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www.diako.ir JANUARY 28, 2019

I HELPED CREATE THIS MESS. HERE’S HOW TO FIX IT by ROGER MCNAMEE

WE NEE NEW PRIVACY LAWS by TIM COOK FACEB K WI GET IT RIGHT by DONALD GRAHAM H W S CIAL ME IA ATTACKE ME by MARIA RE SA

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4 | Conversation TheView Features TimeOff △ 6 | For the Record Ideas, opinion, What to watch, read, Trafficking innovations  The Tech Backlash see and do survivors Windie Early Facebook investor Jo Lazenko TheBrief 19 | Viet Thanh 47 | Black Monday and Danielle News from the U.S. Roger McNamee on what and around the world Nguyen on a and other satires of Knoblauch catch differentMartin went wrong at Facebook 22 capitalism up at Knoblauch’s Luther King Jr. 9 | How Attorney home in North speech The case for stronger privacy controls 49 | Quick Talk: General nominee By Tim Cook 29 Dakota on actor Regina King April 25 William Barr will 21 | Ian Bremmer affect Mueller’s on Trump’s Fighting for facts in the Philippines 50 | Movies: Photograph by probe messy plan to By Maria Ressa 30 M. Night Lynsey Addario for TIME pull U.S. troops Shyamalan’s Glass; 12 | Will there be a from Syria What to fear next Chris Smith’s FYRE Brexit? By Laurie Segall 32 53 | Healthy 13 | Tributes: How to set right what was protein-rich plants Harvey Fierstein on wrong: dignity online Carol Channing, By Eli Pariser 34 56 | 9 Questions for and Martin Scorsese civil rights insider on Verna Bloom My enduring belief in Facebook Robert J. Brown 14 | TIME with ... By Donald Graham 35 actor-director Gina Rodriguez A Survivor’s Fight 16 Raising awareness of sex | Damage from ON THE COVER: the shutdown trafficking in America Photo- By Aryn Baker 36 illustration by C.J. Burton for TIME

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3 www.diako.ir Conversation

Back in TIME Brave new world WHAT YOU July 25, 1994 This week’s look at the SAID ABOUT... challenges of connectivity (page 22) comes 25 years THE ART OF THE DUEL Molly Ball’s Jan. 21 after one of TIME’s first explorations of the perils cover story about the battle between House of online life. In 1994, Speaker Nancy Pelosi and President Don- when readers needed an ald Trump won praise from readers like FAQ on what the Internet David H. Fauss of Pompano Beach, Fla., who even was, “for those applauded the “wonder- who are still a little fuzzy about these things,” the ful analysis and report- magazine acknowledged ing” that showed how ‘Kudos that there were already Trump had “given him- for the enough people online that self no room to negoti- brilliant “informal rules” were no ate” on the government cover.I longer enough to stop bad behavior. Read at shutdown. Jason Seiler’s laughed time.com/vault cover illustration—a out loud!’ caricature of Pelosi and NANCY LIGHT, Trump launching sub- Duvall, Wash. poenas and tweets at each other—also drew praise, with reader John Graham Miller of bonus Eden Prairie, Minn., calling it the best cover TIME he’s seen in more than 50 years as a sub- health scriber. Twitter user @TheRealOrchid criticized the magazine as “trivializ[ing] this situation” by depicting the leaders cartoon- Subscribe to ishly, but Mark Del Mauro of Denville, N.J., TIME’s free health newsletter and joked that showing Trump perched on a wall get a weekly was “an appropriate reminder of what hap- AT THE BORDER TIME spoke to residents email full of news pened to Humpty Dumpty.” of McAllen, Texas, the border city from which and advice to help President Trump gave a Jan. 10 speech urging keep you well. THE HEIR the building of a wall, about what they think For more, visit Tennis fans on Twitter debated of that idea—and whether it’s worth a partial time.com/email the cover line on the Jan. 21 international government shutdown. Read their reactions at edition, which showed player Naomi Osaka time.com/border-dispatch and pondered whether she was the succes- sor to Serena Williams, whom she defeated at the 2018 U.S. Open. SETTING THE RECORD STRAIGHT ▶ In the Nov. 26/Dec. 3 issue, “The 50 Best Inventions of 2018” misidentified the location of Gravity Industries’ @JohnHRobertsJr headquarters. It is in Salisbury, England. tweeted that Osaka ‘“Succeed” TALK TO US Serena ... “is the future,” while ▽ ▽ wow! @vuxulu tweeted that SEND AN EMAIL: FOLLOW US: “Serena is the great- [email protected] facebook.com/time That’s a lot Please do not send attachments @time (Twitter and Instagram) of pressure!!’ est.” @JwatksJackie TIMES/REDUX YORK NEW MILLS—THE DOUG said the media should @CANDYCEESTL, stop encouraging Lettersshouldincludethewriter’sfullname,addressandhome on Twitter Osaka to “be the next telephoneandmaybeeditedforpurposesofclarityandspace SW instead of trying to be the best HER!” Back Issues Contact us at [email protected] or Meanwhile, @MajorCoolBrotha pointed call 1-800-274-6800. Reprints and Permissions Information is available at time.com/reprints. To request custom reprints, Advertising out what the players have in common: They visit timereprints.com. For advertising rates and Please recycle this our editorial calendar, visit timemediakit.com. Syndication magazine and remove are both “black women who are heroes and For international licensing and syndication requests, visit inserts or samples champions.” timeinc.com/ syndication. before recycling

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www.diako.ir For the Record

‘We won’t agree on everything, which is normal in a democracy. But at least we’ll show we’re a people which is not afraid of talking, exchanging, debating.’

EMMANUEL MACRON, French President, in a Jan. 13 open letter imploring the people of his country to engage in peaceful debate; the letter comes after weeks of violent antigovernment protest

‘I regret the positions I took in the past.’ ‘THE AGE 26 lb., TULSI GABBARD, 10 oz. Hawaiian Congresswoman, responding to criticism of Weight of a bucket her previous anti-LGBTQ of macaroni and cheese activism, shortly after she with a 20-year shelf life announced her bid for the OF SELF- that quickly sold out on Democratic nomination for Costco’s website President in 2020

$204,000 INFLICTED ‘AT Amount for which a rare 1943 LEAST penny—mistakenly minted in bronze instead of zinc-coated RETURN steel—sold at auction AMERICAN MY ‘This bunch SCRIPT.’

of Mexicans HUGH GRANT, are not SHAME actor, in a Twitter plea after his car was broken into as bad as sometimes they are Chicken IS OVER.’ Tractor trailer carrying portrayed.’ 40,000 lb. of frozen chicken catches fire in ALFONSO CUARÓN, MIKE POMPEO, tunnel under an Atlanta director, accepting the Critics’ U.S. Secretary of State, alluding to the reversal of airport runway President Obama’s Middle East policies, in a Jan. 10

Choice Award for Best Picture TIME FOR DESIGN BIRD BROWN BY ILLUSTRATIONS for Roma, a film based on his speech at the American University in Cairo upbringing in Mexico City

BAD WEEK GOOD WEEK 250 billion Rough weight in tons of the Antarctic ice lost each year Egg since 2009, per a new study; researchers found that A brown-egg photo the ice has melted signiﬁcantly faster in recent years is the most liked on Instagram

6 TIME January 28, 2019 SOURCES: AP; HERITAGE AUCTIONS; HOLLYWOOD REPORTER; NEW YORK TIMES; UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, IRVINE www.diako.ir TOP COP Attorney General nominee William Barr faces the Senate Judiciary Committee on Jan. 15

INSIDE

THE OPPOSITION LEADER WHO THE POTENTIAL FALLOUT THE REMARKABLE PRESENCE OF WANTS TO OFFER VENEZUELA FROM THERESA MAY’S BIG CAROL CHANNING, REMEMBERED A WAY OUT OF AUTOCRACY BREXIT DEFEAT BY HARVEY FIERSTEIN

PHOTOGRAPH BY CAROLYN KASTER

www.diako.ir TheBrief Opener

JUSTICE On the surface, Barr’s robust support for Mueller seemed to spell trouble for Trump, who has demanded a How William Barr quick, quiet end to the investigation. Barr promised that may determine Mueller would be allowed to finish under his leadership. And he said Mueller’s final report—which according to Trump’s fate DOJ guidelines will be submitted to the Attorney General first—should also be widely released. “My objective and By Tessa Berenson goal,” Barr said, “is to get as much of the information as I can to Congress and the public.” WO PRINCIPLES HAVE DEFINED WILLIAM But there were subtle signs that Barr’s adherence to Barr’s 42-year legal career: adherence to law the rules, and his defense of the presidency, might end Tand order, and dogged defense of a powerful up protecting Trump. Barr acknowledged that the infor- presidency. The question hanging over the Sen- mation shared with Congress could be limited by exist- ate hearings beginning on Jan. 15 on Barr’s nomination to ing Justice Department regulations, especially if Muel- be the next Attorney General was how the plainspoken ler declines to prosecute the President. Barr also said Washington lawyer would reconcile those twin pillars of he believes a sitting President cannot be indicted. “For his professional philosophy if they came into conflict. 40 years the position of the Executive Branch has been If confirmed, Barr would take the job under extra- you can’t indict a sitting President,” Barr said, adding ordinary circumstances, with multiple Justice Depart- that he had not read the DOJ opinions in some time but ment investigations swirling close to President Donald saw “no reason to change them.” Trump. Special counsel Robert Mueller’s probe into Taken together, those two positions could curtail what possible collusion between Trump’s 2016 campaign the public learns about Trump’s involvement in any of and Russia—and whether the President obstructed that the matters under investigation. Some Trump allies liked investigation—is ongoing. The Justice Department’s what they heard. “He gave deference [to investigators] Manhattan office is looking at potential cam- where he should have,” says Victoria Toensing, a paign finance violations in Trump’s hush-money ‘I don’t believe Washington lawyer who once discussed the pos- payments to women alleging affairs. And the Mr. Mueller sibility of joining Trump’s legal team. “But he also New York Times reported on Jan. 11 that the would be would not give up or acquiesce, as [former Attorney FBI’s counter intelligence division opened a involved in a General] Jeff Sessions did.” probe in May 2017 into whether Trump was act- Beyond the investigations, Barr sketched an ex- ing as a foreign agent for Russia. All of those witch hunt.’ pansive view of executive power and thoughts on investigations would answer to Barr, who may WILLIAM BARR, other key issues that could shape many areas of ultimately be forced to reckon with the question Trump’s AG pick, who American life. He said he supports a physical bar- of what to do if the evidence indicates a sitting worked with Robert rier along the southern border and that, though he Mueller (below) at the President has broken the law. Justice Department in has some misgivings about harsh drug-sentencing That in turn could place Barr, 68, at the cen- the 1990s rules he formerly championed, “overall” the sys- ter of an unprecedented test for the Constitu- tem treats black and white people equally. Barr tion and American democracy. Barr, who previously also said he thinks Congress should pass a federal law served as Attorney General under President George barring recreational marijuana nationwide but would H.W. Bush, made one thing clear during his testimony not roll back legalization experiments already under before the Senate Judiciary Committee: If confirmed, way across the U.S. In total, his testimony heartened the

he’ll be the one making the final call. “I’m in a posi- White House and increased the likelihood that Barr— WELSH ALEX TEACHERS: HARNIK—AP; ANDREW MUELLER: AP; PAGE: PREVIOUS tion in life where I can do the right thing and who requires 50 votes for confirmation —would not really care about the consequences,” Barr be approved for the job by the Republican-con- said at his hearing. “I will not be bullied into trolled Senate. doing anything I think is wrong.” If he is, all signs point to his playing a crucial role well beyond the Mueller probe, however it THAT CONFIDENCE COMES from being in turns out. Even if Barr never faces the hardest the twilight of a career that included close question—what to do if Mueller finds Trump interaction with Mueller. When Barr was committed crimes—as Attorney General he Attorney General from 1991 to 1993, Muel- could help determine the outcome of the mul- ler served under him as head of the DOJ’s tiple congressional investigations launched criminal division. Barr described them by Democrat-controlled House committees. at his hearing as “good friends” and said Barr would control how much of Mueller’s Mueller is “absolutely” fair-minded. “I evidence Congress sees, which could pro- don’t believe Mr. Mueller would be in- vide the basis for impeachment proceedings. volved in a witch hunt,” Barr said, invoking Which is why the fate of Trump’s presidency Trump’s criticism of Mueller’s work. might rest with William Barr. 

10 TIME January 28, 2019 www.diako.ir NEWS TICKER Canadian in China faces death

In a ruling condemned by Canadian PM Justin Trudeau, Robert Lloyd Schellenberg—who was found guilty of drug smuggling in China—was sentenced to death on Jan. 14, in what analysts say was a retaliation against the arrest in Vancouver of Meng Wanzhou, a top exec at Chinese tech giant Huawei.

ON THE MARCH Striking teachers march in Los Angeles on Jan. 14 to demand better school funding, smaller class sizes and higher pay. The city is home to the second largest school district in the U.S., with King penalized some 500,000 students. Tens of thousands of teachers took to the streets, joining an ongoing national after white movement spurred by a lack of education funding. The school strike, which took place after negotiations supremacy for a 6.5% pay raise broke down, was the first Los Angeles had seen in 30 years. comments

House Republican leaders voted on Jan. 14 THE BULLETIN not to seat Iowa Repre- A fresh-faced challenger seeks to unite sentative Steve King Venezuelans against their government on House committees as a rebuke for his comments, published in the SINCE 2014, VENEZUELA HAS DESCENDED TOUCH AND GO Secret police detained New York Times, won- from socialist experiment into humanitar- Guaidó on Jan. 13, only to release him less dering aloud why white ian crisis. But with opposition fractured than an hour later, with the government supremacy is offensive. King, who has a history and the public demoralized, there’s been no blaming rogue agents. The arrest suggested of anti-immigrant and obvious alternative to the authoritarian re- the regime is divided on how to deal with anti-minority remarks, gime that drove the decline. That may have Guaidó and highlighted his vulnerability. said his words were changed on Jan. 11, when just one day into Maduro has the backing of the military, “mischaracterized.” President Nicolás Maduro’s second term, Venezuela’s most powerful institution, and little-known leader Juan Guaidó announced Guaidó can’t take power unless it withdraws he was ready to take Maduro’s job. support for the President. With the army Polish mayor enjoying an outsize influence under Maduro dies after NEW HOPE Guaidó, a 35-year-old opposi- and the military intelligence service stifling stabbing tion lawmaker, became head of Venezu- dissent, it’s unlikely they will switch sides. ela’s parliament in early January. Maduro Pawel Adamowicz, the stripped that body of influence in 2017, AGAINST THE TIDE “The game has changed liberal mayor of the city of Gdansk, died on but the constitution says its leader must now,” Guaidó said after his release. He has Jan. 14 after he was take charge if there’s a power vacuum in called for a mass protest on Jan. 23, the an- stabbed at a charity the country. Guaidó claims Maduro’s new niversary of the 1958 overthrow of a Ven- event. Some blamed term—won in rigged elections last year—is ezuelan dictator through an uprising that Poland’s political exactly that. Regional powers Brazil and Co- unified civilians and the military. If future divisions for the attack. The suspect, an lombia, as well as the U.S., have voiced their demonstrations get too big to contain, some ex-convict who blamed support for his claim. At home, Guaidó in- army factions may waver, Moya- Ocampos the mayor for his spires followers with a “new narrative,” says says. But with protesters facing fierce state imprisonment, pleaded Venezuela expert Diego Moya-Ocampos. repression, it’s unclear whether history can not guilty. “He’s laying out a path to democracy.” repeat itself. —CIARA NUGENT 11 www.diako.ir TheBrief News

GOOD QUESTION One thing most lawmakers agree on is that After Theresa May’s Britain can’t risk leaving with no deal. The NEWS historic defeat, could Bank of England warns an abrupt end to E.U. TICKER access could throw the U.K. into a recession Brexit be called off? worse than 2008’s financial crisis. To avoid Judge blocks that outcome, May will meet with lawmakers Census ask on ON JAN. 15, THE BRITISH GOVERNMENT SUF- who voted against her deal to try to hash out a citizenship fered its biggest defeat in modern parliamen- new approach. She must address Parliament A federal judge in New tary history, after lawmakers rejected Prime again on or before Jan. 21 to present a plan B. York blocked the Trump Minister Theresa May’s flagship Brexit deal The challenge is the sheer number of fac- Administration on by a margin of 230 votes. The deal was in- tions she must placate. After the Jan. 15 vote, Jan. 15 from asking tended to smooth Britain’s departure from protesters outside Parliament demanding about citizenship the E.U. by setting out the terms of the two a “Hard Brexit” celebrated alongside their status in the 2020 Census. The ruling was entities’ post-split relationship. Unless an ideo logical rivals, so-called Remainers, who welcomed by advocates alternative plan can win the backing of Par- wish to scrap Brexit altogether. And inside, who had feared the liament, the country is on a default path to lawmakers who voted against her deal did so question would deter crash out of the bloc on March 29. for different, mutually incompatible reasons. participation by That’s if Brexit isn’t delayed or canceled. “If you look at all the constituent groups and immigrants. It is likely to come before the In June 2016, 52% of British voters opted to what they want, it seems like an impossible Supreme Court. leave the E.U.—but May warned in a last-ditch task to get any kind of parliamentary major- speech that if lawmakers rejected her deal, ity for any kind of deal,” says Nina Schick, a they would run “the risk of no Brexit at all.” political analyst. That outcome is technically still possible, but The historic defeat nevertheless means May Ivory Coast unlikely. After all, on Jan. 16, May narrowly will have to compromise. In negotiations with ex-leader survived a vote of no confidence that could the E.U., she has stood firm on a series of “red cleared by ICC have toppled her government. It was another lines,” including casting off the E.U.’s economic The International reminder of the extent to which Brexit has up- rules and scrapping the right of its citizens to Criminal Court in ended British politics: many of the same law- freely live and work in Britain. Now she’s under the Hague said makers who dealt May the largest landslide renewed pressure to move those lines. “The on Jan. 15 it had acquitted Laurent loss in living memory voted to keep her on as government has to find a deal they can negoti- Gbagbo, ex-President Prime Minister just 24 hours later. ate with the E.U. but first of all which can get of Ivory Coast, of What does seem increasingly likely is that through Parliament,” says Damian Green, one alleged crimes against Brexit might be delayed—even though May of May’s closest allies in the Conservative Party. humanity perpetrated has ruled that out in the past. Britain’s Fi- In the end, as long as May is in office, she after the country’s nance Minister reportedly hinted as much has no intention of calling off Brexit. “She 2010 election, during a period in which some in a call to business leaders after the govern- has an enormous sense of duty,” Green says, 3,000 people died, per ment’s defeat. But the next morning, another “and she sees it as her duty to deliver Human Rights Watch. government minister ruled out the possibility. Brexit.” —BILLY PERRIGO

U.S. troops WILDLIFE killed in Syria suicide-bomb Animal invasions attack At least 40 harp seals have made themselves at home in the town of Roddickton-Bide Arm in Newfoundland, having apparently become stranded after the waterways that brought them A suicide bomber in the there froze up. Here are other unlikely animal inundations. —Alejandro de la Garza Syrian town of Manbij killed a number of U.S. GOATS ON THE GO ELEPHANTS BIRD WATCH service members on More than a hundred EVERYWHERE The illumination of Jan. 16, just weeks goats swarmed Dozens of wild the annual Tribute in after President Trump a residential elephants, seemingly Light at the Sept. 11 said he would withdraw neighborhood in search of food, memorial in NYC troops from the in Boise, Idaho, surprised residents always draws birds country. The Americans in August, after of the village of to the beams—but were among the breaking through a Numaligarh in India if volunteers count roughly 15 victims of fence at a nearby in January 2017, more than 1,000, the the attack, for which field. Eventually, damaging shops lights are shut off for the Islamic State has all 118 were safely and homes in their 20 minutes in order claimed responsibility. rounded up. stampede. to let them disperse.

12 TIME January 28, 2019 www.diako.ir Milestones

DIED DIED ▷ Mel Stottlemyre, former Yankees Verna Bloom All-Star pitcher and Star quality coach, at 77, on Jan. 13. By Martin Scorsese ▷ Jakiw Palij, the last IN 1969, I MET JAY COCKS. WE known WW II Nazi to live in the U.S., at 95, became friends. Back then Jay on Jan. 9, after being was a movie critic for TIME, deported to Germany and he started inviting me to last year. press screenings. We went to see a picture called Medium ATTACKED A hotel complex Cool, and Jay thought the ac- in Nairobi, by tress in it was incredible. Her suspected militants, name was Verna Bloom. He on Jan. 15. At least asked if I’d go along with him 14 were killed. to interview her, so I did. A PROMISED few years later, I was the best By GoFundMe, a man at their wedding. refund of more than It’s overwhelming to go $20 million given to a through life with somebody campaign to help pay for President Trump’s and then realize they aren’t border wall, after the there anymore. I’ve known effort failed to reach Verna, who died on Jan. 9 its $1 billion goal. at 80, for 49 years. She was family. We shared so much. GERMINATED Seeds taken to the Verna was a terrific story- ES/GETTY IMAGES moon by China’s teller with a great sense of Chang’e-4 mission, humor, and she presided over as shown in photos Channing, above in 1967, received three Tony Awards, including one for lifetime achievement many wonderful gatherings released on Jan. 15. where I met people who be- They are the first bio- logical matter to grow DIED came central in my life, in- on the lunar surface. cluding John Cassavetes and Carol Channing Robert De Niro. We worked BLOCKED Unmistakable voice together only twice, which A Trump Administra- tion rule to allow By Harvey Fierstein was precious to me. In The employers to elect Last Temptation of Christ, not to provide con- ANYONE WHO EVER MET CAROL CHANNING WILL TELL YOU there isn’t a single false traceptive coverage that there was no greater thrill than to walk into a room and find note in her performance as on moral or religious her there. Those giant saucer eyes, whether bedecked in black Mary. It wasn’t really about grounds, by a judge, on Jan. 14. daisy lashes or, as in later years, peering out at you from behind “directing.” It was just a mat- mammoth eyeglass frames, were alit with humor and intelli- ter of working together, with FOUND gence, endless curiosity and welcome. There was no smile on this someone I knew, someone I Kidnapping survivor planet that engendered more joy than hers. Her marionette arms trusted, someone I could de- Jayme Closs, 13, embraced you with a love that sent electric shocks straight to pend on. Someone I loved. after escaping on Jan. 10. The suspect, your soul—and her voice, that unmistakable trumpeting growl, Scorsese is an Oscar-winning director Jake Patterson, who invited imitation by even the least talented mimic, because you is in police custody, just had to know what it felt like to sound that way. is accused of killing Carol Channing, who died Jan. 15 at 97, was so much more Closs’s parents and than an actress or a performer or even a star. She was an icon, a taking her in October. true legend, completely original, absolutely singular, recogniz- REVOKED able a mile away all around the globe. She will always be remem- The honorary titles of bered for her stage persona in Hello, Dolly! and film performances Nobel Prize winner in movies like Thoroughly Modern Millie, but it didn’t matter James Watson, “the father of DNA,” by his what material she was performing. Classic role or cheesy TV spe- lab on Jan. 11, after cial, all you cared about was spending as much time as you could he said he believes in the glow of that magical firelight that was Carol Channing. in a link between Fierstein is a Tony Award–winning actor and playwright race and intelligence. GOATS: RUTH BROWN—IDAHO STATESMAN/TNS/GETTY IMAGES;CHANNING: PHOTOSHOT/HULTON ARCHIVE/GETTY IMAGES; BLOOM: MICHAEL OCHS ARCHIV

13 www.diako.ir TheBrief TIME with ...

Gina Rodriguez For the uninitiated, Jane the Virgin is loosely takes a based on a Venezuelan telenovela about a virgin seat in the director’s chair, who is accidentally artificially inseminated. Jane decides to keep the baby, a choice complicated by then springs into action the fact that her longtime boyfriend, an earnest By Eliana Dockterman police detective, is planning to propose. Mean- while, the unintentional sperm donor turns out to be an old crush—a feckless millionaire with a heart “ARE WE PLANKING?” GINA RODRIGUEZ CALLS of gold. She navigates the inevitable love triangle out on the set of Jane the Virgin. She leads a small with the help of her mother and grandmother, a group of crew members past a row of pastel- trinity of kind, powerful and complicated women. colored houses and into the bungalow that her The show is at once a self-aware spoof of and character Jane has shared with her mother and an unabashed love letter to telenovelas. To call it a grandmother for four seasons of television. Clad in “guilty pleasure” would be to minimize its genius: sneakers and camo sweatpants, Rodriguez drops HER the series proved that a warmhearted heroine into a push-up position, sets a timer for one minute BIGGEST could be as complex and enthralling as the difficult YEAR YET and yells out encouragement to the others during men, like Mad Men’s Don Draper, who dominated the ab exercise. When time is up, she makes a bee- prestige television when Jane premiered. line for her director’s chair. This is just the third Carmen Behind the scenes as well, the show stood out episode of television Rodriguez has ever directed, Sandiego from the rest of Hollywood. Showrunner Jennie but she never pauses to second-guess a choice. She Rodriguez has Urman has a team of 10 women and three men for barely sits down before springing up again, hop- long idolized her writing staff. Four of the writers are Latinx, ping up and down as she watches the monitors. Rita Moreno: and women direct half the episodes. It was because “She voiced Her Energizer Bunny–level exuberance is all the Carmen in the of Urman that Rodriguez fulfilled her own dream more impressive considering she recently wrapped original series. to direct, after others had rebuffed her: “People two films—the action movie Miss Bala, out Feb. 1, So when they were just like, ‘You’re just a little Latina actress. and the upcoming comedy Someone Great—in offered the How are you going to be a director?’” between lending her voice to Netflix’s new reboot reboot to me, Though movements like Time’s Up (of which I cried.” of the children’s show Carmen Sandiego (Jan. 18), Rodriguez is an active member) are dedicated directing an episode of the show Charmed and Miss Bala to addressing sexism and racism in Hollywood, running her production company. “It’s a remake Latina women still account for a mere 7% of all On this January morning, filming begins for the of a Mexican speaking roles in major films. Just one Latina di- first episode of Jane the Virgin’s fifth and final sea- film. They rector, Patricia Riggen, helmed one of the 1,200 usually son. Rodriguez will have to direct herself through whitewash it. top-grossing movies from 2007 to 2018, according some of Jane’s most emotionally wrenching scenes But this was to a recent study. Rodriguez says she is an activist yet. The tears come easily: Rodriguez has been 95% Latinx first. On every project, she has demanded inclusion a “raw nerve” since the table read this morning, in front and on a par with Jane the Virgin’s. “I refuse to enter a when she began to consider what it will mean to behind the space where it’s not as liberating as this. Are 50% camera. bid farewell to this brightly colored set where a I couldn’t of the writers women? The directors? Are those tight-knit cast and crew fostered her rise. pass up that women intersectional?” she says, referring to rep- She spots something on the monitors in front opportunity.” resentation across race, class, sexual orientation of her and jogs away, yelling, “I have an idea!” and other aspects of a person’s identity. “No? O.K., Her chair, now empty, reads I CAN AND I WILL, Someone let’s change that or find yourself someone else.” Great an affirmation her father, a boxing referee, used Rodriguez to whisper in the ears of Rodriguez and her two plays a AFTER SHE FINISHES shooting scenes for the day, sisters while they slept, hoping they would sub- woman who Rodriguez heads back to the couch in her dressing consciously absorb the wisdom. It’s a phrase bonds with room, where she leans over to reveal a scar on her Rodriguez repeats often, including in a 2015 her best forehead. When she was 7, she explains, she was friends after Golden Globes acceptance speech for Best Actress a breakup. walking through her Chicago neighborhood selling in a Comedy that thrust her into the limelight. She Girl Scout cookies. While crossing the street, she even named her production company after it. slipped. “I get stabbed by one of the icicles under Back in 2014, Rodriguez was incredulous when a car,” she says, “and my mother comes outside executives at the CW network asked her to audi- and lifts that motherf-cking car up.” Rodriguez tion as the lead on Jane. “I was like, ‘They know was raised to believe that women are unstoppa- I’m Puerto Rican, right? And they’re cool with ble, and throughout her career she has fought for that?’” she says. “I used to say I wasn’t pretty more ambitious material. When she read for the enough for the CW. Growing up without people lead in Miss Bala, which she was eager to accept who look like you on TV messes with your head.” when the studio confirmed that 95% of the cast

14 TIME January 28, 2019 www.diako.ir and crew would be Latinx, she found herself mak- comments as unnecessarily comparing the plight of ing the same note repeatedly: “What would a man different minority groups. “When my words have do in this situation?” She fought to execute every been taken out of context and hurt others, it’s dev- stunt that a male lead would. “You’re going to tell astating,” she says through tears. “I never intend to me that women aren’t strong enough? We suffer ‘People hurt anyone. I feel their pain, and I empathize.” through pain one week a month and never com- were like, In moments of stress, Urman encourages Ro- plain. We pill it, plug it, keep it moving.” “You’re driguez to “cocoon in her art.” So Rodriguez is A longtime boxer who spars on a punching bag just a concentrating on using her platform to create in her dressing room between takes, Rodriguez har- change. Her production company just sold a se- bors ambitions to become an action star. After lend- little ries to Disney’s new streaming service about a La- ing her voice to Carmen Sandiego for the animated Latina tina girl who will grow up to be President. After series, she pitched Netflix on a live-action version. actress. all, it’s children, she argues, who are most affected “I want to rappel out of a helicopter,” she says. “Tom How are by the lack of diversity onscreen. On a recent trip Cruise, what’s up?” But she waffles on whether she you going to Miami, a girl of about 10 approached the actor. would really want action-hero-level stardom. As one to be a “She’s Puerto Rican, and she’s very excited that I’m of the most prominent Latinx actors in Hollywood, director?”’ Puerto Rican,” Rodriguez recalls. “She goes, ‘Gina, she often feels she’s expected to speak for an en- I saw you at the Golden Globes. And, you know, tire group. She’s proud to take on that role, but the GINA RODRIGUEZ, no Latino actors won anything.’” In the four years on getting her backlash for even a perceived misstep can be bru- start directing since Rodriguez won her Globe, only two Latinx tal. Recently, when asked during a panel about the actors have won at the ceremony. pay gap, she said Latina women are paid less than “I go, ‘You noticed that, huh?’ And she asks, black or white women. And across all industries, the ‘When are we going to get there?’”

ROZETTE RAGO FOR TIME statistics say she’s correct. But some criticized her Rodriguez told her, “I’m working on it.”  15 www.diako.ir LightBox Fallen might A severed Joshua tree rests in its namesake national park on Jan. 8, more than two weeks into a partial government shutdown. More than 21,000 National Park Service employees have been on furlough since Dec. 22, but California’s Joshua Tree National Park has stayed open. With fewer workers on guard, some of the famous trees were reportedly felled by vandals who carved new roads in the park. Officials said they’d use recreation fees paid by visitors, which are not hit by the shutdown, to deal with maintenance issues.

Photograph by Gina Ferazzi—Los Angeles Times/Polaris ▶ For more of our best photography, visit time.com/lightbox

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www.diako.ir HISTORYKING’S OTHER LEGACY By Viet Thanh Nguyen Most Americans remember Martin Luther King Jr. for his dream of what this country could be, a nation where his children would “not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character.” While those words from 1963 are necessary, his speech “Beyond Vietnam,” from 1967, is actually the more insightful one. ▶

19 www.diako.ir TheView Opener

It is also a much more dangerous and disturbing speech, which is why far fewer Americans have heard of it. And yet it is the speech that we needed to hear then—and need to hear today. In 1963, many in the U.S. had only just begun to be aware of events in Viet- nam. By 1967, the war was near its peak, with about 500,000 American soldiers in Vietnam. The U.S. would drop more explosives on Vietnam, Laos and Cam- bodia than it did on all of Europe during World War II, and the news brought vivid images depicting the carnage inflicted on Southeast Asian civilians, hundreds of thousands of whom would die. It was in this context that King called the U.S. “the greatest purveyor of violence in the world today.” Many of King’s civil rights allies dis- couraged him from going public with his antiwar views, believing that he should prioritize the somewhat less con- troversial domestic concerns of African Americans and the poor. But for King, standing against racial and economic King delivering his speech “Beyond Vietnam” at New York City’s Riverside Church in 1967 inequality also demanded a recognition that those problems were inseparable implied something larger about the na- This sentimental hero worship actually from the military- industrial complex tion. It was, he said, “but a symptom of a serves civilians as much as the military. and capitalism itself. King saw “the war far deeper malady within the American If our soldiers can be absolved of any as an enemy of the poor,” as young black spirit, and if we ignore this sobering unjust taint, then the public who sup- men were sent to “guarantee liberties reality ... we will find ourselves orga- port them is absolved too. Standing in in Southeast Asia which they had not nizing ‘clergy and laymen concerned’ solidarity with our multicultural, diverse found in southwest Georgia committees for the next gen- military prevents us from seeing what and East Harlem.” What made eration ... unless there is a they might be doing to other people What King understood King truly significant and profound overseas and insulates us from the most was that the war was de- radical was change in American life.” dangerous part about King’s speech: stroying not only the char- a sense of moral outrage that was not his desire to KING’S PROPHECY acter of the U.S. but also act on this connects limited by the borders of nation, class or the character of its soldiers. the war in Vietnam with our race but sought to transcend them. Ironically, it also managed empathy for forever wars today, spread What made King truly radical was his to create a kind of American people not across multiple countries desire to act on this empathy for people racial equality in Vietnam, like himself and continents, waged with- not like himself, neither black nor Amer- as black and white soldiers out end from global military ican. For him, there was “no meaningful stood “in brutal solidarity” against the bases numbering around 800. Some of solution” to the war without taking into Vietnamese. But if they were fighting the strategy for our forever war comes account Vietnamese people, who were what King saw as an unjust war, then directly from lessons that the Ameri- “the voiceless ones.”Recognizing their they, too, were perpetrators of injustice, can military learned in Vietnam: drone suffering from far away, King connected even if they were victims of it at home. strikes instead of mass bombing; vol- it with the intimate suffering of Afri- For American civilians, the uncomfort- unteer soldiers instead of draftees; cen- can Americans at home. The African- able reality was that the immorality sorship of gruesome images from the American struggle to liberate black peo- of an unjust war corrupted the entire battlefronts; and encouraging the rever- ple found a corollary in the struggle of country. “If America’s soul becomes to- ence of soldiers. Vietnamese people against foreign dom- tally poisoned,” King said, “part of the You can draw a line from the mantras ination. It was therefore a bitter irony JOHN C. GOODWIN autopsy must read VIETNAM.” of “thank you for your service” and “sup- that African Americans might be used to In his speech, which he delivered ex- port our troops” to American civilian re- suppress the freedom of others, to par- actly one year to the day before he was gret about not having supported Ameri- ticipate in, as King put it, “the role our assassinated, King foresaw how the war can troops during the war in Vietnam. nation has taken, the role of those who

20 TIME January 28, 2019 www.diako.ir make peaceful revolution impossible by THERISKREPORT refusing to give up the privileges and the Trump’s pledge to pull U.S. pleasures that come from the immense out of Syria meets reality profits of overseas investments.” By Ian Bremmer Americans prefer to see our wars as exercises in protecting and expanding freedom and democracy. To suggest IN THE MONTH of Turkey’s military, which would like that we might be fighting for capitalism since President to destroy them. Erdogan insists that is too disturbing for many Americans. Trump made Syria’s Kurds are enemies of the Turk- But King said “that if we are to get on the surprise an- ish state and that their ties with Kurd- the right side of the world revolution, nouncement that ish terrorists inside Turkey threaten we ... must undergo a radical revolution he would withdraw his country’s national security. of values. We must rapidly begin ... the U.S. troops from In early January, U.S. National Se- shift from a thing- oriented society to a Syria, the policy has slowly disinte- curity Adviser John Bolton said U.S. person- oriented society.” Those words, grated into a mess. First, the snap de- troops would not withdraw unless and their threat to the powerful, still cision cost him a Defense Secretary, Erdogan promised to leave the Syr- apply today. For the powerful, the only Jim Mattis, who inspired bipartisan ian Kurds alone. Erdogan bristled at thing more frightening than one revolu- respect and trust. Second, anxious al- Bolton’s remarks, telling the Turkish tion is when multiple revolutions find lies like Saudi Arabia and Israel urged parliament “it is not possible for me common cause. the President to rethink a move that to swallow this.” On Jan. 13, Trump might strengthen the regime of Bashar poured fuel on the fire by tweeting THE REVOLUTION that King called for Assad and its backers in that the U.S. “will devas- is still unrealized, while the “giant trip- Russia and Iran. If more tate Turkey economically lets of racism, extreme materialism and Then on Jan. 16, sev- American if they hit Kurds.” militarism” are still working in brutal, eral U.S. troops were soldiers die The following day, the efficient solidarity. He overlooked how killed in Syria by alleged in Syria, it two came to a compro- misogyny was also an evil, but perhaps, ISIS operatives— almost becomes more mise of sorts in a concilia- if he had lived, he would have learned exactly a month after the difficult to claim tory phone call in which from his own philosophy about con- President’s confident as- they discussed a buffer necting what seems unconnected, about surance that he was pull- the withdrawal zone intended to keep recognizing those who are unrecog- ing out because ISIS had as mission Syrian Kurds away from nized. Too many of today’s politicians, been defeated. The attack accom plished the Turkish border. But pundits and activists are satisfied with threatened to prove right it’s not clear who would relying on one- dimensional solutions, the critics who said a hasty withdrawal police that if U.S. troops do indeed arguing that class-based solutions alone would inspire the Islamic State to new leave the country. Trump might just can solve economic inequality, or that brutalities. have been telling Erdogan what he identity- based approaches are enough Trump firmly believes that Ameri- wanted to hear. to alleviate racial inequality. cans don’t want an open-ended com- And that was before ISIS resumed King argued for an ever expanding mitment of U.S. troops and taxpayer killing American troops. Trump has moral solidarity that would include dollars to another inherently unstable made clear that Syria is not among those we think of as the enemy: “Here is Middle Eastern country. Although he the subjects that interest him most. the true meaning and value of compas- has been forced to slow the drawdown He’s described the country as a place sion and nonviolence, when it helps us and has dispatched Secretary of State of “sand and death.” But while Ameri- to see the enemy’s point of view ... For Mike Pompeo to reassure regional al- cans are dying there, it becomes more from his view we may indeed see the lies that the U.S. intends to help “expel difficult to claim the withdrawal as basic weaknesses of our own condition, every last Iranian boot” from Syria, he mission accomplished. And it will be and if we are mature, we may learn and wants to find a way to fulfill a promise impossible if Erdogan decides to tar- grow and profit from the wisdom of the to his base to stop “endless wars.” get U.S. allies instead of ISIS. brothers who are called the opposition.” Aside from ISIS, one of the most The two leaders have much in This was the dream of King’s that I serious obstacles to that goal is Tur- common. Both are charismatic men prefer—the vision of a difficult and ever key, paradoxically one of the few U.S. who inspire deep loyalty from their expanding kinship, extending not only allies to welcome the U.S. withdrawal. strongest supporters, and both bristle to those whom we consider near and It was during a friendly phone call when they feel they’re being insulted. dear, but also to the far and the feared. with President Recep Tayyip Erdogan Unless they can reach some kind that Trump first agreed to the policy of common ground over the U.S. Nguyen is the Pulitzer Prize–winning shift. Since then he has discovered withdrawal, Trump’s Syria policy author of The Sympathizer. His latest that withdrawal means leaving Syrian looks set to become not just a mess collection is The Refugees Kurds, who are U.S. allies, at the mercy but a quagmire.  21 www.diako.ir Technology HOW TO FIX SOCIAL MEDIA BEFORE IT’S TOO LATE AN EARLY INVESTOR ON HOW FACEBOOK LOST ITS WAY

BY ROGER MCNAMEE

ILLUSTRATION BY JOHN W. TOMAC FOR TIME

www.diako.ir www.diako.ir Technology

I am really sad about Facebook. I got involved with the company more than a decade ago and have taken great pride and joy in the company’s success ... until the past few months. Now I am disappointed. I am em- barrassed. I am ashamed. With more than 1.7 billion members, Facebook is among the most influential businesses in the world. Whether they like it or not— whether Facebook is a technology company or a media company—the company has a huge impact on politics and social welfare. Every decision that management makes can matter to the lives of real people. Management is responsible for every action. Just as they get credit for every success, they need to be held accountable for failures. Recently, Facebook has done some things that are truly horrible, and I can no longer excuse its behavior.

NINE DAYS BEFORE THE NOVEMBER 2016 ELECTION, I SENT the email above to Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg and chief operating officer Sheryl Sandberg. It was the text for an op-ed I was planning to publish about problems I was seeing on Facebook. Earlier in the year, I noticed a surge of disturbing images, shared by friends, that originated on Facebook Groups ostensibly associated with the Bernie Sanders campaign, but it was impossible to imagine they came from his campaign. I wanted to share with Sandberg and Zuckerberg my fear that bad actors were exploiting Facebook’s architecture and busi- Facebook. My criticism of the company is a mat- ness model to inflict harm on innocent people. ter of principle, and owning shares is a good way I am a longtime tech investor and evangelist. Tech has to make that point. I became an activist because I been my career and my passion. I had been an early adviser was among the first to see a catastrophe unfolding, to Zuckerberg—Zuck, to many colleagues and friends—and and my history with the company made me a cred- an early investor in Facebook. I had been a true believer for a ible voice. decade. My early meetings with Zuck almost always occurred This is a story of my journey. It is a story about in his office, generally just the two of us, so I had an incom- power. About privilege. About trust, and how it plete picture of the man, but he was always straight with me. I can be abused. liked Zuck. I liked his team. I was a fan of Facebook. I was one of the people he would call on when confronted with new or THE MASSIVE SUCCESS of Facebook eventually challenging issues. Mentoring is fun for me, and Zuck could led to catastrophe. The business model depends on not have been a better mentee. We talked about stuff that was advertising, which in turn depends on manipulat- important to Zuck, where I had useful experience. More often ing the attention of users so they see more ads. One than not, he acted on my counsel. of the best ways to manipulate attention is to ap- When I sent that email to Zuck and Sheryl, I assumed peal to outrage and fear, emotions that increase en- that Facebook was a victim. What I learned in the months gagement. Facebook’s algorithms give users what that followed—about the 2016 election, about the spread of they want, so each person’s News Feed becomes a Brexit lies, about data on users being sold to other groups— unique reality, a filter bubble that creates the illu- shocked and disappointed me. It took me a very long time to sion that most people the user knows believe the accept that success had blinded Zuck and Sheryl to the con- same things. Showing users only posts they agree sequences of their actions. I have never had a reason to bite with was good for Facebook’s bottom line, but Facebook’s hand. Even at this writing, I still own shares in some research showed it also increased polariza- tion and, as we learned, harmed democracy. To feed its AI and algorithms, Facebook gath- McNamee has been a Silicon Valley investor for 35 years. His ered data anywhere it could. Before long, Facebook most recent fund, Elevation, included U2’s Bono as a co-founder. was spying on everyone, including people who do This piece is adapted from his new book Zucked: Waking Up not use Facebook. Unfortunately for users, Face- to the Facebook Catastrophe by Roger McNamee. Published by book failed to safeguard that data. Facebook some- arrangement with Penguin Press, a member of Penguin Random times traded the data to get better business deals. House LLC. Copyright © 2019 by Roger McNamee These things increased user count and time on-

24 TIME January 28, 2019 www.diako.ir ◁ Facebook CEO Zuckerberg testified to the Senate in Washington, D.C., on April 10, 2018

site, but it took another innovation to make Face- imagine that the recent problems could be in any book’s advertising business a giant success. way linked to their designs or business decisions. It From late 2012 to 2017, Facebook perfected a would never occur to them to listen to critics—How new idea—growth hacking—where it experimented many billion people have the critics connected?— constantly with algorithms, new data types and much less to reconsider the way they do business. small changes in design, measuring everything. As a result, when confronted with evidence that Growth hacking enabled Facebook to monetize its disinformation and fake news had spread over oceans of data so effectively that growth-hacking Facebook and may have influenced a British ref- metrics blocked out all other considerations. In They erendum or an election in the U.S., Facebook fol- the world of growth hacking, users are a metric, lowed a playbook it had run since its founding: not people. Every action a user took gave Facebook cannot deny, delay, deflect, dissemble. Facebook only came a better understanding of that user—and of that imagine clean when forced to, and revealed as little informa- user’s friends—enabling the company to make tiny that the tion as possible. Then it went to Plan B: apologize, “improvements” in the user experience every day, recent and promise to do better. which is to say it got better at manipulating the at- problems Thanks to Facebook’s extraordinary success, tention of users. Any advertiser could buy access to could be Zuck’s brand in the tech world combines elements that attention. The Russians took full advantage. If in any way of rock star and cult leader. He is deeply commit- civic responsibility ever came up in Facebook’s in- linked ted to products and not as interested in the rest of ternal conversations, I can see no evidence of it. to their the business, which he leaves to Sandberg. Accord- The people at Facebook live in their own bubble. ing to multiple reports, Zuck is known for micro- Zuck has always believed that connecting everyone designs or managing products and for being decisive. He is the on earth was a mission so important that it justified business undisputed boss. Zuck’s subordinates study him and any action necessary to accomplish it. Convinced decisions have evolved techniques for influencing him. Sheryl of the nobility of their mission, Zuck and his em- Sandberg is brilliant, ambitious and supremely well ployees seem to listen to criticism without chang- organized. Given Zuck’s status as the founder, the ing their behavior. They respond to nearly every team at Facebook rarely, if ever, challenged him on problem with the same approach that created the the way up and did not do so when bad times arrived. problem in the first place: more AI, more code, (A Facebook spokesperson replies: “People disagree more short-term fixes. They do not do this because with Mark all the time.”) they are bad people. They do this because success You would think that Facebook’s users would

TOM BRENNER—THE NEW YORK TIMES/REDUX YORK NEW BRENNER—THE TOM has warped their perception of reality. They cannot be outraged by the way the platform has been used 25 www.diako.ir Technology

to undermine democracy, human rights, privacy, public health and innovation. Some are, but nearly 1.5 billion people use Facebook every day. They use it to stay in touch with distant relatives and friends. They like to share their photos and their thoughts. They do not want to believe that the same platform that has become a powerful habit is also responsible for so much harm. Facebook has leveraged our trust of family and friends to build one of the most valuable businesses in the world, but in the process, it has been careless with user data and aggravated the flaws in our democracy while leaving citizens ever less ca- pable of thinking for themselves, knowing whom to trust or acting in their own interest. Bad actors have had a field day exploiting Facebook and Google, le- veraging user trust to spread disinformation and hate speech, to suppress voting and to polarize citizens in many countries. They will continue to do so until we, in our role as citizens, reclaim our right to self-determination. We need to begin to reform Facebook and Big Tech in these key areas: DEMOCRACY Democracy depends on shared facts and values. It depends on deliberation and the rule of law. It depends on having a free press and other countervail- ing forces to hold the powerful accountable. Face- book (along with Google and Twitter) has undercut the free press from two directions: it has eroded the The company’s Free Basics service has brought economics of journalism and then overwhelmed it Internet service to poor people in roughly 60 coun- with disinformation. On Facebook, information and tries, but at the cost of massive social disruption. disinformation look the same; the only difference Lack of language skills and cultural insensitivity is that disinformation generates more revenue, so it have blinded Facebook to the ways in which its gets better treatment. To Facebook, facts are not an platform can be used to harm defenseless minori- absolute; they are a choice to be left initially to users ties. This has already played out with deadly out- and their friends but then magnified by algorithms to comes in Sri Lanka and Myanmar. promote engagement. In the same vein, Facebook’s To algorithms promote extreme messages over neutral Facebook, PRIVACY ones, which can elevate disinformation over infor- facts are mation, conspiracy theories over facts. Like-minded Facebook remains a threat to privacy. The com- people can share their views, but they can also block not an pany’s commitment to surveillance would make out any fact or perspective with which they disagree. absolute; an intelligence agency proud, but not so its han- At Facebook’s scale—or Google’s—there is no they are dling of data. There need to be versions of Face- way to avoid influencing the lives of users and the a choice book News Feed and all search results that are free future of nations. Recent history suggests that the of manipulation. Users need to own their data and threat to democracy is real. The efforts to date by have absolute control over how it gets used. Users Facebook, Google and Twitter to protect future have a right to know the name of every organiza- elections may be sincere, but there is no reason to tion and person who has their data. This would think they will do anything more than start a game apply not just to the platforms but also to cellular of whack-a-mole with those who choose to inter- carriers and the third parties that gain access to fere. Only fundamental changes to business mod- user data. Another important regulatory opportu- els can reduce the risk to democracy. Facebook re- nity is data portability, such that users can move mains a threat to the powerless around the world. everything of value from one platform to another.

26 TIME January 28, 2019 www.diako.ir humans rather than exploit them. This could be accomplished through an equivalent to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for technology. REGULATE If I consider Google, Amazon and Facebook purely in investment terms, I cannot help but be impressed by the brilliant way they have executed their business plans. The problem is unintended consequences, which are more numerous and severe than we can afford. Google and Facebook are artificially profitable because they do not pay for the damage they cause. The U.S. economy has historically depended on startups far more than other economies, especially in technology. If my hypothesis is correct, the country has begun a risky experiment in de- pending on monopolists for innovation, economic growth and job creation. Google Google, Amazon and Facebook have followed and the monopolist’s playbook and built “no go” zones Facebook around their core operations. Their success has are raised the bar for startups, narrowing the oppor- artiﬁcially tunities for outsize success and forcing entrepre- proﬁtable neurs to sell out early or pursue opportunities with less potential. They have built additional walls because through the acquisition of startups that might have they do posed a competitive threat. These companies do not pay not need to choke off startup activities to be suc- This would help enable startups to overcome an for the cessful, but they cannot help themselves. That is otherwise insurmountable barrier to adoption. damage what monopolists do. Platforms should also be transparent to users, ad- they In terms of economic policy, I want to set limits vertisers and regulators. cause on the markets in which monopoly- class players like Facebook, Google and Amazon can operate. CONTROLYOUR DATA The economy would benefit from breaking them up. A first step would be to prevent acquisitions, Users should always own all their own data and as well as cross subsidies and data sharing among metadata—and they should be compensated products within each platform. I favor regulation much better for it. No one should be able to as a way to reduce harmful behavior. The most ef- use a user’s data in any way without explicit, fective regulations will force changes in business prior consent. Third-party audits of algorithms, models. comparable to what exists now for financial Relative to today’s standards, these statements, would create the transparency recommendations sound extreme, but there necessary to limit undesirable consequences. may be no other way to protect children, adults, There should be limits on what kind of data democracy and the economy. Our parents and can be collected, such that users can limit data grandparents had a similar day of reckoning with collection or choose privacy. This needs to be tobacco. Now it’s our turn, this time with Internet done immediately, before new products like Alexa platforms. and Google Home reach mass adoption. Smart home devices are currently an untamed frontier MAKE IT HUMAN of data, with the potential for massive abuse. Lastly, I would like to prevent deployment of From a technology perspective, the most promis- advanced technologies like artificial intelligence ing path forward is through innovation, something

ILLUSTRATION BY JOHN TOMAC W. FOR TIME and automated bots without proof that they serve over which the platforms have too much influence 27 www.diako.ir Technology

today. Antitrust enforcement can create space for to the Internet, but anecdotally they seem wide- innovation, but we need more. I propose that Sili- spread. Millions of people check their phone first con Valley embrace human- driven technology as thing in the morning. For most, the big question is the Next Big Thing. In America, if you want to solve whether they do so before they pee or while they are a problem, it helps to incorporate the profit motive, peeing. Far too many people report difficulty sleep- which we can do by shifting the focus of technology ing because they cannot stop using their phone or from exploiting the weakest links in human psy- tablet. It is possible that most of Facebook’s daily chology to a commitment to empowering users. users have some level of behavioral addiction. The What would human-driven technology look problem with addiction is that it deprives the vic- like? It would empower users rather than exploit tim of agency. Even when an addict understands the them. Human-driven social networks would en- potential for harm, he or she cannot help but con- able sharing with friends, but without massive tinue the activity. To change that will require more surveillance, filter bubbles and data insecurity. In than regulation. It will require an investment in re- exchange for adopting a benign business model, search and public-health services to counter Inter- perhaps based on subscriptions, startups would net addiction. receive protection from the giants. Given that social media is practically a public utility, I think it PROTECT CHILDREN is worth considering more aggressive strategies, including government subsidies. The government A growing percentage of children prefer the hyper- already subsidizes energy exploration, agriculture stimulation of virtual experiences to the real world. and other economic activities that the country con- It is not Products like Instagram empower bullies. Texting siders to be a priority, and it is not crazy to imagine crazy to has replaced conversation for many kids. It’s hard that civically responsible social media may be es- imagine to know how this will turn out, but some medical sential to the future of the country. The subsidies that researchers have raised alarms, noting that we have might come in the form of research funding, capi- civically allowed unsupervised psychological experiments tal for startups, tax breaks and the like. responsible on millions of people. Medical research bolsters the The Next Big Thing offers opportunities to re- case for regulation. In addition to limits on the ages think the architecture of the Internet. For example, social at which children may use screens like smartphones I would like to address privacy with a new model media and tablets, there is evidence that phones and com- of authentication for website access that permits may be puters can cause distraction in classrooms. websites to gather only the minimum amount of essential data required for each transaction. It would work to the THE HARM TO PUBLIC HEALTH, democracy, pri- like a password manager, but with a couple of im- future of vacy and competition caused by Facebook and portant distinctions: it would go beyond storing democracy other platforms results from their business models, passwords to performing log-ins, and it would which must be changed. As users, we have more store private data on the device, not in the cloud. power to force change than we realize. We can alter Apple has embraced this model, offering its cus- our behavior. We can create a political movement. tomers valuable privacy and security advantages We can insist on government intervention to pro- over Android. mote human- driven technology as an alternative to extractive technology. At the same time, the gov- ADDICTION ernment must take steps to repair the damage from Internet platforms. We need to rebuild institu- All the public-health threats of Internet platforms tions, find common ground with those with whom derive from design choices. Technology has the we disagree, and start acting like one country power to persuade, and the financial incentives of again. The political and social power of Facebook advertising business models guarantee that persua- and the other Internet platforms is unhealthy and sion will always be the default goal of every design. inappropriate in a democracy like ours. We must Every pixel on every screen of every Internet app hold them accountable and insist on real-world so- has been tuned to influence users’ behavior. Not lutions, not more code. every user can be influenced all the time, but nearly all users can be influenced some of the time. In the Editor’s note: Invited to respond, Facebook pointed most extreme cases, users develop behavioral addic- to a 2018 post by Sheryl Sandberg detailing the tions that can lower their quality of life and that of company’s efforts on user privacy, democracy, family members, co-workers and close friends. We security and other issues. It can be found at don’t know the prevalence of behavioral addictions time.com/sandberg-response

28 TIME January 28, 2019 www.diako.ir VIEWPOINT first place. Second, the right to knowledge—to know what data is being collected and why. Third, the right to access. Companies should make it easy for you to access, correct IT’S TIME and delete your personal data. And fourth, the right to data security, without which trust is impossible. But laws alone aren’t enough to ensure that individuals can make use of their privacy rights. We also need to give FOR ACTION people tools that they can use to take action. To that end, here’s an idea that could make a real difference. One of the biggest challenges in protecting privacy is that many of the violations are invisible. For exam- ON PRIVACY ple, you might have bought a product from an online retailer—something most of us have done. But what the retailer doesn’t tell you is that it then turned around and sold or transferred information about your purchase to a “data WE ALL broker”—a company that exists purely to collect your information, package it and sell it to yet another buyer. The trail disappears before you even know there is a trail. Right now, all of these secondary markets for your information exist in a shadow economy that’s largely DESERVE unchecked—out of sight of consumers, regulators and lawmakers. Let’s be clear: you never signed up for that. We think every user should have the chance to say, “Wait a min- CONTROL ute. That’s my information that you’re selling, and I didn’t consent.” Federal Meaningful, comprehensive fed- privacy eral privacy legislation should not OVER OUR only aim to put consumers in control legislation of their data, it should also shine a should not light on actors trafficking in your data only aim behind the scenes. Some state laws DIGITAL LIVES to put are looking to accomplish just that, consumers but right now there is no federal stan- in control dard protecting Americans from these BY TIM COOK of their practices. That’s why we believe the data, it Federal Trade Commission should es- IN 2019, IT’S TIME TO STAND UP FOR THE RIGHT TO should tablish a data- broker clearinghouse, privacy—yours, mine, all of ours. Consumers shouldn’t also shine requiring all data brokers to regis- have to tolerate another year of companies irresponsibly ter, enabling consumers to track the amassing huge user profiles, data breaches that seem out of a light transactions that have bundled and control and the vanishing ability to control our own digital on actors sold their data from place to place, lives. trafﬁcking and giving users the power to delete This problem is solvable—it isn’t too big, too challenging in your their data on demand, freely, easily or too late. Innovation, breakthrough ideas and great fea- data and online, once and for all. tures can go hand in hand with user privacy—and they must. As this debate kicks off, there will Realizing technology’s potential depends on it. be plenty of proposals and compet- That’s why I and others are calling on the U.S. Congress to ing interests for policy makers to consider. We cannot lose pass comprehensive federal privacy legislation—a landmark sight of the most important constituency: individuals try- package of reforms that protect and empower the consumer. ing to win back their right to privacy. Technology has the Last year, before a global body of privacy regulators, I laid potential to keep changing the world for the better, but it out four principles that I believe should guide legislation: will never achieve that potential without the full faith and First, the right to have personal data minimized. Com- confidence of the people who use it.  panies should challenge themselves to strip identifying information from customer data or avoid collecting it in the Cook is CEO of Apple 29 www.diako.ir Technology

FIRSTFACEBOOK PERSON LET MY GOVERNMENT TARGET ME BUT THE SOCIAL- MY REPUTATION AND PEACE OF MIND WERE demolished by information operations on MEDIA GIANT Facebook. It’s a cautionary tale for the U.S. I run Rappler, an online news site in the Phil- ippines. In my country, Facebook essentially is the Internet, thanks to subsidies from telecom- COULD YET munications companies that let people avoid data charges while on the site. But it has also made the The four Philippines a showcase for the destruction Face- hours an book can enable. average FULFILL ITS The attacks against me and Rappler began ap- Filipino pearing on Facebook in the summer of 2016. A year social- later President Rodrigo Duterte was repeating them in his State of the Nation address. I have since been media user indicted on politically motivated criminal charges, spends on ORIGINAL faced my first arrest warrant and posted bail. Not such sites just once, but five times in two separate courts. I is about need permission to travel outside the Philippines. twice If I lose these tax-evasion cases and others filed the U.S. PROMISE by the Philippine government, I could go to jail for average 10 to 15 years. BY MARIA RESSA All because I and Rappler, the startup I helped create, seven years old this month, continue to hold power to account, to do our jobs as journalists and to #HoldTheLine against impunity in a drug war that has killed tens of thousands of people, according to human-rights groups. We know firsthand how social media and the law have been weaponized against perceived critics

30 TIME January 28, 2019 www.diako.ir of the Duterte administration. We’ve been reporting It happened from systematic and exponentially on it from the start. growing attacks on traditional media, which clearly In early October 2016, Rappler published a three- escalated after Duterte took office in June 2016. part series on social-media propaganda. It analyzed In the year before the election campaign, the lan- the emerging information ecosystem using what re- guage Duterte used to attack the media—bias and searchers later called “patriotic trolling”— online, corrupt—barely registered in Facebook comments state- sponsored hate meant to silence or intimidate or posts. Afterward, bias came up 2,000 times a day, specific targets. After the exposé, I received an aver- and corrupt one day approached 4,000. age of 90 hate messages per hour for the next month. The attacks pounded fracture lines in society The attacks on Facebook are insidi- repeatedly until perception was made ous and extremely personal, from the reality. They acted to fuel anger and way I look and sound to threats of rape hate to tear down trust in truth tellers— and murder. As a former war-zone corre- journalists and human-rights advo- spondent, I have been in the line of fire, The world’s cates; to maintain high approval ratings but nothing prepared me for this. largest for Duterte; and to change the values of After all, a lie repeated a million times distributor a significant chunk of our society who becomes the truth, shaping and condi- of news, now say it’s O.K. to kill drug users or to tioning public opinion, seeding the mes- Facebook let China have portions of Philippine sages that would be repeated by Duterte refuses territory in the South China Sea (West himself: that Rappler is CIA, fake news, to act as Philippine Sea). The attacks wage war owned by Americans, many more. It hits a true on opposition politicians, manipulate me every time I look back because these gatekeeper, the Filipino public and weaken our lies form the basis of some of the legal democracy. cases against us. This is our daily pres- allowing Rappler knows the best and the worst sure cooker: attacked from below by lies to of what Facebook can do. The world’s cheap armies on social media, and from spread largest disseminator of news, it refuses △ above by Duterte and the government. faster than to act as a true gatekeeper, allowing lies The writer The effort was extremely well orga- truth. Yet to spread faster than truth. For that, I’m in her office nized. Each of the government propa- Rappler’s among Facebook’s worst critics. at Rappler in ganda machine’s three main content Yet Rappler’s exponential growth Manila exponential creators addressed a different slice growth would not have happened without the of society: Sass Rogando Sasot cre- would social -media giant. I know its immense ated pseudo-intellectual content for potential for good. That is why we con- the top 1%, Thinking Pinoy (RJ Nieto) not have tinue to work with Facebook, as one targeted the middle class, and singer- happened of three fact-checking partners in our dancer turned government official now without it country, defining facts and looking at congressional candidate Mocha Uson networks that spread lies. riled up the mass base. I don’t think we have a choice. This is As early as 2016, an #Unfollow- transformative technology, and we can Rappler campaign activated at least use it to push Facebook to understand 52,000 accounts to unfollow our site on Facebook. its true impact—good and evil—in the world. I’m That was about 1% of our followers at that time— cautiously optimistic that the good can prevail. On but consider that an earlier investigation showed us Jan. 11, in its second takedown of “inauthentic” sites that 26 fake accounts on Facebook could reach up and accounts in the Philippines, Facebook banned a to 3 million others. What mayhem could more than significant chunk of the disinformation ecosystem 50,000 Facebook accounts create? that had been manipulating Filipinos with a link to They could reverse perceptions, splitting the real the Internet Research Agency and the Russian dis- world from the social-media world. information ecosystem. We saw it happen. In January 2018, Pew’s Global Rappler had identified the network, and written Attitudes survey found that 86% of Filipinos out in about it, nearly 13 months earlier. the physical world said they trusted traditional news media. When the same question about traditional Ressa is chief executive officer and co-founder of news outlets was asked the same month on social Rappler, an online news site in the Philippines. She media, the answer was the opposite—83% distrusted was among the journalists named TIME’s 2018

JES AZNAR—THE NEW YORK TIMES/REDUX them, according to the Philippine Trust Index. Person of the Year. 31 www.diako.ir Technology

FORUM TECHIES PRIDE THEMSELVES ON THEIR optimism. It couldn’t be any other way. After all, Silicon Valley was built on the idea BE that technology is a force for good. In the nearly nine years I’ve spent covering tech, we’ve watched these dreamers and idealists transform society. Underlying it all is the AFRAID, notion that information wants to be free, that the more we share, the better off we are. That was the deal we made with companies that VERY promised to connect the world. Things haven’t quite worked out that way. Given all the bad news that’s come out of the Valley, it’s worth taking a moment to marvel at AFRAID the profound changes we’ve seen in just a gen- eration. Apple made the smartphone ubiquitous. Facebook connected over 2 billion people. FACIAL RECOGNITION Google put the answer to almost any question WHAT just a few keystrokes away. Companies like Ama- This powerful zon, Netflix and Uber upended entire industries technology is and made themselves indispensable to many. already creating But these changes brought unintended con- new and important THE TECH sequences. We’ve seen hackers steal our data and identities. We’ve witnessed the weapon- beneﬁts for people ization of social media to influence elections around the world, and sow discord. There are mounting fears but we must be WORLD about the impact of artificial intelligence and clear-eyed about facial recognition. its risks. So far, Things may get worse before they get better as we grapple with this era of unintended con- the technology is SHOULD sequences. Even as innovation races ahead at outpacing the an ever faster pace, ethicists and futurists are ability of asking profound questions about where we’re governments to headed. What will it mean to be human as keep up. FEAR technology becomes an extension of us? How will the ubiquitous systems shape our chil- Governments must dren’s growth and capacity to love? adopt new laws to The good news is that some in Silicon Val- protect against NEXT ley are joining academics, policymakers and discrimination, consumers in pondering these essential ques- threats to privacy BY LAURIE SEGALL tions. The sooner we start participating in a conversation about the bad, the better chance and the potential we have at coding a future that’s good. It’ll take impact on a diverse group of people to help solve what’s democratic rights. coming beyond today’s techlash. Everyone We need a future must ask: Where should we draw boundaries? that doesn’t What are the next set of problems we should anticipate? Here I asked a few key thinkers force companies about the challenges ahead. to choose between social Segall is senior technology correspondent for responsibility and CNN Business. Her special report “Facebook business success. at 15: It’s Complicated” will debut on the network in February in conjunction with the BRAD SMITH, Microsoft president 15th anniversary of Facebook’s launch

32 TIME January 28, 2019 www.diako.ir NEURAL INEQUALITY

Up to now we have experienced inequality in areas such as finances and opportunity. Neural inequality could be next. This would mean that some people would be able to enhance their thinking with a chip implanted in the brain, making themselves disproportionately smarter than the average. There could also be the risk of thought manipulation. With neuroscientists getting better at accessing brains and altering thinking, we are reaching a world where we could also change your mind. It’s a scary idea that someone could “write” into our mind, create thoughts and ideas in our own brain that we won’t be able to distinguish from ones that we generated ourselves. Would there even be any difference? MORAN CERF, neuroscientist and business professor, Northwestern University

PROTECTING KIDS HOSPITAL SAFETY NATIONAL SECURITY

Every aspect of human development, I launched a volunteer hacker collective Will American health and well-being depends on to save lives through security research. technology our ability to navigate and form loving We’ve had a profound impact on companies work to social relationships. Several recent hospital safety—most notably with provide the U.S. and studies, however, suggest that adults changes to FDA guidance and to are compromising those relationships medical devices. But risks remain. its allies with the when they divert their attention from So now, I’ve started killing patients. best defense their infants to their cell phones. In Not literally, of course, but in hacking technology, or will one, infants were more negative and simulations with physicians, we less exploratory when parents picked are able to shut down vital medical they allow China and up their phones. Society’s 12-year equipment, destroy necessary patient Russia to take the unintended experiment since the iPhone data and create enough havoc—like lead? If we don’t do was introduced may be the culprit for delays in time-sensitive treatments— the job, others will tweens who are less socially attuned so that patients would die if this were and for the 74% of pre-K-to-8 principals real. We’re doing this to catalyze have the power in who lamented that their biggest concern medical reform before there is real the defense space was the stark increase in children who patient harm. Doctors implicitly trust to set ethical norms suffer from emotional problems. Our technology, but there is a cost to opposed to our digital habits might be getting in the way connectivity. Hospitals need to conduct of our interpersonal relationships. similar exercises and adapt to these fundamental values. emerging risks. KATHY HIRSH-PASEK, Ph.D., Temple PALMER LUCKEY, founder of Anduril, JOSHUA SPARROW, M.D., Harvard JOSHUA CORMAN, cybersecurity strategist a defense company

EVERYDAY ETHICS What good was law when rogue Chinese scientist He Jiankui claims to have edited the DNA of twin girls? Innovation-friendly tech regulation is critical but often ineffective. Ethics requires thinking ﬁrst and acting second. Ethics should be a habit of decision and commitment, driving every choice at all levels of an organization.

SUSAN LIAUTAUD, lecturer on ethics at Stanford University and ethics consultant ILLUSTRATIONS BY JACKIE FERRENTINO FOR TIME

33 www.diako.ir Technology

ple felt they were being disrespected and treated as worthless. “We long to look good in the eyes of others, to feel good about ourselves, to be worthy of others’ care and attention,” Hicks writes. When people are treated as if we don’t matter or aren’t due respect, we become vindictive, tribalistic and vengeful. In Hicks’ model, to be treated with dignity is to be seen and accepted for who we are, to be treated fairly and given the benefit of the doubt and to be offered independence and account- ability. Online spaces fail us on these fronts. We’re encouraged to be something other than what we are. We struggle to be heard and seen. If “love is attention,” as Hicks wrote in her book Dignity, platforms intrude on these relationships, determining who and what gets attended to, on a mass scale, for the sake of ad clicks. To be online, in other words, is to be in a state of chronic, VIEWPOINT WHAT BROKE THE INTERNET? WAS IT near constant dignity violation. the business model, the tech bros’ For the Enlightenment philoso- RESTORING myopia, Russian infiltrators, millenni- phers like Kant who popularized the als? Lately commentators have heaved current meaning of the term, dignity a world-weary sigh and pointed at a also requires that we treat human be- more existential culprit: human nature. ings as ends rather than as means to DIGNITY TO That sounds like a compelling, intui- an end. Online platforms like Twitter, tive answer—after all, people online do YouTube and Facebook threaten our lots of awful and ugly stuff. As a diagno- dignity in this sense. Growth hacking TECHNOLOGY sis, though, it’s dangerously superficial and gamification—pursuits at the core and lets tech companies off easy. The of most consumer- facing startups—are worst qualities of online space aren’t about nothing if not treating people HOW TO in evitable: they’re a natural result of a instrumentally, as means to the end of lack of human dignity. growing active usership and revenue Dignity—literally “worthy” in per user. DESIGN TOOLS Latin—matters because it’s an idea that we’ve returned to again and again over WE HAVE ALWAYS RELIED on tools to the centuries as a way of understanding extend human capacity. Cooking with TO SET RIGHT how humans can live together decently, fire allowed us to create “external stom- respectfully. But it’s been absent from achs,” in the words of Kevin Kelly, a our recent conversations about techno- co-founder of Wired, that gave us bet- WHAT HAS logical ills. This history puts in a new ter nutrition and allowed us to survive light what’s gone wrong online—and in new environments. Increasingly, the TIME FOR W. TOMAC JOHN BY ILLUSTRATION suggests how we might set it right. tools we use have turned on us. And GONE WRONG Consider the relationship between social technologies don’t just treat us dignity and conflict described by Donna instrumentally—they encourage us to Hicks, a Harvard conflict- resolution ex- look at one another that way as well, as a pert who has worked on the conflicts means to higher status or a better job or ONLINE between Israelis and Palestinians and in a measurement of self-worth. Northern Ireland and Colombia. Over de- Some of this may be inevitable in a BY ELI PARISER cades in the field, Hicks saw a repeating capitalist system, but not all technolo- pattern: conflicts came about when peo- gies are undignified. Consider video-

34 TIME January 28, 2019 www.diako.ir chat tools like FaceTime, expressive VIEWPOINT When I see institutions I love criti- ones like Illustrator, or screen readers cized, and I love the people at Face- that allow blind folks to participate FACEBOOK book, I look first to critics who were in online conversation. None of these tough when everyone was full of praise technologies is perfect. But there are for the company. (For example, Anne some common threads: a focus on Applebaum understood very early on user empowerment and a genuine WILL THRIVE what Vladimir Putin was up to with in- respect for his or her desires rather terference in Poland and elsewhere.) than manipulation—a prioritization Facebook couldn’t be less popular now, of open-ended exploration over tight I WOULD and its critics joining the attack have all feedback loops and optimization. the courage of the last man leaping on There are emerging examples of the pile at a football game. While I dis- technologies that support us in over- BET ON ITS agree with Roger McNamee’s approach, coming our impulses to make moral he is a smart guy and knows far more choices. The moral psychologist about technology than I do. Jonathan Haidt and his collaborators EFFORTS TO Facebook has made plenty of mis- Caroline Mehl and Raffi Grinberg takes since its inception. As was true at have developed an online education the Washington Post in 1981, it has to platform, OpenMind, which walks FIX MISTAKES set about fixing them in the only pos- people through the cognitive biases sible way: accept the responsibility—all that tend to distort our view of other BY DONALD GRAHAM of it. Return to your basic mission and people’s positions. According to their do it right. Provide a great service for data, months after taking the curricu- people; protect every aspect of your lum, people are less likely to be dis- I WAS PUBLISHER OF THE WASHINGTON users’ privacy; be honest about what missive of ideas simply because they Post for 21 years. There were many great went wrong; and be clear (with govern- come from political opponents. A days and no question about what was the ments but above all with users) about more dignified tech approach is even worst. what you are doing to fix the problems. catching on in Silicon Valley. Phi- In 1981, a reporter named Janet I admire Mark Zuckerberg, Sheryl losopher Joe Edelman runs a class in Cooke won a Pulitzer Prize for a story Sandberg and the people I knew at values-driven design, which has been about an 8-year-old heroin addict. Facebook more than I can tell you. I’m embraced by high- ranking designers The afternoon after the Pulitzer an- not an insider any more since leaving at Facebook and Apple, among other nouncement, Ben Bradlee, the edi- the company’s board in 2015, but I can companies. tor of the Post, received a call from the see on my Facebook page the extent of Over our history, we’ve found president of Vassar College. Cooke had their efforts to fix what has been wrong. ways to create tools and spaces that claimed on her résumé that she was a I would bet on them and would guess call out and amplify the best parts of Vassar graduate, and we had said so in that their own efforts will be more im- human nature. That’s the great story a release about her Pulitzer Prize. Her portant than those of any government of civilization—the development of claim was false. So were other things on or regulatory body. Regulation will slow technologies like written language her résumé—and so was her news story. technology companies down rather that have moderated our animal im- The Post got and deserved tons of than change them as their critics hope. pulses. What we need now is a new criticism. One piece of it I still remem- The beneficiaries will be their Chinese technological enlightenment—a turn ber. A man who had been a reporter and competitors —not exactly paragons of from our behaviorally optimized editor on the paper for more than a de- respect for your privacy. It is hard to dark age to an era of online spaces cade had profited greatly from the Post’s see what form of regulation can con- that embrace what makes us truly acclaim for its Watergate and Pentagon trol speech on Facebook but not control human. We need online spaces that Papers reporting. He had basked in it TIME’s—or yours. treat us as the unique, moral beings and been quoted in many stories about Listen to the critics, but listen most we are—that treat us, and encourage Bradlee. He had recently been appointed carefully to those who spoke up when us to treat one another, with care, re- editor of another paper. And there, the sun was shining. spect and dignity. he wrote a column bitterly criticizing the Post and Bradlee for its ethics and Graham, the chairman of the board of Pariser, who coined the phrase filter judgment—all of which he’d been part of Graham Holdings Company, was the bubble in his book of the same without a word of protest (not at least to publisher of the Washington Post from name, is a fellow at the New America me, the one person who could have done 1979 to 2000 and a board member of Foundation something about it). Facebook from 2009 to 2015 35 www.diako.ir Nation

Windie Jo Lazenko’s fight to save victims of sex traffickingBy Aryn Baker/Williston, N.D. The Photographs by Lynsey Addario for TIME Survivor

www.diako.ir Lazenko began working with victims in North Dakota after the oil boom drove a surge in trafficking www.diako.ir Nation

sex trafficking, including activities like pimping, does not necessarily involve transport. And it is a $99 billion annual industry that has ensnared an estimated 4.8 million people around the world, mostly women and children, according to “THIS IS WHERE WE FOUND THAT LIT- a 2014 report from the International La- tle gal in the snow with nothing on but bour Organization, a U.N. agency. While a T-shirt. Her head had been bashed in much of the criminal activity is interna- by her pimp.” Our headlights rake a des- tional, the U.S. has its own sex- trafficking olate embankment on the fringes of Wil- problem, with more than 32,000 cases re- liston, N.D., as Windie Jo Lazenko does a ported in the past decade, according to three-point turn and continues her grim the National Human Trafficking Hotline, tour. Gas flares illuminate the pump jacks which is run by the antitrafficking organi- in the distance. Just up the road, she zation Polaris. Since few Americans know says, is where a woman was imprisoned how to identify signs of sex trafficking, in an RV for several months by a gang of and even fewer victims are likely to call drug dealers. We pass Love’s truck stop, for help, Polaris CEO Bradley Myles says where in 2017 a 19-year-old escaped from that number represents only a small frac- a big-rig cab where she’d been held cap- tion of the epidemic’s true size. tive. Then we pull into the parking lot of The lack of solid data makes it hard the Grand Williston Hotel, once notori- to craft an appropriate response, says ous for the broken lock on its back door Bethany Gilot, human- trafficking preven- that allowed johns to come and go un- tion director at the Florida department of noticed by front-desk personnel. “This children and families. “There’s still tons is where Jae”—a 17-year-old high school of people who don’t believe sex traffick- student who found herself in prostitution ing is an issue in the U.S.,” she says, de- against her will—“was forced to meet her spite the fact that Florida alone verified pimp’s quota of $2,000 a night,” says La- 470 cases of child sex trafficking in 2017. zenko, 50, a social worker and survivor of Gilot compares sex trafficking today to sex trafficking who has spent the past de- domestic violence 30 years ago: people cade campaigning against sexual exploita- had to understand that it existed before tion and advocating for victims across the anyone could talk about it as a problem. U.S. She tests the back door. It still opens. “People just don’t want to know that this From 2009 to 2015, when oil prices is happening in our own great nation.” skyrocketed and technological advances In popular imagination, trafficked in hydraulic fracturing brought an un- women tend to be foreigners brought precedented boom to the oil fields of into the U.S. against their will or undoc- North Dakota, Jae, now 23, could have umented immigrants living in fear of ex- hit her quota with three tricks. Tens of posure. In fact, many are American- born thousands of workers flooded sleepy women and girls. According to Depart- towns, seeking entry-level jobs that paid ment of Justice statistics from 2012, about reservation,” says Lazenko, who has dyed six figures. The influx of cash-flush men a quarter of victims are white, a quarter black hair and kohl-rimmed eyes. “They brought a huge demand for prostitutes. At Hispanic and 40% African American. La- are valedictorians, rebels and runaways.” one point, Williston and the surrounding zenko has worked with women across the Each case represents a life torn apart, area had the highest gender imbalance in racial spectrum—Latina, Asian, Native lived under the threat of violence, without the U.S., ranging from 10 to 20 men for American and Hispanic. “These are girls free will and defined by rape. Sex traf- every woman, according to city officials. from two- parent homes in the Midwest, ficking is a form of modern slavery that Women couldn’t walk into Walmart with- girls from the inner city, girls from the thrives largely because its victims are dis- out being propositioned, Lazenko recalls. missed as society’s castaways—hookers, “It was an infestation.” addicts, the homeless—and because Sex trafficking, according to the U.S. Each case its signature act, prostitution, is often Department of Justice, occurs when a represents a life shrugged off as a victimless crime. “The person performs a commercial sex act worst thing you could ever do with a through force, fraud or coercion. For torn apart, lived problem like this is pretend it doesn’t under -18-year-olds, it is any kind of com- under the threat happen, because it will fester and it will mercial sex act. While sometimes perpe- grow,” says former Senator Heidi Heit- trators and their victims cross borders, of violence kamp of North Dakota. “That’s why it’s

38 TIME January 28, 2019 www.diako.ir important that we be honest about what’s △ that she start recruiting other girls, La- happening in our communities.” Sex-trafficking survivor Danielle zenko realized that she didn’t want any- Knoblauch holds a picture of her son one else going through what she had ex- LAZENKO KNOWS the reality better than at her home in North Dakota perienced. She ran away. “Even then I most. At 13, she fled what she describes didn’t realize that I was being trafficked,” as an abusive homelife in California for after, the couple started prostituting her she says. “I had no understanding of what what seemed like the safety of a friendly to friends and fellow gang members. La- was happening to me.” couple she had met through a local motor- zenko, who had dropped out of school, After a period of reflection and recov- cycle gang. (She asked TIME not to iden- was so bonded to the couple that she ery, Lazenko started working with anti- tify the gang for fear of retribution.) The didn’t realize what they were doing was trafficking organizations in 2007, learn- couple sheltered her in exchange for small wrong. “I was in search of a family, and ing on the job how to minister to victims domestic chores that soon became sex- they provided me with a sense of value, and campaign for awareness. In 2012 she ual. When Lazenko was 16, they branded however messed up,” she says. “I saw was working for a support organization her with a tattoo that read PROPERTY OF them as the people who had saved me, for sex-trafficking survivors in Florida and sent her to dance at a strip club. No- when they were actually the people who when she started hearing strippers and body at the club questioned the presence were victimizing me the worst.” sex workers talking about the money to of an underage girl, or the tattoo. Soon By 1999, when the gang demanded be made in the Bakken oil fields of North 39 www.diako.ir Dakota and Montana. Figuring that wher- △ expert witness in sex- trafficking cases in ever there was a demand for prostitutes, A truck stop in Williston, where Florida, Arizona, Montana and North Da- pimps and traffickers were sure to follow, Lazenko often searched for women kota. “We have to keep talking about sex Lazenko drove to Williston on a recon- who had gone missing trafficking,” she says. “Otherwise it will naissance mission. stay a hidden epidemic.” She is trying to The situation, she says, was “worse own ID or other personal items, and those do for trafficked women what she wishes than horrific.” Pimps had colonized the with ownership tattoos like her own or someone had done for her back when she two local strip clubs and most of the ho- DADDY’S GIRL. She instructed them on was 13—a challenge even more urgent tels, but bartenders and front-desk man- what to do if they suspected someone now that traffickers can use the Internet agers had no idea what was going on. was being sold for sex. And she gave to find potential victims. “They all thought the women were there presentations to the Williston police de- Trafficking can start with something by choice,” says Lazenko. The only wom- partment about how to treat potential vic- as simple as a flattering comment on en’s shelter in town was for domestic- tims and went with federal investigators Facebook. “Internet Romeos” posing as abuse victims, and it wasn’t equipped to on raids. cute boys can post messages on hundreds deal with trafficking victims. Police in- Today Lazenko spends most of her of different profiles every day, know- vestigators, Lazenko says, often ended time on the road, traveling between con- ing that a young girl who responds to a up alienating and retraumatizing vic- ferences on sex trafficking and conduct- stranger may have boundary issues that tims with insensitive questions about the ing training sessions for cops and social- can be exploited, says Gilot, the Florida number of johns they had slept with or service organizations. She has testified anti trafficking official. “That’s what par- why they never tried to get away. before state lawmakers and served as an ents need to understand,” she says. “You Lazenko ended up staying in Willis- might not have traffickers walking around ton to found 4her North Dakota, a one- your neighborhood, but with a smart- woman organization dedicated to helping Trafficking can phone or a computer, you can have them trafficking victims. She started button- right inside your house.” holing hotel managers, front-desk per- start with Romeos groom their targets over sonnel, bartenders and baristas for im- something as several months, building trust and promptu training on how to spot signs chipping away at a prospective victim’s of trafficking. She taught them to look simple as a other relationships. Often, a Romeo will out for girls in the company of control- flattering comment persuade a girl to move with him to a ling men who won’t let them speak for new town. Eventually he’ll engineer a themselves, women who don’t have their on Facebook traumatic event to “break” his victim.

40 TIME January 28, 2019 www.diako.ir Then, when she feels she has nowhere else △ says. “I thought the same thing.” to turn, he forces her into prostitution. Knoblauch gets a tattoo last April to Knoblauch, who has a wiry build and That’s what happened to Jae, a viva- symbolize her freedom the nervous energy of someone who has cious singer from outside New York City. lived through too many traumas, says she In 2013 she followed her online boyfriend stole her proceeds. “He broke me down spent three years being traded for sex be- to Williston, where he told her she could mentally to the point I felt like a worth- tween motorcycle gangs, dealers and a double the salary she earned as a Mc- less piece of sh-t,” she told Lazenko dur- Mexican cartel. She says she was forced Donald’s cashier. When she got to North ing one of their counseling sessions over to work as their mule, ferrying cash, guns, Dakota he started beating her, then forced Skype, which TIME witnessed. “When drugs and other girls between North Da- her to have sex with his dealer in exchange people call you a whore, you start to be- kota, Colorado and Mexico. Most people for a couple of grams of methamphet- lieve it.” With Lazenko’s help, Adale— cannot comprehend what it means to be amines. She was 17 at the time.“Things who asked to be identified by her mid- trafficked, says Knoblauch, which con- just got out of control,” she says. “I was dle name—is pressing charges against her tributes to a sense that victims are com- a good girl from Long Island who made a pimp. (The investigation is ongoing.) plicit in their captivity. “The first ques- few wrong decisions.” She broke up with Sometimes the perpetrator is the tion is ‘Well, why didn’t you just run?’ It’s the boyfriend but turned to prostitution person closest to the victim. Danielle the dumbest question you can ask a sur- to make rent. She fell in with a pimp who Knoblauch, a 41-year-old mother of three vivor. Because believe me, they probably offered her security in exchange for a from Chicago, followed her husband to asked themselves that a million times.” portion of her earnings. When he started Dickinson, N.D., in 2012. Working in Knoblauch stayed partly because of taking everything, she no longer felt safe the oil field, he soon became addicted threats her captors made against her chil- enough to resist and started taking the to meth, which is common among dren. Traffickers use many tactics to de- drugs he supplied to numb the pain. (Jae employees toiling through 18-hour days. stabilize their victims, from sleep depri- is not her real name; it’s the nickname she He lost his job, then started selling drugs vation to starvation, violence and drug used when posting ads on Backpage.com, to feed his habit. When he was busted addiction. They disorient victims by al- a popular online service for escort ads, to and sent to prison, his dealers wanted ternating demonstrations of love with meet her pimp’s nightly quota.) Knoblauch to pay off his $25,000 debt. violence or neglect. In psychology, this Other women go into prostitution She couldn’t, so they took her instead, is called a trauma bond. The point is to willingly, only to get trapped by a pimp. “I according to her caseworkers and a law- take away any sense of free will. “All you needed money,” says Adale, who started enforcement official. “People always say, know is what they tell you,” says Knob- stripping to pay for college in Utah. Then ‘That could never happen to me. I’m too lauch. “There is nowhere to turn. There she met a boyfriend who abused her and smart. I wouldn’t fall for that,’” Knoblauch is no one to cry to, no one to ask for help.” 41 www.diako.ir Nation

SEX TRAFFICKING is a moving epidemic. Traffickers in the U.S. follow a circuit that includes Washington, Miami, Atlanta, Houston and Las Vegas, says Gilot. Big annual sporting events like the Super Bowl or the Sturgis Motorcycle Rally are a draw, according to anti trafficking organizations. So are boomtowns. “If there is enough demand somewhere,” says Gilot, “it will be added to the circuit for as long as the buy- ers stay in place.” The Bakken oil boom was a case in point. When the price of oil goes high enough to justify new wells, industry workers and the traffickers that service them flock to the new El Dorados. When oil prices surged in 2009, Wil- liston’s population doubled nearly over- night. Local law enforcement was overwhelmed. “At the beginning, I don’t think anyone realized the extent of the [trafficking] problem,” says Tim Purdon, North Dakota’s U.S. Attorney from 2010 to 2015. “Two years later human trafficking was the biggest story in North Dakota.” In 2013 Purdon’s office oversaw a pair of stings aimed at johns targeting underage girls online. Within hours of launching Operation Vigilant Guardian, Purdon had to shut it down because cops were running out of places to put the johns. Many in Williston have sought to downplay the issue, worried it will drive families away even several years later. That includes public officials. In an interview with TIME in April, in the lobby of a Williston hotel once notorious for attract- ing prostitutes and pimps, Mayor Howard Klug dismissed reports of sex trafficking in the city as “fake news.” North Dakota learned about trafficking the hard way, says Purdon, but now the state is up to speed. Lazenko isn’t so NORTH DAKOTA’S STRUGGLES with sex hardest crimes to crack down on, says sure. State services for victims are skel- trafficking reflect the broader challenges Alice Hill, a former federal prosecutor etal. Youthworks, the only nonprofit facing states across the country. and judge who joined the Obama agency in North Dakota to offer services Washington has made sporadic efforts to Administration in 2009 to help found for human- trafficking victims, has one address trafficking on a national scale. In the national Blue Campaign against program officer for the entire western January 2017, Senator Heitkamp teamed human trafficking. Victims are reluctant half of the state. It assisted 79 victims of up with Republican Senator Susan to come forward or face their abusers in sex trafficking in 2017, but budget cuts Collins of Maine to introduce legislation court because of the stigma associated threaten its meager resources, says assis- that would require training for hospital, with prostitution and the threat of tant executive director Christina Sambor. emergency-room and clinic workers to criminal charges. “That can be hard for Meanwhile, activists worry that rising recognize signs of trafficking. Congress a jury to understand,” says Hill. oil prices will bring back traffickers. At was able to pass separate bipartisan Which is why much of the work to as- a Williston hotel in April, Lazenko asks legislation, which President Trump sist victims is being done by survivors a manager if another oil boom is on the signed into law in April, that makes like Lazenko, who combine their per- horizon. “Oh, it’s coming all right,” the websites like Backpage.com liable for sonal experience with tailored therapy. manager replies. “You can tell because content that promotes sex trafficking. For women who have gone through the the prostitutes are already here.” But sex trafficking remains one of the trauma of trafficking, it can mean the

42 TIME January 28, 2019 www.diako.ir of effort, Lazenko was finally able to get Jae away from her pimp and into a GED program for former sex workers in New York City. But Jae felt out of place and condemned by her family. She returned to North Dakota and to prostitution. If Jae links up with another pimp, Lazenko is prepared to step in. Otherwise, she says, Jae must make her own decisions. These days Lazenko is torn. She has alienated some North Dakotans with her vocal crusade but feels she still has work to do in the state. At the same time, she hears disturbing stories about sex trafficking in and around Odessa, Texas, where shale drilling in the Permian Basin is bringing plenty of potential customers. A law-enforcement sting there in March netted more than 60 arrests on sex- trafficking offenses, including nine men who were soliciting sex from children under the age of 14. In August, La- zenko went to Odessa to deliver a series of sex-trafficking awareness trainings. What’s frustrating, she says, is that few states seem to have learned from North Dakota’s mistakes, so many are failing to educate law enforcement and provide as- sistance for victims. One afternoon in April, Knoblauch invited Lazenko over for a cigarette- fueled therapy session. Giving La- zenko a tour of her windowless base- ment apartment, Knoblauch paused at a leather trunk her boyfriend had given her for special keepsakes. Across the top he had inscribed her favorite motto, HOLD ON, PAIN ENDS, and used the ini- tials to label it a H.O.P.E. chest. “That’s the tattoo I am going to get when this is all over,” mused Knoblauch. Lazenko △ ing dreams and unable to go out in pub- wrapped her in a hug. “It’s already over. Lazenko with Jae, who was lured to Williston by an abusive boyfriend lic without panic attacks. An investigator Now the healing starts.” before turning to prostitution suspected she was suffering from post- A few days later, the two booked an traumatic stress disorder. In late 2017 he appointment at a tattoo studio. Knob- recommended she call Lazenko. “She’s lauch leaned over the back of a chair and difference between healing and suicide. been through it too,” he told her. brushed her hair out of the way as an art- Such was the case for Knoblauch. Facing They talked for two hours. For Knob- ist stenciled H.O.P.E. onto her upper back. charges of drug possession in North Da- lauch it was a revelation. “Nobody under- Knoblauch grimaced in pain as the needle kota and desperate to free herself from her stood what I’d been through,” she says. passed over her spine. Lazenko squeezed captors, she became an informant in 2016, “They thought I was crazy. They thought her hands. “Don’t worry, it’s almost done.” providing evidence that led to the in- I was lying. They treated me as an addict Knoblauch cracked a smile. “You dictment of 13 high-ranking members of and a whore.” For the first time, she was mean, Hold on, pain ends?” transnational organized crime, according able to tell her story without someone Lazenko laughed. “You got it, girl. to an agent with the North Dakota bureau asking why she didn’t run away. It ends.” —With reporting by LYNSEY of criminal investigations who worked Lazenko isn’t trying to rescue women; ADDARIO and PAXTON WINTERS/ on the case. Meanwhile, Knoblauch was she’s trying to show them a way out. Often WILLISTON and MAYA RHODAN/ starting to unravel, haunted by terrify- there are setbacks. In 2015, after months WASHINGTON □ 43 www.diako.ir CONTENT FROM BEIJING REVIEW Challenging Times, Creative Efforts The key themes of Chinese diplomacy in 2018 By Wang Huiyao

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www.diako.ir www.diako.ir OPEN MARKET Black Monday leads a slate of new dark comedies convinced that greed isn’t good

INSIDE

M. NIGHT SHYAMALAN TAKES A A NEW DOC DISSECTS THE NEW PROTEINS FOR BETTER HEALTH STAB AT A TWOFER SEQUEL DISASTROUS FYRE FESTIVAL AND A HEALTHIER WORLD

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TELEVISION The rise of anti capitalist comedy By Judy Berman

HOWTIME’S BLACK MONDAY opens with a panorama of Wall SStreet on Oct. 19, 1987—the date of the catastrophic stock- market crash that gives the show its name. A white-haired businessman crumples on a curb, sobbing. Two giddy punks spray-paint YUPPIES LOST on a pillar above his head. And a chauffeur clambers out of a Lamborghini limo the color of fresh blood just in time to watch a jumper in an expensive-looking suit slam through the car’s roof. The apparent suicide remains un- identified as the show, which pre- Mo (Cheadle, center) trades power moves with the creepy twin Lehman Brothers (Marino) mieres on Jan. 20, jumps back a year to provide a day-by-day account of Superstore goes for gentler laughs at Working Girl twist.) the events leading up to a crash whose the expense of big-box chains. AMC’s Jammer’s employees are outsiders in cause real-world economists have never absurdist worker-alienation allegory their WASPy field for reasons of race, conclusively identified. In its studi- Lodge 49 is as subtle as TV creator Sam gender, religion or (deeply closeted) ous avoidance of glamorous antiheroes Esmail’s plausible economic dystopias, sexual orientation. That doesn’t pre- like Wall Street’s Bud Fox and Gordon Mr. Robot and Homecoming, are striking. vent them from being crude, malicious Gekko, Black Monday makes the realm Conceived by Happy Endings creator products of their Wall Street environ- of high finance look pretty pathetic. David Caspe and Jordan Cahan, with a ment, the type of guys who boast about Investment-banker characters that pilot directed by executive producers having sex with prostitutes in the of- might have been aspirational figures for Seth Rogen and Evan Goldberg, Black fice. Even the only adult in the room, baby boomers in the pros- Monday views Wall Street’s Mo’s deeply undervalued deputy and perous ’80s mostly come off ‘No matter folly from the perspective of ex- girlfriend Dawn Darcy (Regina Hall, as petty jerks or immature upstart firm Jammer Group. Its whose characteristically warm perfor- nerds. From a distance of what the job, flamboyant principal happens mance gives viewers an unexpected three decades, their superior there’s like to be the Lamborghini’s hero), has to indulge their sophomoric smirks foreshadow not just seven people owner, Maurice “Mo” antics to survive. the dotcom and subprime in the world Monroe (Don Cheadle, also an What makes Jammer tolerable is the crises that hit the subsequent who are executive producer), a cocaine threat it poses to an industry Caspe and two generations, but also the making all enthusiast who lives like a Cahan portray as being numb to human rise of a certain smug billion- the money.’ pop star and prides himself suffering, where bratty blue bloods like aire President. on his street smarts. The Bud the hilarious twin “Lehman Brothers” JAKE WEISMAN,

The show is just the latest to his Gordon arrives in the (both played by comedy treasure Ken IMAGES GETTY (2); HALL: SHOWTIME MONDAY: BLACK in a wave of diverse capital- in Uproxx form of Blair Pfaff (Andrew Marino) hold all the power. Watching ist satire sweeping film (see: Rannells), a callow Wharton Black Monday, it’s hard to resist fanta- Sorry to Bother You, The Big Short) and grad whose killer algorithm has big sizing about a financial system less be- television created by—and intended for firms fighting over him—until a dust-up holden to such buffoonery and greed. an audience of—Gen X-ers and millen- with Mo renders Blair unemployable nials. There are brutal and unflattering by anyone but Jammer. (An episode SIMILAR PERSONALITY TRAITS pre- portraits of the super rich like HBO’s where Mo is shadowed by a Hollywood dominate in one of last year’s most Succession and Showtime’s Billions. type researching an “untitled Oliver unfairly overlooked comedy debuts, Comedy Central’s Corporate eviscer- Stone Wall Street project” suggests both Corporate, which recently began its sec- ates white collar office culture and the that the parallel is intentional and that ond season. Matt Ingebretson and Jake megacorps that promote it, while NBC’s Stone’s rise-and-fall narrative may get a Weisman, who co-created the show

48 TIME January 28, 2019 www.diako.ir with Funny or Die alum Pat Bishop, star QUICK TALK as perpetual “junior executives in train- Regina Hall ing” at multinational monolith Hamp- ton DeVille. (Think Berkshire Hathaway The actor, 48, recently won Best Actress at the New York Film meets Halliburton, with the brand ubiq- Critics Circle Awards for her role in the indie comedy Support uity of Amazon.) Along with their human the Girls, becoming the first black woman ever to win. In the resources buddy Grace (the wonder- movie, she plays the manager of a Hooters- like restaurant in ful Aparna Nancherla), the office mates which she tries to protect her employees from customers’ casual strive to avoid humiliation in their com- sexism. In the new 1980s-set Showtime drama Black Monday, petitive, bureaucratic workplace. Hall battles sexism in a very different kind of workplace. As Corporate isn’t an updated version of Dawn, she’s the lone woman at a Wall Street trading firm in the The Office, however; it’s a full-on satire lead-up to the massive stock market crash of Oct. 19, 1987. of contemporary global capitalism. That broad purview allows for wilder, more What are the challenges for Dawn, the only woman in elastic storytelling than that of Black her workplace? I think the challenge is to be heard and to Monday. Hampton DeVille is the kind be respected, to be treated equally and paid equally for the of company that will create a 9/11 me- work that she’s done. Obviously Mo [her boss, played by Don morial holiday just to sell product. New Cheadle] is aware of her gifts. But to be aware is one thing. To episodes that match Season 1’s gonzo be demonstrative of your awareness in terms of how you pay greatness chronicle the executive team’s someone and how you value them is another. efforts to invent a lucrative addiction (makeup for men) and introduce a cow- The writers could have made her a mother figure in the girl billionaire (Kyra Sedgwick in the office but clearly chose not to.That was one of the things I guest appearance of a lifetime) who’s loved. She wasn’t going to be the one woman like, “Come on, equal parts Ted Turner, Dolly Parton guys, settle down.” You sense that she’s the smartest, but she and Annie Oakley. Pessimistic takes on doesn’t want to be the Debbie Downer. She has to toe the line technology, media, identity politics, the of being one of the guys so they don’t dismiss her as a sour- environment and the quest for personal puss but still be respected as a woman. fulfillment are baked into each of these profit-driven nightmares. In Support the Girls, your character works in an all- This sitcom’s themes might bear the female environment,en but she deals with sexism closest resemblance to Enlightened, a from her boss and the customers. Absolutely. In brilliant-but-canceled HBO dramedy both circumstances,r these women have to choose that cast co-creator Laura Dern as a cor- their battles.a They can’t take every comment as porate executive whose nervous break- offensive,i but they have to stand up for themselves down puts her on the fast track to be- when a line is crossed. I think Dawn is very smart coming a whistle -blower. Corporate even about it because she is aware of all the comments, owes a substantial debt to anticapitalist like “GetG me coffee,” and then, “I want cream in my pranksters like the Yes Men and the anti- coffeee,” and the sexual innuendo. But she knows consumerist magazine Adbusters, which how to play their game. She can go toe to toe. helped ignite Occupy Wall Street—a movement that, not coincidentally, made There’sh a moment in the show in which young adults and the pop culture that a screenwriter steals aspects of Dawn’s caters to them more receptive to leftist lifei to put into the movie Working Girl, ideology. essentially whitewashing her story. As Yet Corporate avoids sanctimony you said, Wall Street is mostly white and thanks, in part, to its frequent remind- mmale, but not exclusively. It feels like this ers that outspoken radicals can be hypo- shhow is trying to correct the record. This crites. It’s a prudent hedge, especially show is about the world of outsiders. You considering that the show airs on a net- haveh black characters, an Arab character work owned by multinational conglom- anda a gay character. They’re all working erate Viacom (which, like Showtime’s at this one firm trying to prove what they parent CBS, is itself a subsidiary of Na- can do. There’s really only one guy who is tional Amusements). TV’s critiques of a traditional Wall Street guy—a white man capitalism may not be ideal for foment- fromo Wharton with connections. The writers ing a revolution, but they certainly give take those references that we all know and flip viewers something subversive to think them on their heads. That’s what makes this about during commercial breaks.  world sso interesting. —ELIANA DOCKTERMAN 49 www.diako.ir TimeOff Reviews

DOCUMENTARY FYRE and fury Live music is a risky business, but 2017’s Fyre Festival was a fiasco even by that standard. Conceived by entrepreneur Billy McFarland and rapper Ja Rule, it was hyped—in a promo video starring scantily clad models—as a luxury retreat in the Bahamas. In reality, the event was a farce: lodgings turned out to be disaster- relief tents, and instead of the promised gourmet fare, attendees received a sad cheese sandwich; its photo went viral. Director Chris Smith’s astounding, often hilarious documentary FYRE, in the- Glass (Jackson) is confronted by one of Kevin’s (McAvoy) 24 personalities aters and on Netflix Jan. 18, MOVIES recounts how the festival went up in a blaze of hubris. Shyamalan’s Glass is half empty A sweaty huckster desper- By Stephanie Zacharek ate to live the bro fantasy he’s selling, McFarland— now incarcerated for wire THE FILMS OF M. NIGHT SHYAMA- David is viewed as a threat himself. And fraud—makes a great villain. lan, with their shouty surprise so the two are tossed into an institu- But there’s something endings—HE’S DEAD! IT’S A tion for the criminally insane, the same depressing about him too. WILDLIFE PRESERVE! and my one where David’s old pal Mister Glass As he dupes more and more personal favorite, JUST THROW (Samuel L. Jackson), the brittle- boned professionals into helping WATER ON THEM!—bring great comic-book expert who turned out to be him defraud cool- hunting pleasure to some and intense, groan- a supervillain, has languished for nearly millennials, FYRE becomes stifling agony to others. But even two decades. Psychologist Ellie Staple an indictment of a festival those in the first camp might have (Sarah Paulson) strides around the hos- industry in which images to work hard to love Glass, Shyama- pital in watercolor- hued cashmere out- of naked women gyrating lan’s dopey dual sequel to the 2000 fits, fixing all three specimens in her against Instagrammable sun- super natural thriller Unbreakable classy, inscrutable gaze. What’s she up sets are presumed to be a and the 2016 multiple- personality to? That’s for M. Night to know and you better investment than good hootenanny Split. to find out. music. —Judy Berman Glass takes place 19 years after Shyamalan’s deep thoughts this time Unbreakable, though it’s almost around are supposedly a continuation as if Shyamalan himself has been of those he posited in Unbreakable: that in the deep freeze just about that comic books are mankind’s way of pass- long, shaking himself awake just ing deep historical truths down through in time to slap together a convo- the ages. But the mythology he tries to luted plot. Bruce Willis returns as build in Glass is rushed and sloppy; the the superpower- enhanced vigilante surprise twist at the end is really just crime fighter David Dunn, whom we more of a damp wrinkle. Shyamalan NETFLIX FYRE: UNIVERSAL; GLASS: first met inUnbreakable, now white- believes so strongly in the dramatic im- haired but still donning his magic pact of this trilogy that he almost makes rain poncho to find and dispatch you believe in it too—that’s his secret baddies. Early in Glass, David cap- superpower. But the illusion is fragile. tures Kevin Wendell Crumb (James You don’t need a sixth sense to know McAvoy), the loopy shape shifter you’re in for a letdown. The five you’ve The infamous cheese sandwich from Split. But despite his heroism, got should be plenty.  that went viral

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NUTRITION The rise of healthier proteins By Jamie Ducharme

MERICANS ARE OBSESSED WITH PROTEIN. IT’S TOUTED AS the cornerstone of any healthy diet, since it helps people feel Afull and builds muscle. But most Americans eat too much protein every day, according to federal estimates—and they’re going especially overboard with animal proteins, namely red meat. It’s becoming clear how big a problem excessive red-meat consump- BIG FOOD tion can be for health. Research has found associations between diets heavy in red and processed meats and many chronic diseases, including FOR Type 2 diabetes, heart disease and cancer. Red meat comes with high amounts of saturated fat, and processed forms, like bacon and sausage, BIG DAYS often contain chemicals that have been linked to cancer. But protein found in plants is linked to the opposite: lower rates of many of the same diseases and longer lives, thanks to the fiber, healthy fats and micro- nutrients that come with it. Swapping beef for protein-rich plants like beans, peas and nuts has big benefits not just for people’s health but also for the health of the planet, according to a report published in January by the World Eco- nomic Forum (WEF). If people all over the planet made one change— switching from beef to other sources of protein—global greenhouse-gas © 2018 Kellogg NA Co. emissions would fall by 25% and diet-related deaths would drop by 5% in wealthy countries, the report estimates. Red-meat production is hard on the environment because raising cattle requires large plots of land and

CLARA MOKRI FOR TIME emits lots of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.

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The news gets better if people said they planned to buy more are willing to expand their protein plant-based products in the next palate. In another report, pub- year, according to data from the in- lished Jan. 16 in the Lancet, 37 ex- dependent market- research firm perts from 16 countries devised Mintel. Companies are now rac- a diet they agreed was ideal for ing to create or improve alternative people and the planet. According proteins—some familiar, others to the group, Americans—who eat funky. Each of them is healthier more than six times the recom- than traditionally raised beef and mended amount of red meat— better for the environment, accord- should aim for little or none of it ing to the latest reports. and instead get most of their protein from plant sources. CULTURED MEAT “We’re on a lose-lose path at Startups are experimenting with the moment: we’re destroying using animal cells in a lab to grow human health, and food products that we’re destroying the are genetically identi- BIG FOOD environment at the cal to poultry, pork, FOR same time,” says Dr. beef and fish. Cul- Walter Willett, one 25% tured meat is only of the authors of the slightly healthier BIG DAYS Lancet paper and a than the traditional The percentage by which professor of epide- global greenhouse-gas kind—it has a better miology and nutri- emissions would drop if fatty-acid profile— tion at the Harvard everyone gave up beef but it is more sustain- T.H. Chan School able, since cultured of Public Health. meat reduces the “There is a win-win path, by shift- environmental and ethical prob- ing to more plant-based protein lems associated with conventional

sources and producing them in an farming, according to the WEF. TIME FOR MOKRI CLARA environmentally sustainable way.” Cultured meat isn’t yet ap- © 2018 Kellogg NA Co. These health and planetary ben- proved by the Food and Drug Ad- efits are making plant-based pro- ministration, but companies are teins a valuable area for innovation. ready. In December, Just Inc., a In 2018, a third of U.S. consumers San Francisco–based company

www.diako.ir FILLUP FOR famous for making vegan “eggs” Climactic Change predicted that BIG DAYS from mung beans, partnered with the U.S. could achieve up to 74% a Japanese farm to produce cul- of its greenhouse- gas- reduction tured Wagyu beef. “[Cultured goals by 2020 if Americans would meat] can be a sustainable protein just start eating beans instead of for the world to consume,” says beef. “Beans really fit that profile founder Josh Tetrick. of being the best available replace- ment for beef, at least in terms of ALGAE minimum environmental impact Spirulina, or blue-green algae, and maximum health impact,” says has been a staple of juice bars and Helen Harwatt, an environmen- health-food stores for years. But tal social scientist at Harvard and most people still don’t think of the co-author of the paper. Livestock aquatic organisms as food. They farming accounts for about 15% may in the future: spirulina has a of all greenhouse- gas emissions, similar nutritional profile to eggs, but beans take far less energy to according to the Lancet paper. produce and harvest—and they’re Though it’s high in salt, spirulina much less expensive than meat and powder can be mixed into smooth- most meat substitutes. ies, wraps, energy bars and des- serts. Algae produces few green- MEATMIMICS house gases and could “reduce People who want plants to taste deforestation due to soy and other and feel like meat have more op- feed production” if consumed in- tions than ever. Soy-based tofu, stead of red meat, the the most ubiqui- WEF report says. tous meat alternative, has almost 10 g INSECTS of protein per 3-oz. Bugs are techni- 1/3 serving, along with cally meat. But rais- fiber and healthy ing insects for food The proportion of U.S. fats. It’s also lighter is far more sustain- consumers who plan to buy on greenhouse-gas able than traditional more plant-based products emissions than meat. livestock because in the next year And pea protein is they emit less green- now popping up in house gas, mature and reproduce all kinds of products, like Beyond quickly, and require much less Meat’s buzzy veggie burger, which land and water, according to a looks, tastes and cooks like beef. 2017 paper published in the jour- Switching beef for pea protein nal Global Food Security. Of the al- has a bigger impact on improving ternative proteins included in the health than any other alternative BIG FOOD WEF report, only wheat and nuts protein, the WEF says, and it’s one produce less carbon dioxide—the of the most sustainable swaps. FOR dominant greenhouse gas—than insects. Food-grade, high-protein NUTS BIG DAYS insects, like crickets and grass- Making nuts a main protein source hoppers, are already widely avail- is a “double whammy” for health, able as “flour” (they’re pulverized Willett says, since nuts reduce into a powder) and as ingredients risks for the diseases linked to red in energy bars and chocolates. meat while offering important nutrients. Benefits vary by nut, but BEANS just about every type has protein, Switching to beans means big gains healthy fats, vitamins and miner- for health, since they’re rich in als. The WEF also crowned nuts © 2018 Kellogg NA Co. fiber, iron, potassium and amino the best protein alternative to re- acids, as well as protein. They’re duce emissions of carbon dioxide great for the planet too: a 2017 since they release virtually none paper published in the journal during production. □

www.diako.ir 9 Questions

Robert J. Brown The civil rights power broker, 83, on his new memoir and being an ally to both Martin Luther King Jr. and Richard Nixon

n your new book, You Can’t Go The police are so often at the cen- IWrong Doing Right, you describe ter of those conflicts. How do feel being a liaison between business about that, given that your first job and the civil rights movement in the was as a cop? I’m very disturbed, and ’60s. How did you persuade execu- somewhat surprised but not totally. I tives to come to the table? No busi- was a cop in the ’50s. Those were dif- nesses can be successful in the kind of ficult days. It’s getting more attention environment where people are burning now—before, it was your word against down places. Everybody is a potential the policeman’s; now people show what customer, and it’s all about the money. SOME RACE- really happens [by capturing it on] RELATIONS‘ their phones. You then went to work in the Nixon White House. What do people get PROBLEMS ARE As someone who brought a PR per- wrong about him? All they have to MORE SEVERE spective to civil rights, what do do is look at Nixon’s record in terms THAN THEY you think of protests against po- of civil rights. When we took over the lice brutality like those led by Colin White House, there were two black WERE 40 OR Kaeper nick? He has a right to do that [generals or admirals]. We changed 50 YEARS AGO peacefully. This is America. I would’ve that. I would review the Pentagon’s list ’ sought another way to do that, maybe of people nominated to be promoted to to organize a series of meetings. I generals. If I didn’t see black people, I’d don’t want to be protesting against send it back. my country.

Did Watergate change your feelings Do you think it’s easier or harder to on Nixon? You were accused of being start a movement now than it was in a key figure in drafting an “enemies the ’60s? Nobody is stepping up to the list” of his foes. It didn’t change too plate. I haven’t seen the churches orga- much. He made some mistakes and nize a race- relations conference. Online errors, and I know he paid for it. is ridiculous. How’re you going to get people emotionally involved online? It You describe your work with his Of- ain’t going to happen. People need to fice of Minority Business Enterprise meet people in the flesh and blood. as some of your proudest. How do you think that work has held up? It revolu- As Martin Luther King Day comes tionized how society thought about mi- around, are there any memories of nority enterprise, but some people don’t him that you return to? He was one think that’s important. Regional offices of my closest friends. During some that we opened to make sure minorities meeting with the Rev. King and Ralph and women got a chance to get govern- Abernathy, I looked down at their ment contracts were closed under Presi- socks. One of Martin’s socks had a hole dent Obama. in it. I said, “Ralph, look at Martin’s foot down there, he’s got a hole in his socks.” How do you think American race re- Ralph lifted up his leg; he had a hole in lations changed in general during his. We got the biggest laugh. A couple Obama’s presidency? I thought he was weeks later, I went back with dozens POINTLEE UNIVERSITY ADAMS—HIGH a good President and a good, decent of black and dark blue socks and gave a man, but I didn’t see any great move- pair to each one of them, and then they ment under him. I don’t think race rela- started giving away the socks to Andrew tions got any worse. It’s getting worse Young and [now Congressman] John now. Some race- relations problems are Lewis. Now whenever I see him he pulls more severe than they were 40 or 50 up his pant leg and shows me he’s got years ago. socks. —OLIVIA B. WAXMAN

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