DOCSLIB.ORG

Off-Season Flower Induction of Longan with Potassium Chlorate

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Off-Season Flower Induction of Longan with Potassium Chlorate and Yapwattanaphun, 2001; Zee Off-season Flower Induction of Longan with et al., 1998). Inconsistent floral induction and alternate bearing in Potassium Chlorate, Sodium Chlorite, and longan productionhas been alleviated Sodium Hypochlorite by the discovery of potassium chlo­ rate (KC103 ) to induce off-season 1 2 flowers and fruits worldwide (Choo, Tracie K. Matsumoto ,\ Mike A. Nagao , and Bruce Mackey3 2000; Manochai et al., 2005; Nagao and Ho-a, 2000; Sabhadrabandhu ADDITIONAL INDEX WORDS. Dimocarpus longan, bleach, subtropical fruit tree, and Yapwattanaphun, 2001; Yen dragon eye, Sapindaceae et al., 2001). Application of KC103 as a soil drench (10% to 20% chlorate SUMMARY. Flower induction oflongan (Dimocarpus longan) with potassiwn solution), broadcast under the can­ chlorate has improved the availability oflongan fruit, but potassiwn chlorate is opy (200 to 400 g/tree), foliar spray potentially explosive and often difficult to purchase, transport, and store. Previous 1 (1 to 2 g.L- ), or branch or stem reports suggested thathypochlorite enhances naturallongan flower induction. This 1 study is the first to demonstrate that cWorite- and hypochlorite- (bleach) induced injection (0.05 to 0.25 g·cm- off-season longan flowering is similar to cWorate-treated trees. Hypochlorite branch) is effective for promoting induction offlowering with bleach was likely the result ofchlorate in the bleach flowering (Manochai et al., 2005; solution. Chloratewas present in the leachate from pottedlongan trees treatedwith Yen, 2000; Yen et al., 2001). For bleach and was detected in bleach before soil application. The quantity ofchlorate optimal flowering, KC103 should be found in bleach induced flowering to the same or greater extent as equivalent applied to trees with mature leaf quantities ofpotassiwn chlorate, suggesting chlorate is an a.i. responsible for flushes ::::540 to 45 d old (Manochai longan flowering. et al., 2005). Although KC103 indu­ ces flowering regardless of the geno­ ongan is in the Sapindaceae production occurs in Florida, Hawaii, type, the flowering response of each family along with its other and California. In 1998, the United cultivar may vary with 100% flower­ better known relatives, lychee States produced 1.4 million lb of ing observed in 'Si-Chompoo' after L 2 (Litchi chinensis) and rambutan longan with an estimated value of application of 1.0 g·m- , whereas 'E­ (Nephelium lappaceum). Commonly $2.8 million (Mossier and Nesheim, Daw' required 8.0 g'm-2 (Manochai referred to as dragon eye, the longan 2002). In Hawaii, production was et al., 2005). Fruits obtained from fruit is smooth, round, and yellowish valued at $438,000 for 142,000 lb KC103-treated plants do not contain brown at harvest with a translucent of longan sold in 2005. Future chlorate, chlorite, or hypochlorite and crispy edible aril surrounding a longan production is expected to residues in the aril, and the size, round, brown-black seed. Although increase with current fruit production weight, exocarp color, fruit pole usually consumed fresh, the dried based on only ::::547% of the total strength, fruit volume, total soluble longan fruit is used for medicinal acreage planted in longan trees [U.S. sugars, and sulfur dioxide residues purposes or as a tea during special Department ofAgriculture (USDA), from postharvest treatment are unaf­ occasions (Zee et al., 1998). National Agricultural Statistics Serv­ fected (Kanaree and Pankasemsuk, Longan trees are commonly ice and Hawaii Department of Agri­ 2005a, 2005b). grown in many subtropical and trop­ culture, 2006]. Originally discovered as the a.i. ical countries with the majority of Floral initiation in longan is in fireworks gunpowder, KC103 is a the production in Thailand, Taiwan, dependent on cool and dry envi­ strong oxidizing agent responsible China, and Australia (Menzel et al., ronmental conditions with flower­ for the explosive nature of fireworks 2002). In the United States, major ing occurring during March to (Yen, 2000; Yen et al., 2001). Potas-' May in Hawaii (Sabhadrabandhu sium chlorate is an extremely useful Mention oftrademark, proprietaryproduct, orvendor does not constitute a guarantee Ot warranty of the product by the U.S. Dqiartrnent ofAgriculture and Units does not imply its approval to the exclusion ofother products or vendors that also may be suitable. To convert U.S. to SI, To convert SI to U.S., multiply by U.S. unit SI unit multiply by We thank Richard and Jenny Johnson of Onomea Orchards for kindly donating use ofthe longan trees, 29.5735 floz mL 0.0338 Tsuyoshi Tsumura for his excellent technical assis­ 318.3268 floz/fF mL·m-2 0.0031 tance, and Dr. Francis Zee for technical discussion 0.3048 ft m 3.2808 and critical review ofthe manuscript. 0.0929 ft2 m2 10.7639 1USDA, ARS, Pacific Basin Agricultural Research 3.7854 gal L 0.2642 Center, Tropical Plant Genetic Resource Manage­ 2.5400 ineh(es) em 0.3937 ment Unit, P.O. Box 4487, Hilo, HI 96720 0.4536 lb kg 2.2046 2Department of Tropical Plant and Soil Sciences, 1 mieron /-lm 1 College ofTropical Agriculture and Human Resour­ 28.3495 oz g 0.0353 ces, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Komohana 305.1517 oz/fP g·m-2 0.0033 Agricultural Complex, 875 Komohana Street, Hilo 7.4892 oz/gal g.L-1 0.1335 HI 96720 ' 11.1612 oz/ineh g·em-1 0.0896 'USDA, ARS, Pacific West Area, 800' Buchanan 1 ppb /-lg·L-1 1 Street, Albany, CA 94710 1 ppm mg·L-1 1 'Corresponding author. E-mail: trnatsumoto@ 14.7868 tablespoon em3 0.0676 pbarc.ars.usda.gov. (OF - 32) -:- 1.8 OF °C (1.8 x 0c) + 32 296 1b-LimoJ.ogy' July-September 200717(3) tool to effectively plan flowering and was calculated by recording the num­ On 10 Aug. 2005, three potted fruiting of longan trees for market. ber offlowering terminals divided by trees were. irrigated with either 1) 0.5 However, the danger~ associated with the total number of terminals in the L water, 2) 0.5 L bleach (26.25 g large quantities ofthis chemical make tree canopy. NaOCI), or 3) 26.25 g KCI03 gran­ it difficult to obtain and store; a EXPT. 2. The experiment was ular broadcast with 0.5 L water. mixture of KCI03 and sulfur was conducted in a well-drained silty clay Plants were irrigated to maintain responsible for an explosion at a loam soil in Onomea, Hawaii, where adequate soil moisture for growth longan processing plant in Chiang mean maximum and minimum tem­ but avoiding excess water leaching Mai, Thailand, killing 35 workers peratures were 26 and 19°C, respec­ through the pot. One month after and injuring over 100. Lack of per­ tively, and annual rainfall was ~3781 application, the pots were uniformly sonal protection equipment during mm. The experiment was repeated irrigated with ~10 L ofwater. Grav­ prolonged use of KCI03 by Thai twice (18 May 2005 and 16 Sept. itation water from the soil was col­ longan workers resulted in increased 2005). Three-year-old 'Biew Kiew' lected and volume recorded. The levels of anemia, thrombocytopenia, trees were selected for uniformity in water samples were filtered with a high serum creatinine, and methemo­ vegetative flushing, and each treat­ 0.2-j.Lm filter to remove soil particles globinemia, which are hypothesized ment was randomly assigned to three and sent to NovaChem Laboratories to be related to KCI03 toxicity trees (May application) or five trees Inc. (Oxford, Ohio) and analyzed for (Wiwatanadate et al., 2001). (September application). Plants were chlorate and chlorite according to the Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCI) is treated as follows: no treatment con­ National Environmental Laboratory the a.i. in bleach and has been shown trol; 300 g/tree (May) or 250 g/tree Accreditation Conference standard to increase flowering of 'Do' longan KCI03 (September) broadcasted using ion chromatography (Environ­ trees (53.7% flower emergence in under the canopy; 45 g/tree (May) mental Protection Agency Method untreated trees versus 96.2% flower or 50 g/tree KCI03 (September) 300.1). Commercial bleach (5.25% emergence in treated trees) (Sritontip broadcasted under the canopy; and NaOCI) samples were diluted 1:10 et aI., 2005a). However, it is not clear 2 gal bleach (May and September) with distilled, deionized water and ifNaOCI can induce off-season flow­ applied as a soil drench under the tree also analyzed for chlorate (NovaChem ering because soil drenches with canopy. Mterthe KCI03 applications, Laboratories). NaOCI at 50 mL·m-2 of canopy pro­ 2 gal ofwater was applied on the soil SOIL ANALYSIS. Soil samples from duced only 5% flower emergence surface. Flowering was monitored three 'Biew Kiew' trees treated with 2 compared with KCI03 5 g·m- can­ biweeldy by counting the number of 2 gal bleach and three untreated trees opy, which produced 75% of flower flowering and nonflowering terminals grown at the Onomea site were ana­ emergence (Sritontip et al., 2005b). on two sides (north and south) ofthe lyzed for salinity and sodium (Na+) The objective of this experiment was tree and determining the percentage content. Fourteen weeks and 1 year to determine ifNaOCI can be used as offlowering terminals. after treatment, four 16-cm core sam­ an alternative to potassium chlorate STATISTICAL ANALYSIS. SAS (SAS ples were tal(en 50 cm from the trunk. for off-season longan flower induc­ Institute, Cary, N.C.) PROC GLIM­ Subsamples from each tree were tion in Hawaii, MIX was used for a generalized linear pooled and sent to the University of models approach with a logit link for Hawaii, College of Tropical Agricul­ Materials and methods the binomial responses (Littell et al., ture and Human Resources, Agricul­ EXPT. 1. Four-year-old 'Egami' 2002). Treatment means were tested tural Diagnostic Service Center, and 'Biew Kiew' longan trees on the for a decrease from the KCI03 stand­ Honolulu.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • US EPA, Pesticide Product Label, CLOROX BLEACH, 09/13/2011
    UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY WASHINGTON, DC 20460 OFFICE OF CHEMICAL SAFETY AND POLLUTION PREVENTION September 13, 2011 Ms. J. Evelyn Lawson Senior Regulatory Information Scientist The Clorox Company C/o PS&RC; P. O. Box 493 Pleasanton, CA 94566-0803 Subject: Notification Application per PR Notice 98-10 Clorox Bleach EPA Registration Number 5813-1 Application Date: August 22, 2011 EPA Receipt Date: August 23, 2011 Dear Ms. Lawson: This acknowledges receipt of the above notification application, submitted under the provision of PR Notice 98-10, FIFRA 3(c)9. Proposed Notifications: • Add an ingredient disclosure website on page 32; • Updated EPA Est. information including alternate language for Puerto Rico, and updated year. General Comments: Based on a review of the material submitted, the following comment applies: The notification application is acceptable. A copy of the accepted notification has been inserted in your file for future reference. Should you have any questions or comments concerning this letter, please contact Adam Heyward via email at heyward. adam(q),epa.gov or by telephone at (703) 347-0274 during the hours of 6:00 am to 2:30 pm EST. MbWsBS Harris^ Product Manager (32) Regulatory Management Branch II Antimicrobials Division (751 OP) a/Sf Plftte reid instruction* on nv»r*e b»for» coir I'm form. Form Aporov OMB No. 2070-O06O. Approval expire* 2-28-95 United States Registration OPP Identifier Number Environmental Protection Agency &EPA Amendment EL0359 Washington, OC 20460 Other Application for Pesticide - Section I 1. Company/Product Number 2. EPA Product Manager 3. Proposed Classification 5813-1 Monisha Harris None Restricted 4.
    [Show full text]
  • Preferred Name
    Cord 2006, 22 (1) Cocoa pod borer threatening the sustainable coconut-cocoa cropping system in Papua New Guinea S. P. Singh¹ and P. Rethinam¹ Abstract Cocoa pod borer Conopomorpha cramerella Snellen is an important pest of cocoa. Its recent invasion of cocoa in Papua New Guinea is threatening the sustainable coconut-cocoa cropping system. C. cramerella occurs only in South-East Asia and the western Pacific. It has been the single most important limiting factor to cocoa production in Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines. C. cramerella attacks cocoa, Theobroma cacao; rambutan, Nephelium lappaceum; cola, Cola acuminate; pulasan, Nephelium mutabile; kasai, Albizia retusa, nam-nam,Cynometra cauliflora; litchi (Litchi chinensis); longan (Dimocarpus longan) and taun, Pometia pinnata. The possible mode of its spread is through seed pods/fruits carried from previously infested regions. However, there is possibility of local adaptations of rambutan-feeders or nam-nam-feeders to cocoa. Females lay their eggs (50-100) on the surface of the unripe pods (more than five cm in length), which hatch in about 3-7 days and the emerging larvae tunnel their way to the center of the pod where they feed for about 14-18 days before chewing their way out of the pod to pupate. The pupal stage lasts 6- 8 days. The larval feeding results in pods that may ripen prematurely, with small, flat beans, often stuck together in a mass of dried mucilage. The beans from seriously infested pods are completely unusable and in heavy infestation over half the potential crop can be lost. Over four dozen species of natural enemies (parasitoids, predators, and entomopathogens) attack eggs, larvae, pupae and adults of C.
    [Show full text]
  • Chlorine Vs. Chlorine Bleach: What’S the Difference?
    Chlorine vs. Chlorine Bleach: What’s the Difference? By Bruce K. Bernard, PhD, and Stephen A. Hubbs, PE October 16, 2020 In a nutshell… The terms “chlorine” and “chlorine bleach” are not always used accurately in reporting emergency incidents in which elemental chlorine gas or liquid chlorine bleach escape their containers. These two substances have different chemical and physical properties and represent different potential risks to human health. This article explains the differences between the substances and highlights the importance of accurate reporting on chemical incidents. A recent emergency at a Baltimore water filtration plant highlights the importance of using accurate terms when reporting chemical incidents. According to a media report, on September 16, fire crews responded to a “chlorine leak” at the Lake Montebello Water Filtration Plant. The same article notes that residents living in the neighborhood of the filtration plant were asked to shelter in place as firefighters investigated a “chlorine spill” from the filtration plant. Fortunately, there were no injuries resulting from the incident, but the words chosen to describe the event were misleading. A chlorine “spill,” implies a liquid flowing from the facility; a chlorine “leak” is less specific regarding the state of matter (e.g., liquid or gas). In reality, chlorine gas had escaped into the air, requiring a response 1/3 gallon of 7.5% strength chlorine bleach significantly different than for a spill of chlorine bleach. (left) and 150 lb. cylinders of liquefied chlorine (right). Chlorine cylinder photo Chlorine Chemistry 101 courtesy of The Chlorine Institute. Chlorine is a naturally occurring chemical element that is extremely reactive (meaning it will react easily with other elements).
    [Show full text]
  • Bleach, the Final Frontier
    BLEACH, THE FINAL FRONTIER By dj Date Masamune Also, friendly reminder from Kenpachi-sama… Need to Knows • Panel will be available online + my resources on my blog • Will upload .pdf of PowerPoint that will be available post-con • Contact info. • Take a business card before you leave • If you have any questions left, feel free to ask me after the panel or e-mail me • ‘Discussion panel’ is nothing w/o the discussion part ~^.^~ How It’s Going to Be… • For every arc, I’ll do a super quick, super basic summation (accompanied by a crapload of pics), then everyone else can add in their own things, move the crap on rapidly, rinse & repeat • i.e., everyone gets a chance to talk • So, none of that “anime expert”/“I know more than the panelist” b.s. • Important mindset to have: Bleach is a recently ended train wreck you can never look away from Tite Kubo Audience SO LET’S GET STARTED~! & may kami-sama help us all ~.~; AGENT OF THE SHINIGAMI, SNEAK ENTRY, & THE RESCUE ARC Episodes 1-63 Manga: 1-182 Ishida Uryuu Chad Yasutora Ichigo Kurosaki Orihime Inoue Chizuru Honsho Mizuiro Kojima Asano Keigo Tatsuki Arisawa Mizuho Asano Yuzu & Karin Don Kanonji Kon Genryusai Yamamoto Soi Fon Gin Ichimaru Retsu Unohana Sousuke Aizen Zanpakuto: (Sui-Feng) Zanpakuto: Zanpakuto: Zanpakuto: Ryujin Jakka Zanpakuto: Shinsou Minazuki Kyoka Suigetsu Suzemabachi Zanpakuto: Bankai: Bankai: Bankai: Zanka no Tachi Kamishini no Yari *Suzumushi Jakuho Raikoben Bankai: Zanpakuto: Zanpakuto: Suzumushi Senbonzakura Tenken Tsuishiki: Enma Bankai: Bankai: Zanpakuto: Korogi Senbonzakura
    [Show full text]
  • US EPA, Pesticide Product Label, CPPC ULTRA BLEACH 2, 08/29
    UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY WASHINGTON, DC 20460 OFFICE OF CHEMICAL SAFETY AND POLLUTION PREVENTION J Evelyn Lawson Clorox Professional Products Company c/o PS&RC PO Box 493 Pleasanton, CA 94566-0803 Subj ect CPPC Ultra Bleach 2 EPA Registration Number 67619-8 Letter Date August?, 2012 EPA Receipt Date August 8,2012 Dear Ms Lawson This acknowledges receipt of the following notification, submitted in accordance with the provisions of PR Notice 98-10 under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) section 3(c)9 Proposed amendments • Added infant safety pictogram, two new graphics for subregistration use (washing machine), and ingredient disclosure website • Updated EPA Establishment Nos " Corrected a typo at bottom of page 23 General Comments Based on a review of the material submitted, the notification as referenced above is acceptable A copy of the label has been added to the product's file Should you have any questions or comments concerning this letter, please contact Eliza Blair via email at blair ehza(q),epa gov or by telephone at (703) 308-7279 Sincerely, >msha 'n >duct Manager (32) Regulatory Management Branch II Antimicrobials Division (751 OP) Pfetse read instruction* on nvene baton ing form Form Approvr OMB No 2070-006O. Approval expire 2 28 95 United States Registration OPP Identifier Number Environmental Protection Agency Amendment xvEPA EL0459 Washington DC 20460 Other Application for Pesticide - Section I 1 Company/Product dumber 2 EPA Product Manager 3 Proposed Classification 676198
    [Show full text]
  • Describing Florida Varieties of Lyghee
    276 FLORIDA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY, 1951 An early ripening avocado has come to the seedling in the Essig grove so in a few years attention of your committee, in the grove of more will be known of its behavior. S. C. Essig, formerly owned by Mrs. M. R. Your committee is particularly interested in Pond near Princeton. It is as early as the locating seedlings which will extend the pro Pollock with about half the size. Mrs. Pond ducing season of avocados and will extend the obtained scions of this seedling some years region in Florida which can produce avocados. ago from Bronson Bayliss' grove. Several The discovery of an avocado which will stand trees have been top worked recently to this wet feet would be a real accomplishment. DESCRIBING FLORIDA VARIETIES OF LYGHEE G. Weidman Groff and by the designation of type material for Lingman Plant Exchange preservation and future consultation. There Laurel is no more reason for irresponsible new nam ing of old varieties in horticulture than there and is in any other branch of systematic science. Su-Ying Liu At the time of naming a new variety the one Barb our Scholar and Research Assistant describing it should give a record of its origin, Botanical Gardens, University of Michigan should indicate the precise individual living Ann Arbor, Michigan plant to serve as a type, and should grant the prvilege of preparing record specimens from The primary object of this paper is to pre it for pomological and botanical collections. pare the way for a better understanding of Not every seedling will be worthy of clonal lychee varieties by reporting on techniques for propagation because of its merits in horticul field studies, descriptions and establishing of tural or its botanical distinctiveness, and there names.
    [Show full text]
  • Sanitizer and Disinfectant
    How to Properly Make and Use Sanitizers & Disinfectants SANITIZING FOOD CONTACT SURFACES A solution of bleach and water should be used to sanitize all food preparation and contact surfaces. 1 tablespoon of bleach per 1 gallon of water will give you a 50-200 ppm sanitizing solution. This can be used to sanitize dishes, utensils, food preparation counters and tables. * Make sure that you use only UNSCENTED bleach for food contact surfaces and that you are using chemical test strips to check the sanitizer concentration. All spray bottles must be clearly labeled with contents.* DISINFECTING CHANGING TABLES, BATHROOMS, TOYS All changing tables/diapering areas, bathrooms and toys must be disinfected after each use. The following solution of bleach and water should be used on these surfaces: 1 tablespoon of bleach per 1 quart of water OR ¼ cup of bleach per 1 gallon of water This will give you a 500-800 ppm disinfecting solution. Remake solution daily. Soaking method for toys: Wash and rinse toys to remove any visible dirt. Soak toys in a solution of ¾ cup of bleach per gallon of water for 5 minutes. Rinse toys and allow to fully air dry. IN CASE OF ACCIDENTS AND ILLNESS For all surfaces impacted by ill children (vomiting, diarrhea), a stronger solution of bleach and water is required. 1/3 cup bleach per 1 gallon of water OR 2 tablespoons bleach per 1 quart water. This will give you a 1000+ ppm disinfecting solution. After cleaning the area with detergent, spray or wipe with surfaces with the disinfectant. Make sure to allow surfaces to fully air dry.
    [Show full text]
  • Japanese Manga and Its Buds Lynne, Miyaki Final Project Bleach
    Priest 1 Alexander Priest May 2013 Jpnt 179 Graphically Speaking: Japanese Manga and Its Buds Lynne, Miyaki Final Project Bleach ‘Live Action’ Screenplay This is a satirical screenplay of the manga series created by Tite Kubo. Priest 2 Introduction: There haven’t been many American ‘live action’ movie adaptations of manga. There was a brief period, where movies Speed Racer (2008), Astro Boy (2009), and Dragonball Evolution (2009) debuted and theatres, but they would receive negative or mixed reception. To commemorate these movies, I have drafted an intentionally horrible screenplay for my imaginary movie, Bleach: Soul Reaper ™. Unfortunately, I was not able to create that would actually span an entire movie. A myriad of difficulties and challenges embodies the difficulties that come with creating these adaptations in the first place. Firstly, I have had a lack of experience in screenplay writing. My second struggle came with adapting the much-loved Bleach and trying to corrupt it for the sake of satire. Maintaining a coherent storyline is difficult when you are also trying tamper with existing plots and storylines. Adaptations will always contradict the source material, it is inevitable, but much effort goes in deciding what should and shouldn’t be changed. Successfully fulfilling the notion of a “terrible adaptation” proves more challenging than initially expected. Thirdly, I didn’t know how to keep the screenplay informative without inserting footnotes to provide context and justification. The purpose of this project is to reveal common mistakes and disastrous trends within American interpretations of Japanese source materials, so I created a portion of a live-action screenplay that embodies this.
    [Show full text]
  • Establishment of the Fungal Entomopathogen Beauveria Bassiana (Ascomycota: Hypocreales) As an Endophyte in Cocoa Seedlings (Theobroma Cacao)
    Mycologia, 97(6), 2005, pp. 1195–1200. # 2005 by The Mycological Society of America Lawrence, KS 66044-8897 Establishment of the fungal entomopathogen Beauveria bassiana (Ascomycota: Hypocreales) as an endophyte in cocoa seedlings (Theobroma cacao) Francisco Posada endophyte in woody plant hosts, can spread within Fernando E. Vega1 host tissues and can protect host plants against Insect Biocontrol Laboratory, U.S. Department of herbivores, such as the cocoa pod borer, has not Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Bldg. 011A, been evaluated. Our ultimate goal is to determine BARC-W, Beltsville, Maryland 20705 whether cocoa plants inoculated with B. bassiana in the seedling stage can sustain the fungus in the field, and more importantly, whether B. bassiana can be Abstract: The fungal entomopathogen Beauveria detected in the pod, where it ideally would help bassiana became established as an endophyte in in control the cocoa pod borer. vitro-grown cocoa seedlings tested for up to 2 mo The cocoa pod borer is believed to be endemic to after inoculation to the radicle with B. bassiana Southeast Asia and to have shifted from rambutan suspensions. The fungus was recovered in culture (Nephelium lappaceum L.), pulasan (N. mutabile from stems, leaves and roots. B. bassiana also was Blume) and nam-nam (Cynometra cauliflora L.) to detected as an epiphyte 1 and 2 mo postinoculation. cocoa, which was introduced from the American Penicillium oxalicum and five bacterial morphospecies continent in the 16th century (Malaysian Plant also were detected, indicating that these were present Protection Society 1987). as endophytes in the seed. Female cocoa pod borers can lay up to 100 eggs on Key words: biological control, cacao, cocoa pod the surface of the cocoa pod.
    [Show full text]
  • Festival 2002 Festival 2002
    NOVEMBER & DECEMBER 2002 FRUIT GARDENER VOL. 34, NO. 6 – $5.00 FESTIVFESTIVALAL 20022002 ◆◆ VVanillaanilla inin Madagascar:Madagascar: ShadesShades ofof NoirNoir FESTIVFESTIVALAL OFOF FRUITFRUIT ◆◆ GrGrenada’enada’ss NutmegNutmeg andand Mace:Mace: SpicesSpices ofof LifeLife REPORREPORTSTS INSIDEINSIDE ◆◆ PuertoPuerto Rico:Rico: 100100 YearsYears ofof AgriculturalAgricultural ResearchResearch California Rare Fruit Growers, Inc. Draft-5 OF THE B ANANA ◆ YEAR OF THE B ANANA ◆ YEAR OF THE B ANANA ◆ YEAR OF THE B ANANA ◆ YEAR OF THE B ANA Puerto Rico’s TropicalFRUIT Agriculture GARDENER Research Station 100 Years of Tropical Research Story by Ricardo Goenaga and Sidebar by Larry Shore Photos courtesy of the Agricultural Research Service he Tropical Agriculture Research Station, operated by the USDA’s Agricultural Research T Service, had its beginning in 1901, when Congress appropriated $5,000 and directed the Secretary of Agriculture to establish an experiment station in Puerto Rico to study agricul- 1 tural problems of interest to the island. The Governor of Puerto Rico, cooperating with the island’s communities and the U.S. Department of Agriculture, selected the present site of the station at Mayaguez: the farm known as Hacienda Carmen, 235 acres donated by the City of Mayaguez. At its inception, this facility was known as the Federal Experiment Station. In 1975 it became the Mayaguez Institute of Tropical Agriculture (mita), and in 1982 was renamed the Tropical Ag- riculture Research Station (tars). Since 1961 it has been part of the Agricultural Research Service’s Tropical Crops and Germplasm Research Division. When established, the Federal Experiment Station was the island’s only institution for agricul- 2 tural research, and horticultural research has always been prominent in the station’s program.
    [Show full text]
  • Bleach Bath Recipe Card
    Bleach Bath Recipe Card Taking bleach baths two to three times per week is thought to reduce inflammation and the risk of developing staph infections by safely decreasing bacteria on the skin. This bleach bath recipe has the same level of chlorine in your average swimming pool. INGREDIENTS Bathtub Water Regular or Measuring "unconcentrated" spoons/cups household bleach (5.25% sodium DIRECTIONS hypochlorite) STEP THINGS TO REMEMBER 1 Fill bath tub with lukewarm water DO NOT use excessively hot or cold water STEP Add 1/2 cup bleach for a full standard-size bathtub of water (approx. 40 gallons); 1/4 cup for a half DO NOT add any other products 2 bathtub of water (approx. 20 gallons); 2 or ingredients to the bath tablespoons for a baby bathtub (approx. 4 gallons) DO NOT soak for longer than 15 STEP minutes Get in and soak for 10 minutes 3 DO NOT submerge your head or face under the water STEP Rinse o completely with warm tap water DO consult with your health care 4 provider first before trying a STEP bleach bath or giving one to your 5 Proceed with daily skin care routine child for the first time ABOUT THE NATIONAL ECZEMA ASSOCIATION National Eczema Association (NEA) is the leading advocacy organization serving people with eczema and those who love them. NEA provides information, resources and support to more than 6 million people each year, while funding research leading to better treatments and a cure for the millions of Americans aected by eczema. Go to nationaleczema.org to find out more.
    [Show full text]
  • (Nephelium Ramboutan-Ake) Genetic Diversity in Bogor, West Java, Using Microsatellite Markers
    doi: 10.11594/jtls.06.03.09 THE JOURNAL OF TROPICAL LIFE SCIENCE OPEN ACCESS Freely available online VOL. 6, NO. 3, pp. 184 - 189, September 2016 Submitted October 2015; Revised August 2016; Accepted September 2016 Evaluation of Pulasan (Nephelium ramboutan-ake) Genetic Diversity in Bogor, West Java, Using Microsatellite Markers Amelia Luisyane Puhili, Tatik Chikmawati*, Nina Ratna Djuita Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, Indonesia ABSTRACT Pulasan (Nephelium ramboutan-ake (Labill.) Leenh) fruit is highly similar to rambutan rapiah (Nephelium lap- paceum) fruit with ovate shape, sweet and sour fresh taste, but it has a thick rind. The diversity of pulasan is little informed including in Bogor. The objective of this study was to analyze the genetic diversity of pulasan from Bo- gor revealed by microsatellite marker. The DNA of 63 individuals from 10 populations of pulasan were extracted using CTAB method and amplified using two primer sets, LMLY6 (GA)9(CA)2(GA)4 dan LMLY12 (CT)11. DNA amplification product was visualized and arranged in a matrix of binary data then analyzed the value of the number of different alleles (Na), the number of effective alleles (Ne), Shannon information index (I), heterozygos- ity (He), and the percentage of polymorphism (PLP). The results of the analysis showed the highest genetic diver- sity was found in North Bogor (He=0.313). The genetic diversity within a population (61%) was higher than that among populations (39%). A dendrogram was constructed using the Unweighted Pair Group Method with arith- metic Mean (UPGMA). The similarity index ranged from 52 to 100% that means there are close relationships among individuals.
    [Show full text]