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EIA/EMP REPORT OF PROPOSED C.E.T.P AT AJRAKHPUR BLOCK PRINTING CLUSTER PROPONENT: AJRAKHPUR HASTKALA VIKAS SANGATHAN (AHVS) AJRAKHPUR PADDHAR, POST: KUKMA, 370105. TAL- BHUJ DISTRICT -KACHCHH, STATE- GUJARAT, INDIA. CHAPTER 7 ADDITIONAL STUDIES AND RISK ASSESSMENT 125 | P a g e CONSULTANT: SHIVALIK SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT LTD. EIA/EMP REPORT OF PROPOSED C.E.T.P AT AJRAKHPUR BLOCK PRINTING CLUSTER PROPONENT: AJRAKHPUR HASTKALA VIKAS SANGATHAN (AHVS) AJRAKHPUR PADDHAR, POST: KUKMA, 370105. TAL- BHUJ DISTRICT -KACHCHH, STATE- GUJARAT, INDIA. 7 Additional Studies 7.1 Risk and Hazard. Common Effluent Treatment Plant rank high on the industrial occupations where on the- job injuries are frequent. The wastewater treatment plant operators are exposed to a variety of hazardous chemical agents, contained within the effluents and the reagents used in the water processing, or generated during the wastewater treatment. These chemical agents may cause acute poisoning, chemical accidents (e.g., skin burns, injury to the eyes, etc.) damage to the respiratory system, allergies, dermatitis, chronic diseases, etc. Wastewater treatment plant operators may also be injured by slips, trips and falls on wet floors; by falls into treatment ponds, pits, clarifiers or vats and by splashes of hazardous liquids; they may suffer cuts and pricks from sharp tools, contusions, etc. They are exposed to hazards related to work in confined spaces. Other common hazards include electric shock, explosion, entanglement in moving machinery, etc. However, accidents do occur and these can cause serious injury to employees or the public, and damage to property. The public concern at such events invariably leads to call for additional control at national and international levels. It is against this background that the various Section and Rules under the Environment Protection Act, 1986, the Factories Act, 1948 and other Acts specify the requirements for a safe and reliable working of an industry. These require carrying out various studies and analysis to assess and mitigate hazard prevalent in the factory in line with the above goal of safe and reliable working. These are more commonly known as “Risk Assessment Studies”. The following paragraph explains the basis of Risk Assessment and its objectives. 7.2 Risk Assessment Major hazard installations have to be operated to a very high degree of safety; this is the duty of the management. In addition, management holds a key role in the organization and implementation of a major hazard control system. In particular, the management has the responsibility to: Provide the information required to identify major hazard installations. Carry out hazard assessment; Report to the authorities on the results of the hazard assessment; Set up an Disaster Management plan; Take measures to improve plant safety. In order to fulfill the above responsibility, the Management must be aware of the nature of the hazard, of the events that cause accidents and of the potential consequences of such accidents. This means that in order to control a major hazard successfully, the Management must have answers to the following questions: Do toxic, explosive or flammable substances in our facility constitute a major hazard? Which failures or errors can cause abnormal conditions leading to a major accident? If a major accident occurs, what are the consequences of a fire, an explosion or a toxic release for the employees, people living outside the plant premises, the plant or the Environment? What can Management do to prevent these accidents from happening? What can be done to mitigate the consequences of an accident? The most appropriate way of answering these questions is to carry out a hazard or risk assessment study, the purpose of which is to understand why accidents occur and how they 126 | P a g e CONSULTANT: SHIVALIK SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT LTD. EIA/EMP REPORT OF PROPOSED C.E.T.P AT AJRAKHPUR BLOCK PRINTING CLUSTER PROPONENT: AJRAKHPUR HASTKALA VIKAS SANGATHAN (AHVS) AJRAKHPUR PADDHAR, POST: KUKMA, 370105. TAL- BHUJ DISTRICT -KACHCHH, STATE- GUJARAT, INDIA. can be avoided or at least mitigated. A properly conducted assessment will therefore Analyze the safety concept. Identify the remaining hazard. Develop optimum measures for technical and organization protection in event of an abnormal plant operation. 7.3 Objective of The Study Identification analysis and assessment of hazard and risk are very useful in providing information to risk management. It provides basis for what should be type and capacity of its on- site and offsite emergency plan also what types of safety measures are required. The main objectives of the Risk Assessment Studies are as given below: To define and assess emergencies, including risk impact assessment. To control and contain incidents. To safeguard employees and people in vicinity. To minimize damage to property and environment. To inform the employees, the general public and the authority about the hazards /risk assessed, safeguards provided, residual risk if any and the role to be played in them in the event of emergency. To be ready for mutual aid if need arise to help neighboring unit. Normal jurisdiction of an OEP (On-site Emergency Plan) in the own premises only, but looking to the time factor in arriving the external help or off - site emergency plan agency, the jurisdiction must be extended outside the extent possible in case of emergency occurring outside. To inform authorities and mutual aid centers to come for help. To affect rescue and treatment of casualties. To count injured. To identify and list any death. To inform and help relatives. To secure the safe rehabilitation of affected areas and to restore normalcy. To provide authoritative information to the media. To preserve records, equipments, etc., and to organize investigation into the cause of emergency and preventive measures to stop its recurrences. To ensure safety of the workers before personnel re - enter and resume work. To work out a plan with all provisions to handle emergencies and to provide for emergency preparedness and the periodical rehearsal of the plan. 7.4 Relevant Definitions 1. Accident: An Accident is an unplanned, unexpected and undesired event. 2. Major Accident: A Major Accident as defined by Rule 2 (j) of the Manufacture, Storage, Import of Hazardous Chemicals Amendment Rules, 2000 (MSIHCAR, 2000) means an incident involving loss of life inside or outside the installation, or ten or more injuries inside and/or one or more injuries outside or release of toxic chemicals or explosion or fire or spillage of hazardous chemicals resulting in onsite or off-site emergencies or damage to equipment leading to stoppage of process or adverse effects to the environment. 3. Chemical Accident: A Chemical Accident as defined by the Rule 2 (a) of the Chemical Accidents (Emergency Planning Preparedness and Response) Rules, 1996 (CAEPPRR, 1996) means an accident involving a fortuitous, or sudden or unintended occurrence while handling any hazardous 127 | P a g e CONSULTANT: SHIVALIK SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT LTD. EIA/EMP REPORT OF PROPOSED C.E.T.P AT AJRAKHPUR BLOCK PRINTING CLUSTER PROPONENT: AJRAKHPUR HASTKALA VIKAS SANGATHAN (AHVS) AJRAKHPUR PADDHAR, POST: KUKMA, 370105. TAL- BHUJ DISTRICT -KACHCHH, STATE- GUJARAT, INDIA. chemicals resulting in continuous, intermittent or repeated exposure to death, or injury to, any person or damage to any property but does not include an accident by reason only of war or radioactivity. 4. Major Chemical Accident: A Major Chemical Accident as defined by the Rule 2 (f) of the (Chemical Accidents Emergency Planning Preparedness and Response) Rules, 1996 (CAEPPR, 1996) means an occurrence including any particular major emission, fire or explosion involving one or more hazardous chemicals resulting from uncontrolled development in the course of industrial activity or transportation or due to natural events leading to serious effects both immediate or delayed, inside or outside the installation likely to cause substantial loss of life and property including adverse effects on the environment. 5. Hazard: A Hazard is a physical situation that may cause human injury, damage to property or the Environment. Chemical Hazard: Chemical Hazard is a hazard due to chemicals (including its storage, process, handling, etc.) and it is realized by fire, explosion, toxicity, corrosivity, radiation, etc. Toxicity level of hazardous chemicals as per Manufacture, Storage and Import of Hazardous Chemical (Amendment) Rules, 2000 (MSIHC) is shown in following Table 7-1 Table 7-1: Toxicity Level of Hazardous Chemicals SR. ORAL TOXICITY DERMAL TOXICITY INHALATION TOXICITY NO TOXICITY LD50(MG/KG) LD50(MG/KG) LC50(MG/L) 1. Extremely toxic > 5 <40 < 0.5 2. Highly toxic >5-50 >40-200 < 0.5 - 2.0 3. Toxic >50-200 > 200-1000 >2-10 6. Risk: A Risk is the likelihood of an undesired event (i.e. accident, injury or death) occurring within a specified period or under specified circumstances. It may be either a frequency or a probability depending on the circumstances. 7. Emergency: An Emergency as defined by Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF), Govt. of India is a situation created by a Chemical Accident involving hazardous chemicals, which causes a threat to the safety of workers, residents, environment or property. 8. On-Site Emergency: An On-Site Emergency is caused by an accident that takes place in a chemical installation and effects are confined to the plant premises, involving the people working in the plant. 9. Off-Site Emergency: 128 | P a g e CONSULTANT: SHIVALIK SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT LTD. EIA/EMP REPORT OF PROPOSED C.E.T.P AT AJRAKHPUR BLOCK PRINTING CLUSTER PROPONENT: AJRAKHPUR HASTKALA VIKAS SANGATHAN (AHVS) AJRAKHPUR PADDHAR, POST: KUKMA, 370105. TAL- BHUJ DISTRICT -KACHCHH, STATE- GUJARAT, INDIA. If an accident takes place in a chemical installation and its effects are felt outside its premises, the situation there created is called on Off-Site Emergency. 10. Major Emergency: A Major Emergency is the one that may affect several departments within an area and may cause serious injuries, loss of life, and extensive damage to property or serious disruption outside the works.

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