Michael Rescorla
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Block.What.Psch.States.Not.1972.Pdf
Philosophical Review What Psychological States are Not Author(s): N. J. Block and J. A. Fodor Source: The Philosophical Review, Vol. 81, No. 2 (Apr., 1972), pp. 159-181 Published by: Duke University Press on behalf of Philosophical Review Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2183991 Accessed: 08/09/2009 16:04 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=duke. Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. JSTOR is a not-for-profit organization founded in 1995 to build trusted digital archives for scholarship. We work with the scholarly community to preserve their work and the materials they rely upon, and to build a common research platform that promotes the discovery and use of these resources. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Duke University Press and Philosophical Review are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The Philosophical Review. -
To Appear in Synthese Probability and Proximity in Surprise
Page 1 of 19 To appear in Synthese Probability and Proximity in Surprise Tomoji Shogenji1 Abstract This paper proposes an analysis of surprise formulated in terms of proximity to the truth, to replace the probabilistic account of surprise. It is common to link surprise to the low (prior) probability of the outcome. The idea seems sensible because an outcome with a low probability is unexpected, and an unexpected outcome often surprises us. However, the link between surprise and low probability is known to break down in some cases. There have been some attempts to modify the probabilistic account to deal with these cases, but they are still faced with problems. The new analysis of surprise I propose turns to accuracy (proximity to the truth) and identifies an unexpected degree of inaccuracy as reason for surprise. The shift from probability to proximity allows us to solve puzzles that strain the probabilistic account of surprise. Keywords Qualitative hypothesis ∙ Quantitative hypothesis ∙ Probabilistic hypothesis ∙ Inaccuracy ∙ Scoring rules ∙ Expected inaccuracy 1. Introduction This paper proposes an analysis of surprise formulated in terms of proximity to the truth, to replace the probabilistic account of surprise. It is common to link surprise to the low (prior) probability of the outcome.2 The idea seems sensible because an outcome with a low probability is unexpected, and an unexpected outcome often surprises us. However, the link between surprise and low probability is known to break down in some cases. There have been some attempts to modify the probabilistic account to deal with these cases, but as we shall see, they are still faced with problems. -
Hegel-Jahrbuch 2010 Hegel- Jahrbuch 2010
Hegel-Jahrbuch 2010 Hegel- Jahrbuch 2010 Begründet von Wilhelm Raimund Beyer (f) Herausgegeben von Andreas Arndt Paul Cruysberghs Andrzej Przylebski in Verbindung mit Lu De Vos und Peter Jonkers Geist? Erster Teil Herausgegeben von Andreas Arndt Paul Cruysberghs Andrzej Przylebski in Verbindung mit Lu De Vos und Peter Jonkers Akademie Verlag Redaktionelle Mitarbeit: Veit Friemert Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.d-nb.de abrufbar. ISBN 978-3-05-004638-9 © Akademie Verlag GmbH, Berlin 2010 Das eingesetzte Papier ist alterungsbeständig nach DIN/ISO 9706. Alle Rechte, insbesondere die der Übersetzung in andere Sprachen, vorbehalten. Kein Teil dieses Buches darf ohne schriftliche Genehmigung des Verlages in irgendeiner Form - durch Photokopie, Mikroverfilmung oder irgendein anderes Verfahren - reproduziert oder in eine von Maschinen, insbesondere von Datenver- arbeitungsmaschinen, verwendbare Sprache übertragen oder übersetzt werden. Lektorat: Mischka Dammaschke Satz: Veit Friemert, Berlin Einbandgestaltung: nach einem Entwurf von Günter Schorcht, Schildow Druck: MB Medienhaus Berlin Printed in the Federal Republic of Germany VORWORT Das vorliegende Hegel-Jahrbuch umfasst den ersten Teil der auf dem XXVII. Internationalen He- gel-Kongress der Internationalen Hegel-Gesellschaft e.V. 2008 in Leuven zum Thema »Geist?« gehaltenen Referate. Den Dank an alle Förderer und Helfer, die den Kongress ermöglicht und zu dessen Gelingen beigetragen haben, hat Paul Cruysberghs - der zusammen mit Lu de Vos und Peter Jonkers das örtliche Organisationskomitee bildete - in seiner im folgenden abgedruckten Eröff- nungsrede abgestattet; ihm schließt sich der übrige Vorstand mit einem besonderen Dank an Paul Cruysberghs an. -
Chapter 7 Mental Representation Mental Representation
Chapter 7 Mental Representation Mental Representation Mental representation is a systematic correspondence between some element of a target domain and some element of a modeling (or representation) domain. A representation, whether it be mental or any other, is a system of symbols. The system of symbols is isomorphic to another system (the represented system) so that conclusions drawn through the processing of the symbols in the representing system constitute valid inferences about the represented system. Isomorphic means `having the same form.' The following figure is a typical example of how we represent information mentally in our minds. Figure 8.12 A hierarchical network representation of concepts. Source: Collins and Quillian (1969) The cognitive psychologists have always agreed on the fact that human information processing depends on the mental representation of information; but there is a great disagreement with regard to the nature of this mental representation of information. Symbols are the representations that are amodal. They bear no necessary resemblance to the concept or percept they represent. The systematic correspondence between the two domains may be a matter of convention (only). For example, in algebra, we denote the different variables as x, y, z, and so on, but neither of these symbols have a direct resemblance to what they represent. Similarly, while solving a geometrical problem involving geometrical shapes, we might assign symbols such as A, B, or C to such geometrical shapes, even though these symbols do not have a direct resemblance to the shapes. Images are another way how the information can be represented in our minds. Images are basically representations that resemble what they represent in some non-arbitrary way. -
The Impact of Culture on Mindreading
Edinburgh Research Explorer The impact of culture on mindreading Citation for published version: Lavelle, JS 2019, 'The impact of culture on mindreading', Synthese, vol. N/A, pp. 1-24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11229-019-02466-5 Digital Object Identifier (DOI): 10.1007/s11229-019-02466-5 Link: Link to publication record in Edinburgh Research Explorer Document Version: Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Published In: Synthese General rights Copyright for the publications made accessible via the Edinburgh Research Explorer is retained by the author(s) and / or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing these publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Take down policy The University of Edinburgh has made every reasonable effort to ensure that Edinburgh Research Explorer content complies with UK legislation. If you believe that the public display of this file breaches copyright please contact [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 25. Sep. 2021 Synthese https://doi.org/10.1007/s11229-019-02466-5 FOLK PSYCHOLOGY: PLURALISTIC APPROACHES The impact of culture on mindreading Jane Suilin Lavelle1 Received: 8 July 2019 / Accepted: 4 November 2019 © The Author(s) 2019 Abstract The role of culture in shaping folk psychology and mindreading has been neglected in the philosophical literature. This paper shows that there are significant cultural dif- ferences in how psychological states are understood and used by (1) drawing on Spaulding’s recent distinction between the ‘goals’ and ‘methods’ of mindreading (2018) to argue that the relations between these methods vary across cultures; and (2) arguing that differences in folk psychology cannot be dismissed as irrelevant to the cognitive architecture that facilitates our understanding of psychological states. -
Magic, Semantics, and Putnam's Vat Brains
Published in Studies in History and Philosophy of Science (««) t: [email protected] ;–tE. doi:10.1016/j.shpsc.2004.03.007 Magic, semantics, and Putnam’s vat brains Mark Sprevak Christina McLeish University of Edinburgh University of Cambridge Ït March «« In this paper we oòer an exegesis of Hilary Putnam’s classic argument against the brain-in-a-vat hypothesis oòered in his Reason, Truth and History (ÏÊÏ). In it, Putnam argues that we cannot be brains in a vat because the semantics of the situation make it incoherent for anyone to wonder whether they are a brain a vat.Putnam’s argument is that in order for ‘I am a brain in a vat’ to be true, the person uttering it would have to be able to refer successfully to those things: the vat, and the envatted brain. Putnam thinks that reference can’t be secured without relevant kinds of causal relations, which, if envatted, the brain would lack, and so, it fails to be able to meaningfully utter ‘I am a brain in a vat’. We consider the implications of Putnam’s arguments for the traditional sceptic. In conclusion, we discuss the role of Putnam’s arguments against the brain in a vat hypothesis in his larger defense of his own internal realism against metaphysical realism. Ï Introduction Consider the possibility, familiar to us in many guises, that instead of being a living breathing human, you are a brain in a vat. Almost everything that you believe about the external world is false. Your body, your friends, your family, your home—none of these things exist. -
Pluralistic Perspectives on Logic: an Introduction
Old Dominion University ODU Digital Commons Philosophy Faculty Publications Philosophy & Religious Studies 1-2020 Pluralistic Perspectives on Logic: An Introduction Colin R. Caret Teresa Kouri Kissel Old Dominion University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.odu.edu/philosophy_fac_pubs Part of the Logic and Foundations of Mathematics Commons, and the Philosophy of Science Commons Original Publication Citation Caret, C. R., & Kissel, T. K. Pluralistic perspectives on logic: An introduction. Synthese, 1-12. doi:10.1007/ s11229-019-02525-x This Editorial is brought to you for free and open access by the Philosophy & Religious Studies at ODU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Philosophy Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of ODU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Synthese https://doi.org/10.1007/s11229-019-02525-x SI: PLURALISTIC PERSPECTIVES ON LOGIC Pluralistic perspectives on logic: an introduction Colin R. Caret1 · Teresa Kouri Kissel2 © Springer Nature B.V. 2020 1 Logic and logics Logical pluralism is the view that there are distinct, but equally good logics. Recent years have witnessed a sharp upswing of interest in this view, resulting in an impres- sive literature. We only expect this trend to continue in the future. More than one commentator has, however, expressed exasperation at the view: what can it mean to be a pluralist about logic of all things? [see, e.g., Eklund (2017); Goddu (2002); Keefe (2014)]. In this introduction, we aim to set out the basic pluralist position, identify some issues over which pluralists disagree amongst themselves, and highlight the topics at the heart of the ongoing debate. -
Chimpanzee Mind Reading: Don't Stop Believing
Received: 18 April 2016 Revised: 22 September 2016 Accepted: 24 October 2016 DOI 10.1111/phc3.12394 ARTICLE Chimpanzee mind reading: Don't stop believing Kristin Andrews York University, Canada Abstract Correspondence “ ” Kristin Andrews, Department of Philosophy, Since the question Do chimpanzees have a theory of mind? was York University, Toronto, Canada. raised in 1978, scientists have attempted to answer it, and Email: [email protected] philosophers have attempted to clarify what the question means and whether it has been, or could be, answered. Mindreading (a term used mostly by philosophers) or theory of mind (a term preferred by scientists) refers to the ability to attribute mental states to other individuals. Some versions of the question focus on whether chimpanzees engage in belief reasoning or can think about false belief, and chimpanzees have been given nonverbal versions of the false belief moved‐object task (also known as the Sally–Anne task). Other versions of the question focus on whether chimpanzees understand what others can see, and chimpanzees can pass those tests. From this data, some claim that chimpanzees know something about perceptions, but nothing about belief. Others claim that chimpanzees do not understand belief or perceptions, because the data fails to overcome the “logical problem,” and permits an alternative, non‐mentalistic interpretation. I will argue that neither view is warranted. Belief reasoning in chimpanzees has focused on examining false belief in a moved object scenario, but has largely ignored other functions of belief. The first part of the paper is an argument for how to best understand belief reasoning and offers suggestion for future investigation. -
Perception and Representation in Leibniz
PERCEPTION AND REPRESENTATION IN LEIBNIZ by Stephen Montague Puryear B.S., Mechanical Engineering, North Carolina State University, 1994 M.A., Philosophy, Texas A&M University, 2000 M.A., Philosophy, University of Pittsburgh, 2004 Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Department of Philosophy in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Pittsburgh 2006 UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH DEPARTMENT OF PHILOSOPHY This dissertation was presented by Stephen Montague Puryear It was defended on December 5, 2005 and approved by Nicholas Rescher University Professor of Philosophy Robert B. Brandom Distinguished Service Professor of Philosophy Stephen Engstrom Associate Professor of Philosophy J. E. McGuire Professor of History and Philosophy of Science Dissertation Director: Nicholas Rescher University Professor of Philosophy ii Copyright °c by Stephen Montague Puryear 2006 iii PERCEPTION AND REPRESENTATION IN LEIBNIZ Stephen Montague Puryear, Ph.D. University of Pittsburgh, 2006 Though Leibniz’s views about perception and representation go to the heart of his philosophy, they have received surprisingly little attention over the years and in many ways continue to be poorly understood. I aim to redress these shortcomings. The body of the work begins with an exploration of Leibniz’s proposed analysis of representation (Chapter 2). Here I argue that on this analysis representation consists in a kind of structural correspondence— roughly an isomorphism—between representation and thing represented. Special attention is given to the application of this analysis to the challenging cases of linguistic and mental representation. The next two chapters concern what I take to be the central issue of the work: the nature of distinct perception. -
Ideas and Confusion in Leibniz 1
This article was downloaded by: [Stanford University Libraries] On: 24 September 2012, At: 17:23 Publisher: Routledge Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House, 37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK British Journal for the History of Philosophy Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/rbjh20 Ideas and Confusion in Leibniz Shane Duarte a a Stanford University, Version of record first published: 22 Sep 2009. To cite this article: Shane Duarte (2009): Ideas and Confusion in Leibniz , British Journal for the History of Philosophy, 17:4, 705-733 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09608780903135089 PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Full terms and conditions of use: http://www.tandfonline.com/page/terms- and-conditions This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub- licensing, systematic supply, or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents will be complete or accurate or up to date. The accuracy of any instructions, formulae, and drug doses should be independently verified with primary sources. The publisher shall not be liable for any loss, actions, claims, proceedings, demand, or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with or arising out of the use of this material. British Journal for the History of Philosophy 17(4) 2009: 705–733 ARTICLE IDEAS AND CONFUSION IN LEIBNIZ1 Shane Duarte I. -
Information and Mental Representation †
Proceedings Information and Mental Representation † Wei Jiang School of Marxism, Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi’an 710055, China; [email protected] † Presented at the Fourth International Conference on Philosophy of Information, Berkeley, CA, USA, 2–6 June 2019. Published: 11 June 2020 Abstract: Information has been used to explain mental representation. However, whether it succeeds in explaining the mentality of mental representation is an issue. In my view, although there are some advantages of this approach, mental representation cannot be reduced to informational processes for two reasons. First, informational processes cannot cover the distinctively subjective feature of mental representation, Second, informational processes cannot characterize the semantic properties of mental representation. Furthermore, I have some doubts regarding the intelligence of AI based on the problems of the informational approach to mental representation. Keywords: information; mental representation; semantic 1. Introduction Informational processes have been considered as a common way to explain mental representation. However, whether it is able to go further to cover the special features of mental representation, apart from explaining the underlying process, is still an issue. I stand for a negative point of view that the informational approach is not a successful and complete approach to explain mental representation, which probably thereafter sheds light on the non-intelligence of AI. 2. Background Mental representation has been one of the central issues in the philosophy of the mind. It refers to mental phenomena that have mental content. There are many examples of mental representation in our daily life, such as mental pictures, perception, belief, desire, imagination, memory, and so on. -
Download Curriculum Vitae
PAGE 1 Office of Academic Affairs DAVIS BAIRD Clark University, 950 Main St., Worcester, MA 01610 (508) 793-7673, FAX: 793-8834, [email protected] Education 1978-1981 Ph.D. Stanford University, Philosophy of Science, Philosophy of Language and Logic 1977-1978 A.M. Stanford University, Philosophy of Science 1972-1976 A.B. Brandeis University, Mathematics and Philosophy, cum laude, with High Honors in Philosophy Academic Positions 2010- Provost and Vice President for Academic Affairs, Clark University 2010- Professor of Philosophy, Clark University 2010- Distinguished Professor Emeritus and Dean Emeritus, University of South Carolina 2005-2010 Dean, South Carolina Honors College, University of South Carolina 2004-2010 Louise Fry Scudder Professor, Department of Philosophy, University of South Carolina 1992-2005 Chair, Department of Philosophy 2001-2004 Professor, Department of Philosophy, University of South Carolina 1988-2001 Associate Professor, Department of Philosophy, University of South Carolina 1999-2000 Senior Fellow, Dibner Institute for the History of Science and Technology, M.I.T. 1982-1988 Assistant Professor, Department of Philosophy, University of South Carolina 1981-1982 Visiting Assistant Professor, Department of Philosophy, University of Arizona 1981 Instructor, Department of Philosophy, Stanford University Professional Service 2011- Fellow, American Association for the Advancement of Science 2013- Consulting Editor, NanoEthics 2013- Editorial Board, Acta Baltica Historae et Philosophiae Sciantiarum 2003- Grant reviewer