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Vascular Plants and Vegetation of Motuopao Island, Northland, New Zealand

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Vascular Plants and Vegetation of Motuopao Island, Northland, New Zealand VASCULAR PLANTS AND VEGETATION OF MOTUOPAO ISLAND, NORTHLAND, NEW ZEALAND by Lisa J. Forester Department of Conservation, PO Box 842, Whangarei SUMMARY Motuopao Island, off Cape Maria van Diemen in the Far North has a colourful history of settlement. Fifty-two years ago it was abandoned as a lighthouse station and the vegetation left to regenerate. This study of the vegetation of the island was done during a programme of kiore (Rattus exulans) eradication during 1988-90. The island was visited on four occasions and also flown over by helicopter. Vascular plant species are recorded and eight vegetation types are described and mapped. Regeneration is discussed as are interesting records, the island's vegetation values and weed threats. INTRODUCTION AND HISTORY Motuopao Island (Lat. 34° 28'S, Long. 172° 38' E) lies 500m off Cape Maria van Diemen at the north-western tip of the North Island. Covering 30ha, the island comprises two hills with moderately rolling inland slopes and steep basaltic seaward cliffs separated by a wide sand saddle with major valleys running to the west and east. The longest eastern valley faces the mainland and terminates in an open sand beach pounded by heavy surf. Conditions on the island are harsh and dry with a mean annual temperature of 15.5°C and a mean annual rainfall of 992mm (NZ Meteorological Service 1919-1980, Cape Reinga). Soil evaporation is probably very high as the island is windswept especially by frequent strong westerlies. Rough and unpredictable seas make access to Motuopao difficult. A colourful history of settlement is reflected in the amount of disturbance and relics of human activity on the island. During pre-European times, it was a Maori fishing camp (Shirley 1985) and middens, hangi and stone heaps have been recorded (NZ Archaeological Association Site Record Form NZMS 1 Site Numbers Nl and N2/1062-1068). In 1879 a wooden lighthouse, servicing the Far North, was built on the northern high point and three families took up residence in houses downhill from the lighthouse. During a second phase of settlement, two of the houses were moved to less sandy ground on the southern hill and other buildings and modifications were added. A tiny Post Office was even opened on the island (Shirley 1985). 33 Tane, VoL 34, 1993 Remains of the houses, outbuildings and old lighthouse are still present today. There are parts of a system of tramways and the solid concrete foundations of a large crane which off-loaded supplies brought in by boat. Old winches from a "flying fox" conveyor which carried fresh supplies and occasionally people across the channel between Cape Maria van Diemen and the island are buried in the dense flax. The extreme isolation, water shortages and frequent westerly gales which piled massive drifts of sand up around some of the buildings made life on Motuopao difficult. There were even family feuds and a double drowning tragedy. By 1940, after 62 years of continuous settlement, the light was dismantled for shipment to Cape Reinga and the island was abandoned. Although little has been recorded about the vegetation on the island during the time it was settled, Shirley (1985) states that flax (Phormium tenax) was abundant whilst most of the island was covered by sand with only patches of toetoe (Cortaderia splendens) and low scrub and bush. A sheep (Ovis aries) skeleton found in the old dump during this study suggests that the island was grazed. Motuopao Island is now a Nature Reserve under the Reserves Act (1977) administered by the Department of Conservation. In recent years, two separate ecological surveys have been conducted: 1. In 1981 the island was visited as part of a Wildlife Service survey and a plant species list and vegetation map was produced by Mark Bellingham in an unpublished internal report by Anderson (1982); and 2. On 3 December 1983, a brief visit was made to the island by members of the Offshore Islands Research Group returning from an expedition to the Three Kings Islands. Less than one hour was spent on the island exploring the western side, and E K Cameron and A E Wright made preliminary records of the flora and collected plant specimens. The present account deals with four separate visits to the island by the author (27 to 28 September 1988, 6 to 11 October 1989, 18 to 20 October 1989, 1 to 3 February 1990) during a programme of kiore survey and eradication by Department of Conservation staff. Approximately 30 minutes was spent by the author on the rock stack off the northern tip of the island. The island was also flown over by helicopter and oblique aerial photographs were taken to help map the vegetation types. 34 Tane, VoL 34, 1993 VASCULAR FLORA OF MOTUOPAO ISLAND Species List One hundred and thirty-three vascular plant taxa are listed for Motuopao Island. Nomenclature of indigenous species follows Druce (1991) whilst nomenclature of naturalised flora follows Webb et at. (1988). Some of the species listed by Mark Bellingham in 1981 (Anderson 1982) were not substantiated and some are considered dubious. Two species which are common on the island (Isolepis nodosa and Parsonsia capsularis) are not recorded by Bellingham and are possible candidates for mis-identifications. These unsubstantiated records are listed below. Key to Symbols Frequency of species - * = adventive R = garden relic a = abundant c = common 0 = occasional r = rare 1 = local ? = unknown Records - CW = E K Cameron and A E Wright (3 December 1983) + = new record SPECIES Ferns and Fem Ally Vouchers Adiantum cunninghamii o AK 198061 A. hispidulum o + Asplenium oblongifolium r AK 185551, AK 186057, AK 205000, AK 205001 A. northlandicum r AK 195838, AK 164774 Doodia media subsp. australis c AK 205005 35 Pteridium esculentum o Pyrrosia eleagnifolia r + Dicotyledons Apium prostratum subsp. prostratum c 1 AK 195839, AK 204992, AK 164778 Anagallis arvensis subsp. arvensis* o AK 186053 A. arvensis var. coerula* o AK 185552 Blackstonia perfoliata* o + AKU 15596, AK 164773 Brassica juncea* o 1 + AK 195762, AK 195766 B. napus* o1+ AK 185965 B. oleracea*R r 1 + AK 198058 Cakile edulenta* r + AK 195841 Calystegia marginata r 1 + AK 195823 C. soldanella c AK 185964 Centella uniflora o + Centaurium erythraea* o + AK 195833 Cerastium glomeratum* o Cheiranthes cheiri*R r 1 + AK 185962 Chenopodium album* r AK 198059 Cirsium vulgare* r + Conyza albida* o Coprosma acerosa c AK 195769 C. repens c AK 196232, AK 198066 C. acerosa x C. repens (- C. kirkii) r 1 + AK 198053, AK 198067, AK 206414 C. propinqua x C. robusta r 1 + AK 195764 Dichondra repens o + Disphyma australe c 1 AK 186063 Einadia allanii ? r + AK 198051 £. trigonos r + AK 195771 Galium aparine* Geniostoma ruprestre subsp. ligustrifolium c AK 185960 Geranium homeanum ? r + G. molle* r G. solanderi "coarse hairs" r + Gnaphalium coarctatum* o + G. gymnocephalum o + AK 195777 G. simplicicaule* o + AK 185554 Hypochoeris radicata* o AK 198064 Lavatera arborea*R r AKU 15599, AK 164768 Leontodon taraxicoides* o Lepidium oleraceum r 1 AK 195840A, K 196229, AKU 22184, AKU 22185 Leucopogon fasciculatus o + Lilaeopsis novae-zelandiae 1 CW Linum bienne* o + AK 204995 Lobelia anceps c AK 195836 36 Lupinus arboreus* (single plant removed) Macropiper excelsum var. excelsum Matthiola incana*R Medicago lupulina* M. nigra* Melilotus indicus* Modiola caroliniana* Muehlenbeckia complexa Myoporum laetum (single plant) Oenothera stricta Orobanche minor* Oxalis rubens Parietaria debilis Parsonsia capsularis Picris echioides* Pimelea prostrata agg. Plantago australis* P. lanceolata* P. major* Polycarpon tetraphyllum* Pseudognaphalium luteo-album Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum* Sagina apetala* Samolus repens Sarcocornia quinqueflora subsp. quinqueflora Senecio lautus S. vulgaris* Sicyos australis Silene gallica* Solanum americanum* S. tuberosum*R Sonchus asper* S. oleraceus* Spergularia media Stellaria media* Tetragonia tetragonioides T. trigyna Trifolium spp.* Vicia saliva* Monocotyledons Ammophila arenaria* Arthropodium cirratum Asparagus asparagoides* Baumea juncea Bromus diandrus* 37 B. fonkii* 1 + AK 195773 B. hordeaceus* 1 CW B. willdenowii* 0 + AK 195829 Carex c. f. dissita ? r + C. Lambertiana 1 CW AKU 15603, AK 164775 C. ochrosaccus AK 205004 C. pumila 1 CW C. solandri ? CW AK 198057 C. spinirostris o + AK 198054, AK 198055 C. testacea c + AK 195763, AK 195765, AK 196780 Cordyline australis r 1 AK 204996, AK 204997 Cortaderia splendens c Cyperus ustulatus r 1 AK 204994 Dactylus glomerata* o Desmoschoenus spiralis r 1 + Deyeuxia billardierei AK 164765, AK 195842, AKU 15604 Dichelachne crinita AK 195834 Gladiolus cardinalis*R AK 164770, AK 198062 Isolepis cernua o 1 AK 195830, AK 196236 I. nodosa a AK 195831, AK 186062 I. sepulcralis ? o 1 + AK 196233, AK 198052 Lachnagrostis filiformis var. littoralis AK 195835 Lagurus ovatus* Lepidosperma australe r + Leptocarpus similis 0 1 + Lolium perenne* r Microtis unifolia r + Narcissus tazetta*R 1 CW Paspalum dilatatum* o P. vaginatum ?ol AK 195828 Phormium tenax AK 204993 Poa pusilla AK 195776 P. pratensis* AKU 15601, AK 186052 Polypogon monspeliensis* AK 164 766, AK 196231, AKU 15590 Rytidosperma unarede .' o + AK 195824 Spinifex sericeus c AK 186055 Sporobolus africanus* o + Stenotaphrum secundatum* a Thelymitra longifolia o + AK 185550, AK 186061, AK 204999 Triglochin striata CW Zoysia planifolia ?o + AK 164779, AK 196237, AKU 15594 Unvouchered records by Mark Bellingham (1981) unsubstantiated by this survey:- Blechnum penna-marina - possibly mis-identified Doodia media Coprosma crassifolia Conyza canadensis - probably mis-identified C. albida 38 Cyathodes juniperina - possibly Leucopogon fasciculatus Dianthus caryophyllus Gladiolus natalensis - possibly mis-identified G. cardinalis Juncus maritimus - possibly mis-identified Isolepis nodosa Kunzea ericoides Ileostylis micrantha - probably mis-identified Parsonsia capsularis Malva sylvestris - probably mis-identified Lavatera arborea Taraxacum officinale - probably mis-identified Leontodon taraxicoides VEGETATION TYPES Eight basic vegetation types have been mapped for the island (Fig. 1). Although similar to those recorded by Bellingham in 1981 (Anderson 1982) more detail and accuracy has been possible.
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