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Crisis Response As a Human Rights Flashpoint HHr Health and Human Rights Journal Crisis Response as a Human Rights Flashpoint:HHR_final_logo_alone.indd Critical 1 10/19/15 10:53 AM Elements of Community Support for Individuals Experiencing Significant Emotional Distress peter stastny, anne m. lovell, julie hannah, daniel goulart, alberto vasquez, seana o’callaghan, and dainius pūras Abstract This paper proposes a set of nine critical elements underpinned by human rights principles to support individuals experiencing a serious crisis related to mental health problems or psychosocial disabilities. These elements are distilled from a range of viable alternatives to traditional community mental health approaches and are linked to a normative human rights framework. We argue that crisis response is one of the areas of mental health care where there is a heightened risk that the rights of service recipients may be infringed. We further make the case that the nine critical elements found in advanced mental health care models should be used as building blocks for designing services and systems that promote effective rights-based care and supports. Peter Stastny, MD, is Consulting Psychiatrist at Community Access and the Pratt Institute, New York, USA, and founding member of the International Network towards Alternatives and Recovery. Julie Hannah is Co-Director of the International Centre on Human Rights and Drug Policy and a member of the Human Rights Centre, University of Essex, UK. Anne M. Lovell, PhD, is Senior Research Scientist Emerita at INSERM (Institut de Santé et de la Recherche Medicale) at CERMES 3, Villejuif and Paris, France. Daniel Magalhães Goulart, PhD, is Associate Professor of the Faculty of Education and Health Sciences, University Center of Brasilia, Brazil. Alberto Vasquez Encalada is Research Coordinator, Office of the United Nations Special Rapporteur on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, Geneva, Switzerland, and Chair of Sociedad y Discapacidad – SODIS, Lima, Peru. Seana O’Callaghan is a consultant research scientist in New York, USA. Dainius Pūras, MD, Clinic of Psychiatry, Vilnius University, Lithuania, is the United Nations Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health. Please address correspondence to Peter Stastny. Email: [email protected]. Competing interests: None declared. Copyright © 2020 Stastny, Lovell, Hannah, Goulart, Vasquez, O’Callaghan, and Pūras. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. JUNE 2020 VOLUME 22 NUMBER 1 Health and Human Rights Journal 105 p. stastny, a. m. lovell, j. hannah, d. goulart, a. vasquez, s. o’callaghan, and d.pūras / mental health and human rights, 105-119 Introduction are grounded in the rights-based approach and the right to health. Specifically, they correspond Over the last two decades, the United Nations and to principles underlying the key normative frame- other organizations have released a number of works enshrined in the CRPD and to the principle of groundbreaking reports documenting widespread, the right to the enjoyment of the highest attainable systemic human rights abuses within mental health standard of mental and physical health, which are systems worldwide.1 Overall, these documents incorporated into article 12(1) of the International emphasize the need to seek better health and so- Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights cial outcomes through sustainable means, using a (ICESCR).4 We follow the 1946 Constitution of the human rights-based approach in keeping with the World Health Organization in defining health as 2006 United Nations Convention on the Rights “a state of complete physical, mental and social of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) and the right well-being and not merely the absence of disease or to health framework. These normative standards, infirmity.”5 along with persistent calls by service users and advocates, have brought attention to the rights of persons with psychosocial disabilities, particularly A quest for rights-based mental health the right to freedom from coercion in mental health systems services. They provide the impetus to find suitable Practices with the potential to transform or re- practices to transform and modernize mental place community-based mental health care have health care in communities everywhere. been in existence, and many shown to be effective, However, the form and substance of rights- since the advent of modern community psychiatry based interventions through which mental health service providers, family members, and in the mid-1960s. Some, such as the Italian and other engaged citizens might offer support, with- Brazilian experiences, involve large-scale mental out resorting to coercive and dehumanizing health reforms driven by deinstitutionalization and interventions, remain unclear. While promising the development of sectorized community mental 6 non-coercive interventions for persons experienc- health services. However, they also include high- ing serious emotional crises have been piloted in ly innovative, small-scale efforts that have eluded 7 several countries, usually as alternatives to involun- larger systems. These have been spearheaded by tary hospitalization, better evaluation and research former patients or by visionary psychiatrists; many 8 is needed to increase their potential for widespread focus on people experiencing psychosis. Most implementation.2 And although recent publications began as alternatives to coercive treatment and en- argue for such rights-based approaches, how to hance personal liberties. Although these initiatives operationalize this evolving framework has yet to preceded the contemporary human and disability be described.3 rights discourse by years, they contain critical ele- The present paper fills this important gap by ments which align with these rights. identifying a set of elements that are likely critical A first type of innovation, beginning in the to rights-based support for individuals experienc- 1970s, involves small, community-based sup- ing serious emotional crises, whether or not they port structures. For example, the Soteria model use mental health services. The aim of this paper is provides a safe community home, largely non-pro- to help ensure that a rights-based approach to crisis fessional staffing, and minimal medication use as response becomes a distinct and crucial operation- a substantive, non-coercive alternative to acute al component of mental health care. Crisis response hospitalization for people experiencing early psy- is a human rights flashpoint where coercive struc- chosis.9 Consumer/survivor/ex-patient groups have tures and practices dominate and the human rights established other alternatives to mainstream mental threat to individuals is consistently manifest. health services for people in crisis.10 The strongest The critical elements presented in this paper outgrowth—peer-run respite facilities—provides 106 JUNE 2020 VOLUME 22 NUMBER 1 Health and Human Rights Journal p. stastny, a. m. lovell, j. hannah, d. goulart, a. vasquez, s. o’callaghan, and d.pūras / mental health and human rights, 105-119 peer support and non-coercive safe spaces where range of localized innovations that adhere to hu- individuals in crisis can stay for varying periods man rights law while offering workable alternatives of time.11 Some such solidly established initiatives to the dominant mental health system. include the Berlin Runaway House (Germany), the This paper contributes critical elements as Bapu Trust (India), and Western Massachusetts guideposts for such efforts. Rather than propos- Recovery Learning Community (United States). ing one paradigm, a competing technology, or A later crisis response paradigm is embodied total system reform at once, it offers rights-based in the now widespread Open Dialogue model, creat- building blocks that, when endorsed by local stake- ed in Finland in the 1980s. Instead of an alternative holders, can contribute to system reconfiguration residential setting, Open Dialogue uses systemic of responses to serious mental health crises. network approaches to support individuals in crisis 12 in their homes and communities. Structured con- Methodology: Linking abstract principles versations between a treatment team, the person in and practical responses crisis, and members of her social network give equal weight to all viewpoints on the crisis, even those To identify critical elements of a rights-based ap- that would elsewhere be dismissed as “psychotic.” proach to crisis response, we modified Paul Hunt’s By engaging persons in crisis with their network three-step process for developing a normative members, Open Dialogue attempts to transform framework of human rights principles and values the experience of “psychosis” and to destigmatize and translating them into practical elements.18 and empower the person in crisis.13 Whereas Hunt’s model moves from the abstract Alternative and “radical” models often show to the practical, we chose to identify already ex- better social and clinical outcomes than “standard isting practices and confirm their human rights care”; others, according to Piers Gooding et al., underpinnings. may contribute to lowering coercive hospitaliza- First, we located the human rights laws and tion.14 Yet they have
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