Christian Ethics Today A Journal of Christian Ethics Volume 14, Number 2 Aggregate Issue 69 Spring 2008

“The voice of one crying out in the wilderness, ‘Make straight the way of the Lord’” Isaiah 40:3; John 1:23

Five Years Later and Counting Joe E. Trull ...... 2

EthixBytes ...... 3

Prophet and Pastor Martin E. Marty ...... 4

When the War Is Over: A Teachable Moment David P. Gushee ...... 6

The Bible Speaks to Tax Policy Susan Pace Hamill ...... 7

Salaries and Sancti"cation Don Wilkey ...... 9

Save Our Planet Randy Marshall ...... 12

James K. Polk: Our Worst President? Britt Towery ...... 14

Women in Ministry Fisher Humphreys ...... 15

And Hagar Went Back: Responding to Abuse Catherine Clark Kroeger ...... 19

Privileged Communication and Abuse Reporting Charles P. McGathy ...... 21

Forti"ed Churches: Relics of Faith and Fear Patrick Anderson ...... 23

CHRISTIAN ETHICS AND THE MOVIES Reviewed by David A. Thomas Health Care: Away From Her ...... 25

BOOK REVIEWS Not Exactly Job Reviewed by Al Staggs ...... 26 A Stupid, Unjust, and Criminal War Reviewed by Martin E. Marty ...... 27 Beyond the White House Reviewed by Darold Morgan ...... 28 Baptists and Religious Liberty Reviewed by Darold Morgan ...... 29 On Two Wings Reviewed by Darold Morgan ...... 29

POETRY When Love and Justice Dance Together Laura M. Rector ...... 30 Awaiting Answers Al Staggs ...... 31

KUDZU by Doug Marlette Five Years Later and Counting By Joe E. Trull, Editor

“The decision to invade Iraq was solve the problem. What matters are serious mental health problems with- the right decision in regards to my the facts on the ground today. Yet in months of returning stateside, and Presidency. It is the right decision now, those facts are muddled, suggesting more than 58,000 troops are on dis- and will forever be the right decision.” neither victory nor defeat. Yes, one ability for hearing or vision loss. President George W. Bush, March 18, dictator is dead, but the daily lives of So when we honor the sacrifice of 2008. Iraqi citizens are now dictated by new our military, let’s be accurate—let us fears—terrorist bombs, kidnappings, not forget the 150,000 (and count- n March 19, 2003, the bombs sectarian violence, poverty, and an ing) brave soldiers and their families Ostarted falling in Iraq. Now, five uncertain future. who are still paying this “human cost.” years later, Iraqis’ lives are still dictat- On Monday of this anniversary Space does not allow counting the eco- ed by fear and violence. Almost from week the International Committee nomic, political, and moral costs. day one the war has been the focus of of the Red Cross in a 15 page report But is V.P. Cheney’s “worth the worldwide controversy. At the outset, warned that “Iraq faces a humanitarian effort” assessment accurate? Michael what seemed to be a real hope that crisis, with millions lacking adequate O’Hanlon of the Brookings Institute, Iraq would finally be free of a ruthless clean water, sanitation, and health has devised a list of benchmarks by dictator and a democratic state would care. . . . the humanitarian situation which to objectively judge progress. emerge has become a nightmare with in most of the country remains among O’Hanlon’s list indicates progress in no end in sight and no assurance of a the most critical in the world.” only 5 of 11 key areas. On the list real democracy. One can argue that the surge of devised by the Iraqi government and That promise of peace was soon U.S. troops has brought levels of vio- endorsed by the White House in 2007, buried under the rubble of mistakes, lence and casualties down. However, only 3 of 18 goals have been met. missteps, and miscalculations. Add life in Baghdad and other major cit- As security improves, thousands of to that looting, bribery and fraud, ies continues to explode with more displaced Iraqis will try to return home, and the dissolution of the Iraqi army, violence, as it did during the anniver- only to find they have no place to live the early proclamation of “Mission sary week visit of Vice President Dick and no jobs—one-third of Iraqis are Accomplished” was followed by years Cheney. unemployed. Though oil production of insurgency, Abu Ghraib, and con- So, how do we assess the progress is slightly up, households still receive tinued fighting between Sunnis, of the war after five years? In Iraq on only 64% of the energy they need. Shiites, and Kurds. March 17, Mr. Cheney described it “a Although most are glad Saddam Multiple investigations, including difficult, challenging, but nonetheless Hussein and his tyrannical regime are one from the Pentagon in early March, successful endeavor” and “well worth gone, the international trust and coop- have debunked all notions about the effort.” Mark Davis, a well-known eration the White House squandered weapons of mass destruction and any Dallas radio commentator applauded to accomplish that goal will take years link between al-Queda and Saddam the war, noting the “amazingly low to rebuild. Hussein’s regime—in fact, Saddam human cost of our attempt to bring Five years after shock and awe, we was at war with al-Queda in 2003. Yet democracy to Iraq.” are still counting—counting the costs politicians and ignorant citizens con- The cost is certainly borne by in lost lives, disabled soldiers, disrupt- tinue to use these two falsehoods to more than the 4000 dead and their ed families, corrupted officials, broken justify this war. families! But that is not the only cost. alliances, a weakened military, eco- But rehashing the past will not Due to advances in body armor, sol- nomic indebtedness, and the loss of a diers are surviving what in the past moral high ground we once held. Editor: Joe E. Trull would have been fatal injuries, result- The supporters of the war cannot Publisher: Christian Ethics Today Foundation, ing in devastating extremity injuries tell us with any clarity why we are there, 9608 Parkview Court, Denton, TX 76207 and a shockingly high number of sol- and they cannot define what condi- (940) 262-0450; Cell: (940) 230-6931 diers returning home with their arms tions are necessary to get us out, except CHRISTIAN ETHICS TODAY is produced in the U.S.A. and is published five times annually and and legs amputated. Thus far nearly for vague statements about achieving mailed from Dallas, Texas, where third-class postage 30,000 U.S. troops have been wound- “victory.” In this fifth anniversary of is paid. Articles published in CET reflect the views ed, many with serious brain or spinal the Iraq war and the presidential elec- of the authors and not necessarily the viewpoint of CET or the Editor. Send corrections and change of injuries requiring a lifetime of care. In tion year, Americans deserve better. ■ addresses to P.O. Box 1165, Argyle, Texas 76226. addition, 30% of U.S. troops develop J.E.T.



r
413*/(


r

$)3*45*"/
&5)*$4
50%": EthixBytes A Collection of Quotes Comments, Statistics, and News Items

“Let facts be submitted to a candid Rep. Jeb Hensarling (R-Dallas), ❖ world.” one of 18 out of over 500 in Congress who “44 percent of American adults are Legend over the old Houston Post refused to ask for pork barrel projects. not in the religious tradition of their building. ❖ upbringing or have moved out of the ❖ “Show me a 50-foot wall and I’ll show religious orbit altogether. [Often] the “There is no such thing as a free war.” you a 51-foot ladder.” temptation is to move from pew to Nobel prize winning economist Joseph Gov. Janet Napolatano (AZ). pew until we find one that no longer Stiglitz in his new book The Three ❖ demands what Dietrich Bonhoeffer Trillion Dollar War, who estimates the “It will be extremely unlikely that called The Cost of Discipleship .” Iraq War will cost Americans between many of us will be virtuous if we live Dallas Morning News editorial in $3 trillion and $5 trillion and has taken in a vicious society. We need to be con- response to the Pew Forum on Religion the lives of 3973 U.S. troops and left cerned, therefore, with the health of and Public Life study. 29,300 wounded. our society as well as the health of our ❖ ❖ souls.” “If you want to go quickly, go alone. “The courts will decide . . . what Robert N. Bellah (Daedalius, Fall If you want to go far, go together. We the framers meant in the Second 2007). need to go far, quickly!” Amendment. Whether there was ❖ Vice President Al Gore, in his an absolute right to own firearms or “In the U.S., prostitution is only Nobel Peace Prize lecture. whether the framers only intended for very rarely just another career choice. ❖ that right to be exercised in the context Studies suggest that up to two-thirds of “They’ve been overparented, over- of a militia. Every constitutional right prostitutes have been sexually abused indulged and over protected. They is subject to reasonable regulation.” as girls, a majority have drug depen- haven’t experienced that much failure, Interim Attorney General Peter dencies or mental illnesses, one-third frustration, pain. We were so obsessed Nickles, in response to Sen. Kay Bailey have been threatened with death by with protecting and promoting their Hutchinson’s (R-TX) attempt to pressure pimps, and almost half have attempted self-esteem that they crumble like the U.S. Supreme Court to declare the suicide.” cookies when they discover the world District of Columbia’s ban on handguns Nicholas Kristof, N.Y. Times. doesn’t revolve around them.” unconstitutional. ❖ Columnist Cheryl Hall on ❖ “In 1974, the U.S. median black Millennials (born 1981 to present). “No one goes directly from the Bible income was 63% of that of whites. In ❖ to the ballot box.” 2004 a typical black family income was “Evidence of global warming is sub- The late conservative evangelical only 58% of a typical white family’s.” stantial and the threat is too grave leader, Carl F. H. Henry. Brookings Institute Report. to wait for perfect knowledge about ❖ ❖ whether, or how much, people con- “From 1998 to 2000, with a “Ecclesiastical crime in 1800 amount- tribute to the trend. . . Our cautious Democratic president and Republican ed to $100,000; in 1900 $300,000; response to these issues in the face of Congress, earmarks rose from $13.2 in 1970, $5,000,000; in 2000, mounting evidence may be seen by billion to $17.7 billion. From 2001 to $16,000,000.000; and in 2008 will the world as uncaring, reckless and 2006, with a Repubican president in rise to $25,000,000,000.” ill-informed. We can do better.” office, they exploded to $29 billion. In International Bulletin of A Southern Baptist Declaration 2007, with Congress in Democratic Missionary Research (1/08). on the Environment and Climate hands, earmarks fell to the 1998 level ❖ Change, signed by the president of of $13.2 billion, a 54% drop.” “For the first time, more than one the SBC and a group of leaders . Response to Dallas Morning News in every 100 Americans is behind ❖ Editorial on earmarks (2/21/08). bars, more than any country in the “God whispers to us in our pleasures, ❖ world—more than China, which has a speaks to us in our conscience, and “Earmarks represent the triumph far greater population and eight times shouts to us in our pain—it is God’s of seniority over merit, secrecy over that of Germany.” megaphone to a deaf world.” ■ transparency, and the victory of special Pew Center on the States C. S. Lewis interests over the national interest.” (2/28/08).

$)3*45*"/
&5)*$4
50%":

r

413*/(


r


 Prophet and Pastor To his former professor, congregant, and friend, Jeremiah Wright has been both By Martin E. Marty, $IJDBHP
*-

hrough the decades, the Rev. bombing campaign in Cambodia in separatism, sectarianism, and supe- TJeremiah A. Wright Jr. has 1969, and the shooting of students at riority—don’t stand up, as countless called me teacher., reminding me of Kent State University in 1970. visitors can attest. I wish those whose the years when he earned a master’s Wright, like the gifted cohort of vision has been distorted by sermon degree in theology and ministry at the his fellow black students, was not clips could have experienced what University of Chicago—and friend. content to blend into the academic we and our white guests did when we My wife and I and our guests have woodwork. Then the associate dean worshiped there: feeling instantly at worshiped at Trinity United Church of the Divinity School, I was infor- home. of Christ in Chicago, where he recent- mally delegated to talk to the black Yes, while Trinity is “unapologeti- ly completed a 36-year ministry.. caucus. We learned that what Wright cally Christian,” as the second clause Images of Wright’s strident ser- and his peers wanted was the intense in its motto affirms, it is also, as the mons, and his anger at the treatment academic and practical preparation other clause announces, “unasham- of black people in the United States, for vocations that would make a dif- edly black.” From its beginning, the appear constantly on the Internet ference, whether they chose to pursue church has made strenuous efforts to and cable television, part of the latest a Ph.D. or the pastorate. Chicago’s help black Christians overcome the controversy in our political-campaign Divinity School focuses on what it shame they had so long been condi- season. His critics call Wright anti- calls “public ministry,” which includes tioned to experience. That its mem- American. Critics of his critics charge both conventional pastoral roles and bers and pastor are, in their own term, that the clips we hear and see have carrying the message and work of the “Africentric” should not be more been taken out of context. But it is church to the public arena. Wright has offensive than that synagogues should not the context of particular sermons since picked up numerous honorary be “Judeocentric” or that Chicago’s that the public needs, as that of Trinity doctorates, and served as an adjunct Irish parishes be “Celtic-centric.” church, and, above all, its pastor. faculty member at several seminaries. Wright and colleagues insist that no In the early 1960s, at a time when But after divinity school, he accepted hierarchy of races is involved. People many young people were being radi- a call to serve then-struggling Trinity. do not leave Trinity ready to beat up calized by the Vietnam War, Wright Trinity focuses on biblical teaching on white people; they are charged to left college and volunteered to join and preaching. It is a church where make peace. the United States Marine Corps. music stuns and uplifts, a church To the 10,000 members of Trinity, After three years as a marine, he chose given to hospitality and promoting Jeremiah Wright was, until just a to serve three more as a naval medi- physical and spiritual healing, devot- few months ago, “Pastor Wright.” cal technician, during which time he ed to education, active in Chicago Metaphorically, pastor means shep- received several White House com- life, and one that keeps the world herd. Like members of all congre- mendations. He came to Chicago to church in mind, with a special accent gations, the Trinity flock welcomes study not long after Martin Luther on African Christianity. The four S’s strong leadership for organization, King Jr.’s murder in 1968, the U.S. charged against Wright—segregation, prayer, and preaching. One-on-one



r
413*/(


r

$)3*45*"/
&5)*$4
50%": ministry is not easy with thousands hope is what attracts the multiclass gestures and shared delights (in the in the flock and when the pastor has membership at Trinity and significant Marty case, stops for sinfully rich bar- national responsibilities, but the forms television audiences. Both Jeremiahs becue after evening services), and peo- of worship make each participant feel gave the people work to do: to advance ple across the economic spectrum can recognized. Responding to the pasto- the missions of social justice and attest to the generosity of the Wright ral call to stand and be honored on mercy that improve the lot of the suf- family. Mother’s Day, for instance, grand- fering. For a sample, read Jeremiah 29, It would be unfair to Wright to mothers, single mothers, stepmothers, where the prophet’s letter to the exiles gloss over his abrasive—to say the foster mothers, gay-and-lesbian cou- in Babylon exhorts them to settle least—edges, so, in the “Nobody’s ples, all mothers stood when we vis- down and “seek the peace and prosper- Perfect” column, I’ll register some ited. Wright asked how many believed ity of the city to which I have carried criticisms. To me, Trinity’s honoring of that they were alive because of the you into exile.” Or listen to many a Minister Louis Farrakhan was abhor- church’s health fairs. The members Jeremiah Wright sermon. rent and indefensible, and Wright’s of the large pastoral staff know many One may properly ask whether fantasies about the U.S. government’s hundreds of names, while hundreds of or how Jeremiah Wright—or anyone role in spreading AIDS distracting and lay people share the ministry. else—experiences a prophetic call. harmful. He, himself, is also aware Now, for the hard business: the Back when American radicals wanted of the now-standard charge by some sermons, which have been mercilessly to be called prophets, I heard Saul African-American clergy who say he is chipped into for wearying television Bellow say (and, I think, later saw it in a victim of cultural lag, overinfluenced clips. While Wright’s sermons were writing): “Being a prophet is nice work by the terrible racial situation when he pastoral—my wife and I have always if you can get it, but sooner or later was formed. been awed to hear the Christian Gospel you have to mention God.” Wright Having said that, and reserving parsed for our personal lives—they mentioned God sooner. My wife and the right to offer more criticisms, I’ve were also prophetic. At the university, I recall but a single overtly political been too impressed by the way Wright we used to remark, half lightheartedly, pitch. Wright wanted 2,000 letters of preaches the Christian Gospel to break that this Jeremiah was trying to live up protest sent to the Chicago mayor’s with him. Those who were part of his to his namesake, the seventh-century office about a public-library policy. Of ministry for years—school superin- B.C. prophet. Though Jeremiah of old course, if we had gone more often, in tendents, nurses, legislators, teachers, did not “curse” his people of Israel, times of profound tumult, we would laborers, the unemployed, the previ- Wright, as a biblical scholar, could have heard much more. The United ously shunned and shames, the anx- point out that the prophets Hosea and Church of Christ is a denomination ious—are not going to turn their backs Micah did. But the Book of Jeremiah, that has taken raps for being liberal— on their pastor and prophet. ■ written by numbers of authors, is so for example for its 50 th anniversary full of blasts and quasi curses—what “God is still speaking” campaign and Martin E. Marty is a professor emeritus at the biblical scholars call “imprecatory its pledge to be open and affirming to University of Chicago Divinity School and a topoi”—that New England preach- all, including gay people. In its lineage panelist for On Faith, of Washingtonpost.com ers invented a sermonic form called are Jonathan Edwards and Reinhold His most recent book is The Christian World: “the jeremiad,” a style revived in some and Richard Niebuhr, America’s three A Global History ( Modern Library, 2008). Wrightian shouts. most-noted theologians; the Rev. King In the end, however, Jeremiah was was much at home there. the prophet of hope, and that note of Friendship develops through many

$)3*45*"/
&5)*$4
50%":

r

413*/(


r


 When the War Is Over: A Teachable Moment By David P. Gushee, McAfee School of Thelogy .FSDFS
6OJWFSTJUZ
("

his month the President will interwoven with other, equally impor- Ten Practices for Abolishing War .) Treceive reports from commanders tant strands. Here are some of them: In addition, we need to carefully in the field about whether the troop • An appropriately pessimistic rethink just-war theory. At its best, surge in Iraq is accomplishing its understanding of human nature this post-biblical resource establishes goals. Until now, he has resisted calls (“there is none righteous, no, not rigorous criteria that help Christians to reconsider his strategy or to begin one”) can remind us that govern- apply critical thinking to any claim a withdrawal, despite eroding public ment leaders are not infallible in that it is time to go to war: just cause, support for the war. their reading of data, not neces- competent authority, last resort, right Such deep public distress about sarily beyond reproach in their intention, proportionality, and other the war makes this teachable moment motivations, and not always fully tests. for all of us, as Christians and as truthful in their public statements. But sometimes just-war theory pro- Americans. It’s not enough to find a So we must evaluate the claims of duces predetermined results depend- way out of this war honorably and any government (in any nation, ing on the prior loyalty of the person soon. We have an opportunity to learn led by any person, of any party or employing the theory. If we cannot some deeper lessons so that we won’t political ideology) with a critical reform how we use just-war theory, repeat our mistakes. eye. then we ought to abandon it and come For evangelicals, one of the groups • Scripture repeatedly condemns up with something better. that strongly supported the war ini- governments and government lead- When the Iraq war is over, we tially, one lesson is clear: We must ers for unjust or unwise actions, will need a time of national (and become more discerning when our especially in resorting to violence. Christian) mourning and repentance. nation’s leaders advocate a military Pharaoh, Ahab, and Herod come Whatever one thinks of the origins of solution, We have biblical resources to mind. If it could happen in bib- the war, or what to do now, its cost in for doing so, if we will draw upon lical times, it can happen now. blood and treasure for both Iraq and them. • The life and teachings of Jesus the United States has been profound. In Fall 2002 and Winter 2003, establish nonviolent resolution of We have seen (once again) the limits before the United States invasion, conflicts as the norm—with war of what war can accomplish. Perhaps most evangelical Christians and their as the exception. We can all agree our sorrow can lead to a renewed com- leaders joined other Americans in sup- that Jesus taught peace, blessed mitment to the things that make for porting the President, who argued peacemakers, and was a man of peace. ■ that Saddam Hussein posed such a peace himself. Certainly, the early danger to America that war was nec- church abhorred violence, and its This article first appeared in the September, essary to dislodge him. Of course, it members believed they were being 2007 issue of Christianity Today. is the most natural thing in the world faithful to their Lord in doing so. for loyal citizens to support their lead- For me, the next time I am asked to ers and rally around the flag when war support a war, my default setting will is imminent. be no rather than yes. As a follower Furthermore, many Christians of Christ, I will have to be persuaded believe it’s not just natural, but also that the particular confluence of cir- biblical. Many a war has been sup- cumstances is so grave as to require a ported based on a reading of Romans military solution. Before Christians 13 that says God-appointed govern- sign off on another war, we must do ment leaders are authorized to use the our best to figure out whether the gov- “sword” of state violence. For believers ernment has done everything possible who understand the passage this way, to make peace. And there are lots of it means that we should trust and obey good, creative options. Glen Stassen’s our leaders when they give the word. just-peacemaking approach, which Other Strands includes measures such as nonviolent But the events of the last several action and independent initiatives to years can help us recognize that this reduce threats, provides helpful, prac- strand of the biblical witness must be tical options. (See Just Peacemaking:



r
413*/(


r

$)3*45*"/
&5)*$4
50%": The Bible Speaks to Tax Policy By Susan Pace Hamill, Professor of Law, 6OJWFSTJUZ
PG
"MBCBNB

mericans are, or at least claim to Those who believe that voluntary bined with moral principles running Abe, a Christian people. Almost charitable giving can be a substitute throughout the Bible, particularly the 80 percent of us, including President for adequate tax revenues deny the Gospel of Luke—impose greater obli- Bush, practice Christianity in some effects of the fall and our dependence gations on those blessed with greater form. Bush has openly stated that on God’s grace to help us fight the sin amounts of wealth. This approach Jesus is his favorite philosopher and of greed. Although giving to charity is deems flat models to be immoral, and that “we ought to love our neighbor important from a biblical view, an A+ therefore requires some form of pro- like we love our self, as manifested in charity does not turn an F in justice gressive taxation. Well-designed flat in public policy.” Yet the president is to a C in social morality. models do not oppressively burden leading our tax policy far from God’s those who are truly too poor to pay moral compass. he Bible also morally evaluates the tax. Nevertheless, by heavily favor- Here is a view of tax policy from the Thow we allocate the burden for ing those already enjoying the greatest standpoint of Judeo-Christian ethics: paying taxes. The book of Genesis, share of God’s resources, they unac- The book of Genesis, which teaches revealing God as the sole creator and ceptably emphasize preserving excess that God creates each person in God’s ultimate owner of all the earth’s wealth wealth and ignore the biblical message, image, links a proper relationship with and resources—with human beings “To whom much is given, much is God to a proper relationship with all serving as God’s stewards—along with required.” other human beings. The broad moral Jesus’ “render unto Caesar” remark in A Judeo-Christian moral evaluation principles of justice in the Bible evalu- the Gospel of Matthew, establishes of tax policy in no way resembles secu- ate whether a community’s laws and that tax burdens are consistent with lar approaches that assume that human social structures treat all human beings the generally recognized and respected effort can produce utopian justice. A as bearers of the image of God. These right to private property. In balancing Christian worldview recognizes that biblical principles forbid oppression the indisputable right to enjoy private God’s intended standards of justice and require that all persons enjoy a property with the also indisputable will not fully materialize until Jesus reasonable opportunity to reach their moral responsibilities owed to God and comes again and completes his work. divinely created potential to carry out the community, a Judeo-Christian view Judeo-Christian teachings do not sup- God’s work on earth. of taxation requires that those enjoy- port socialist-leaning tax policy that The biblical principle of reason- ing greater levels of income and wealth seeks equality of results under a steeply able opportunity is derived from the make significant economic sacrifices. progressive structure reaching confis- specific laws mandated by the Old We cannot evaluate tax burdens by catory levels. Testament requiring gleaning rights, simply comparing the dollar amount On balance, Judeo-Christian ethics release of servants, debt forgiveness of taxes paid by each taxpayer. The require that tax burdens be allocated and land-tenure rights. The teachings focus must be on comparing propor- under a moderately progressive model. of Jesus Christ raise these moral laws to tional tax burdens relative to income When morally debating the specific higher and broader levels of social jus- and wealth. Regressive models impose level of tax revenues and the precise tice. Interpreted in the context of the tax burdens that are proportion- degree of progressivity, we must always 21 st -century United States, this prin- ally larger for those with low levels of first ask whether the wealthier and ciple requires much more than mini- income. Flat models impose roughly more powerful of the community are mum subsistence. It also requires that the same proportional tax burden on paying their fair share. This is because every citizen have access to an adequate the middle classes and the wealthy. those enjoying higher levels of income education and job training as well as Progressive models require the upper- and wealth will be tempted by greed to decent health care and housing. middle classes and the wealthy to bear fight for the smallest tax burden pos- Compulsory taxation is the only greater proportional tax burdens. sible without considering the moral way our country can obtain a level of The Judeo-Christian standard of obligations of their faith. revenues that meets the biblical man- justice, which forbids oppression, President Bush’s tax policy raises date of reasonable opportunity. This is condemns taxing those below the red flags to those who hold Judeo- because most of us will never volun- poverty line or regressively burdening Christian values. During his first term tarily contribute our fair share, given the lower-middle classes. The general Bush made the moderately progres- our inescapable greedy tendencies Judeo-Christian teaching that wealth sive federal income tax structure sig- resulting from the fall of humankind. should be held with a light grip—com- nificantly less progressive by securing

$)3*45*"/
&5)*$4
50%":

r

413*/(


r


 tax cuts that principally benefit the Christian this is disgraceful conduct. sacrifice entailed by a Judeo-Christian- wealthiest Americans. In addition to The absence of Judeo-Christian guided tax policy. Embracing the increasing the proportional tax burden values in tax-policy discussions is dignity of life requires adequate tax borne by the middle classes, his first- a sign that genuine faith is in deep revenues to ensure that all persons, term tax cuts contributed heavily to trouble. Christianity in particular especially children, have a reasonable the gigantic federal deficit that threat- has become a low-sacrifice operation. opportunity to reach their divinely ens the nation’s long-term stability. Jesus Christ did not preach a low- created potential. Bush continues to push tax poli- sacrifice gospel. Real faith results in When large numbers of people and cy that overwhelmingly benefits the a transformed life characterized by a their political and spiritual leaders use wealthiest Americans. This includes high degree of sacrificial discipleship. low-sacrifice issues to cover up injus- plans to maintain or possibly increase Real believers endure great personal tice, the consequences are likely to be the tax cuts and to eliminate the estate sacrifice to bring God’s kingdom on disastrous. The message of the Bible is tax, while attempting to reduce the earth closer to God’s kingdom in that a nation that pursues the atheistic deficit by cutting spending programs heaven even while knowing that their values of objectivist ethics will decline that help the neediest as well as mid- sacrifice cannot completely restore the and ultimately fail. dle-class Americans enjoy a reasonable fallen world. As a Christian, President Bush has opportunity to reach their divinely Too many Christians, including a moral obligation to insist that the created potential. Bush, have limited their faith-based nation’s tax policy embrace every per- The most appalling feature of public policy concerns to a hand- son as divinely created in God’s image. Bush’s tax agenda is his utter lack of ful of controversial issues. Although The moral conversation surrounding Judeo-Christian—based moral reflec- these issues may have theological sig- tax policy must start to reflect the tion. There is no evidence that he has nificance, they involve little or no per- kind of sacrifice called for by Judeo- ever rigorously considered whether the sonal sacrifice. Fighting for the right Christian values if we are to have a wealthiest Americans are paying their to display the Ten Commandments chance of overcoming the forces of fair share of the tax burden. Instead in the public square while ignoring greed. ■ he resorts to unreliable claims that tax Judeo-Christian standards of justice cuts will foster economic growth— amounts to idolatry. Other low-sac- Note: This essay is based on the claims that camouflage the true values rifice decoy issues are gay marriage, author’s article “An Evaluation of driving his tax policy. stem cell research and euthanasia. Federal Tax Policy Based on Judeo- A careful look at Bush’s tax policy The narrowing of the abortion Christian Ethics,” published in the reveals values reflecting objectivist eth- issue to its legal aspect is an especially Winter 2006 issue of the Virginia Tax ics—a form of atheism that worships hypocritical example of a low-sacrifice Review (see www.law.ua.edu/susanha- the free market and the right of indi- position masquerading as faith-based mill ) and was motivated in part by viduals to personally benefit from their ethics. The moral issue of abortion her post-graduate studies at Beeson efforts above all other concerns. For a cannot be separated from the high Divinity School.



r
413*/(


r

$)3*45*"/
&5)*$4
50%": Salaries and Sanctification By Don Wilkey, Pastor, First Baptist Church 0OBMVTLB
59

sing the analogy of baseball, I minor-league pay—not even $30,000 going for taxes in that state. Unote with interest the salary dif- a season. We now live in a culture that Meanwhile, the top CEOs earn ference between a weak hitter and a justifies huge salaries that continue to 1,000 times the salary of an average high dollar free agent. Great hitters hit grow for high-level performance, yet worker. Over the past 20 years, the in the range from an average of .290 to offers much less to employees who income of the top 1% rose 157%. 5 .300 and up. They bring many bidders are not far below that production. “From 1979 to 2001, the after-tax for their services when their contracts We tend to believe that those who are income of the top 1% of the U. S. expire. The weaker hitters hit around able to achieve exorbitant salaries are households soared 139% while the .240 to .250. I realize that the batting deserving of such reward, and the sur- income of the middle fifth rose only average is not the only credential used plus will somehow “trickle down” to 17% and the income of the poorest in judging baseball players, however the rest of us. fifth rose only 9%. Last year American the numbers speak for themselves. In 2004 the average salary for top CEOs earned 262 times the average Hitters with the larger averages are CEOs was $11.8 million, 431 times wage of the worker—up tenfold from now able to merit multi-year contracts that of the average worker. In 1980 it 1970.” 6 guaranteeing them millions of dollars was 42 times more. In 2004 top execu- Corporate welfare makes so-called a year. Below average hitters usually tives got an average raise of 15%, while welfare Cadillac queens insignificant make around $500,000 a year. Thus workers got 2.9%. The president of by comparison. Archer Daniels of this difference between the pay scale of Morgan Stanley quit after five weeks Midland, Texas received a $3.2 billion baseball players is that “better” hitters making $32 million, which amounts grant to help one year, while ship own- make about eight to ten times as much to over $26,000 an hour, if he worked ers are offered outdated subsidies to the as the weaker hitters. eighty work weeks. The CEOs of tune of $1.3 billion. Food companies To put the numbers in perspec- the struggling auto industry received like McDonalds, Tysons, and Pillsbury tive, this means a hitter who makes ten increases up to 72% in a recent year. 1 have received millions to advertise their times what the weaker player makes Bernie Ebbers, whom I knew per- products around the globe; all at tax is actually getting around 5% more sonally, “earned” $475 million for his payer expense to the tune of $6.2 bil- hits per year than his competition. term as leader of his company. Ken Lay lion a year. One estimate claimed that That is what the numbers seem to say. got only $325 million for his services. in a five year period, corporate welfare The same is true of pitchers who have Both Ebbers and Lay were charged for cost the nation $338 billion. 7 multi-million dollar contract, but have fraud—Ebbers was convicted and Lay Jobs have continued to be won only a few more games than lesser died before his day in court. The new farmed out to third-world bidders. paid hurlers. CEO of Crispy Kreme Donuts cut a Immigration problems in the nation To make a secular comparison, deal to earn $760 an hour to keep him have caused union leaders to decry the think of a backhoe operator. If his fel- interested in the job. 2 The nation’s top cheap labor that has flooded the mar- low employee, who was a better opera- 400 tax payers reported an income of ketplace, much of it illegal. Toy compa- tor at the end of the week, dug a ditch nearly $70 billion in 2003. The accu- nies, like Mattel, spend 30 times more only 5% further than his efforts and mulation of wealth in the U. S. seems on advertising than they do to pay was rewarded with ten times the sal- to be solely in possession of those at the workers in China to make their prod- ary, there would be a discussion with top of the pyramid, and not trickling uct. 8 One of the most alarming com- the company over this issue. If a roofer down to the lower tiers of society. 3 parisons is the price of goods produced was able to perform at the rate of lay- Not only have incomes increased, in El Salvador in comparison to what ing 4% more shingles a week than his tax breaks have also been an added corporations charge U. S. consumers. fellow laborer and received ten times blessing to the more fortunate. Enron A Nike hockey jersey, that retails in the the compensation, there would be an paid no income taxes for four of five U. S. for $140, cost a mere 29 cents to interesting meeting taking place with years, finding tax havens in distant produce. Meanwhile the head of Nike the financial secretary. places. It was also eligible for $382 mil- has amassed a personal fortune of over To continue the baseball analogy, I lion in tax refunds from the Treasury $5 billion. 9 have a church member whose grandson Department. 4 States like Alabama have According to the Madison Capital plays Triple-A baseball, occasionally defeated proposals to more equally Times, Wal-Mart packs its stores with getting moved up to the “big show”. I share the tax burden, because a higher Chinese-made goods and sells them was surprised to learn how low was his percent of income from the poor is at cut-rate prices to run mainstream

$)3*45*"/
&5)*$4
50%":

r

413*/(


r


 stores out of business, a practice that In the Old Testament the eco- followers, “You’d be surprised at how has caused many cities in the nation nomic life of the nation was based well you could praise God in the back to zone Wal-Mart out of the com- on religious principles revealed in seat of a Rolls Royce!” munity. The Wal-Mart chain has the Scripture and proclaimed by Israel’s Trinity Broadcast Network leaders, practice of hiring a large number of religious leaders. When I was younger, Jan and Paul Crouch, purchased a $5 local employees and, by over-hir- I remember the disclosure of the enor- million home in California primarily ing part-time help, does not have to mous wealth of Oral Roberts and his because of the need the dogs had for pay full-time benefits. According to a family. It was a public scandal. Such a larger yard. 12 The Lakewood church University of California Berkley study, vast fortunes no longer raise concern, in Houston, run typically by one fam- Wal-Mart employees cost California even in the Christian community. ily, takes in over $54 million a year in tax payers over $86 million a year Most mega-churches keep salaries revenues. Its pastor lives in a $2.3 mil- in public relief programs for their and benefits a secret and allow little lion home. It projects its revenues to employees without benefits. 10 congregational participation in the increase to $77 million. 13 TV preach- Editor Frosty Troy claims that 82 budget process. Large financial com- er Joyce Meyer is seeking to catch up of the top 275 companies paid no fed- pensations are often seen as just one with Lakewood church. Her home eral income taxes from 2001-2003. of the perks for being a “good CEO.” and furnishings certainly surpass the Not only did these organizations get Robert Wuehnow in his book, The Lakewood version. Joyce employs her tax breaks, they were due rebate checks Restructuring of American Religion , own hairdresser and her home is fur- from the U. S. Treasury of over $12.6 claims that early in religious televi- nished with lavish collectables. Her billion. 11 Profit margins for Exxon sion, Jim Bakker, Pat Robertson, Jerry family all receive nice expensive cars were the largest ever by a corporation Falwell, Rex Humbard and Jimmy to go along with the $10 million jet recorded in history. Of worthy note is Swaggart raked in over $194 million a Joyce keeps for travel as she shares her the fact that the federal government year for their budgets. Much of these prosperity gospel. 14 Reports claim still gives grants to Exxon to do busi- receipts went toward keeping the pro- that TBN, which frequently pleads for ness. It appears modern politicians are grams on the air. This is no longer the more sacrificial giving from it’s faith- much more interested in going after case. ful, has assets of over $538 million. 15 families who are ripping-off the local Rev. Ike, an early radio evangelist, The apparent conclusion seems to state welfare coffers, than adjusting used to tell his listeners that if they be that the larger the church, the less the tax-breaks of these corporations. thought money was evil they should it gives to outside causes and the more Where did all this inequity come send it to him because he didn’t. He it hordes for its own. Most churches in from? How did we reach the point said it was the biblical idea that the Baptist life follow the ideal of giving where we believe that the chosen few “lack,” not the “love” of money was at least 10% of their income to mis- were much more deserving than the the root of all evil and money could sion projects. An Arkansas version was ones who labored below them? solve their problems. He reminded his recently highlighted because its pastor



r
413*/(


r

$)3*45*"/
&5)*$4
50%": was nominated to serve as president of a fair and just wage. Lou Dobbs, the 9Mother Jones, July/August 2003, 70- the Southern Baptist Convention. His CNN journalist, claims a similar eco- 73. church gave away only a small portion nomic injustice is a growing problem 10 Christian Ethics Today , Summer, of one per cent to the mission causes in American society. 2005, 18. of the convention. A recent president Where is Amos when you need 11 Frosty Troy, “No Tax Corporations”, of the SBC was pastor of a church him? ■ Oklahoma Observer, November 25, which took in over $29 million and 2004, 1. gave away just over 1% to missions. 16 1Frosty Troy, “Welcome to America, 12 ‘TV Preachers Jan and Paul The internet source Inplainsite Inc.”, Oklahoma Observer, Nov. 10, Crouch”, Church and State , January, claims the Crouch family of TBN own 2005, 5. 2002, 20. several homes and ranches across the 2“The New Way On CEO Pay”, 13 John Roper, “Big Budget Supports land. Meyer has a $23,000 antique Newsweek, Feb. 7, 2005 42. the Higher Calling”, Houston commode in her palace. Pat Robertson 3Frosty Troy, “So Much Money, So Chronical, July 24, 2005, D5. lives on the top of a Virginia moun- Few Hands”, Oklahoma Observer, 14 “Christian Coalition Ally Meyer tain. Benny Hinn, the faith healer, Nov. 10, 2004 7. Lives Opulent Lifestyle, Newspaper generates by estimates, a billion dollars 4“EthixBytes,” Christian Ethics Today, Says”, Church and State, Janurary, a year in his endeavors. The frequently October, 2002, 3. 2004, 6. divorced Robert Tilton, at one time 5“EthisBytes,” Christian Ethics Today , 15 “TV Preacher Uses Ministry Assets took in over $80 million a year. 17 February, 2003, 3. for High Living”, Church and State, I recall an interesting story about 6James Kurth, Dallas Morning News, November, 2004, 20. Tilton, who is still actively soliciting November 15, 2006. 16 David Currie, “Perspective”, Texas funds. The TV evangelist was found 7www.commoncause.org Baptist Committed, 5. to contract a mail drop in Tulsa for 8 Charles Kernaghan, “Foreign 17 www.inplainesite.org 6/26/2005. collected gifts from his audience, in Sweat Shops Run by U. S. Firms,” contrast to his claim that he prayed Oklahoma Observer . personally over each offering received. Amos the prophet condemned pride and greed in the public life of Israel (8:4-6). The Hebrew prophet NOW AVAILABLE —The Video You Requested graphically noted his listeners liter- ally swallowed up the needy. The poor could be purchased for a pair of shoes. “THE MINISTER AND POLITICS” The true prophets of Israel always t Jim Wallis t Melissa Rogers t Gregg Boyd t Tony Campolo demanded that the people of faith pay From the June 27 Conference In Washington, D.C. The Four Hour Video Includes Q & A After Each Speech (Audio Version Also Available On “MP3-CD” Disc) Get Your Copy For A $50 Donation To The Ministry of CET Extra Copies For $25 (Includes Mailing Costs) MOVING? ❖ PREVIOUS OFFERS ALSO AVAILABLE Whatsoever Things are Lovely (Valentine); Ministerial Ethics (Trull/Carter) Homely Joys (Barnette); Putting Women in their Place ; CD of Issues 1-59 ❖ Order by Phone, Email (see back cover), If you’ve moved or Use Form Mailed In November

or are planning ❖ to move, please COMING THIS FALL let us know. T. B. Maston’s Why Live the Christian Life

$)3*45*"/
&5)*$4
50%":

r

413*/(


r


 Save Our Planet By Randy Marshall, Pastor 'JSTU
#BQUJTU
$IVSDI
%JDLJOTPO
59


%.JO
4UVEFOU
)PVTUPO
(SBEVBUF
4DIPPM
PG
5IFPMPHZ

“Save our planet.” The small phrase deal with nasty planet-destroying car- Christians, our “theology”, the study printed on a neatly folded placard on bons. By utilizing their website you of God, must address our “ecology”, the bathroom counter loomed large as can determine the size of your carbon the study of the house. my sleepy eyes prepared for the new footprint. A carbon footprint is an When it comes to an ecological day. Life can be funny. One minute I indication of how big a mess you are understanding of our world, we need am out of town spending a few days making of planet earth. The bigger to apply the theological worldview at a medium-priced hotel. The next I your footprint, the more responsible of Psalm 24: “The earth is the Lord’s am invited to be an active participant you are for cleaning up your residue. and everything in it, the world, and in a noble process that could make a On the website, you can do three all who live in it” (v. 1). The ecologi- global difference beyond my wildest things. First, calculate the size of your cal debate takes on a new meaning imagination. The full message read: footprint by answering several ques- when we consider that this eco-house SAVE OUR PLANET tions relating to your lifestyle. Second, is God’s house. The earth is the Lord’s. Dear Guest, find ways to reduce the size of your Everything and everyone in it belongs Every day millions of gallons of footprint. Third, buy carbon footing to God (Job 41:11; Ps 50:10, 12). water are used to wash towels offsets. An offset is a compensation to The book of Genesis gives us a that have only been used once. help other parts of the world to make compelling ecological picture. With a You make the choice: up for your big carbon foot. It seems word, God called the world into being. A towel on the rack means “I will that if everyone in the world would He formed light, air, water, land, fish, use again.” just do their part, the planet could animals, everything that we call earth. A towel on the floor means truly be saved. Carbon Footprint has Each day, with his same miraculous “Please replace.” generously offered to receive your voice, God would proclaim, “And it Thank you for helping us con- payment online. 1 was good.” On the sixth day, God cre- serve the Earth’s vital resources. Let’s face it—it’s easy to relegate ated what he considered the pinnacle I had no idea that such a small act the “save the planet” mantra to the of creation—humankind. Following could make such a cosmic difference. overly-concerned conservationists, that day, God concluded: “Behold, it It must be true. There it was, writ- the indomitable alarmists, and the was very good.” The earth: birds, bugs, ten in green and white prominently impressionable populace. We read bears, fawn, flora, flesh, rainforests, placed on the countertop beside my placards, listen to politicians, and redbuds, and robins were all created complimentary soap. Though reusing watch documentaries with the same and are all under the watchful care of a that damp towel was not as appeal- level of interest that we give to air- loving God. ing as the dry one located next to it, line stewardesses describing what to Ecology is not the dream child of my sacrificial act was contributing to do in case of an emergency. We give some political candidate or naturalis- something much larger. I was saving a polite nod of acknowledgment and tic nut, but rather from God—a house the cosmos, while at the same time go back to the routine that we call life. that the Creator remarkably built and saving housekeeping some work. The fact is, if we set aside the hype, continues to shape. The beginning of Wanting to go the extra mile, I look past the political rhetoric, and our ethical response to environmen- thought, “Why not just eliminate the simply consider the facts, our planet is tal issues is not by addressing the hot towel altogether?” Why not use the undergoing some tremendous stresses. topic of the day. Rather, we begin with hair dryer located on the hotel wall? Some are under reported, some are a careful reading and thoughtful study Maybe someone could invent a body over reported, some have minimal of God’s Word. As with all ethical dryer. That would really save the plan- effects, and some are potentially cata- dilemmas, the Scripture is our guide et, right? Wrong. Apparently, electric- strophic. Nevertheless, like any critical to interpreting the world around us. ity is one of the biggest producers of issue, Christians need an appropriate It is important to note that not carbon emissions. response. everyone holds a Christian view of According to the British organiza- The word “ecology” comes from ecology. Worldviews on the issue are tion, Carbon Footprint , carbon emis- two words: eco , from the Greek word wide and diverse. If we are not care- sions lead to global warming, which oikos , meaning “house” and ology from ful, our biblical understanding can be could apparently destroy the planet. the Greek logia , which means “study.” contorted by warped worldly images. Don’t worry though, the environ- The word ecology then is literally, “the Norman Geisler points out that there mental organization can help you study of the house.” As responsible are at least two other major worldviews



r
413*/(


r

$)3*45*"/
&5)*$4
50%": regarding the environment that stand Neither materialism nor panthe- good sense. We must pay attention to in opposition to a Christian view- ism is a Christian worldview. The the things that we do every day, both point. The first of these is materialism. Christian response to ecological issues large and small. The materialist would say that all of should not be contingent on the supe- Yes, attempt the big things as well. the discussion being expressed today riority of man or the frailty of earth. Be informed of the critical ecological about global warming, diminishing Rather the Christian must humbly and issues of our world. Broaden your sup- rain forests, and extinction of species is honestly look at issues and respond port of legislation that is fair and bal- pointless. One humanistic assumption with the desire to please the Creator. anced in protecting the environment is that energy is unlimited. “Energy in The house that God built is distinctly while still allowing sensible progress. some form will always be available for God’s house. The ethical response of Share your thoughts and actions with our use. We may run out of certain Christians should be based upon this others. Being eco-friendly may seem forms, at least for a time, but human basic premise. overwhelming at times, and even hope- ingenuity will always create new forms So, our role is not to save the plan- lessly pointless. Nevertheless, keep to supply human needs.” 2 The human- et. We do not have that kind of power striving. Be a positive, well-informed ist would say, “We can do whatever we or authority. Our spiritual role entails voice in your community. Faithfully want to our planet because humans being good stewards in overseeing our seek and follow God’s leading know- will always find a solution.” corner of the world, fulfilling our role ing that in doing so, the owner of the On the other extreme of the spec- as described in Genesis 1:28. Good house is well-pleased. ■ trum are the pantheists who virtually stewardship is doing little things like worship nature. “They oppose drilling adjusting the thermostat, filling the 1Carbonfootprint.com. for oil offshore, building dams, using dishwasher with a full load, buying a 2Geisler, Norman L. Christian Ethics: insecticides . . . and any other human smaller car, purchasing energy-saving Options and Issues (Grand Rapids, interventions that disturb the natural bulbs, installing another layer of insu- Baker Book House), 295. environment.” 3 This worldview teach- lation in the attic, purchasing a high 3Ibid, 294. es that everything in nature is alive and efficiency showerhead, watering the part of a soul or life-force that becomes lawn instead of the sidewalk, recycling, one great living organism. and a host of other acts that just make

$)3*45*"/
&5)*$4
50%":

r

413*/(


r


 James K. Polk: Our Worst President? By Britt Towery, Missionary to China (ret.) 4BO
"OHFMP
59

ome wars fall between the cracks. President James K. Polk sent war’s overlooked events. For example, SThat appears to be what happened troops to Corpus Christi to move the five New York newspapers, wanting to with Polk’s War. James K. Polk was our border to the Rio Grande. This was cover the war with the least expense, eleventh president. He is often listed not something the Mexicans wanted. organized the Associate Press as a joint as the worst president we’ve ever had. They responded with some strength venture. It was our first war with war Polk’s War was actually the Mexican and were not the push-over Polk and correspondents. War of 1846-48. Before and during the war hawks thought they would Along with press coverage, there that war, most Americans including be. was a peace movement against the congress were not in favor of a war For such a strong nation to invade war. Before it was over Polk was being with Mexico. a weak and poor neighbor was not called all sorts of names. Throughout The war was launched on question- popular. Mexico had only been free the remainder of the 19the century able pretexts. Why invade a smaller, of Spain for some 25 years. They were most books on Polk were negative. poorer neighbor just for land? Mexico’s pretty well vanquished after their rev- The only promise he kept was to serve border with the Republic of Texas was olution and the war with Texas. only one term. The country was glad the Nueces River near Corpus Christi. Polk sent down to Cuba for General he didn’t run again. He was, to that New Mexico, Arizona, California Santa Anna to come out of retirement date, America’s worst president. along with other territory belonged to and help his cause in Mexico. (The The view of Polk changed some- Mexico, having won them from Spain same Santa Anna, who ten years earli- what in the twentieth century as some 25 years earlier. er, lost Texas to Sam Houston.) Santa America began to become more impe- There were debates in Congress Anna went to Mexico, but instead of rialistic. Polk began to be viewed in a that the invasion of Mexico was helping the USA, he made himself better light as we invaded Cuba and unconstitutional. America had never president of Mexico again (I think for the Philippines and stole them from invaded others (except the American the fourth time). He led his troops to the Spain. Both these invasions were Indians). A young congressman, push the Americans out of Mexico, blamed on the Spanish, who were Abraham Lincoln, began his move but to no avail. growing weak and wanted no war. into the national limelight as an The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, Wheelan’s book sees Polk as the avowed opponent to the war. Feb. 2, 1848, ended the war and worst president our nation has ever Polk saw America as having a man- Polk paid $15 million to Mexico for had. My “gut” reaction is Polk does ifest destiny to control the entire con- California and other territories. The not even come close to being the most tinent. The great American attitude of Rio Grande became the new border inept, worst president to ever live in “can do” was increasing in strength. with Mexico. the White House. ■ Arrogance was never been in short Joe Wheelan’s book , Invading supply in our brief history. Mexico , tells the story of many of the



r
413*/(


r

$)3*45*"/
&5)*$4
50%": Women In Christian Ministry By Fisher Humphreys, Beeson Divinity School, #JSNJOHIBN
"-

Note: This article is reprinted from do what we did, or we did what we did ordination. Finally, I respond to one of Chapter 12 of Putting Women In Their out of a desperate need to conform to the passages that prohibit women from Place (Eds. Audra E. and Joe E. Trull, some group’s expectations for us, or playing certain roles in the church. Macon, GA: Smyth & Helwys, 2003) and we’re claiming we did what we did for Patriarchy and the Bible is available from the publisher or through one reason when we know we actu- The world described in the Bible Christian Ethics Today. ally did it for another reason. In other was patriarchal. This is hardly surpris- words political correctness is either stu- ing; apparently the entire ancient world ur new pastor is Sarah Jackson pidity, or weakness, or deceit. I don’t was patriarchal. Patriarchy is a form OShelton. This past Sunday our think Christians should use the phrase of social organization in which fathers church called her to be our servant- “politically correct.” It is too laden with are the supreme authorities in their leader. Her husband is an accountant contempt. families, clans, or tribes. In a patriar- here in Birmingham, and they have We called Sarah Shelton as our pas- chy, men possess cultural hegemony or two young sons. Sarah’s father is one tor because we believe she has the gifts, dominance and use their dominance to of the great pastors in Alabama Baptist the training, the experience, and the exclude women from sharing in aspects life, now retired. Sarah holds the M. spirit that we need in our pastor at this of communal life. Women are expected Div. degree from the Southern Baptist time in our church’s life. We believe to be submissive to men in something Theological Seminary in Louisville. she will be a wonderful pastor. We are like the way in which, in our society We were not surprised when someone grateful to God that Sarah is coming to today, young children are expected to told us that she had won an award for lead us. be submissive to their parents. outstanding preaching while she was in Still, I understand that many The patriarchy of the ancient world seminary—she is a wonderful preacher. Christians are uncomfortable with the is reflected in many ways in our Holy She is a wonderful pastor, too, a wise idea of women serving as ministers. Scriptures. This is one of the evidences and compassionate person who relates Their view is well represented in the that our Bible was written by human beautifully to all the different kinds of 2000 edition of The Baptist Faith and beings. We Christians have never people in our diverse little congrega- Message which says: “While both men claimed that the Bible was written in tion. We learned these things about her and women are gifted for service in the heaven. We believe that it is God’s Word during a twelve-month period when church, the office of pastor is limited just as much as if it had been written she served as our interim pastor. to men as qualified by Scripture.” I in heaven. But we believe that God in Apparently Sarah is one of the think it is understandable that many infinite wisdom arranged for the Word first woman to serve as pastor of a Christians hold this view and think it to be mediated to us through human church affiliated with the Alabama is the biblical view. authors; one result of this is that the Baptist State Convention. We love Though I respect the sincerity, intel- patriarchal context within which the the Convention and its agencies such ligence, and good will of such persons, authors lived is reflected in the Bible. as Samford University, where I teach, I do not agree with them. My purpose But that is not all; the Bible contains and we hope the Convention will con- in this chapter is to provide a biblical passages that describe women acting as tinue to accept us as members, though argument for the church’s acceptance of leaders in ways that challenged patriar- we expect that some people will be women serving in Christian ministry. chal assumptions. troubled by our having a woman as our It is the argument that has convinced Women Leaders in the Bible pastor. me, and I hope it may be of i nterest to An early example is Sarah. Her story I suppose some people will assume others. is as much an adventure as is that of that we called Sarah Shelton in order to There are six steps in the argument. her husband, Abraham, and of course, be politically correct. Two things occur First, I call attention to the patriarchy she is as much a parent of the chosen to me about that. One is that among that characterized the world described people as is her husband. Baptists, calling a woman as our pastor in the Bible. Second, I identify a few Her name means “princess,” and is politically incorrect, not politically women leaders in the Old and New Sarah was treasured by her husband as correct. Testaments. Third, I describe Jesus’ a princess. But for many years she had The other is that the phrase “politi- unconventional attitude toward great sadness in her life, for she had no cally correct” suggests that one of three women. Fourth, I review two New children. She was elderly when she was things is the case: Either we didn’t Testament themes that support women told that she would have a child, and understand the motives that led us to in ministry. Fifth, I offer a theology of she thought that was laughable; in fact,

$)3*45*"/
&5)*$4
50%":

r

413*/(


r


 it made her laugh. When the child was in ways that went beyond the restric- churches of the New Testament era. born he was named, quite appropri- tions placed on them by their society. Jesus’ Attitude toward Women ately, Isaac, which means “laughter.” The same is true in the New To that surprising fact we now Another woman who broke free of Testament. Scattered throughout add another, namely, that Jesus held ancient society’s restrictions on women the New Testament are accounts of an unconventional attitude toward was Miriam, the sister of Moses and women exercising leadership roles and women, an attitude evident in the Aaron. It was Miriam who arranged carrying out ministries in the early ways he related to them and spoke for the infant Moses to be cared for church. That this would happen was about them. I will review some of the by his mother after he was taken into predicted by Peter in his great evange- examples of this that have been studied the household of Pharaoh. During the listic sermon at Pentecost: “Your sons by Evelyn and Frank Stagg. 2 great events of the Exodus, Miriam and daughters will prophesy. . . . On In Mark 12:41-44 we read that became, along with Moses and my servants, both men and women, Jesus praised a widow’s small offering. Aaron, a religious and political leader. I will pour out my Spirit” (Acts 2:17. Ironically, it was a gift she would have Centuries later, God said this to Israel: Peter was quoting the prophet Joel). given in one of the outer courts of the “I brought you up out of Egypt and In the New Testament era the Temple, since women were not allowed redeemed you from the land of slavery. Christian faith was more like a move- to enter the inner courts. I sent Moses to lead you, also Aaron ment than an organization. Though According to John 4, Jesus engaged and Miriam” (Mic 6:4). there is a great deal that we do not in a long conversation with a woman During the period after the death know about the organizational struc- at a well in Samaria. They talked about of Moses and Aaron and Miriam, ture of the churches of the New theology, about Jesus’ mission, and when Israel was moving back into the Testament era, it seems probable that about her life. She accepted Jesus’ mes- Holy Land, the nation was led by peo- the various churches were organized in sage, and through her witness other ple whom we call judges. These leaders different ways, with different officers Samaritans also accepted that message. were not only judges as we know them and different functions for the various In Luke 10:38-42 we read a story today, people with legal responsibili- offices. As one scholar has expressed about Jesus and the sisters Mary and ties, but were also charismatic military it, “There is no such thing as the New Martha. Jesus allowed Mary to “hear leaders. One of them was a woman Testament church order.” 1 his word,” that is, to be a disciple, a named Deborah. Her general was One thing we do know is this: learner of his teaching. This was in named Barak, and Barak refused to There were women ministers in some violation of the social custom that go into battle unless Deborah accom- of the New Testament churches. In only men may become disciples of panied him. Deborah led a coalition Acts 18:26 we read about a couple, the rabbis. As the Staggs point out, “A of Israelites into battle against Sisera, Priscilla and Aquila, who were teach- rabbi did not instruct a woman in the a leader of Canaanite forces, on the ers, and one of their students was a Torah.” 3 Today we are so accustomed plain of Esdraelon. This was a strategic man. In Acts 21:8-9 we read about four to higher education being available for battle in Israel’s control of central and unnamed women who were proph- women as well as for men that we find northern Palestine. In addition to her ets. In Romans 16:1 we read about a it difficult to grasp the radical impli- work as a judge, Deborah was also a woman named Phoebe who was a dea- cations of Jesus’ act. Some of us have prophet (Josh 4:4). con in her church. In Philippians 4:2- been helped by a short story written Another woman who protected her 3 we read about two women, Syntyche by Isaac Singer entitled “Yentl,” which people was Queen Esther. She was the and Euodia, whom Paul describes as was made into a movie by Barbra wife of Xerxes, a king of Persia in the co-workers who have “struggled beside Streisand. Certainly Jesus’ contempo- fifth century before Christ. Esther was me in the work of the gospel.” In 2 raries would have understood that he Jewish, and, when she learned that the Timothy 1:5 we read about Lois and was doing something unconventional king’s chief lieutenant Haman intend- Eunice who taught the Scriptures to when he welcomed Mary as a learner, a ed to kill all of the Jews in Persia she young Timothy. And in 1 Corinthians disciple. intervened (at great personal risk) with 11:2-16 we read that women prayed In Luke 8:1-3 we read that a large Xerxes and succeeded in saving the and prophesied during church servic- group of women not only benefited Jews who were in Persia from extermi- es; as we would say today, they led the from Jesus’ teaching but also supported nation. worship services. him financially and accompanied him Sarah, Miriam, Deborah, and In summary, given the patriarchy and the Twelve on evangelistic trips. Esther played important roles in of the ancient world, it is not surpris- In summary, Jesus took an uncon- the story of salvation history that is ing that men occupy the center stage ventional attitude toward women. He recorded in the Hebrew Scriptures. in the biblical narratives. What is sur- treated them with the same respect Though these Scriptures were written prising is that several biblical passages that he accorded to men. He expressed in a patriarchal world, they tell about record the fact that women exercised appreciation for their achievements. women who were called by God to act leadership roles in Israel and in the He assumed that they had the same



r
413*/(


r

$)3*45*"/
&5)*$4
50%": intellectual and spiritual abilities that to God, that is, the fruit of lips that continued this practice and has under- men do. His attitude toward women confess his name. Do not neglect to do stood its meaning in three different was a challenge to the assumptions good and to share what you have, for ways. The Roman Catholic Church of the patriarchal society in which he such sacrifices are pleasing to God.” has understood ordination as confer- lived. In Romans 12:1 Paul advised his ring upon a man an indelible grace that Two New Testament Teachings that readers to give their lives to God as liv- authorizes him to conduct the Mass. Support Women in Ministry ing sacrifices. Offering a spiritual sac- Magisterial reformers such as Martin Two important New Testament rifice is priestly work, and God calls Luther and John Calvin understood teachings are supportive of women women as well as men to that act of ordination to confer upon a man the serving as ministers in the church. One devotion. authority to proclaim the Word of is the teaching about the priesthood of Finally, the Hebrew priests offered God. all believers, and the other is the teach- prayers on behalf of people. This too These understandings of ordina- ing about spiritual gifts. is an activity for women as well as for tion are not appropriate for Baptists In the Old Testament era, priests men, as 1 Corinthians 11 makes clear. because Baptists believe that churches were an elite of male descendants of In other words, all Christian church- are authorized by Christ to celebrate Levi and later of Aaron. Two Old es have women priests, that is, women the Lord’s Supper whether or not an Testament passages, Exodus 19 and members who as priests are called to ordained person is present, and they Isaiah 61, contain promises about a the priestly work of worship, sacrifice, believe that all Christians are respon- coming time when all of God’s people and prayer. sible to give a witness to God’s Word. will be priests. In 1 Peter 2 we read that The second New Testament teach- A third understanding of ordina- these promises have been fulfilled in the ing concerns spiritual gifts; the most tion is that it is a church’s confirmation Christian church. That Christians gen- important passages are Romans 12:3- that it concurs with a person that she or erally believed this truth is confirmed 8, 1 Corinthians 12-14, Ephesians he has been called by God to perform by five brief references to believers as 4:7-16, and 1 Peter 4:10-11. Paul says some ministry, and a church’s blessing priests scattered throughout the book explicitly that all Christians are given on the individual as he or she begins of Revelation. spiritual gifts (1 Cor 12:6-7; Eph 4:6). that ministry. Ordination is not a con- What are the biblical meanings God gives spiritual gifts to women and ferral of authority over others, but rath- of priesthood? What did the Hebrew expects them to use their gifts in the er a confirmation and a blessing. This priests do that other Jews did not do? life and ministry of the church. is the only understanding of ordination There were three closely related activi- The New Testament teachings about that is appropriate for Baptists. When ties: Priests led worship, they offered priesthood and spiritual gifts constitute it is embraced, it puts to rest the objec- sacrifices, and they offered prayers on a challenge to the patriarchal assump- tions about ordination conferring upon behalf of others. tions of the ancient world and a call women an authority over men. We have seen that in 1 Corinthians to the church to welcome the minis- Passages Prohibiting Women from 11 Paul spoke of women as engaged in tries of women. Christian women who Playing Certain Roles in the Church worship leadership. That was priestly minister are putting into practice the The most compelling biblical argu- work. unconventional attitude that Jesus took ment again women serving as ministers From the beginning the followers toward women, and they are following is, of course, the presence in the New of Jesus did not offer animal sacrifices. the examples of the women in the New Testament of passages in which women Christians were, until the Temple was Testament churches who were teachers, are prohibited from playing certain destroyed in 70 AD , the only group prophets, deacons, worship leaders, and roles in the church. I believe that 1 known to us in the Roman world who co-workers with the apostles. Timothy 2 is the most forceful of these did not do so, and their rationale for The Meaning of Ordination passages, so I shall give attention to it; not doing so was extraordinary: They Two other questions need to be what I say about it may be said about believed that the death of Jesus was a answered: What is the meaning of ordi- other similar passages. final sacrifice that rendered all animal nation? and, What are we to make of Here is the difficult passage: “I sacrifices superfluous. the New Testament passages in which desire, then, that in every place the The sacrifices that Christians offered women are prohibited from playing men should pray, lifting up holy hands were spiritual sacrifices (1 Pet 2:5). certain roles in the life of the church? without anger or argument; also that One spiritual sacrifice was worship The New Testament does not con- the women should dress themselves itself; two others were giving money tain a doctrine of ordination. Churches modestly and decently in suitable to the poor and performing acts of in the New Testament era occasionally clothing, not with their hair braided, or compassion. All three of these spiritual laid hands on individual members, and with gold, pearls, or expensive clothes, sacrifices are mentioned in Hebrews sometimes this was done as members but with good works, as is proper for 13:15-16: “Through him, then, let us began a new phase of ministry. 4 women who profess reverence for God. continually offer a sacrifice of praise Across the centuries the church has Let a woman learn in silence with

$)3*45*"/
&5)*$4
50%":

r

413*/(


r


 full submission. I permit no woman Christians should be modest in their ministry and not women, and God is to teach or to have authority over a appearance. free to call both women and men into man; she is to keep silent. For Adam Is the same thing true of Paul’s ministry. Our responsibility as mem- was formed first, then Eve; and Adam instructions that women are not to bers of the church is not to choose a was not deceived, but the woman was teach or have authority over men? Are practice that we happen to like, but to deceived and became a transgressor. Yet these instructions, like those about seek God’s will and then to attempt to she will be saved through childbearing, pearls and braided hair, culture-spe- do it. provided they continue in faith and cific? Or are they universal? I believe that it is God’s will for love and holiness, with modesty” (1 I think they are culture-specific, women to serve as ministers of the Tim 2:8-15). 5 and I think that the universal principle church in developed societies today. In I will make two simple points that underlies them is something like these societies women leaders do not about this passage. First, if we apply this: Christians should not behave in give grave offense to the gospel, and the this passage to the church today, then ways that cause profound offense to work of the church will prosper if the women should not serve as ministers the gospel and thus prevent the church church adopts Jesus’ attitudes toward in churches. I think it is important to from carrying out its mission to the women and follows the example of acknowledge this fact. world. In the patriarchal world of the the women prophets and deacons and Second, I think that the principal biblical era, it would have been deeply worship leaders whose ministries are question to be answered about the pas- offensive for women to teach and to named in the New Testament. sage is this: Is this prohibition a uni- exercise authority over men. St. Irenaeus has written, Glorio dei versal principle applicable to all times What about today? I think that homo vivens —“the glory of God is a and places, or is it rather a rule intend- there may be some societies today in human being who is fully alive.” 6 It ed only for and appropriate only to the which women’s exercise of authority is God’s will is for all people to expe- particular time and place addressed by over men is so deeply offensive that the rience wholeness and fullness of life. the author? gospel cannot be heard when preached One of the most egregious contribu- All Christians believe that the Bible by churches in which women do these tors to human impoverishment and contains principles that apply to all things. alienation is the systemic, invidious times and places. An example is “You But in most societies today, par- diminishment of women in patriar- shall love the Lord your God with all ticularly in technologically developed chies. I believe that the diminishment your heart” (Matt 22:37). This teach- societies, the opposite is the case. In of women is weakening, and I believe ing is universal in its application rather our culture the freedom and dignity that the future for women is a bright than culture-specific. of women are everywhere affirmed. In one, because I believe that God intends On the other hand, all Christians American society, where women are for women to experience life in all its recognize that the Bible contains teach- bankers, military officers, physicians, fullness. Therefore I believe that we ings that do not apply to all times and and engineers, it is deeply offensive to Christians may hope for a better future places. It is customary to describe these many people that women are excluded and that we may move into the future teachings as culturally conditioned, from leadership in churches. with joy and confidence in God. ■ but I do not think this is a good way If the universal principle that to put it, for this reason: Since we use underlies 1 Timothy 2 is that church 1Eduard Schweizer, Church Order in language when we make statements, members should not give such pro- the New Testament (London: SCM and since language is the central com- found offense to a society that the gos- Press Ltd., 1959), 13. ponent in culture, all statements are pel cannot be heard, then in America 2Evelyn and Frank Stagg, Woman in culturally conditioned. I prefer to say today churches should welcome the World of Jesus (Philadelphia: The that teachings that do not apply in all women as ministers. Why? Because in Westminster Press, 1978), chapters 4 times and places are “culture-specific,” our society it is as scandalous for the and 5. by which I mean that they are appli- church to refuse to welcome women 3Ibid., 118. cable to a particular culture but not to into ministry as it would have been 4See, for examples, Acts 6:6, 13:3, 1 all cultures. in the ancient world for the church to Timothy 4:14, 2 Timothy 1:6. First Timothy 2 contains some have welcomed women into all forms 5For a more intensive study of this teachings that, most Christians agree, of ministry. passage, see Chapter Eight in Putting are culture-specific. For example, it The issue concerning 1 Timothy 2 Women in their Place. . says that women should not braid is not whether we believe the Bible but 6Irenaeus, Against Heresies 4, 20, 6, their hair or wear gold or pearls. Most how we interpret it. in Henry Bettenson, ed., The Early Christians today regard these things God is sovereign, which means, Christian Fathers (London: Oxford as inappropriate in Paul’s world but among other things, that God is free University Press, 1963), 104. as acceptable in today’s world. The to arrange the church’s life in any way spirit behind them is presumably that God likes; God is free to call men into



r
413*/(


r

$)3*45*"/
&5)*$4
50%": And Hagar Went Back: Responding to Abuse By Catherine Clark Kroeger, #SFXTUFS
."

hat a disappointment it is when Again, the scriptures can help us. We freed from her concubinage, slavery Wwe try so very hard to help a read of Hagar, the Egyptian slave who and oppression, but there were at that woman who has decided to leave an escaped from the abuse that she was crucial moment some pressing necessi- abusive situation! We scurry around suffering at the hands of Sarah, wife ties. There was a need for shelter and to locate food, clothing, toiletries, of Abraham. How tragic that he, the food and care during her impend- toys for the children, furniture and father of our faith, had allowed his ing delivery. We can only hope that bedding, a place to stay. We approach wife to mistreat the slave girl whom Abraham was deeply concerned for the the deacons for emergency funding. he himself had impregnated! It may be mother of his soon-to-be-born child We befriend her and pray for her. We helpful to remember that even some and that she was received back by Sarah watch the children, drive the survivor very pious people have condoned with a more gracious attitude. Return to get food stamps and a restraining appalling abuse of family members does not seem a good option, but in order—and then suddenly she returns – and Abraham is no exception. the harsh realities of desert existence, it to her abuser! All of our work has As Hagar fled into the desert, she was the least undesirable option. been for nothing, or so it seems. We sank down at a well, homeless and It was in that first departure from can end up feeling downright foolish friendless. It was at that point she dis- abuse that she found God for herself about the whole effort. How can we covered that she was not after all alone. in a personal relationship. She did not demonstrate a gracious attitude if the There God began to speak to her; and return as the same person who had victim approaches us again for help? in that moment of fleeing from abuse, fled. She knew not only the God who In point of fact, this experience is a she came to know the Friend who had listened to her plight, but she knew very common one. Most women who would always be with her in love and herself as heir of a divine promise. She decide to leave their abusers return support. There she received a name returned with a new understanding, a approximately seven times before for her unborn child (Ishmael, mean- different person with a different per- they make the final break. There are ing “God shall hear”), and there she spective. many reasons why women go back gave the Lord a Name “the God who The escape, the encounter, and to the situations from which we have Sees.” Actually, she is the only person the returns were all part of her spiri- tried to rescue them. The victim may in all of Bible history who gives God a tual progress. How important it is to feel that she has no other option for name, though others experienced the understand that God deals with people surviving financially; she may fear revelation of a divine name. She had in circumstances that do not always that her abuser will kill her unless she discovered that God both hears and meet with our personal convenience or returns. The offender may have told sees abused women. preconceived notions. We cannot tell the woman that she is totally inad- Hagar was given a mighty prom- what may have happened within the equate to cope without him—and ise—that she should be the mother of soul of the person whom we consider she has bought into his lie. She may a mighty nation, whose people should to have behaved with such ingratitude fear the rejection of her family or her be as many as the sands of the des- when we tried so hard to help. friends at church. She may cling to her ert. And she was promised that her Although we may be disappointed marriage vows and refuse to break the unborn son should be a “wild ass of a when a survivor returns to an envi- binding promise that she made at the man.” This seems a dubious title for ronment that does not seem safe, she altar. Her pastor may demand that she an unborn child. Nevertheless both can return with a new awareness of return. She may have been told that in biblical times and in present day Christian concern, of God’s care for the Bible requires her to remain in Israel, the wild ass cannot be harnessed her, of love and prayer support. She the marriage even when her life is at or subjected to human domination. can know what the scriptures teach stake—or even that she may win the Job declared “the wild ass can no man about God’s condemnation of physi- abuser to Christ if she continues to tame.”(Job 39:9-12) Thus Hagar was cal, emotional, sexual, and mental submit to his abuse. There are some promised a son who would be freer abuse. She can go back with the aware- forty other reasons that women return, than free, unshackled by slavery or ness that she did not cause the abuse, among them being quite simply that oppression. cannot control it and cannot cure it. she still loves the perpetrator. And then God SENT HER BACK She can go back with prayer support in But how can we ever get anybody at to the home where she had been place. our church to help any other women if abused! In the end, she would go forth A woman can learn that she can call it turns out to be simply wasted effort? from that home with her young son, upon us again, that we respect her right

$)3*45*"/
&5)*$4
50%":

r

413*/(


r


 to make her own choice—even though mand does not seem particularly sym- and of God’s continuing love and care. it is one that fills us with concern. She pathetic: “Stand up and take your The church can demonstrate its con- can understand the importance of child by the hand.” If Hagar had cern with all the material assistance making a safety plan in case she needs previously been sent back to receive that is necessary, but the greatest gift to leave again in a hurry. She can learn care that she needed, she must now is made to the victim’s soul. We may how to contact a local shelter, how learn to care for herself and her child. find that the community shelter is far to keep important documents where Feeling helpless or sorry for herself is more effective than we in providing she can retrieve them quickly (drivers no longer a viable option. for some of her needs, but the people license, green card, prescriptions, birth The first lesson will be survival of God excel in prayer support, lov- certificates for the children). She can in the desert. The Bible tells us that ing fellowship, and spiritual guidance. figure out through what door or win- “God opened her eyes, and she saw As the scripture exhorts us, “Share the dow she might escape, how she can a well of water that she had not seen sorrow of those being mistreated, as obtain transportation, and to whom before.”(Gen 21:19) She hurries to though you feel their pain in your own she can turn for safety. She can con- bring water to revive her child, and bodies” (Heb 13:3) and “Never get tact PASCH to request prayer support together they embark upon a life of tired of doing good” (2 Thess 3:13). ■ ([email protected]) for freedom and fulfillment. She has come “God shall hear.” to a place of independence, already Note: Catherine Clark Kroeger is the Hagar’s experience did not end filling the role of decision maker as founder of Peace and Safety in the with her return to the home of Sarah she sends to Egypt for a bride for her Christian Home (PASCH) www. and Abraham. At the insistence of his son. peaceandsafety.com, 1095 Stony wife, Abraham sends out his former And what does this story from Brook Road, Bewster, MA 02631, a concubine, now a freed woman, along scripture suggest to us who seek to Christian network addressing varied with her young son. And so she is minister to women that later return to aspects of domestic abuse, which also evicted into the wilderness, this time their abusive situation? That the time publishes a monthly newsletter Pasch , with the care of a child who rapidly during which we render them service from which this article came (Feb. succumbs to the heat of the sun and may afford them an opportunity to 2008). Dr. Kroeger is more widely the lack of water. Nothing is left to meet God in a new way. That window known as the founder and long-time her but the wailing of her grief—and of respite from abuse may constitute director of Christians for Biblical it is just then that God hears again an important spiritual milestone. A Equality, and co-author (with her and intervenes. person who again seeks help should husband Richard) of the classic text, I Hagar is about to take another not be condemned for changing her Suffer Not a Woman (Baker, 1992). major step in personal and spiritual mind but challenged to grow both growth. At first reading, God’s com- in her understanding of her situation



r
413*/(


r

$)3*45*"/
&5)*$4
50%": Privileged Communication and Abuse Reporting: From the Navy to the Local Church By Commander Charles P. McGathy, Chaplain U.S. Navy (Retired) .BEJTPO
/$

was a Navy chaplain for 22 years. In Now while I will agree that there are holding to a high standard of privi- I order to become a chaplain I had to are indeed strengths and weaknesses leged communication. 2 receive an endorsement from a bona inherit in any system, I still treasure my When I retired from the Navy I fide faith group. There are many faith heritage as a Baptist. I would hate to expected that I could continue to prac- groups recognized by the Department give up the Baptist principles that make tice counseling in a manner that was of Defense and represented in the mili- us unique as a people even if that cre- consistent with my convictions and tary chaplaincies. During my career I ates a potential for ecclesiastical chaos. ministerial code of ethics. The difference was endorsed by two of these: first I was Nevertheless, it is necessary to examine however, is a matter of governing author- endorsed by the Home Mission Board how we relate to civic authorities from ity. Whereas Navy and Department of of the Southern Baptist Convention time to time in order to help them Defense regulations specifically protect- and then, when it became possible, understand who we are. One of those ed privileged clergy/penitent communi- I was endorsed by the Cooperative areas needs to be in explaining what we cation, as a civilian pastor there is less Baptist Fellowship. mean by privileged communication. specific protection for me and my coun- When I entered the Navy in 1984 I Clergy from churches of hierarchi- selees. In fact after looking at the laws encountered clergy from a number of cal structure are guided by church law concerning abuse reporting from several different backgrounds including those that sets out and defines what may and states I was amazed and a bit concerned. from denominations that have a hier- may not be done in a religious organiza- The wording of statutes often did not archical structure, such as Lutherans tion. In the Roman Catholic Church, specifically protect penitent communi- and Roman Catholics. These chap- for example, church law is established cations in cases of suspected abuse. lains did not receive their ordination in the Vatican in Rome. It is the same Thomas F. Taylor in his book Seven from a local assembly of believers, for every Roman Catholic Church Deadly Lawsuits: How Ministers Can but from their Church. They were everywhere. Roman Catholic Church Avoid Litigation and Regulation warns: assigned or appointed in consultation law establishes the absolute confidenti- “States differ on the extent to which a with a bishop to the flock they were to ality of the confessional. The principle given state’s child abuse reporting laws shepherd. They needed to go through behind this law assures that people can apply to ministers.” In other words in their respective bishops for assignment go to their priest in confession of sin those states it could mean that a pastor including their entry into the military. with the absolute confidence that it will while not required to testify against a I learned from numerous conversations go no further. Because they can con- counselee may be required to report the that many of them thought that the fide in a trusted clergy they can move same person for abuse following a coun- Free Church tradition of local churches toward reconciliation and repentance. seling session. Thomas asks the ques- extending a “call” for a pastor rather Therefore even a crime confessed in tion, “Must ministers report child abuse confusing and lacking security (and of confidence to a priest is kept privileged. in every state?” In answer he summa- course they were correct). Additionally, The principle of separation of rizes that there are four kinds of abuse they did not look primarily to the local church and state allows for this prac- (child and in some cases elderly) report- body of believers as a governing author- tice to continue in this country, though ing statutes which “in some way require ity. A church council provided support there are tensions especially about con- ministers to report such abuse.” and advice, but the larger Church usu- fessed crimes of abuse (child, spousal, 1. Some states require that any per- ally had final say in decisions. and elderly). Strict laws have been son—including clergy—who learns of My Baptist prejudices aside, I will passed requiring counseling profession- suspected child abuse must report. openly admit that their systems of als who must maintain confidential- 2. Some states statutes specify clergy doing church worked pretty well for ity to make exceptions if they become must report. them. They thought the Baptist way aware of abuse, especially child abuse. 1 3. Some state statutes imply that clergy of doing church rather messy. My Many lawmakers feel that clergy must report suspected child abuse. Lutheran and Catholic clergy friends should be included in this law. The 4. Some state child-abuse reporting stat- have not been tempted to adopt the laws of many states are not specific on ues exclude clergy from the list of per- whims and uncertainties of congrega- this point, opening up possibilities for sonnel who must report. 3 tional polity—at least I am not aware lawsuits against pastors and churches This raises the question then, how of it. who do not report abuse because they can free and open communication

$)3*45*"/
&5)*$4
50%":

r

413*/(


r


 between counselee and clergy be pre- the church provide for privileged com- I got help for him and her. No one died served? How can an individual strug- munication. This has proven to be a that day. gling with the sin of abuse discuss successful defense for those clergy who These recollections illustrate both incidents that can lead to repentance are abiding by church law. 6 Where the burden and the need of privileged and seeking competent help for the there is no church ordinance or writ- communication with clergy. Privileged abused and for the abuser? In fact, it is ten expectation of absolutely confi- communication is a necessary safety possible under the provisions of the law dential counseling the clergy are in an valve that often saves lives. If people feel in many states for an ordained clergy unclear area of unwritten expectation. safe enough a pastor can assist them to who learns of child abuse and does not Thus it is incumbent upon the minis- seek the help they so desperately need. report it to later face charges. There ter in a free church who believes that No one loves children more than me. I are three typical defenses when this the expectation of his or her congrega- have five of my own. I would be the first occurs. 4 tion is that the confessional between to scream if anyone harmed them or The first defense is based upon pastor and penitent should remain did not protect them when they could. the fact that the law in that particular sacred and absolutely confidential for Thank God for laws that protect the state did not require reporting of abuse the greater good of redemption, must innocent from abuse. Clergy, however, because of the definition of the abus- insure that there is written evidence fill a special role and that role must be ing party. This is actually a glitch in the supporting that. This must be done protected by insuring privileged com- law, a loop hole if you will. For exam- through the church’s constitution and munication without exceptions. ■ ple some states define child abuse as a by laws and under girded in the pastor’s wrongful act done against a child “by job description. Furthermore it should Editor’s Postscript: As a teacher of as parent or guardian.” Consequently, only be afforded to ordained clergy and Ministerial Ethics and co-author of a if the abuse is done by someone else, no other persons within the church in text on that subject in which this topic say a step-brother or youth-group lead- order to highlight the special relation- is discussed ( Ministerial Ethics 2 nd Ed., er then the minister is not compelled ship that occurs in the confessional. Grand Rapids: Baker, 2 004, 104-106), to report. I find this defense totally I have never had to carry the weight I must respectfully disagree with the insufficient. If the only reason not to of keeping child abuse a secret. Either writer’s conclusion, although I appreci- report is because one can technically I was able to persuade the counselee to ate his intent in this dilemma. I often get away with it, then the clergy in seek help or the abuse was already in noted to students that confidentiality question have no business shepherding the discovery phase and being handled in counseling is never an absolute and God’s children. by nonreligious agencies. I have had must always be guided by trustworthi- A second possible defense a minister to encounter spousal abuse and grieve ness, justice, and prudence. Students might use for not reporting abuse could as it went unreported. An abused wife were encouraged to share with coun- be that clergy/penitent communication refused to turn in her husband in fear selees that confidentiality would be is specially protected in the state where that he would lose his career as field maintained except in matters where the the parties reside. That legal exception grade officer. That was a burden I counselee discloses harm intended on for clergy does not exist in every state. had to carry and it was hard. Even so oneself or others (suicide/murder), or In North Carolina, where I live, the law I allowed a wounded, confused, and in cases where the law and concern for reads, “Every person or institution with endangered woman to exit my office victims require disclosure. cause to suspect that a child is abused, most likely to face escalating abuse in neglected, or dependent, or that a child order to protect her right of privileged 1Thomas F. Taylor, Seven Deadly has died as a result of maltreatment, communication. Perhaps I was some Lawsuits: How Ministers Can Avoid must report that child’s situation. . . .” 5 help in defining the issues and show- Litigation and Regulation, (Nashville: Thus there is not a statute in my state ing her that she had options. That day, Abingdon Press, 1996), 56. specifically exempting clergy when it however, was not the day she was ready 2Ibid., 75. comes to child abuse. Other states have to take action. 3Ibid., 67. similar laws leaving open the question On the other hand I have also 4Ibid., 70. of reporting requirements for clergy. been able to save lives. On one occa- 5North Carolina General Statue 7a543. The last and I think best defense sion a violent Marine confessed to me, 6Norman Abrams, Addressing is the First Amendment to the because he felt safe within privileged the Tension Between the Clergy- Constitution of the United States. communication, that he planned to Communication Privilege and Duty to Separation of church and state implica- murder his wife. I kept him talking Report Child Abuse in State Statutes, tions prevent the state from interfering long enough to convince him that what (Boston: Boston College Law Review, with the free exercise of religion. This he really needed to do was seek help for PG1127), available from http://www. defense, however, will not hold unless it his feelings of rage. I breathed a sigh of bc.edu/schools/law/lawreviews/meta- can be shown that the religious require- relief when he gave me permission to elements/journals/bclaw/44_4/08_ ments and description of practices of take his story beyond the confessional. TXT.htm; accessed on 24 June 2007.



r
413*/(


r

$)3*45*"/
&5)*$4
50%": Fortified Churches: Relics of Faith and Fear

By Patrick Anderson, $FEBS
,FZ
'-

ecently Bill Leonard and I trav- 13 th century and fortified the grounds Patience must have been hard to main- Reled with our friend, Otniel (Oti) with additions and renovations in the tain in the context of such tension Bunaciu, in Romania and drove north 15 th , 16 th , and 17 th centuries. As I and fear. “Pray to God, but fight for of Bucharest into the Translyvania stood in the main tower, I could see our lives!” they must have shouted. Mountains. For two days we drove to for miles and miles in every direction. Sleep must have come fitfully if at all hard places to see six of the 40 or so for- I could only imagine the terror which throughout the weeks of siege. tified churches dating from the 12 th , must have struck the people as they We also visited the Biserica 13 th , and 14 th centuries. For nearly watched the Turks approach. I could Fortificata Biertan in the small village 900 years these large church struc- almost see and hear the panic and rush of Homorod. Oti asked around and tures, surrounded by walls and other toward the church and hear the bell of found the caretaker, a man of Saxon fortifications, were central features in alarm ringing. I could imagine chil- descent in his 80s, Mr. Thome. Bill and remote villages as well as the central dren running from their homes carry- I sat with the man and his wife in their town of Sighisoara. The importation ing whatever few precious possessions home, drinking the offered homemade of Saxons in the 12 th century by King the family valued, while fathers and plum brandy on this cold and snowy Geza II was designed to defend his mothers drove the cattle, sheep, chick- day. Oti retrieved the car to carry the crown, as well as to bring Saxon civili- ens, and pigs inside the walls. elderly caretaker the short distance to zation into the ancient area, although The hooks still show where large open the fortified church. He used a the region had consistent inhabitation cured hams were hung from the ceil- large key, and the door creaked open since about 2000bc. ing in the main tower to be safely revealing the quiet and overgrown The Saxons also brought crafts- rationed and to be available for sus- courtyard. Few visitors have had this manship and superior organization tenance. Large rooms were dedicated experience. The man spoke German and agricultural techniques to the to hold all the food the villagers could and, of course, Romanian. area and enjoyed a very prosperous, muster. Groups of people took up their He was proud of his German-Saxon but troubled, few hundred years. The assigned tasks, protecting children, heritage, but told us only seven Saxons occasional invasions of Turks led to passing the ammunition, filling con- remain in the town, and about thirty the fortification of the churches. Now, tainers with water, boiling oil. When Romanians and about 1200 Gypsies. centuries later, it is stunning to see under siege, the people huddled inside His body sagged as he made that final the walled church grounds, ancient the fortified church and watched help- revelation. His entire world had col- church buildings with worn furnish- lessly as the invaders looted and sacked lapsed around him, it seemed. He ings, artwork, and statuary of worship. their homes, living off of the crops told us of Turk invasions, Romanian Amazingly the Romanian govern- and shelters left behind, minding their invasions, Hungarian invasions, the ment has not classified the churches time for attack until after they had Lutheran Reformation, the Nazi inva- as national historical monuments and taken and used anything they want- sions, the Russian invasions, and final- many are in very poor repair. This will ed from the abandoned villages and ly the Gypsy invasions. He covered 9 not remain the case forever I am sure, farms. Terrified villagers manned the centuries of history as if he had person- because this is a relatively untouched archers’ windows and reinforced the ally experienced each event and they tourist’s and historian’s dream. The gate, watching helplessly the desecra- all had occurred last week. fortified church in the center of the tion of their homes while the necessary The caretaker also showed us a town of Sighisoara is well-known and rage built within them for the fight plaque on the church wall which list- oft-visited. Sighisoara is the second which was sure to come in due course. ed the WWII dead. He said the Nazi most important city in the area and I can only imagine the scene in army came into the region in June of sits on the main highway and rail line. the churches as priests prayed, babies 1944 and rounded up all of the males But most of the other fortified church- cried, and mothers fretted while the over the age of 14 and took them to es languish in isolated villages, off the men shouted threats and abuse at the the Russian front. By September, they beaten path. invaders, threw stones from the walls were all dead. He sadly pointed to the Oti, Bill, and I drove the hard to repel the forward observers, poured names of his father and uncle. He said trails to get to some of them. One, the pots of boiling oil on any Turks who he had hidden in the woods with his Duetschweisskirch, was initially built tried the gate, and archers loosed their mother and sister while the roundup by a Szekler community. The Saxons arrows from the narrow parapets at took place, avoiding conscription. added to the barn-like structure in the any who encroached the field of fire. Then, after the war, the Russians came.

$)3*45*"/
&5)*$4
50%":

r

413*/(


r


 Since the people were German speak- ficult to imagine, given the strong ties Romanian Orthodox for ecclesiastical ing and had served (albeit unwilling- to tradition among the early Saxons. conquest, by Romanians and Germans ly) with Hitler, they took many of the They continue to retain their tra- and Russians for political domina- men off to suffer in gulags. But mostly ditional German identity. The few tion, by an exodus of young genera- his attention was focused on the gyp- parishioners who attend the churches tions for economic reasons, and now sies, who were pressing in all around when sporadic services are held hold by the gypsies. Their faith sustains the his tranquil village right now. firmly to practices which were first shrinking few that remain, as they sit When told we were involved a established centuries ago. And, they in bitter resignation to forces beyond social ministry to provide hope and are dying. their control. Fear is seen in their eyes, opportunities for Gypsies (Project The churches were built from always present. Regret is not far from Ruth), he said in German, “It is a faith, deeply held faith by the first their lips, paralyzing them from mean- waste of your time. You cannot do any generations of transplanted Saxons ingful worship and service, isolating good. I am not a racist, but God save who traveled by ox carts across the them from this world, and hardly pre- America and all civilized countries rivers and mountains into this region, paring them for the next. from the Gypsies!” many dying from disease and depriva- It would be easy to interpret the We also visited a village called tion along the way. The priests helped fortified churches of Transylvania as Viskry, far off of the paved roads in them keep faith alive, strong faith a metaphor for today’s fearful church, the mountains where two valleys con- demonstrated by the central position where the faithful are inspired to verge. Here the caretaker, an elderly the strongly built churches hold in the build houses of worship, and then are woman also in her 80s, welcomed us. communities. tempted to fortify them against the We were tired and the day was late, The people who previously inhab- “others” who surround and frighten but again we walked the grounds ited the area were “others,” technolog- us. That image is not far from our and sat in the church as the woman ically deficient in agricultural methods minds when we see ourselves in retreat described her childhood and the tradi- and considered inferior by the Saxons. from “invaders” who have lifestyles, tions of the church. We wondered at Saxons never fully integrated into the political persuasions, social standards, the richness of the whole scene. pre-existing culture, choosing an insu- and cultural practices different from The church is stunning—the faded lar neo-Saxon society instead. Later, as the faithful. artwork on the furniture and walls, the invaders from the East came, the Perhaps that metaphor is unfair. the statutes, the pulpit—incredible, people looked to the church for salva- Perhaps I am not sufficiently respectful but in a deteriorating condition. The tion, not eternal salvation but imme- of the many families who worshipped kind lady explained to us where each diate, physical salvation. They fled to and served God year after year, decade family sat during worship—where the churches from fear of these violent after decade, century after century, in single men sat and where the widows others. Over time they fortified the churches far removed from civil or sat, according to their age, next to a churches, made them stronger citadels military authorities upon which to painting of angels. The nearer to the against the outsiders, constructed con- rely in times of mortal danger. painting the widows sat the closer centric walls, and created strategically I have experienced no threat, real or to the end they were assumed to be. placed defensive posts. They turned imagined, comparable to what those She demonstrated how one was never the centers of worship into places of saints of old experienced. I sit safely in to turn one’s back on the altar, how refuge. a free and safe environment. But still women were never to expose an ankle The fortified churches stand today there is a lesson here. When we use while stepping over or around a bench. as mute reminders that they survived the church as a fort to which to run She showed us a string that ran from all challenges, but they also stand for protection in times of fear, rather the pipe organist’s bench to a small today as irrelevant monuments with than as a place of faith from which bell near the billows which alerted the crumbling walls and silent sanctuar- to embrace the “others,” we also risk pumper to pump the bags to fill the ies. During many tranquil decades becoming relics of a bygone era, with pipes for music at the assigned time in over several centuries, villagers wor- no relevance now or ever. ■ the worship service. shipped each Sunday, married and All of the churches were Catholic buried, baptized and chastised, and when construction began in the 1200s continued to thrive as the socially and and 1300s, but most became Lutheran culturally dominant group. in the 16 th Century, standing as the far These fortified church buildings easternmost reach of the Reformation. have survived. But the parishioners The cataclysmic changes within and have fared poorly over the years, since among congregations as they wres- they were constantly under attack by tled with the transition from Roman invading Muslim hoards for reasons Catholic to Lutheran Protestant is dif- of conquest, by Roman Catholics and



r
413*/(


r

$)3*45*"/
&5)*$4
50%": CHRISTIAN ETHICS AND THE MOVIES Reviewed By David A. Thomas, Assoc. Prof. of Rhetoric, Emeritus, 6OJWFSTJUZ
PG
3JDINPOE 1

Health Care: Away from Her wards, she bonds with Aubrey, a fellow Alzheimer’s, and as the population (2006) Alzheimer’s patient, arousing Grant’s ages, the extent of the disease accel- resentment and jealousy. erates. Medication may help ease the Fiona: I think all we can aspire to in As time progresses, Grant comes to symptoms but its causes are unknown this situation is a little bit of grace. accept Fiona’s illness and what he sees and there is no known cure. There will Julie Christie stars in a moving as her infatuation with another man. be 12-15 million victims by the year independent film about the effects of When Aubrey’s wife, Marian (Olympia 2050, if statistical projections hold her character’s Alzheimer’s Disease and Dukakis), takes Aubrey home because true. its effects on her husband. The movie she cannot afford to commit him to Churches have a role to play in spir- is a little gem, with an intelligent script the extended care ward (apparently itual and social support for the victims and a talented cast. The story is set in a such facilities are not a part of Canada’s and their families. Studies have shown beautiful Canadian landscape. free universal health care system), that caregivers suffer from anxieties Julie Christie plays Fiona Anderson, Grant meets with Marian to see what and other psychological symptoms. married to a retired college profes- can be done, at least to take Aubrey to Church attendance can helpful sor, Grant Anderson (Canadian actor visit Fiona. As the situation continues to both the victims and the families. Gordon Pinsent). They live in a love- to progress, Grant and Marian turn There are different suggestions for ly bucolic country home which she more to each other for support, then helping roles at different stages of the inherited from her grandparents. She for intimacy. disease. Many churches offer online enjoys cross country skiing. All of these sad issues are superla- resources for ministers. An excellent As the story opens, Fiona is show- tively acted. Julie Christie has won a example is the Association of Brethren ing signs of her deteriorating mem- Best Actress Oscar previously (remem- Caregivers, who provide useful sug- ory. Her kitchen cabinet drawers are ber Dr. Zhivago ), and she has been gestions for dealing with victims and labeled to help her remember their involved in several other Oscar pro- their families in the early stage, middle contents. She seems befuddled by the ductions in her career. Olivia Dukakis stage, and late stage AD, along with pot she is holding, and finally stows is also a former Oscar winner. Gordon appropriate Scriptures and hymns for it in the freezer. In another scene, she Pinsent, the 75-year old Canadian lead comfort. 2 ■ struggles for the word for “wine” as she actor, won the Toronto Film Festival pours for her guests. Best Actor award for this movie. 1David A. Thomas retired in 2004 Grant resists acknowledging the Perhaps most surprising turn in the and now resides in Sarasota, Florida. realities of her disease to the point of movie’s artistic excellence is that the He invites your comments at denial. Clearly, he is devoted to Fiona writer/director, Sarah Polley, is only [email protected]. and cannot stand the thought of her twenty-eight years old. She has a long 2http://www.brethren.org/abc/disabili- having to go into an Alzheimer’s facil- track record in writing, directing, pro- ties/alzheimers.html ity. But inevitably, she must, leaving ducing, and acting in independent him to fend for himself on the farm. movies and Canadian TV, with an He visits her as often as he can. Fiona emphasis on social action. seems much more resigned to the pro- Significance of Away From Her . cess than he. “My, you’re persistent,” The movie compresses the action into she tells him when she sees him enter- what seems to be about a year or two. In ing the door with flowers or books. reality, Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) often The plot is complicated by two poi- runs a course of a decade or more. AD gnant, thought typical, factors. First, is a fatal and progressive disease of the as her mind deteriorates, she loses brain. Away from Her is a clear exam- short term memory much faster than ple of what it is like to be a victim, and her older memories. An infidelity he to be a caregiver. (Two other popular had with a student twenty years earlier movies about the disease are Iris and looms ever more vividly in her associa- The Notebook. ) Demographically, AD tion with him than their happier times is a significant and increasing disease. since then. Second, in the Alzheimer’s Five million Americans suffer from

$)3*45*"/
&5)*$4
50%":

r

413*/(


r


 Book Reviews “Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed.” 'SBODJT
#BDPO
E


Not Exactly Job opposed to quick answers, that can be as a nation, in what is happening to /BUIBO
#SPXO
/PSNBO
0,
.POHSFM
more instructive and lead us to new this world. &NQJSF
1SFTT
 plateaus of faith. Nathan’s candor and honesty Reviewed by Al Staggs, As Nathan points out, many suf- regarding his own encounters with 4BOUF
'F
/. ferers do not experience a good end adversity is refreshing. His protests are to their travails, hence his title Not reminiscent of Job, Jonah, Jeremiah, s I read Nathan Brown’s com- Exactly Job. The account of Job’s latter Elijah and of Jesus himself who cried Apelling poetry, Not Exactly Job , days indicates that he was completely out from the cross, “My God, my I was reminded of a statement made vindicated and that those days were God, why have you forsaken me?” by Rabbi Irving Greenberg, “Let us spent in prosperity and happiness, How tempting it must have been to offer, then, as a working principle the as if the agony of his former life was some biblical scribe to delete such following: No statement, theological made right. This reminds one of the troubling statements and protests at or otherwise, should be made that tendency, during the Easter season, some point. The author’s questions would not be credible in the pres- for churches to speed hurriedly past and protests afford readers a certain ence of burning children.” Nathan’s Passion Sunday and Good Friday and permission to voice their own feelings treatment of Job’s friends, Eliphaz, run hastily to the Resurrection with- in the face of trials. Nathan’s honesty Bildad and Zophar, demonstrates the out taking into account the ongo- in dealing with adversity indicates that hazards of providing easy answers to ing identification that Jesus STILL any relationship that has worth and human suffering. And yet so much of has with the suffering of this world true intimacy must be a relationship what one hears in the stuff of popular through his experience of the cross. in which feelings can be aired with- devotional books, as well as in Sunday I found Nathan’s treatment of out the fear of retribution. Do not our School lessons and sermons, are Eliphaz the Temanite to be particu- protests and groaning to God become attempts at “answers” to the tragedies larly relevant to our “age of Empire.” a form of prayer and give indication of human existence. I must confess Eliphaz’s statement to Job that “He that in our relationship to God we are that I had many answers after I com- thwarts the plans of the crafty, so that allowed to question and complain, pleted my degree from Southwestern their hands achieve no success” makes with the knowledge that our negative Seminary in 1974. During the inter- one wonder what God thinks about expressions will not change our rela- vening thirty-plus years, my own trials our present Romanesque empire, an tionship as God’s beloved children? as well as the adversities of my parish- imperial empire whose power is pred- The author’s tribute to his father, ioners and hospital patients, have left icated on military might and charac- Lavonn Brown, at the beginning of me with far more unanswerable ques- terized by extreme affluence in the face the text, provides a profoundly mov- tions than answers to the vicissitudes of widespread world poverty. Such a ing foundation upon which Nathan of life. Much of contemporary post- question indicates that perhaps, like can voice his protests and questions. Holocaust theology, particularly the Eliphaz, our spiritual answers have In this tribute Nathan says of his writings of Elie Wiesel, have shown precious little to do with the reality of father, “Dad has fielded every blunt that sometimes it is the questions, as global suffering and our complicity, question I’ve asked and every pro-



r
413*/(


r

$)3*45*"/
&5)*$4
50%": fane poem I’ve written over the years (as opposed to “stupidity”), just war who immediately after 9/11 labeled all with grace, openness, and wisdom.” theory (as opposed to “unjustness”), forms of action and reaction a “War” Certainly God, as a good parent, can and law-abidingness (as opposed to on terror. hear our questions and our cries of “criminality”) to bear on events of this I do not picture that most readers anger and protest with grace, open- long, long war. He celebrates what the will read this book, either because they ness, and wisdom. ■ popes of these years, Vatican spokes- do not welcome priestly comment and persons, and many bishops have had criticism or because they have been Editor’s Note: Lavonn Brown was pas- to say for peace and against capital reading the columns all along, usu- tor for many years of the First Baptist punishment, nuclear armament, war- ally affirming them, and don’t need a Church of Norman, Oklahoma, and making in general, and this war in par- repeat. Nor can I quote enough from also served as an early leader in the ticular. At the same time he mourns these pages to document how true to foundational years of the Cooperative that so little of what they said reached conditions and prospects Greeley has Baptist Fellowship. the Catholic faithful. And he is scorn- been. Instead I want to pass on some- ful of most religious leaders who were thing that crossed my mind while read- A Stupid, Unjust, cowed into silence for fear of sound- ing him, as follows: Pastors, priests, ing unpatriotic when they might have professors, nuns, teachers, editorial- and Criminal War: been helpfully vocal in criticism of ists, and other leaders were consistent- Iraq 2001-2007 governmental and military policy. In ly told back during the Vietnam War "OESFX
.
(SFFMZ a world where many were snookered that they lacked expertise to analyze Reviewed by Martin E. Marty into blandness or silence, he remains what only some military and govern- $IJDBHP
*- unsnookered. mental leaders, setting out to monop- The Martys compare opinions as olize comment, knew enough about. Stupid, Unjust, and Criminal we read four daily papers. We come We hear the same now on issues deal- AWar by priest, sociologist, novel- to most agreement on wartime issues ing with the environment, the global ist, and columnist Andrew Greeley is when we read Greeley ‘s syndicated economy, and more. It becomes clear a collection of 121 columns dating columns in the Chicago Sun-Times . once again that biblically informed, back to 2001, in their original form. From before the first gun was fired, he theologically inspired criticism and As the title suggests, the columns are stopped just short of charging that we proposals can come from highly fal- not long on nuance. They have going were being led into the war by lead- lible people who, like everyone else, for them guts, consistency, a readiness ers who, too often, wanted war but do not “know enough,” but who do to use the language of the prophets didn’t count the cost. Now uncontro- “know enough” from another angle, to and the Church, prescience, and not versial are his once contentious early make their own contributions to con- a little hold on truth in reporting. comments on how unprepared the versations that remain urgent. Folks Columnists who once supported the U.S. administration and military were like Greeley have the satisfaction of war and others who were critical all before they invaded Iraq. seeing that their prophecies have been along can profitably compare notes Greeley is no pacifist, and recog- confirmed, but take small comfort in with Greeley. nizes, for example, the “necessity” of that. ■ The Chicago priest, who has a pas- World War II and the valor of those sion for Catholicism, is dispassionate who supported the Allied cause. He is This article originally appeared in enough to have a lover’s quarrel with not naïve about the scope of the threat Sightings (1/21/08), a publication of the the Church, and is impassioned about of militant Muslims and terrorists, Martin Marty Center of the University bringing church teaching on wisdom but was suspicious of those Americans of Chicago Divinity School.

$)3*45*"/
&5)*$4
50%":

r

413*/(


r


 Beyond the White House hints of bureaucrats, at home and are trying to make a difference in a +JNNZ
$BSUFS
/FX
:PSL
4JNPO

abroad, who were deeply offended world clouded by untold numbers of 4IVTUFS

 by the Carter approach to these people impaled by dread diseases—a Reviewed by Darold Morgan, problems. Included in this are major world where too many countries are 3JDIBSETPO
59 political and military leaders again in also crippled by corrupt government. the U.S. as well as in countries where The Carters tell how they were able to ne of the best-known Baptists elections were anything but demo- break that cycle, bringing healing to Oin the world has written another cratically carried out. the sick and changing nations! ■ book, and the scope of it is all but The use of the word, breath-tak- breath-taking! Jimmy Carter writes ing, is deliberate. The Carters formed Baptists and persuasively about what he and his the Carter Center, which in reality wife, Rosalyn, and their colleagues is his presidential library, located in Religious Liberty have done though the Carter Center Atlanta. It has an exciting partnership 8JMMJBN
.
1JOTPO
+S
%BMMBT
#BQUJTU8BZ
since his defeat as he sought in 1980 with nearby Emory University. From 1SFTT
 a second term as U.S. President. A the outset Carter viewed through this Reviewed by Darold Morgan major question surfaces early in read- connection developing a concept of ing the book—how on earth could mediation, locally and world-wide, aptists everywhere are acquainted one couple travel and accomplish where “we might study and teach Bwith the heralded ‘Study Course’ as much as they have? No wonder how to resolve or prevent conflict” programming in the local church. Carter was awarded the Nobel Peace (4). Twenty-five years later these Until recently this was the periodic Prize in 2006! He genuinely deserved countries have been influenced by study of Baptist doctrine, history, and this prestigious honor, and this book this concept—Guyana, East Timor, Christian Ethics in the local church, forcefully confirms the reason for it. Haiti, Mali, Burkina-Faso, Ethiopia, using material generally formulated by Both of the Carters talk frankly Niger, Liberia, Cote d’Ivoire, the denominational agencies. Immense about the massive let-down after Mozambique, Nicaragua, Ghana, amount of teaching and training came losing the presidential election to China, Indonesia—plus many other from this source. Pinson’s book is a Ronald Reagan, complicated by the countries in the Middle East, Asia, good example of what a local Baptist abysmal state of business affairs on Africa, and Latin America. Add to church could use with profitability their Georgia farms, and by the pecu- this the Atlanta Project, Habitat for today! Bill Pinson is recognized far liar demands of what to do in Plains Humanity. Special attention needs and wide from his collegiate and semi- in a forced retirement mode. By the again to be directed toward the nary teaching and writing as a genu- time one finishes reading the book, Carters’ work in the Israeli-Palestinian ine authority in the field of Church there is a beautiful agreement with conflict. and State and Religious Liberty. Here Carter’s evaluation of these years: “By One of the most moving segments is a book that merits immediate and far, my best years are these I am enjoy- in the book relates to the exciting serious study in most local Baptist ing now, since Rosalyn and I left the and often successful ventures in some churches, as well as other denomina- White House.” African countries as literally the two tional churches. Carter, as usual writes with skill were “Fighting Diseases.” Enlisting Simply stated, we must not forget and interest, highlighting both suc- skilled and competent associates how religious liberty came about. It cesses and failures in this multi-facet- through the Center, they often cajoled did not just happen. There are names ed array of projects the book outlines. African political leaders to cooperate. and documents and events that this There is an aura of unselfishness Encouraging major drug companies book reminds us of which testify as the Carters move around the to give massive amounts of urgently forcefully to the evolvement of this world, monitoring elections, being needed medicines, visiting person- basic Christian and American belief deeply involved in seemingly endless ally dozens of areas where need defies that has blessed beyond measure our projects of disease-control, eliciting description, both of the Carters dem- beloved land. One of the reasons for massive financial support from major onstrate a blending of compassion, its greatness stems from this sacred companies world-wide, and badger- determination, stubbornness that is posture. How it came about is found ing reluctant leaders in dozens of almost unequaled in international life in these pages. We must not forget countries for better understanding of today. these sources. the issues. Whenever bluntness and Forget your political commit- Pinson puts into focus in his- stubbornness are required to further ments as you start this book. Let it torical segments names that are in the announced project, Carter exhib- speak for itself as you see what two the Baptist pantheon of greatness: its the required consistency that most people can do with commitment and John Smyth, Thomas Helwys, Roger of the time engineers the necessary concern. The Carters come through Williams, John Clarke, Obadiah breakthrough. Of course, there are these pages as devout Christians who Holmes, Isaac Backus, John Leland,



r
413*/(


r

$)3*45*"/
&5)*$4
50%": and of course, George W. Truett. documentary evidence, anecdotal in this historical timeframe. There One of the values of Pinson’s book references from the era of America’s are familiar and unfamiliar quotes is his treatment of some of the surging founding, confirming the importance from many: John Adams, Alexander current issues which have forced the of religion in these vital years. The Hamilton, George Washington, foundations of Religious Liberty into potential weakness of the book comes Thomas Jefferson, George Mason, the retreat and negativism. These pages as modern exponents of the concept Federalist Papers, James Madison, John deserve careful study and wide public- that America was a Christian nation Leland, Benjamin Franklin, William ity. The quotation from Herschel H. in these founding years will singularly Blackstone, John Witherspoon, etc. Hobbs is exceptionally timely: “If eter- use this evidence to trumpet the call His multiple references to Alexis de nal vigilance is the price of freedom, it to return to these roots. No one will Toqueville are very helpful. is especially true of religious liberty.” challenge the need for a return to reli- It is at this point that Novak’s book (126) The author closes with a simple gion values in our beloved land, but dovetails with Pinson’s Baptists and eloquence about this necessary defense one does need to have a true historical Religious Liberty because of his use of of the American treasure. ■ perspective in this effort. many of same sources. Taken together That said, we are grateful for the as primary references, they constitute author’s research of multiple sources a solid basis for the historic position On Two Wings of statesmen, preachers, educators, of Church/State truths. Whatever it .JDIBFM
/PWBL
4BO
'SBODJTDP
and author’s whose insights about takes, not only in local churches, but &ODPVOUFS
#PPLT

 America’s beginnings are genuinely in collegiate and graduate studies, the Reviewed by Darold Morgan helpful. His bibliography and appen- time has come for a refreshing restate- dixes are worth the price of the book. ment and study of this massively he strength of this book is in the The key value comes from the numer- important theme in both American Tmassive number of quotations, ous quotations from these sources history and life—Religious Liberty! ■

$)3*45*"/
&5)*$4
50%":

r

413*/(


r


 When Love and Justice Dance Together By Laura M. Rector

Love smiled at Justice. “Love!” he screamed, Justice nodded back. But suffering drowned out their words. He reached for her hand, Whispering, “May I have this dance?” A cascade of tears flowed down Love’s cheeks. Slowly, shyly, her arms encircled his. Justice pounded his fist in the air. Father watched and smiled, Gently, Father whispered, “Silence!” Gently, Justice kissed Love’s lips, The world stilled. Moaning, she caressed his cheek. Father led Justice through the fields Nodding knowingly, Father said, Stopping at Calgary’s hill. “Children, go out.” Quietly, he lifted Love Together, they ran Placing her beside Justice. Across the fields of time. As nails pounded into flesh, Justice watched the harvest at work. As screams of agony went forth from a Love walked behind, dropping barley cross, As a young woman gleaned. Justice looked at Love, Justice smiled and joined her. And Love looked back.

Laughing, Love ran ahead. Justice reached for her hand. She stopped at a wounded child, “I am not Justice without you,” he said, Stooped down and whispered comfort, Softly touching Love’s cheek. Until Justice cared for the young one’s “I was so scared with you gone,” she safety. answered.

They chased each other through the fields Justice held Love, Until the world grew suddenly dark. Slowly beginning an eternal dance, Love tripped. “Where is Justice?” she As Love clung to him, screamed. And two souls meshed into one. Looking back, no sign of her companion. “We are better together,” “Justice!” she cried, running through Justice whispered. concentration camps, “I know,” Love softly replied. Or tripping over babies washed along the Father nodded, as the two-in-one danced. ■ shore. She wretched over fallen soldiers, © 2007. And screamed as one child shot another. Laura Rector is a PhD student at Fuller Theological Seminary. “Justice! Justice! Justice!” his name echoed Across the fields of time.



r
413*/(


r

$)3*45*"/
&5)*$4
50%": Awaiting Answers By Al Staggs, Chaplain and Performing Artist, 4BOUB
'F
/.

Why the refugees in Darfur must barely cling to life, and why the dispossessed in Iraq must live as if there is no life, cannot be answered or explained in any satisfactory manner.

Why the older woman who was once so full of life and dignity is now only a shell of her former self, and why those whose lives are lived in suffering and anguish because of the diseases that attack their bodies must continue to breathe their painful breaths, I cannot say.

There is meaning . . . there must be . . . though the meaning and the answers cannot be provided by any theological statement that I can find.

The meaning and the answers must wait in agonizing and prolonged suspension for another day and another life when all must be made clear. The whys remain as we hold on tenaciously, precariously to our eternal hope. ■

$)3*45*"/
&5)*$4
50%":

r

413*/(


r


 Christian Ethics Today A Journal of Christian Ethics “We need now to recover the prophethood of all believers, matching our zeal for the priesthood of all believers with a passion for the prophethood of all believers.” —Foy Valentine, Founding Editor

MISSION The Christian Ethics Today Foundation publishes Christian Ethics Today in order to provide laypersons, educators, and ministers with a resource for understanding and responding in a faithful Christian manner to moral and ethical issues that are of concern to contemporary Christians, to the church, and to society. PURPOSES U Maintain an independent prophetic voice for Christian social ethics U Interpret and apply Christian experience, biblical truth, theological insights, historical understanding, and current research to contemporary moral issues U Support Christian ecumenism by seeking contributors and readers from various denominations and churches U Work from the deep, broad center of the Christian church U Address readers at the personal and emotional as well as the intellectual level by including in the Journal narratives, poetry, and cartoons as well as essays U Strengthen and support the cause of Christian ethics Christian Ethics Today was born in the mind and heart of Foy Valentine in 1995, as an integral part of his dream for a Center for Christian Ethics. In his words, the purpose of the Journal was “to inform, inspire, and unify a lively company of individuals and organizations interested in working for personal morality and public righteousness.” When the Center was transferred to Baylor University in June 2000, the disbanding Board voted to continue the publication of Christian Ethics Today , appointing a new editor and a new Board. The Journal will continue to be published five times annually. From the beginning Christian Ethics Today has been sent without charge to anyone requesting it, “as money and energy permit.” More than ever before, your financial support is “greatly needed, urgently solicited, and genuinely appreciated.” The Christian Ethics Today Foundation is a non-profit organization and has received a 501 (c) (3) status from the Internal Revenue Service. Gifts are tax deductible. BOARD OF DIRECTORS Philip Wise, Chair Pat Anderson Aubrey H. Ducker, Jr. Tony Campolo Fisher Humphreys Carolyn Weatherford Crumpler Darold Morgan Carolyn Dipboye David Sapp

Contributions should be made out to the Christian Ethics Today Foundation and mailed to the address below. Your comments and inquiries are always welcome. Articles in the Journal (except those copyrighted) may be reproduced if you indicate the source and date of publication. Manuscripts that fulfill the purposes of Christian Ethics Today may be submitted to the editor for publication consideration and addressed to: OUR ADDRESS AND PHONE NUMBERS Joe E. Trull, Editor Phone: (940) 262-0450 9608 Parkview Court Cell (940) 230-6931 Denton, TX 76207-6658 New email: [email protected] VISIT US ON OUR WEB SITE: www.ChristianEthicsToday.com

$)3*45*"/
&5)*$4
50%":





/0/
130'*5
03( 64
1045"(& 1PTU
0GGJDF
#PY







1"*% "SHZMF
5FYBT

 %"--"4
59 1&3.*5
/0


"%%3&44
4&37*$&
3&26&45&%