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Identification of Economic Wireworms Using Traditional IDENTIFICATION OF ECONOMIC WIREWORMS USING TRADITIONAL AND MOLECULAR METHODS by Frank Eric Etzler A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Entomology MONTANA STATE UNIVERSITY Bozeman, Montana August 2013 ©COPYRIGHT by Frank Eric Etzler 2013 All Rights Reserved ii APPROVAL of a thesis submitted by Frank Eric Etzler This thesis has been read by each member of the thesis committee and has been found to be satisfactory regarding content, English usage, format, citation, bibliographic style, and consistency and is ready for submission to The Graduate School. Dr. Michael A. Ivie Approved for the Department of Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology Dr. John E. Sherwood Approved for The Graduate School Dr. Ronald W. Larsen iii STATEMENT OF PERMISSION TO USE In presenting this thesis in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a master’s degree at Montana State University, I agree that the Library shall make it available to borrowers under rules of the Library. If I have indicated my intention to copyright this thesis by including a copyright notice page, copying is allowable only for scholarly purposes, consistent with “fair use” as prescribed in the U.S. Copyright Law. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this thesis in whole or in parts may be granted only by the copyright holder. Frank Eric Etzler August 2013 iv DEDICATION This work is dedicated to my mother, father, and sister for always lending an ear even when they didn’t understand what I was talking about. For that, I am forever grateful. v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Many thanks go to Dr. Michael Ivie, Dr. Kevin Wanner, and Dr. Kevin O’Neill for providing useful insights for the project and for their teaching along the way. Many thanks are in order to Dr. Paul Johnson and Dr. Hume Douglas for Elateridae taxonomy discussions and helping me understand this complex group. Much appreciation is given to Anuar Morales, Paramjit Gill, Charles Hart, Asa Staven, Peggy Bunger, and Aracely Ospina for their help along the way. Thanks are also given to Dr. Keith Pike and others at Washington State University for their collaborations and expanding the range of our specimens. Much appreciation is given to Ladonna Ivie for keeping me fed, healthy, and giving me mental support. Many thanks are given to all of the producers who participated in the project. All of these people made this project possible. Support for this work was through the USDA Crops At Risk (NISA) grant # 2010-51100-21547. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION ..........................................................................................................1 2. DNA BARCODING TO IMPROVE SPECIES LEVEL MANAGEMENT OF WIREWORMS .........................................................................11 Contribution of Author and Co-Authors ........................................................................11 Manuscript Information Page ........................................................................................12 Abstract ..........................................................................................................................13 Materials and Methods ...................................................................................................18 Sampling and Taxonomy .......................................................................................18 Molecular Techniques ............................................................................................18 Data Analysis .........................................................................................................20 Results ...........................................................................................................................20 Discussion .....................................................................................................................23 Acknowledgements .......................................................................................................29 References Cited ...........................................................................................................38 3. KEYS TO MONTANA WIREWORMS .......................................................................42 Characters Used in LUCID Key ...................................................................................44 Characters of the Ninth Abdominal (A9) Segment ................................................44 Character 1: Caudal Notch ..........................................................................44 Character 2: Shape of A9 without Caudal Notch........................................45 Character 3: Muscular Impressions “Eyespots” on A9...............................45 Character 4: Whorls of Setiferous Tubercles ..............................................45 Character 5: Caudal Notch ..........................................................................46 Character 6: Urogomphi .............................................................................46 Character 7: Dorsal Tubercle ......................................................................46 Character 8: Dorsal Tubercle Shape ...........................................................46 Character 9: Dorsal Tubercle Angle ...........................................................47 Character 10: Length of Dorsal Tubercle ...................................................47 Character 11: Hooks on A10.......................................................................47 Character 12: Lateral Margins of A9 ..........................................................47 Character 13: Dorsotergal Setae on A9 ......................................................48 Character 14: Mediodorsal Groove .............................................................48 Characters of the Head ...........................................................................................48 Character 15: Nasale Type ..........................................................................48 Character 16: Submentum Shape ................................................................48 Character 17: Eyes ......................................................................................49 Character 18: Postepicranial Setae..............................................................49 Characters of the Abdomen and Thorax ................................................................49 vii TABLE OF CONTENTS - CONTINUED Character 19: Prosternum ...........................................................................49 Character 20: Punctures ..............................................................................49 Character 21: Anterolateral Impression ......................................................50 Character 22: Medial Anterotergal Setae ....................................................50 Character 23: Anterolateral Carinae ...........................................................50 Character 24: Anterolateral Carinae ...........................................................50 Character 25: Spine-like Setae on the Episternae of Meso- and Metathorax ............................................................................50 Information about Species and Coded Characters ........................................................51 Dichotomous Key to Wireworm Species Found in Montana Agriculture Fields .........62 4. REVIEW OF THE LIMONIUS CANUS LECONTE, 1853 SPECIES-GROUP (COLEOPTERA: ELATERIDAE) ..............................................110 Contribution of Authors and Co-Authors ...................................................................110 Manuscript Information Page .....................................................................................111 Abstract .......................................................................................................................112 Methods.......................................................................................................................117 Results and Discussion ...............................................................................................120 Notes on Key and Description Terminology ..............................................................122 Key to Species.............................................................................................................124 Treatment of Species in the Limonius canus Species-group ......................................127 Limonius agonus (Say), 1839 ..............................................................................127 Limonius californicus (Mannerheim), 1843 ........................................................130 Limonius canus LeConte, 1853............................................................................135 Limonius cf. dubitans LeConte, 1853 ..................................................................139 Limonius ectypus (Say), 1839 ..............................................................................142 Limonius infuscatus Motschulsky, 1859 ..............................................................146 Limonius pilosulus Candèze, 1891 ......................................................................150 Limonius subauratus LeConte, 1853 ...................................................................153 Conclusion .................................................................................................................157 References Cited .......................................................................................................170
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