sauter, Carl 94 requirements 327 finishing materials 469 in soundboards 20, 23, 45, 50 Saw, pull (see “Pull saw”) Shoulders fish 46 loose, effect on tuning 133 Sawhorse 268, 270, 271, 329, 435, of hammers 70, 208 floating 46 regluing soundboard to 463 448, 461 of hammers, needling 211 impedance 44 Richard Dain 17, 19, 25, 43, 45 Scale 94 Silbermann, Gottfried 2, 6 inspecting before restringing 418 Richard Gertz 14, 25 break 133 Silent piano 194 made of carbon fiber 19 Rick Baldassin 103, 128 design 51 Silica 85 manufacture of 50 Rick Ohlendorf 234 design, effects on tuning 133 Silicon-carbide 201, 202, 222, 227, pressure ridges 49 Ridges, pressure, in soundboards variations in inharmonicity 107 337, 338 rattling, repairing 261 49 Scarlatti, Domenico 2 Silicone lubricants 145 rebuilding 457 Rim 19, 23, 24, 25 Schaff Piano Supply Co. 182, 227, silumin 25 rebuilding, overview 327 composite 24 358, 384, 404, 407, 414 Silver, German 143 recrowning 467, 475 inspecting before restringing 419 Schmitt, Jim 262 Simple Green 89 refinishing 468 laminated (continuous) 24 Schröter, Christoph Gottlieb 3, 6 Single (individually tied) strings 224 reflection (see “Reflection of outer (case) 28 Schwander 14, 67, 68, 175, 192, 288 Sixteenth Tone Piano 94 energy”) spruce, in Bösendorfer 25 action 77 Sizzling noises 489 regluing to ribs and rim 463 stiffness 44 butt spring 410 Skid board 268 repairing or replacing 458 Ring bridge 38 hammer butt 411, 413 Sleeves, threaded for screws 339 resonances 45 Rinsing Scientific notation xviii Sliding friction 443 rib-crowned 49 hardener from felt 215 Scipione Maffei 1, 2, 6 Sliding key frame (shifting key ribs (see “Ribs, in trough 216 ScotchBlue 267 frame) 158 soundboards”) Rippen 25, 27, 66 Scotch-Brite 263 Sling psychometer 85 shimming (see “Shimming Robert Grijalva 458, 459 Scott Jones 283, 311 Slotted-head screws 339 soundboard cracks”) Robert Wornum 10, 11, 507 Scraping, porous white key tops 363 Sluggish soaking with epoxy 459 Robert Young 103, 106 Scratches, repairing 264 action parts in verticals stiffness and mass 44 Roberts, Dave 419 Screw 339 (verdigris) 374 thickness 44 Robinson Strate-Mate 203 capstan 76 keys 234 Soundboard Repair System 466 Rodents 88, 136 countersinking 339 Soap Soundboard steel 90, 489 Rods in pedal linkages 76 extractor 262 as lubricant 493, 494 Sound-generating components 33 Roger Jolly 165 holes, repairing 240 bar 145 Southerland, David 2 Ron Nossaman 452 thread repair 243 Socher, Johann 3 Southwell, William 8 Ron Overs 17 threaded metal sleeves for Socket, for grand casters 28 Spacing Ronsen 71, 72 machine screws 339 Soft pedal 74 between keys, regulating 162 Root, of bridge 37 Screw stringer 14 regulating 178, 180 of hammers, checking in grands Rosin 421 Screwdrivers 333 voicing for 213 149 Röslau 224, 422 Sébastien Érard 12, 13, 77, 320 Soft pencil 145 Spain 1 Sample page from Pianos Inside Out. 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Spanner 333 Star-shaped back 25 Stravinsky, Igor 63 Strip mute 111, 112, 113, 116, 117, Späth, Franz Jacob 9 Static Streicher, Nannette 12 118 Speaking lengths, unequal 41 friction 443 Streicher, Nannette and Johann Stripper, chemical, for removing Special Pressing hammers 384 touchweight 276 Andreas 3 finishes 481 Special Repair Lacquer 264 Stationary power tools 330 Strength, tensile of strings 33 Strobotuner 124 Spine 8 Steaming keys to remove bushings Strengthening attachment of Structure 24 Spinet grand 15, 321 347 baseboard 494 as precondition for tuning 131 Splicing a string 223 Steam-treating hammer felt 71, 214 Stress, in piano plates 54 unstable 319 Spokeshave 333 Steel string (see “String”) Stretch, in tuning 103 Struts 22 Sponge Steel wool 265, 338 Stretched octaves 119 in plate, effects on tuning 133 buffing (see “Buffing sponge”) wax 145, 265 Stretcher 20, 22, 205 Stuart & Sons 17, 43, 56, 75 tack 469 Stegemann, A. 68 detaching pinblock from 444 Stuart, Wayne 17, 43 tack, by Meguiars 471 Stein, André 8 Strike point 73, 208 Sturm, Fred 69, 109, 124, 130, 155, Spoon, grand wippen 22 Stein, Johann Andreas 3, 6, 8, 9, 12 adjusting 375, 394 165, 193, 210, 215 Spoons, damper, in verticals 77 Steingraeber & Söhne 15, 17, 19, 43, adjusting, in verticals 193 Sugar pine, for piano keys 60 adjusting 197 45, 75 Strike weight 275, 286 Sugaring 214 Spraying Phoenix 56 changing 308 Super Lube 145 equipment for finishing work 479 Steinway 38, 41 ratio 294 Superglue (see “CA glue”) Spraying finish on soundboard 471 Accelerated Action 59, 315, 347 spread 302 SuperJet 238 Spring bell 21, 496 String 22 Support spring (see “Wippen butterfly (see “Butterfly spring”) console verticals 430 bass, twisting 231 assist spring”) hammer butt 77 Diaphragmatic soundboard 47 becket 223 Surface hammer butt, variations in 68 hammers 384 broken, replacing 223 of porous key tops, treating 363 jack in verticals, inspecting 189 soundboard edge, beveled 50 downbearing (see wooden, filling and priming 482 jack, in verticals 77 Tubular Metallic Frame 66 “Downbearing”) Surform plane 333 repetition 76, 77 tubular rails, repairing 242 duplex segment 62 Sustain 43, 44, 209 repetition, lubricating 157, 158 wippens 67 German loop 225, 231 of sound, increasing 211 repetition, regulating 175 Steinway & Sons xi, 5, 13, 14, 16, 17, leveling 202 of sound, related to rim and Spring clamp 311, 411 21, 22, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, new, tuning 230 frame 25 for key bushings 348 33, 35, 38, 39, 40, 42, 44, 45, 47, segments, effects on tuning 131 pedal 74 for key fronts 358 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 58, 59, 65, speaking segment length in pedal, regulating 179 on sostenuto bracket 187, 379 68, 72, 130, 143, 146, 154, 159, unisons 41 Swaging bass strings 34 Spring-assisted wippen (see 163, 164, 172, 175, 186, 187, 188, splicing 223 Syntonic comma 98, 117 “Wippen, spring-assisted”) 217, 225, 227, 237, 242, 244, 246, stiffness 101 System Three 336, 459 Springs 247, 250, 252, 260, 261, 271, 282, touching a grand damper wire hammer butt, inspecting 191 292, 300, 319, 325, 347, 352, 354, 183 T vertical damper lever, 377, 380, 383, 384, 395, 407, 442, String bearings, diagnosing 322 lubricating 192 459, 472, 484, 486, 496, 499, 501, String level 204 Tack rag 482 Spruce 44 507 Stringer II 227 Tack sponge 469, 471, 482 as material for piano keys 60 Hamburg 16, 21, 31, 59, 67, 313, Stringing 423 Tactile Response System 63 quartersawn 50 369, 384 backscale 49 Tail, of piano 8 resonators 44 hammers 384 braid 341 Tails shims for soundboard cracks history 13 design 36 of hammers 73 466 Steinway, Albert 13, 76 types of 224 of hammers, shaping and Spurlock Specialty Tools 145, 185, Steinway, C.F. Theodor 21, 27, 36, Strings 33 tapering 388 349, 385, 466 37, 38, 50, 56 affected by perspiration 224 Talcum powder 145, 421 Spurlock, Bill 194, 286, 393 Steinway, Theodore E. 21 bass 34 Tap wrench 262, 437 Square piano 15 Steinweg (see “Grotrian”) binding 131 Tape Mathushek’s Spinet Grand (see Stelzhammer, Anton 25, 27 diagnosing 322 adhesive 337 “Spinet grand”) Stencils, dry transfer for gauge double 224 duct 337 rebuilding 321 numbers on plate 440 downbearing 54, 84 masking 337 Squaring Step 94 downbearing, diagnosing 322 Tape-check action 11 hammers 168 Stephen Birkett 300 downbearing, measuring 419 Tapering keys 162 Stephen Brady 221, 374, 437 elastic limit 33 hammer tails 388 Squeak 493 Stephen Paulello 17, 224 fatigue 34 vertical piano hammer moldings Squealing noise 490 Stephen Paulello Piano Wire 422 handling 224 414 Stability Stick 23 individually-tied 224 Technisches Museum, Vienna 5, 6, in tuning 84 pounding, for tuning 112 inharmonicity 34, 41 8, 10, 15, 27 of action frame in verticals, Sticker 140 mating hammers to 207 Teflon 66, 145, 146, 161, 246, 247, inspecting 191 Sticker cloth (see also “Action new, tuning 129 350 Staccato xviii, 11, 63, 76, 97, 112, cloth”) 340 nickel-plated 34 Temperament 94, 97 148, 172, 178, 181, 183, 185, 186, Stiffness releasing tension of 421 circle 117 187, 278, 300, 301, 397, 497 in soundboards 44 replacing 418 Pythagorean 99 Staff 94 of bass strings 34 replacing, overview 326 strip (see “Strip mute”) Standard measurement position 276 of strings 101 setting the downbearing 475 tuning 117 Stanwood Stöckle, Matthias 467 slipping 132 Temperature Adjustable Leverage Action 315 Stodart, William 7, 8 steel 34 effects on pianos 87 TouchDesign Kit (see “Precision Stop rail tensile strength of 33 effects on relative humidity 84 TouchDesign, kit”) for dampers 77 to key bed distance, measuring effects on tuning 130 Stanwood, David 144, 214, 273, 283, for keys 22, 159, 166, 343 344 Tensile strength of strings 33 286, 288, 290, 291, 309, 315, 506 for keys (see “Key, stop rail”) touching tuning pins 132 Tension gauge 291, 292, 398 Staple Stossmechanik 3 unequal speaking lengths 41 Tension of strings, releasing 421 in hammers 73 Straight-stringing 27, 36, 38, 47 voicing each in a unison 213 Tension Resonator 14, 25, 27 sostenuto, in New York Steinway Straps, bridle 341 wire gauge 34 Tenuto xviii, 174 grands 187 Strate-Mate 203, 205 wound (bass) 34 Termites 88 538 Index Sample page from Pianos Inside Out. Copyright © 2013 Mario Igrec.

Testors 263 Touchweight 273, 275, 276, 396 wippen”) panels, removing 137 TFL-50 145 adjusting 396 Turkish music 8 piano, creaking noise 490 T-handle tap wrench 262, 437 calculating 294 Twelve Apostles 8 piano, development of 15 Tharan 355 controlling 308 Twisting a bass string 231 piano, noises in pedals 493 Theodor Steinway 21, 27, 36, 37, 38, evaluating when replacing Two-component finishes piano, rebuilding 320 50, 56 hammers 307 high-gloss 483 piano, restringing 430 Theodore E. Steinway 21 glossary 290 repairing 265 pressure bars 430 Thermoplastic PVA glues 335 issues 304 Typesetting music 11 raised plate flange 21 Thomas Broadwood 12 metrology 273 Vibrating sander 332 Thomas Broukal 67 troubleshooter 306 U Vibration Thread Toxic chemicals 136 longitudinal mode 44, 46 repair kit 243 TPR Tools 141, 142, 167, 204, 205 Ulrich Laible 4 mode of 46 wood 339 Trakoscan 11 Ultimate Wood Glue 335 transversal mode 46 Threaded metal sleeves 339 Transmission Ultrasonic humidifier 87, 328 Vice, inherent 319 Threaded sleeve 262 of sound 43 Umbrella tool 249 Viennese action 3, 13, 341 Threaded wires in grand dampers, of sound, through bridges 36 Una corda pedal (see “Soft pedal”) Vietor, Frederick 59 modifying 404 Transporting grand action and Under-centering of hammers 278, Vise, angle, for drilling hammers 387 Three-quarter plate 440 keyboard 137 375, 386, 387, 449 Voicing 73, 199 replacing pinblock 456 Transversal mode of vibration 46 Underfelt dense hammers 209 Tilt, of action parts 168 Transverse bar (see “Capo tasto”) in dampers 74 for shifting soft pedal 213 Tilting of tuning pins 452 Trapwork 23, 76 of hammers 73 lubricating needles with lanolin Timbre 96, 209 lubricating 179 Underlevel 204, 205 210 evening variations in 213 Trautwein xiii Underlever tray 22, 248, 251, 270, mating hammers to strings 207 of sound (tone color) 209 Traveling 404, 406, 407, 493 new hammers 394 Timpani felt 340 action parts with flanges 168 replacing 407 resetting hammer felt 211 Tips of shanks, cutting 393 grand dampers 182 Underlevers 22 soft hammers 216 Titebond 50 336, 454 grand shanks 167 aligning to key end felts 407 Volume 209 Titebond glue 335, 391 grand wippens 170, 380 distance to key bed, measuring of sound, increasing 213 Titebond III Ultimate Wood Glue 335 vertical hammers 193 400 of sound, lowering 212 Titebond Liquid Hide Glue 335 vertical wippens 191 functioning 77 Vortex tube chiller 32, 33, 439, 442, Toe 21, 434, 436 TravelSmart 214 lubricating 182 451 Toe rail 253 Tray, underlever (see “Underlever of grand dampers, rebuilding vs. VS Profelt 215 noises 494 tray”) replacing 405 Tokiwa 374 Treble Tone Resonator 458 replacing 406 W Toluol 338 Treble tuning 112, 121 Understring felt 22, 340 Tonal gradient 70, 199 Tremaine Parsons 419 Understring-style string leveling tool W.V. McFerrin 142 Tone Trigger point massage xvii 204 Walter 49 affected by keyboard noises 62 Tritone 97 Unison Walter Pfeiffer 273 color (see also “Timbre”) 209 Troubleshooter affected by temperature changes Walter, Anton 5, 6 color, evening 213 action geometry 304 130 Warm-pressed hammers 71, 384 effect on perception of touch 302 aftertouch 305 tuning 114 Warpage 83 evaluating 208 touchweight 306 voicing 213 of keys 60 quality, defined by prominence Trough (see “Rinsing, trough”) Unshaped plastic laminates for key Water separator 479 of partials 101 Tubular action rails 340 tops 354 Water vapor 84 regulating (voicing) 73 Tubular Metallic Frame 66, 68 Unstable structure 319 Waterfalls 481 Tone Collector 27 Tubular rails, repairing 242 Upweight 276 Water-white finish 469 Tone Resonator 458 Tunability 131 Wathen, Michael 43 Toneplus 384 TuneLab 126 V Watson, John 4, 7, 89, 136, 320 Tonewood 44 Tuners, electronic 125 Wave impedance 44 Tool, rotary, high speed 331 Tuning 93 V bar 56, 114 Wave velocity 101 Tools as periodic maintenance 89 friction 131 Wavelength 101 hand 333 lowering pitch 129 grooved 132 Wax, as lubricant for steel wool (see in a rebuilding shop 329 new string 129, 230 Vagias snap-on elbows 409 “Steel wool, wax”) power, portable 331 stability, affected by humidity 84 Vapor, protection from 84 Wayne Stuart 17, 43 Toothpick 240 Tuning hammer 107 Varnish 481 WD-40 114 Top stack 63, 148, 151, 157, 159, 201, choosing 109 brushing, on soundboards 470 as lubricant 145 240, 291 Tuning pin 22 Velo, Hans 46, 306, 311, 419 Webb, Kent 16, 85, 146 affecting the measurement of bending 130 Velocity leverage (see “Leverage”) Weber 149 wippen assist springs 311 bushings in the plate 54 Veneer 28 Wedge avoiding having to remove 161 holes, drilling in new pinblock Ventilation 328 for increasing soundboard moving forward or backward 451 during refinishing 479 crown 467 315 torque, improving 255 Verdigris xvii, 145, 246, 247, 374, 385 locking grand legs 28 removing from keyboard 154 twisting 130 Verituner 102, 126 Wedges or cauls for key bushings tilt forward 157 Tuning pins 21 Vertical 348 tilted forward 146 brushing holes 421 action 68 Weickert felt 72 tipping forward 157 hammering 254 action diagram 64 Weickert Special hammers 71 turning upside down 157 hammering down 230 action regulation 189 Weighing new hammers 386 Torque 143 jumpy 130 action, rebuilding 408 Weight Touch, adjusting weight of 396 loose 130 action, removing 140 balance model 289 TouchDesign (see “Precision oblong 110 action, rough-regulating 416 of touch (see “Touchweight”) TouchDesign”) offset pattern 131 backcheck felt 340 ratio (see “Strike-weight ratio”) Touching up replacing, overview 326 Fandrich, back 25 strike (see “Strike weight”) edges 484 tightness of 130 keyboard regulation 158 Weight ratios 287 finish 263 tilt 452 keyboard vs. grand keyboard Weightbench 273, 299 TouchRail 311 Turbo wippen (see “Spring-assisted 343 kit 274 Sample page from Pianos Inside Out. 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Weighting keys 397 292, 294, 297, 309, 310, 311, Wires Wornum, Robert 10, 11, 507 Weights 312, 397 backcheck, to replace or not 369 Wound strings (bass strings) 34 brass, used for improving assist spring, too strong 276, 394 fluted in grand backchecks 371 Wrenches 333 sustain 459 butterfly spring (see “Butterfly threaded in grand backchecks Wrestplank (see “Pinblock”) lead, in keys 397 spring”) 371 Wright, Allen 89, 157, 171, 211, 213, lead, installing/removing 397 center pins, in verticals 191 Wixey angle gauge 417 228, 237, 261, 423, 425, 472 Weldbond 336, 391 flange 22 Wogram, Klaus 45 Wurlitzer 149 Well temperament 99 Herrburger-Schwander 67 Wolf fifth 99 Wurzen 72 Weltman 3 jack 76 Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart 3, 6, 9, AA felt 384 Wessell, Nickel & Gross 62, 66, 143, radius weight 288 11 169, 243, 244, 247, 280, 312, 314, rail 22 Wood X 319, 325, 341, 345, 346, 374, 375, ratio 280 affected by humidity 84 381, 385, 386, 388, 391, 407, 434 repetition lever, spring 76 compression set in 457 Xylol 338 West System 336 repetition spring 76, 77 expansion 83 Wet bulb 85 spoon 22 gluing felt and leather on 342 Y Wetordry sandpaper 338 spring-assisted 67, 297, 309, 311 screws 339 White stack weight 291 thread on screws 339 Yamaha 16, 17, 25, 61, 63, 66, 68, 69, buffing compound for white key Steinway 67 warpage 83 89, 126, 170, 171, 172, 176, 192, tops 364 weight ratio 291 Wood-boring insects 88 198, 227, 251, 252, 355, 380, 382 glue 336 Wippen radius weight 288, 309 Wooden surface, preparing for Yellow wood glue 335 key top 22 Wippen rail, repositioning 315 finishing 482 Young Chang 149 key tops, replacing 354 Wippens 67, 409 Woodworms 88, 319 Young, Robert 103, 106 keys 94 checking 157 Wool 71 White, William 275 grand, comparing 376 for piano hammer felt 71 Z Whole step (whole tone) 94 grand, replacing 379 steel 338 Whoosh noise (see “Pedal, grand, traveling 170, 380 Wool, lap of 71 Zachariae 76 whoosh”) in verticals, rebuilding 409 Woolly mammoth ivory 355 Zap a Gap 255 William Southwell 8 Wire Workbench 329 ZAP-08 255 William Stodart 7, 8 cutting pliers 333 Worksheet Zing noise 490 William White 275 handling 224 action leverage 281 Zither 3 Winding, copper, on bass strings 34 lead 308 front-weight 293 Zumpe, Johannes 4, 6, 9, 10 Wippen 22, 76 piano strings 33 hammer strike weight 285 assist spring 67, 178, 287, 291, Wire gauge 34 Touchweight 277