CEU eTD Collection GEOPOLITICAL IMPLICATIONS OF THE EUROPEANUNIONIN SOUTH CAUCASUS AFTERTHE2007ENLARGEMENT In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Department of RelationsInternational andEuropean Studies Supervisor: Professor Peter Balazs Peter Professor Supervisor: Central European University Central European Word Count: 16,085 Budapest, Hungary Budapest, Irina Rekhviashvili 31 MAY 2007 Submitted to Submitted By CEU eTD Collection strategy towards the South Caucasus region. South the towards strategy The Constructivistvarious mechanisms, the EU is aiming at “constructing” democracy, and rule lawof theory in the region. examinesof that the problems of the regionInternational are of crucial importance to the EU and how, through its passageway Relations for transporting asa isassociated region the its rich supplies, because of energy advantages, particular will oil beand usedgas from its affect problems theregion’s in EU’ssecurity affect andchallenges the andMoreover, stability. the orderCaspian Seato to explainthe Mediterranean.terrorism can have a spill-over affect on the EU member states and in casethe of destabilization,may EU’s This thesisProblems of the region, such as three frozen conflict zones, smuggling, drug and arms trafficking, of importance geopolitical Caucasus South the has vital for importance gained Union.the Romania in and of Caucasus. Becauseafter inclusion Bulgaria in the stability and South democracy the the club ontowards January European itUnion,was notuntil 2004whenthe the EU developed anewthe1, policy approach 2007, region. of the interests ofintense the objects the became andGeorgia Azerbaijan Armenia, Caucasus, EU sharesThrough the Blackthe EuropeanSea with the Neighborhoodregion, the Policy the EU aims at spreading Even though after the collapse of the Soviet Empire the three republics of the South the of republics three the Empire Soviet the of collapse the after though Even ABSTRACT i CEU eTD Collection support and encouragement throughout theyear. throughout andsupport encouragement Irakli Rekhviashvili, Reka David Chochua, Futazs as well as myfamily and friends for their advices and Apart comments. from my my supervisor special belongthanks Nicu to Popescu, I am all my sincerely contributedgrateful people through to to who those work their professional ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ii CEU eTD Collection Cems sayvarel ojaxs damegobrebs ojaxs Cems sayvarel iii To My Dearest Family and FriendsTo MyDearestFamilyand CEU eTD Collection BIBLIOGRAPHY...... 57 CONCLUSION...... 55 CAUCASUS AFTER THE 2007 ENLARGEMENT...... 31 IN THESOUTH OF THEEU IMPLICATIONS GEOPOLITICAL 4: CHAPTER CHAPTER 3: EUROPEAN NEIGHBORHOOD POLICY...... 20 CHAPTER 2: FROM TACIS TO ENPI...... 11 CHAPTER 1: THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK...... 5 ...... 1 INTRODUCTION LIST ...... v OF ABRIVIATIONS ...... iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...... ii ABSTRACT...... i 4.3. Changes after the 2007 enlargement...... 51 4.2. Security threats of the South ...... 40 Caucasus .. nryScrt ...... 32 4.1. Energy Security 3.2. The ENP and South Caucasus region: three different ...... 27 paths to Europe 3.1. “Old wine ...... 20 in new bottles?” 2. 3. Georgia and the EU...... 16 2.2. Azerbaijan ...... 15 and the EU 2.1. Armenia and the EU...... 12 1.1. Constructivism: Concepts, definitions, ...... 6 mechanisms 4.2.4. 4.2.3. 4.2.5. 4.2.2. 4.2.1. Frozen conflicts 4.1.4. 4.1.3. 4.1.3. Baku Initiative 4.1.2. 4.1.1. TRACECA 3.1.1. Limitations of the ENP Sale ofillegal weapons Drug trafficking Terrorism Smuggling Baku-Tbilisi-Erzurum Baku-Ceyhan Tbilisi- INOGATE ...... 50 ...... 35 ...... 45 ...... 34 ...... 36 ...... 46 ...... 41 TABLE OF CONTENTS OF TABLE ...... 24 ...... 37 ...... 39 ...... 49 iv CEU eTD Collection WTO………………………………………………………………....World Trade Organization TRACECA……………………………………….Transport Corridor Europe, Caucasus, Asia TCGP…………………………………………………...…………..Trans-Caspian GasPipeline TACIS……………………………………………….Technical Assistance tothe CIS countries RRM………………………………………………………………...RapidReaction Mechanism PCA…………………………………………………..Partnership andCooperation Agreement OSCE…………………………………Organization for Security andCo-operation inEurope NATO…………………………………………………...... North Atlantic Treaty Organization Euro-MediterraneanMEDA…………………………………………………...The Partnership MFA………………………………………………………………....Macro Financial Assistance JCC…………………………………………………………………...Joint Control Commission INOGATE……………………………………...... Interstate Oil and GasTransport toEurope INCB…………………………………………………....International Narcotics Control Board GUAM…………………………………………………Georgia,Ukraine,Azerbaijan, Moldova FSP ………………………………………………………………………Food Security Program EUSR…………………………………………………………………EU SpecialRepresentative EU………………………………………………………………………………..European Union ENPI………………………………………...European Neighborhood Partnership Instrument ENP ……………………………………………………………..European neighborhood Policy EIDHR……………………………..…European for Initiative democracy andHumanRights ECHO………………………...…………..European Community Humanitarian AidProgram EAGGF………………………………European Agricultural Guidance and Guarantee Fund C.S.T.O………………………………………………..Collective SecurityTreaty Organization CIS…………………………………………………..…..Commonwealth ofIndependent States BTC…………………………………………………………………………Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan B.S.E.C………………………………………………..………Black Sea Economic Cooperation BLACKSEAFOR………………………………………………………………..Black Sea Force BFS……………………………………………………………………………...Black Sea Forum AP…………………………………………………………………………………….Action Plans LIST OFABRIVIATIONS v CEU eTD Collection http://ec.europa.eu/comm/external_relations/georgia/intro/index.htm 4 http://www.delarm.cec.eu.int/en/eu_and_armenia/bilateral_relations.htm 3 2 http://www.ceeol.com/aspx/getdocument.aspx?logid=5&id=5EEE1000-ECE3-404D-B9CB-8C075C3F6B30 #2:2004, Georgian Foundation forStrategic and International Studies, 1 and Georgia became the objects of intense interest to their immediate neighbors, Iran,Russia,and neighbors, immediate to their ofintense interest became objects the and Georgia aspirations. political region’s the of objectives has become one main integration of the European the affiliation, andcultural historic nation’s its tradingfaced andit partners, theproblem orientation.civilized of majority of lost the region the unrest, social warsand of ethnic the Because turmoil. of political two regions of Abkhazia and South Ossetia in Georgia. in the out broke conflicts moreover, Azerbaijan; and Armenia between relations in tense resulted 1991export of wasthestart products. agriculture of ina civil war Nagorno-Karabakh, which republics had astrong quite economy, asustainable and agriculture sector specializedin the independencefrom Sovietthe Union in 1991.Before their declaration independence, of all three The three republics of SouthCaucasus,the and Armenia, Azerbaijan their Georgiadeclared vocabulary. which caninternational be dividedarena. The dissolution ofinto the U.S.S.R broughtseveral the new term, “post-Soviet regions space”, of the former Soviet Union, to the political Ibid, The official web- site of European Commissions delegation inArmenia, Union, European of web-site official The Paper Occasional Ends?”, What to Means, ByWhat Caucasus: South in the EU “The Dekanozishvili, Mariam Besides that, after -Armenia, South gaining the Besides that, independence, Azerbaijan Caucasus states in Union, after thecollapse region situation appeared Sovietthe the the of In otherwords, The collapse of Sovietthe Union, in 1990s broughtradical to changes wholethe 1 One such post-Soviet space created during this period is the South is region.Caucasus space createdduringperiod the this South One suchpost-Soviet EU’s Relations with Georgia INTRODUCTION 4 1 2 EU and Armenia; Bilateral Relations 3 Therefore, based on the on based Therefore, CEU eTD Collection 6 http://www.ceeol.com/aspx/getdocument.aspx?logid=5&id=5EEE1000-ECE3-404D-B9CB-8C075C3F6B30 #2:2004, Georgian Foundation forStrategic and International Studies, 5 Turkey.pass not This phenomenon unnoticed did for European the Union, either. growing interestgrowing in diversificationthe energy the of gasandresources, oil, it pushes towards Firstly, EU’s EU. the the for Caucasus of South the importance geopolitical the determine implications after theenlargement, latest my thesis aims at analyzing accessionthe EU interests in the region, detailing theround. geopolitical I argue that there neighbors. as well as its are a number of reasons EU forthe importance great areof the which values promotes EU the ENP through the therefore which world state the isconstructivists a underisproject andit construction, becoming being, then rather attempting to “construct” countries in toenhanceand security. prosperity,stability order in June 2004. The purpose of policythis is political topromote in reforms participantthe democracyinforeign the new policy mechanism Europeanthe of European Union, the Neighborhood Policy to complydetermination with democracy the andnorms values, South the Caucasus was included and rule region’s of the Asaresult Caucasus. the closer to EU the brought of which Georgia of law Though till it2003 had strategically notthought theregion,itabout firstwas RoseRevolution the in the South Caucasus in countries. these situation political the loomed over structures political the of andfor democracy reformation market the economy, strive towards region. of transition theprocess Caucasianscenein on when the early South appeared 90’s, the EU As Ibid, Paper Occasional Ends?”, What to Means, ByWhat Caucasus: South in the EU “The Dekanozishvili, Mariam Due to the fact that the South Caucasus gained greater significance Caucasus thegreater Due tothe fact2007 theSouth after that gained In thesisthis Iarguethatthrough its various foreign policy the European tools Union is During the 1990s, the EU has launched several projectsimportant in Souththe Caucasus. 2 6 5 Therefore the CEU eTD Collection international experts, focusing on the region of the South Caucasus. inhand, tosupport order my Iwillarguments, interviews use with I conducted Georgian and other the On topic. the on written books of chapters and briefs, policy releases, press statements, official articles, line, as analytical on information such topic available the on a wide rangeof implications of the EU in the South Caucasus after the 2007 enlargement, I will use textOn analysis, the one hand, in order EU. tothe of make importance vital region the threats andsecurity resources theenergy that to arguing explainthesis, the of question research the to answer the provide will chapter fourth the finally, the aim of andthe criticisms thesis, limitations Policy, the Neighborhood on ofthe IwillEuropean part, In third concentrate the region. thewhich ENP, the of stabilization the to EU the by as allocated funds the isover look well will and Policy whatNeighborhood as the areinclusion geopolitical CaucasusSouth inclusion before regions’ in the initiative, EU’snewthe theEuropean of the South Caucasus Union the and of European the relations the will analyze I chapter second the Caucasus. In South the towards in relations EU’s the explains itthe how analyze and Relations policy, International of theory and framework, and will discuss the concepts,serious consequencesdefinitions for the region as well as for the member states of the European Union. and the may have these threats, effectively the failsif and with deal EU, EU to forthe the importance mechanisms of the constructivist smuggling,conflicts, drugsand weapon trafficking andpotentially even terrorismit make of vital become the“European security automatically Sea”. The of threats region,includingthe frozen Europeanin the Romania and Bulgaria of inclusion Union, the after Moreover, region. the with cooperation closer the EU now directly shares the Black Sea with the region, which has thus In order to accomplish the aim of my thesis, I will use different types of methodologies. theoretical the over will I go chapter first In the four of parts. consists The thesis 3 CEU eTD Collection which has not been undertaken which hasnotbeenundertaken so far. and in Caucasus theEU’snew enlargement, theSouth afterlatest its initiatives enlargement 2007 EUafter the for theSouth Caucasus of importance geopolitical region, the Caucasus The present thesis is important as it aims to explain the EU relations towards the South 4 CEU eTD Collection Carlsnaes and Thomas Risse, (London: SAGE, 2006), 95 10 9 8 in region. itsthe extensive presence construct therefore and region Caucasus South the of countries inthe identity and norms its expand to trying is EU EU,the for the region the of importance geopolitical of because the argue that I theory. approach relations to international I will Caucasus region, South the towards use constructivist 7 being than asbecomingconstruction, rather isitway itacceptas such. andwehaveto is the world the that claim realists Moreover, balls”. billiard other the of movement the of terms in completely beexplained can states, of movement the like balls, billiard of movement “the scholars, realist to According relations. international the of model” “billiard-ball the as is known relationships with one another, internal politics and external politics are therefore separated. peruse power and the relationships of states with each other are dependent entirely on their power states that system, in international areleadingthe actors states that argue is security. Realists state state wasweak, its neighbors could advantage take itof by military means. Furthermore, the “key units peace justice.claimed by wasnocentral and authority there realists, the guarantee would which of analysis”, states During 1990s was there a situation internationalhadan of inSovietanarchy the post countries, and as to gain power in order to survive, as if the Ibid, 93 Ibid, 92 Michael Nicholson, Emanuel Adler, “Constructivism and International Relations”, in In thischapterIargue unlikethat constructivists realists, seetheworldunder asaproject As stated by the realists, the international system is anarchical and the dominant goal of goal a of dominant andthe is anarchical system international the by realists, the As stated arena. international whole in the changes radical brought Union Soviet the of collapse The International Relations: A Concise Introduction CHAPTER 1:THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK CHAPTER 9 10 , and thereforein order to explain EU’s strategy 5 Handbook of International Relations, ed. , (NewPALGRAVE, York : 2002), 92 7 Walter 8 This CEU eTD Collection 15 14 13 Policies collective transnational with peaceful dealt which communities security on program research modernistwhoanticipatedconstructivism. Haas (1958), Inthe 1950sDeutsch a advanced 1.1. Constructivism: Concepts, definitions, mechanisms as well. region Caucasus cooperate with EU. the cooperate mainly countriesthose committed toestablishingand strengthening democracy and willing to democracy in wereincludedassistance agreementsthe signed with third These countries. were 12 Cambridge University Press, 2003), 1 fund purpose for the to new ondemocracy work andhuman rights. its in law provisions.of During same the period, theEUintroduced anumber of linesnew budget specifically rule and democracy rights, human of promotion the listed time first the for which 11 into its foreign-policy machinery through the Maastricht treaty. Moreover, in November 1991,the EU’s democracy promotion was incorporatedcommitment countries. Soviet post in the projects aid political the of development the was 1990s the spaces. in processof to encourage the democratization post-Soviet the started organizations After collapse the of ironcurtain, in of these new the“construction” the Europe. structures institutional key the become have Europe of Council the extent, some to and NATO the EU, Ibid, 31 Ibid, 2 Ibid, 2 Richard Youngs, Frank Schimmelfenning, , (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), 2 The development of constructivism traces theory back Karl to Deutsch and(1957) Ernst One of the most visible signs of the EU’s commitment to democracy promotion during It was the end of the Cold War, when the majorWest European regional organizations the The European Union and the Promotion of Democracy: Europe’s Mediterranean and Asian The EU, NATO and the Integration of Europe: Rules and Rhetoric 15 Such agreements were concluded with the republics of the South 6 13 wasIt theMaastricht treaty 14 The sections referring to , (Cambridge: 11 12 CEU eTD Collection institutions and change. practices, behavior, international for understanding factors the of are Identities interests. crucial norms. adopt these that states of interests national the constitute andhelpto norms these diffuse to how “teach” organizations international 21 20 19 18 17 Carlsnaes and Thomas Risse, (London: SAGE, 2006), 99 isworldirrelevant not manner tothe in which politicsworld unfolds. and meaning. theway state content norms tocategorizethat apply the Constructivists’ people scholars. leading constructivist School, Wendt wrote English the of a series representative The identities. and norms by of is driven important that society international articles and a book that establishedimportant him as one of the contributionresearch. constructivist of centre becamethe which anddecisions, norms rules, on book his with Kratochwil, by as well as “constructivism”, as inIR turn interpretative was made by practice and international 1989book, in community; Onuf’s thewhich hefirst referred to English School, whichmade War popular. that constructivism stresses it still end was the later Cold of on developmentthe of constructivism; the influence an indelible the existence of an 16 identities. Ibid, 104 Ibid, 103 Ibid, 103 Ibid, 99 Ibid, 99 Emanuel Adler, “Constructivism and International Relations”, in As for identities, Adler argues that they lie at the core of national and transnational and national of core the at lie they that argues Adler identities, for As According to Wendt, norms constitute social identities, which give national interests their interests national give which identities, social constitute norms Wendt, to According Important contributorsImportant constructivist to by theory works Ashley are power, (1987)on 16 Even though Deutsch himself nota was constructivist,his sociological hadapproach 21 Adler and Barnett state that the identities of national groups may groups national of identities the that state Barnett and Adler 18 20 7 Handbook of International Relations, ed. 19 Finnemore,According to 17 M roe, an Moreover, Walter CEU eTD Collection Carlsnaes and Thomas Risse, (London: SAGE, 2006), 96 28 International Relations 27 26 Carlsnaes and Thomas Risse, (London: SAGE, 2006), 96 25 like a paradigm of paradigms”. like aparadigm of more is constructivism Marxism), and liberalism asrealism, (such life political international of know, seek to “from in an IR perspective with world-views areassociated paradigms broad which 24 23 Carlsnaes and Thomas Risse,(London: SAGE,2006), 105 knowledge and knowledgeable agents in constitutionthe of social reality. based. are community international the constructivist theories of international politics-for example, about war, cooperation politics andof a theory is not constructivism liberalism, science”. “metaphysics, social theory areconstructed by ideasof than rather actors shared by nature”. these given and IR theory interests identities the and andsecond, that by material forces ideas than rather shared primarily and research strategies the“structures aredetermined basictenets that two of constructivism: first, of association human of socialhistorical institutionalism,sociological institutionalism and like,Wendtstates the therethat are reality and social identity”. in Jordan’s changes foremost are policy foreign in Jordan’s “changes that states therefore 22 and national borders expand lead across tothedevelopment of security communities. Emanuel Adler, “Constructivism and International Relations”, in Emanuel Adler, “Seizing the Middle Ground: Constructivism inWorld Politics”, Ibid, 96 Emanuel Adler, “Constructivism and International Relations”, in Alexander Wendt, Alexander Ibid, 104 Emanuel Adler, “Constructivism and International Relations”, in According toAdler, constructivism IR is a three-layered understanding, which involves Drawing on a variety of social theories- critical theory, postmodernism, feminist theory, 25 23 As Adler states, constructivism is a metaphysical stance about the reality that scholars reality the that about stance ismetaphysical a constructivism As states, Adler Social Theory of International Politics, 3 (3): 319-63, 322 26 27 and realism unlike Adler, to accordingwords, other In Second, constructivism is a social theory about the role of 8 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), 1 per se Handbook of International Relations, ed. Handbook of International Relations, ed. Handbook of International Relations, ed. , rather it is a social theory on which European Journal of 24 28 22 Finally, Walter Walter Walter Lynch CEU eTD Collection 33 Policies democracy and human rights “a cornerstone of its relations with external countries and has made has and countries external with relations its of cornerstone “a rights human and democracy identities. of shared theconstruction conditions interaction of discursive nature andthe states with interaction other through constructed 32 31 International Relations 30 Carlsnaes and Thomas Risse, (London: SAGE, 2006), 96 politics consists Hebelieves international that as“socially politics international constructed”. alsodescribes Adler primarily of providetherefore reasons collective with the understandings why people are as socialthings they are”. facts, which on mannerthe in which individuals and social actors attach meaning to materialthe world, are facts onlyimpact greatest its has learning reflection or for capacity “human thatthe hebelieves moreover, by human agreement. 29 is assembled”. behavior states other way the affect actions government’s one that extent the to system international play importantrolein norms what“states in upelsewhere were an conditioning taken the identitiesstates’ and are interests constructed. According to newthe framework, constructivist underproject construction. a as world the sees constructivism is, it as world the take which materialism, and positivism constitution of national interests. newquestions andimportant about therole identities, of norms and understandings in the to led has constructivism IR and perspective, empirical and theoretical IR is an constructivism Ibid, 31 Richard Youngs, Ibid, , 323 Emanuel Adler, “Seizing the Middle Ground: Constructivism inWorld Politics”, Emanuel Adler, “Constructivism and International Relations”, in , (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), 6 After the dissolution of empire, has dissolution After great the the madethe promotion European of the Union of Adler states that all the institutions of are understanding; of collective basedon all a state that institutions states Adler the As stated by the constructivist scholars, one state’s actions can influence the way other The European Union and the Promotion of Democracy: Europe’s Mediterranean and Asian 3 (3): 319-63, 323 32 Constructivists suggest that the interests and norms of a state are state a of norms and interests the that suggest Constructivists 29 33 9 Handbook of International Relations, ed. European Journal of 31 Unlike Walter 30 CEU eTD Collection Policies Policy (ENP). Partnership and Agreements (PCA) Cooperation and continuing with NeighborhoodEuropean the from starting formally then and informally first Caucasus- South in the ties institutional and and identities on the region since the end of the Cold War, theimposing its valuesEU on Armenia, Azerbaijanhas and Georgia in somebeen other manner. building assistance of ways foralternative “searching” been EUhas the therefore, club; inthe membership offered unfortunately SouthCaucasusisto in countries. yet candidate But the the not a shapetobe in the club. This mechanismEU has beenfor successful “imposition”the ofits’ norms and values conditions set by the EU, they will receive the reward, the norms if countriesknowthat if andEU accession with they comply the round, they accept the which in this case is the full membership recipient. has imposing been capable of in a degree of and pressure of relations donors the the the formerCountries Soviet was the EU’s membership conditionality. This positive conditionality EU’s mostand important successful mechanism of constructing democracy and peacein the 35 March 31-April 2,2005) http://aei.pitt.edu/3302/02/European_Neighborhood_Policy.doc Non-Candidatein Neighboring Countries“,Prepared for the EUSA NinthBiennial International Conference,(Austin, 34 upon respectfor byits values the dependent partners.” relations of these intensification the Richard Youngs, Frank Schimmelfenning, ”EuropeanNeighborhood Policy: Political Conditionality and its impact onDemocracy , (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), 26 In this thesis Iarguein that order to construct democracy, humanrights, impose its norms 35 This conditionality mechanism hasbeensuccessful in theEU’severy enlargement The European Union and the Promotion of Democracy: Europe’s Mediterranean and Asian 10 34 The CEU eTD Collection http://www.mfa.gov.ge/index.php?sec_id=125&lang_id=ENG 38 37 Centre forEuropean Policy Studies, (Brussels: March 2007) 36 signed. be could region the of countries the with PCA the whether EUwasdebating the of 1990s, inmiddle Becauseof ethnicthe conflicts the relations. theEU-South Caucasusbilateral for basis Partnership and Agreement Cooperation (PCA), which was signedin became1996, legal the legal no between framework established EUand the Caucasus South republics.The the provided the countries with humanitarian and technical assistance. However, until 1996 there was difficulties which confront the Transcaucasian republics” Transcaucasian the confront which difficulties relativelythe high level obligations inherentof toa PCA, by countries whichwerefacing the Partnership Instrument (ENPI). Since the EU has been implementing a wide-range of small of wide-range a implementing been has EU the Since (ENPI). Instrument Partnership from the by launchedinprograms EUArmenia, andfunds allocated Azerbaijan and starting the Georgia, Technical the empire”,I willanalyze of “great the after collapse the right Caucasus republics South the Assistance principles. economy market and rights human to the law, international of principles of democracy, are respect PCA the of principles The essential CIS countriesproviding thelegal framework which guides the EU’s cooperation with countriesthe since then. (TACIS)political it partnershipand economic eventually into force entered in 1999, andhas been of all partiesthe to establish close relations anda legal basis for astrong andto comprehensive European Neighborhood The official web-site of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Georgia , of Georgia Affairs Foreign of Ministry the of web-site official The Ibid, 2 Documents, Working Ossetia”, South and inAbkhazia EU The Neighbors: Unrecognized “Europe’s Popescu, Nicu 36 Since 1991, EUhasthe launched in several projects South Caucasusthe region and In this chapter I argue that the EU took first steps for the “construction” of in democracy firstfor“construction” of steps the EU took argue thatthe I In this chapter The Commission was questioning “how realistic is it to expect full implementation of implementation full expect to itis realistic “how questioning was Commission The CHAPTER 2: FROMTACISTOENPI CHAPTER 38 11 http://shop.ceps.be/downfree.php?item_id=1476 37 The European Neighborhood Policy , but because the PCA was the desire CEU eTD Collection 41 Country Strategy paper 40 CentralTACIS, Asia, - 39 2.1. Armenia and theEU by EUin funds andthe countries. each allocated of three major implemented the of the programs At(ENP). theend of each I willsubchapter an present chart official of European the Commission, Policy Neighborhood European the era, new the of start the till EU the by implemented projects inprojects republics three the during past16 the years, Iwill very briefly over only go major the Poverty Poverty Reduction Strategy, whichwas approved in 2003. Both 2002-2003andthe 2004-2005 Medzamor Nuclear Power Plant (MNPP). EC has additionallynational allocation yearsover the toArmenia representsaround €100million, butbesides thatthe spent around €29 Armenianmillion legislation to that of the EU’s and support for of Armenia’sof WTO approximation the accession. reform, TACIS regulatory and legal of fields in the assistance by notably fundseconomy, on improving the safety of the for nuclear safety. support and of rural the economy as well as development the resources, infrastructureof networks; promotion of environmental protection andmanagement of natural economicin development; support addressing social the consequences of transition; development institutional,for legal and supportto administrative reform; privatethe and sector assistance for implementation of the TACIS mechanism. TACIS covers a wide range of areas including support Ibid, The official web-site of the European Union, European the of web-site official The The official web-site of the European Union, The TACIS also has been providing essential assistance to the implementation of Armenia’s of implementation the to assistance essential providing been has also TACIS The TACIS program has been contributing toArmenia’s market transition towards EU’s very first assistance sent to Armenia was in 1991, when the Union started the started Union when in the 1991, was toArmenia sent assistance first very EU’s http://ec.europa.eu/comm/external_relations/ceeca/tacis/index.htm 2007-2013, http://ec.europa.eu/world/enp/pdf/country/enpi_csp_armenia_en.pdf External Relations :The EU’s relations with Eastern Europe and European neighborhood and Partnership Instrument, Armenia, 41 12 40 TACIS 39 CEU eTD Collection http://ec.europa.eu/comm/external_relations/armenia/intro/index.htm 46 Country Strategy paper 45 http://ec.europa.eu/comm/external_relations/armenia/intro/index.htm 44 43 Country Strategy paper of a grant of €35.70 million. Thehave grants been conditioned goodmacro-economic to amounts to€68.79 million. Armenia since 1992.Theoverall fundsamount of spent through program inthis Armenia in thehasCommunity European Armenia:Aid e.g. beenpresent (ECHO) program Humanitarian Strategy. Reduction programthe for 2005-2006,in toassistorder Armenia in implementationthe its Poverty of ECcontinued supporting the of FSPhas beenvery implementation the and therefore, successful Labor and Socialas it cooperates with the Ministry of Finance and Economy, MinistryAffairs, of Agriculture, Ministry of State Cadastre Committee and National Statistical Services. 42 played role animportant in in poverty tackling country.the providingbudgetary significant support to key agriculture and social insectors Armenia andhas Action arePrograms currently being implemented. (REC). Programs with suchprojects as TRACECA, INOGATEand Caucasus the Environmental Centre in the PCA was on 31 Julyapproved and2006, andis coherence designed in with mutuallythe agreed priorities the ENP Action Plan. Armenia has also participated in TACIS Regional The official web-site of the European Union, The official web-site of the European Union, The official web-site of the European Union, Ibid, The official web-site of the European Union, 43 Besides that, Armenia has also benefited from EC Macro-Financial Assistance, consisting Assistance, Macro-Financial EC from benefited also has Armenia that, Besides EUhasBesides TACIS, the implementing been a innumber projects other of post-Soviet Under Security Food the inProgram (FSP), whichstarted EChas1996, the been 45 2007-2013, 2007-2013, 46 http://ec.europa.eu/world/enp/pdf/country/enpi_csp_armenia_en.pdf http://ec.europa.eu/world/enp/pdf/country/enpi_csp_armenia_en.pdf External Relations: Armenia, European neighborhood and Partnership Instrument, Armenia, External Relations: Armenia, European neighborhood and Partnership Instrument, Armenia, 13 42 2006 Program Action TACIS Moreover, 44 The program has been important, been has program The The CEU eTD Collection Aid against effects of Russian financial Nuclear Safety Tacis National Allocations EAGGF ECHO Total http://ec.europa.eu/comm/external_relations/armenia/intro/index.html 49 Country Strategy paper 48 http://www.delarm.cec.eu.int/en/programmes/food.htm 47 MFA million. toeach funds allocated of upuntilprogram. Thetotal projects the is amount €386.39 2006 under micro EIDHR 2005-2006isprojects under way. proposal for call a new therefore, and successful, were in Armenia implemented projects eleven protect human andpromote wasto initiative of objective of the in The inNGOs Armenia. support its activities rights and democratization investmentclimate,upgrade of against fight etc). corruption, as well anddecisiveperformance in inthe reforms structural (such as country progress privatization, as conflict prevention and resolution. The crisis FSP The official web-site of the European Union, The official web-site of the European Union, The official web-site of the European Commission Delegationto Armenia, Table one below indicates majorthe programs EUimplemented in the Armenia the and launched (EIDHR) rights Human and Democracy for Initiative European EU the 2003 In 1991- 28.90 39.30 10.40 1993 - - - - - 19.90 25.60 2007-2013, 1994 5.70 - - - - - Table 1. Total EC grants to Armenia (€million) since 1991 23.96 63.96 34.00 1995 6.00 - - - - http://ec.europa.eu/world/enp/pdf/country/enpi_csp_armenia_en.pdf 14.00 10.00 13.00 55.17 13.20 1996 4.97 - - External Relations European neighborhood and Partnership Instrument, Armenia, 1.00 1997 1.96 6.00 8.96 - - - - 14 - 10.00 12.00 31.60 1998 8.00 1.60 - - - 48 17.80 10.00 1999 : Armenia, 4.00 2.30 1.5 - - 47 10.00 11.00 35.10 10.00 2000 3.00 1.10 - - Food Security Program in Armenia, 2.10 12.10 10.00 2001 - - - - - 49 2002- 10.00 11.00 41.80 20.30 2003 0.5 - - - 20.00 2004- 55.00 21.00 2006 7.00 7.00 - - €386.39 102.30 98.90 Total 68.79 35.70 50.20 29.90 1.5 CEU eTD Collection 52 51 Country Strategy paper 2007-2013 the funds spent on the implementation of the programs. destruction. mass of weapons and relating non-proliferation to of expertise tothe technologies dedicated Technology of a Science fourth recipient party organization the of became and an intergovernmental centre in Ukraine, which has been established by a number of donor countries 50 major trans-European transport corridor to neighboring the of countries.extension the on group level High the of work in the part active an played Azerbaijan development. economic legal institutional, reform for and administrative support privatesectorandassistancethe for Initiative for Democracy and Human andRights humanitarian assistance provided by ECHO. TACIS program, activities, rehabilitation FoodSecurity the theEuropean post-war Program, has provided assistance toAzerbaijan amounting to almost €400million. This includedthe 2.2. Azerbaijan andtheEU Ibid, Ibid, The official web-site of the European Union, Table two below indicates the major programs implemented by the EU in Azerbaijan and in Azerbaijan EU by the implemented programs major the indicates below two Table Azerbaijan also participated in TRACECA and INOGATE programs. Moreover, programs. in INOGATE and TRACECA participated also Azerbaijan The TACIS inAzerbaijan assistance has focused on priorities: for two support Similarly to Armenia, Azerbaijan also received its first EU assistance in 1991. The EC 52 http://ec.europa.eu/world/enp/pdf/country/enpi_csp_azerbaijan_en.pdf European Neighborhood and Partnership Instrument 15 51 Besides that, Azerbaijan that, Besides , Azerbaijan, 50 CEU eTD Collection Tacis National Rehabilitation Humanitarian Food security Exceptional Exceptional Allocations Assistance FEOGA ECHO Total http://ec.europa.eu/comm/external_relations/georgia/intro/index.htm 55 Country Strategy paper 2007-2013 54 http://ec.europa.eu/comm/external_relations/azerbaijan/intro/index.htm 53 including health tosupport investments the primary the the program. sector, healthcare reforms, aswell toaddressing onsupport social the consequences of transition, whichtargeted Macro-Financial Assistance (MFA). and the rehabilitation Rights, Human and for Democracy Initiative European the Assistance, programs Security wereTACIS,the Food implemented program, ECHumanitarian important the 2. 3.Georgia andtheEU Aid The official web-site of the European Union, The official web-site of the European Union, The official web-site of the European Union, In 2002-2003TACIS focused for on support institutional,legal andadministrative In periodthe of 1992-2005, the EUgave Georgia €505million in The most grants. 1992-1994 59.59 31.09 20.50 - - - - - Table 2. Total EC grants to Azerbaijan (€ million) since 1991 77.82 1995 43.0 6.00 8.00 - - - - - 15.00 56.35 22.65 http://ec.europa.eu/world/enp/pdf/country/enpi_csp_georgia_en.pdf 1996 3.00 8.00 - - 54 16.00 28.82 1997 34.1 4.00 8.00 - - - External Relations: Georgia, European neighborhood and Partnership Instrument External Relations 14.00 10.00 1998 7.70 40.6 8.00 4.5 - - 16 10.00 12.00 38.06 1999 6.10 8.00 3.2 - - : Azerbaijan 3.674 10.00 22.17 2000 4.10 7.00 - - - 2001 3.36 7.00 7.00 1.5 - - - - 2002-2003 20.00 34.00 14.00 53 1.5 - - - - , 2004-2006 Georgia, 30.00 60.00 30.00 55 - - - - - 18.374 107.00 116.50 €429.2 Total 30.00 82.67 65.65 9.1 94 CEU eTD Collection http://ec.europa.eu/comm/external_relations/georgia/intro/index.htm 59 Country Strategy paper 2007-2013 58 http://ec.europa.eu/comm/external_relations/georgia/intro/index.htm 57 Country Strategy paper 2007-2013 56 Georgia andtheChechen republic of Russian Federation. the between border monitors atthe protecting OSCE and aimedat unarmed which the was 2001, Policy, EUprovided the Guardswith Georgia Border equipment worth of €1.045 million in 2000 elections. andparliamentary presidential toassistof funds preparation the the weremadeavailable (RRM) Mechanism Rapid Reaction wasa revised for approvedin 2004-2006 CSP/IP September2003.After Revolution, theRose Ossetia since April 2001. South on (JCC) Commission Control Joint in the participated and Georgia to assistance financial ECprovided the andMoreover, Ossetia Georgia. South between peace-process the to stimulate program to the South Ossetia region and Abkhazia. Georgia rehabilitation is underby to the program implemented theassistance EU the important The official web-site of the European Union, The official web-site of the European Union, The official web-site of the European Union, The official web-site of the European Union, Table belowthree indicates programsthe implemented by EUsincethe 1991till 2006. Security and Foreign Common of Framework in the Action aJoint though that, Besides In light of in increasingproblems the and the worsening of situation security the Georgia, Security The Food program over€59.25distributed million from starting 1996. Another 57 http://ec.europa.eu/world/enp/pdf/country/enpi_csp_georgia_en.pdf http://ec.europa.eu/world/enp/pdf/country/enpi_csp_georgia_en.pdf External Relations: Georgia, European neighborhood and Partnership Instrument External Relations: Georgia, European neighborhood and Partnership Instrument 58 17 56 The EC granted a number of grants in order 59 , , Georgia, Georgia, CEU eTD Collection Rehabilitati Aid against Aid Humanitari Other (DC, Other CFSP/RR Food Aid Food financial Russian EIDHR TACIS ECHO NGO) Total PVD, MFA crisis Aid FSP on an M Country Strategy paper 2007-2013 60 total the Caucasus, South of countries the in projects useful of number a implementing been intensity 1990’s, the EU’s the of role in Caucasus South the limited. very remained TheEUhas The official web-site of the European Union, 1992-1993 31.00 12.00 13.00 6.00 ------Even though Even though European the Union appeared ontheCaucasus South in scene early the 1994-1995 96.00 45.00 10.00 41.00 ------Table 3. Total EC grants to Georgia (€ million) since 1991 22.00 1996-1997 34.00 96.00 16.00 16.00 8.00 http://ec.europa.eu/world/enp/pdf/country/enpi_csp_georgia_en.pdf ------1998-1999 12.00 68.00 19.00 13.00 16.00 4.00 4.00 European neighborhood and Partnership Instrument - - - - - * * * 18 2000-2001 13.00 45.00 15.00 5.00 6.00 2.00 4.00 - - - - - 4.2 2002-2003 14.00 22.2 2.00 2.00 ------12.00 59.00 25.00 2004 2.00 7.00 5.00 2.00 2.00 4.00 3 - - 60 10.00 17.00 2005 2.00 2.00 1.00 2.00 ------, Georgia, 33.00 10.00 71.00 20.00 2006 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 - - - - 5.00 €505.2 129.00 23.00 65.00 91.00 102.2 Total 63.00 9.00 8.00 4.00 6.00 CEU eTD Collection chapter I will analyze the new foreign policy tool of the EU, the European Neighborhood Policy. Neighborhood European the EU, the of tool policy foreign new the analyze will I chapter Neighborhood Policy. invitedEuropean Union Caucasus theSouth toparticipate republics in European the Since then the EU upgraded its visibility problems. internal in the region. In the amountof which is €1320.884.However, EU the has never been actively in engaged regionsthe following The new era in the relations of the EU and the South Caucasus started in 2003, after the after in 2003, started Caucasus South the and EU the of relations in the era new The 19 CEU eTD Collection http://www.fscpo.unict.it/EuroMed/ENPCataniabook.pdf of Political Sciences of the University of Catania, (Catania, 2004), Project of the publication 63 CFSP Conference “Revitalizing Europe” (Brussels, 2006) 64 62 “.ARENA Working Papers WP01/1 61 a clearer vision for relations with our neighbors. security and prosperity Wewe havecreatedwithin enlargedEU. shouldthe begin by on agreeing find theexport stability, need new coming he“for to ways the to decade,we argued, sustainable”, not is “This membership, EU of promise the was instrument policy foreign successful March stated thatover Commissioner Patten 11, 2003 decades Chris the most the Union’s situation,ithad toestablish a“new foreign policy towardsitstool” neighbors. seas. which today stretch from the Baltic to the Adriatic3.1. “Oldwineinnewbottles?” and from the Aegean to theinitiative, “European the Neighbourhood Policy”. Mediterranean member states and the relationsstates. third the of citizens andthe member-states of the non the of consisting EU is external, one towards second The Union. the of citizens the and states themember countries participating of the EU, consisting the is internal to addressee first its addressees, has two policy The relations. in the EU’s new Fulvio Attina, Rosa Rossi, “European Neighborhood Policy: Political, Economic and Social Issues”, A Issues”, Social and Economic Political, Policy: Neighborhood “European Rossi, Rosa Attina, Fulvio Ibid, Landaburu, Eneko Enlargement EU Underpinning Logics The Policy: Foreign EU “Justifying Smith. E. Karen Sjursen, Helene 63 The EU soon realized that it can not enlarge forever, and in order to cope with this new with this cope to in and order forever,enlarge itcan not realized that soon The EU After “big the in bang”enlargement 2004, theEUobtained anumber new of neighbours, external Union’s European the of part important an is Policy Foreign European The CHAPTER 3: EUROPEAN NEIGHBORHOOD POLICY NEIGHBORHOOD 3: EUROPEAN CHAPTER From Neighborhood toIntegration Policy:are these concrete alternatives toenlargement? The European Union Neighborhood Policy Neighborhood Union The European http://www.arena.uio.no/publications/wp01_1.htm 62 20 65 61 In this chapter I will focus on the non- the on focus will I chapter this In of the Faculty 64 Therefore,on CEU eTD Collection (Brussels, 2004), 68 CFSP Conference “Revitalizing Europe” (Brussels, 2006) http://ec.europa.eu/world/enp/policy_en.htm 70 http://www.sam.gov.tr/perceptions/Volume10/Autumn/SinemAkgulAcikmese.pdf 69 67 66 http://www.fscpo.unict.it/EuroMed/ENPCataniabook.pdf of Political Sciences of the University of Catania, (Catania, 2004), 9 Project of the publication 65 andtotheeastsouth. Union its theEuropean neighbours” “new ties between closer a Strategy Document of its new foreign policy tool, which summarized tool. the ways policy of buildingforeign modern truly a is it rather Policy. Neighborhood followed European byastrategic paperon the first outlinedin a Commission’s Communication of Wider in Europe March 2003, which was cooperation”. enhanced cross-border political intensified relations, deeper economicon integration, andGeorgia.Azerbaijan Palestinian Authorities, Syria, Tunisia and Ukraine. In2004,itArmenia,was extended to Libya, the Egypt, Jordan, Moldova,Algeria, Morocco, Israel, Belarus, neighbours- immediate relations”. cooperative and close enjoy can we whom with Mediterranean the of borders the on and EU the of Council in isJune 2003that,“Our task promote to aring of well countriesgoverned totheEast at noted Thessaloniki Solanathe European Javier paper, the of publication to the response Ahto Lobjakas. “European Union unveils details of 'European Neighborhood Policy”. RFE/RL Newsline, RFE/RL Policy”. Neighborhood of 'European details unveils Union “European Lobjakas. Ahto Ibid, Sinem Akgul Acikmefie.”Management of Security in EU’s Neighborhood: Union’s tactics revised” (2005) Landaburu, Eneko The official web-site of the European Union A Issues”, Social and Economic Political, Policy: Neighborhood “European Rossi, Rosa Attina, Fulvio As stated by As stated an ENPisnot European the the Commission, “oldin wine new bottles”, Policy Neighborhood was theEuropean theenlargement, to an “alternative” Afterwards, The main objective of isThe main an of ENP objective the tocreate area of based and values “shared prosperity 71 http://www.ukrweekly.com/Archive/2004/210403.shtml Moreover, the ENP offers its participant countries its most important values, important most its countries participant its offers ENP the Moreover, From Neighborhood toIntegration Policy:are these concrete alternatives toenlargement? The European Union Neighborhood Policy Neighborhood Union The European 70 69 The “ring” of the new neighbours originally included the EU’s the included originally neighbours new the of “ring” The , European Neighborhood Policy 67 On May EuropeanCommission 12, the published 21 of the Faculty 66 68 In CEU eTD Collection 88b6-81d290af8bfe Policy (Brussels,Studies, 2006) http://www.ceeol.com/aspx/getdocument.aspx?logid=5&id=b7746911-5e34-40b0- 75 74 73 72 http://www.fscpo.unict.it/EuroMed/ENPCataniabook.pdf of Political Sciences of the University of Catania, (Catania, 2004), 8 Project of the publication 71 economically. and politically both Union the with participating countries, the mechanism, is which employed here,more more the EU required reforms will be implementedby the EU funds they will get andvalues the beyond the bordersmore of the EU. Accordingcloser to the so-called positive they conditionality will integrate neighbors will share everything with Unionthe but institutions”. just intoa free area…theUnion and political European European turn the the trade down project defined priorities by will states the bring them to closer European the “weUnion, can water not of the fulfillment by Asstated the Prodi, co-operation. political, economic security and through law”.of rule functioning and economic external growth to create an trade, enlarged of area political stability and countriesneighboring tobecome essential its “toincreasepartners mutual our production, seems to besustainable development. adapted and economy market of principles the and relations, neighbourly good of promotion the in rights, theminority including rights, human for respect the governance, ENPgood law, of rule the as such process, goes successfully, the EU gives chance to the Nicu Popescue, Nicu Ibid, 9 Ibid, 8 Ibid, 8 A Issues”, Social and Economic Political, Policy: Neighborhood “European Rossi, Rosa Attina, Fulvio So to put it differently, the ENP is an extension of the EU’s norms, standards, rules and Therefore, the ENP gives a chance to the countries to participate in various EU activities, “The EU and South Caucasus :learning lessons from Moldova and Ukraine”, Center for European The European Union Neighborhood Policy Neighborhood Union The European 73 72 which ofthemembershipcriteria,If theimplementation Copenhagen 22 75 However thisdoesnot envisagemembership, of the Faculty 74 CEU eTD Collection (St. Petersburg, December2004) Neighbors. Mediterranean Southern the comprised which MEDA program, TACISthe program which extended Eastern to the neighbors and second Russia, the being 80 http://ec.europa.eu/world/enp/howitworks_en.htm 79 http://ec.europa.eu/world/enp/pdf/action_plans/communication_commission_enp_action_plans.pdf Neighborhood Policy. EU. the with relations the and process reform national its neighbor, the of specificities the account into 78 June 2004), www.cer.org.uk 77 Terry Sanford Institute of Public Policy, Working Paper, 76 conflicts. andbesides dialogue thatthe visa on cooperation and EUcommitment strong tothesettlementof and innovation; social information research environment and energy,policy society, transport, in barriers;cooperation increased of justicetrade financial support; of fields the andhome affairs; anInternal Market; upgrade of political the cooperation; opening of economies andthe reduction including in ofintegration, astake degree APs EU’s a perspectiveof the a significant include: incentivesyears, of of it andshould bethree Action Plan besubjecttorenewal. series should The based have tobe agreedjointly with neighboringthe countries. The minimum of duration an are countries theparticipant with which theEU’s on relations Action (AP), Plans The states. love” this approach describes as “tough approach. set by and EU, the that if rewardswillbethese denied slide backtotheirthey badhabits. Gabbe meet if conditions will it EUmakes the countries clear the gain the that rewards they Therefore, itrather “mutual offers relationship”on based “aprivileged commoncommitment values”. to Leonid Karabeshkin, Leonid The official web-site of the European Union, HeatherGrabbe, “How the EU should help its Neighbors”, Policy Brief, Centre for European Reform, (London, Judith Kelly, “New Wine in Old Wineskins: Policy learning and Adaptation in the New Neighborhood Policy”, Commission of the European Communities, European of the Commission The Strategic paper of the ENP argues that, the Action Plans comprise the steps of the 79 78 Till 2006 the European Neighborhood Policy fundedwas by several firstprograms, was The Action Plans shouldbe based oncommon principles,be but differentiated, taking Brussels, 9December2004 COM (2004) 795 Final “New Neighbors” – “Common Neighbors”!, http://www.cirp.ru/conferences/new%20neighborhood%20policy/report_e.htm On the Commission proposals for Action Plans under theEuropean European Neighborhood Policy 23 January 2005 77 Centre for Integration Research and Projects, and Research Integration for Centre , 80 76 CEU eTD Collection development in South Caucasus: the EU’sapproach, EN&guiLanguage=en http://europa.eu.int/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=SPEECH/06/477&format=HTML&aged=0&language= 82 questions. asked skepticism. deal its neighbors,but with newthe policy Commissionthe upwith iscame the muchsubject of 3.1.1. Limitations oftheENP policy. the of the criticisms and analyze 81 andpartners.” neighbors is designedtoextend prosperity,stability the security and by enjoyed EU the to ourclosest deeper relationship and with countries ofEastern the Europe it Mediterranean. southern the And speech in on28AugustSlovenia It 2006,” is ourtoolfor laying the foundations for amuch mutual prosperity, stability inand security region.the As Benita Ferrero-Waldner arguedin her relationshipsnot witha is guarantee policy Neighborhood European the though Even thestates. third with relations in conducting step member of statesthe EU membership,of the European sharingcountries border. acommon it Unionis a great financesENPI “jointbringing regionsprograms”, together of Member and States partner and a goodopportunity chance isinstrument the border Underthiscomponent, feature of cooperation component. the cross its innovative toThe TACIS. and MEDA replaced increasefor(ENPI) Instrument Partnership and Neighborhood states to foster closer The official web-site of the European Union, The official web-site of the European Commission, European the of web-site official The There is no doubt that the enlarged European Union needs an effective common policy to policy common effective an needs Union European enlarged the that doubt no is There To conclude, the implementation of the European Neighborhood Policy was an important an was Policy Neighborhood European the of implementation the conclude, To From new2007 the financial instrumentfor neighborhood,the the European http://ec.europa.eu/world/enp/faq_en.htm#4.1 82 In the following sub-chapter I will examine the limitations of the ENP 81 Benita Ferrero Waldner: Political reform and sustainable ( Slovenia, EU intheworld, European Neighborhood Policy, frequently 24 28 August, 2006) CEU eTD Collection the participant states. participant the “apples and pearsin the same policy which basket”, is the definitely muchof subject criticism of but in both Policy from Europe the those Easter puts arevery different countries Mediterranean which are two different things. different two are which one, EU’s the rather but neighborhood, Europe’s not is with deals policy the What misnomer. additional incentives to co-operate; itotherwise will have little influence over them. reforms offered by the EU. withoutcountries, but theprospectofmembership the countries arelessadapt to excited to the will normsin adapttothe theneighbors EU manner sameassume that the asdid theaccession forits The theneighbors. attractivenesspromise ofmembershipreduces Union “policymakers” 88 87 March(Brusseld, 2007),1 http://www.epc.eu/TEWN/pdf/1003848642_ENP%20three%20years%20on.pdf 86 85 84 June 2004), www.cer.org.uk 83 from another”. one which are very “setsofneighbors different with they that state they belong andits not toEurope “neighborhood”. join the EU someday. policy offers the countriesneighboring countries from demanding the ofmembership promises for awhile.At point,this the a process of integration that does not prejudge which of them might Ibid, 2 Ibid, 1 Centre, Policy European brief, Policy next?”, where from-and where on: years three ENP “The Missiroli, Antonio Ibid, Ibid, HeatherGrabbe, “How the EU should help its Neighbors”, Policy Brief, Centre for European Reform, (London, Besides that, Missiroli states that the European Neighborhood Policy is something of a of something is Policy Neighborhood European the that states Missiroli that, Besides Moreover, the EU does not actually deal with a homogeneous neighborhood, but rather but neighborhood, homogeneous a with deal actually not does EU the Moreover, Through the European Neighborhood Policy the Commission hopes that it will stop 88 83 Moreover, according to Missiroli, the ENP is not really a single policy, single a really not is ENP the Missiroli, to according Moreover, The fact that the European Neighborhood Policy does not contain the contain not does Policy Neighborhood European the that fact The 84 According toGrabbe, the EU needs to give its neighboring countries 86 Missiroli notes that in this respect the Ukrainians are right when 25 87 As an example, the example, an As 85 CEU eTD Collection Studies,Working Paper (Denmark, 2005), 20 http://www.isn.ethz.ch/pubs/ph/details.cfm?lng=en&id=14498 93 (St. Petersburg, December2004) 92 91 WorkingStudies, Paper (Denmark, 2005) ,18 http://www.isn.ethz.ch/pubs/ph/details.cfm?lng=en&id=14498 values”. coexistence on equal footing with neighborsthe have that mutual commitment tocommon aware of being of behaving asacolonizer, accused Prodi declared the“EU that isopen to relationship of EUandthe neighboring countries by a model “teacher”of and“student”. the describes Karabeshkin away. istaken policy the of elaboration in the part take to opportunity cooperation program of equal Neighboringpartners. of areobjects countries ENPandthe their becomes. country the othering” less the lessthe close norms, occurs, tothe more “geographical othering” the “geographical different kinds of “geographical others”. As Holm notes, the closer to the EU norms a country is, 90 http://www.epc.eu/TEWN/pdf/1003848642_ENP%20three%20years%20on.pdf (Brusseld,March 2007),3 89 at all, but very bad neighbors if they do not comply with the EU norms. good friends, other friends might into turn less good friends, and some others may not be friends a constitute “ring of friends” aredivided into differentkinds offriends. Some friends are very the pre-existing EUfunds and “tries to give them a common rationale”. itisrather asetof bilateral andinstruments, the so-calledprograms umbrellathatbrings together Ula Holm, “EU’s Neighborhood Policy: A Question of Space and Security Leonid Karabeshkin, Leonid Ibid, 19 Ula Holm, “EU’s Neighborhood Policy: A Question of Space and Security Centre, Policy European brief, Policy next?”, where from-and where on: years three ENP “The Missiroli, Antonio Karabeshkin states that the ENP is a foreign policy doctrine of the EU, rather than the Holm introduces “variable geometry” of the ENP. According to her, the neighbors which her, neighbors the to According ENP. the of geometry” “variable introduces Holm 93 not “coexistence footing” membershipBut the envisage perspective. equal on does the “New Neighbors” – “Common Neighbors”!, http://www.cirp.ru/conferences/new%20neighborhood%20policy/report_e.htm 91 26 Centre for Integration Research and Projects, and Research Integration for Centre ”, ”, DanishInstitute forInternational DanishInstitute forInternational 89 90 Thus, the ENP creates ENP the Thus, 92 Being CEU eTD Collection South Caucasus 97 2007) to next flags EU fly Tbilisi in downtown buildings public the all West, the into itself integrate country seemshave to taken different paths to Europe. As a symbol of Georgia’s determination to stated, Ferrero-Waldner 2004, several 2004, Georgia.months Revolution theRose after of in June “part EU’sNeighborhood” of the becamethe Caucasus finally South the of countries EuropeanCommissionthe “Communication document Widerthe on in Europe” 2003, the three 3.2. The ENP and South Caucasus region: three different paths to Europe region. in the norms its expending in time a hard have might EU the ENP, the from is excluded clause membership the because 96 March 31-April 2,2005) http://aei.pitt.edu/3302/02/European_Neighborhood_Policy.doc Non-Candidatein Neighboring Countries“,Prepared for the EUSA NinthBiennial International Conference,(Austin, 95 (Brussels,March 2007) http://www.epc.eu/TEWN/pdf/1003848642_ENP%20three%20years%20on.pdf 94 domestic change”. on for an impact effective condition beena has necessary perspective membership to achieve in progress democracy andhuman andrights “a that credible membership former.as the effectively as conditionality the exercise not can it therefore enlargement; about is not ENP The The official web-site of the European Commission’s delegation to Georgia, Lilli Di Puppo, Centre, Policy European brief, Policy next?”, where from-and where on: years three ENP “The Missiroli, Antonio Frank Schimmelfenning, ”EuropeanNeighborhood Policy: Political Conditionality and its impact onDemocracy After their inclusion in the European Neighborhood Policy was rejected in a footnote in http://www.caucaz.com/home_eng/breve_contenu.php?id=287 Although the South theSouth Although wereincludedCaucasus atthecountries samein time each ENP, the relations. in our anewchapter have opened andstable, prosperous secureneighborhood. With European the Neighborhood Policy we we wantwork to with together Armenia, buildingand Azerbaijan Georgia towards amore AccordingSchimmelfennig, to the EUhas predominantly on attractivenessthe relied of 94 http://www.delgeo.cec.eu.int/en/press/29seqtemberi2006.html TheSouth Caucasus countries and ENP: three different paths to Europe? 27 97 96 Due to this occasion Commissioner occasion this to Due Benita Ferraro- Waldner, Visit to (Caucaz Europenews, (Caucaz 95 But CEU eTD Collection 104 103 102 2007) 101 100 Institute,( Tbilisi, 2004) EU. to the conditions own its dictate can which acountry as status own its has Azerbaijan Iran, of neighbor EU. the to“Europeanization”inclined and hasnot shown much interest in strong establishing with ties region. in the standards and norms democratic European spread to attempt an than rather borders” EU’s is atthe as instablesecurity from “stemming regions more perceived what an answer to threats policy, and it does not seem willing to upset its strong ally in the North. For Armenia, the ENP is 99 European Reform,(London, 2004 ) www.cer.org.uk 98 inEU integration future. close the set hopes noton Brussels does and languageof technical understand rather the Yerevan seemsto as astep membership. bringing that viewthey ENP indicated the toEU closer country the membership, Georgian the government officials andmedia areambitious in and matter this have Integration. boost European ties, and even introduced the position of State the Ministerfor European a Heappointed accession. French asa diplomat of Georgian descent in ministerforeign order to ones. Georgian Jaba Devdariani, Jaba for Centre Deliver?” Policy Neighborhood Europe’s Can EU: the and “Georgia Grant, Charles and Leonard Mark Ibid, Ibid, Ibid, Lilli Di Puppo, Ibid, http://www.caucaz.com/home_eng/breve_contenu.php?id=287 102 As for Azerbaijan, toDi according Azerbaijan itself Puppo, not particularly does seem For Brussels, pupil hasFor Armenia beenthe among better the Caucasianrepublics. three 103 104 Due to its strategic importance in terms of energy security location itsas adirect and in security of energy importance terms Due toits strategic 99 Even though the EU extensively stresses that the ENP has no links with EU 98 TheSouth Caucasus countries and ENP: three different paths to Europe? Europeremains ambiguous in itsSouth Caucasus neighborhood, Moreover, in 2004,presidentSaakashvili voiced his determination for EU the http://www.cacianalyst.org/view_article.php?articleid=2527 101 ArmeniaMoreover, hasbeen foreignhaving apro-Russian 28 Central Asia-Caucasus (Caucaz Europenews, (Caucaz 100 CEU eTD Collection 2007) 108 http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2006/11/49cc53a7-9595-4960-ba54-0ba1f248963f.html 107 106 University of Catania, (Catania, 2004), 8 Project of the publication 105 instruments”. policy measures of political control over process of economic globalization that have curtailed national “regain some an to attempt was The regionalism new of regionalism. been considereda wave has what facing was that context in a cooperation, regional fostered EU the War, Cold the of end the politics, cultural and regional the terms EU favors regional approach towards region.the After included in the Black Sea region, which comprises Ukraine and Moldova, rather thanin in UkraineandMoldova, rather included BlackSearegion,comprises the which the regarding regional the assince Roseapproach, Revolution the had set Georgia hopes beingon in summerof the 2005. not only Baku, butTbilisi and Yerevanhad tosuffer a delay innegotiations over Action the Plans in Caucasus, Javierof Concerning the regional 2006, approach South November Solana stated to all on part the efforts toaddressissuesof countries neighboring interest”. of common external EU’s the relations. http://www.fscpo.unict.it/EuroMed/ENPCataniabook.pdf Lilli Di Puppo, Radio Free Europe, Radio Liberty, Ibid, 9 Fulvio Attina, Rosa Rossi, “European Neighborhood Policy:Political, Economic and Social Issues”, A http://www.caucaz.com/home_eng/breve_contenu.php?id=287 Due to the dispute concerning flights between Azerbaijan and the Northern part of Cyprus, of part Northern the and Azerbaijan between flights concerning dispute the to Due Even though the South Caucasus is the diversity of the three countries’ orientations in orientations countries’ three the of diversity is the Caucasus South the though Even The Georgian governmenthas expressed some doubts after abovethe mentioned incident, unity… regional construct to difficult very be will it be otherwise to have solved, region in the exist that conflicts the that of a consequence As region. a as you focus of program the we are establishing you. with And wewant therefore to work with we would like those three countries to work among themselves as a region and that is the refers that “a general concept as follows: regional the approach defines The Commission TheSouth Caucasus countries and ENP: three different paths to Europe? 105 The European Union Neighborhood Policy Neighborhood Union The European Therefore, since then the regional approach has become a key factor of factor key a has become approach regional the since then Therefore, 108 EU: Solana Says membership forSouth Caucasus :A different Story 29 of the Faculty of Political Sciences of the (Caucaz Europenews, (Caucaz 107 (2006) 106 CEU eTD Collection by EU-membership.”offering “Caucasianthe aknot knot”, EUevidentlythe todissolvetries by means the of ENP-andnotthe the of orientations Caucasianrepublics, three EUhas the Caucasus“summed up”the in republics obstacle for Georgia on the road to a fastprogression towards the EU. the EU-Armenia and EU Azerbaijan will observers, cooperation of require two the the countries andhas been indesigned asapriority Action Plans, by regional case the tricky as particularly which is regarded which of Nagorno-Karabakh the resolution is on the other hand, perceived as an is prowestern, mainly seekingAmerican protection. has strong ties with Turkey; Georgia, on the other hand, mainly perceives threats from Russia and from andandRussia, isprowestern Armenia threats Iran, tosome extent perceives Azerbaijan Armenia perceivesthreats from Turkey and Azerbaijan,andhas strong ties with Russia; very clearly, approaches their different makeillustrate countries choices the The national statesthree have always had individualist approaches in political, cultural and religious terms. Caucasus was South constructed the of identity common The identity. Caucasian South a common nor relationships by the Russian empire andintense the with aregion notas such,neither Caucasus does constitute South the Georgia later by the Soviet Union. Moreover, the Caucasus, and what drives EU towards the closer cooperation with the region. closerthe cooperation drives EUtowards andwhat Caucasus, Center forEuropean IntegrationStudies, (2005) http://www.esiweb.org/pdf/esi_turkey_tpq_id_63.pdf 112 111 110 109 Caucasus. region South of the unstable Andreas Marchetti, “Widening without Enlarging: The EuropeanNeighborhood Policy Souththe and Caucasus”, Ibid, Irakli Rekhviashvili, interview by author Irakli Rekhviashvili, interview by author To conclude, according Marchetti, to despite different ofthe layers ofidentities and the as regard, in this effective seems approach regional the EU the for hand, other the On In the next chapter I will be looking at the geopolitical interests of the EU in the South inthe EU the of interests geopolitical the at looking be will I chapter next the In 112 109 According tothe formerMinister of Economy of 30 110 111 CEU eTD Collection 20 March 2006 113 Secretary General and his Special representative for Georgia, and the group of of for of friends andthe group Georgia, the his General Secretary representative and Special mandatementioned “support EUSRshouldtheUnitedinresolution, the that the conflict Nations persons”. andinternally displaced resolutionthe of andconflicts, topreparethereturn of peace, promoting return the of refugees development and poverty reduction and toprevent conflicts in the region”, as well as,“to assist in governance, good rights, human democratization, law, of rule of fields in the notably reforms, economic and political out in carrying Georgia and Azerbaijan Armenia, “assist to was EUSR mandate of in the Caucasus the on region July South 2003, the (EUSR) Representative Special promotes democracy, human rights and rule of law. Policy and its Action Plans, the EU is expanding its norms and values in the South Caucasussecurity, and the EU has topotential ignite intoto full-scale warsin Europe’s neighborhood. get more the have involved Ossetia South and Abkhazia Nagorno-Karabakh, in conflicts unresolved the inMoreover, the region. Through make stability region the of trafficking and the crime a clearinternational interest. EU the European Neighborhood to threat the UnionEuropean andthe energy and pipelines challengessupplies, the of in that, instability Caucasus is mainly Besides South a the and location its energy resources. http://shop.ceps.be/downfree.php?item_id=1476 Documents, Centre for EuropeanPolicy Studies, (Brussels: March 2007), 15 115 114 CHAPTER 4: THE GEOPOLITICAL IMPLICATIONS OF THE EU IN THE THE EU OF IMPLICATIONS 4: THEGEOPOLITICAL CHAPTER International Crisis Group,“Conflict resolution in Souththe The Caucasus: EU’s role”, Europe ReportNo.173- Nicu Popescu, “Europe’s Unrecognized Neighbors: The EU in Abkhazia and South Ossetia”, Working Ossetia”, South and Abkhazia in EU The Neighbors: Unrecognized “Europe’s Popescu, Nicu Ibid, 9 The EU’s increased interests in the region manifested itself in the appointment of EU the in itself appointment the in manifested region the interests The EU’sincreased The South Caucasus is of particular interest to the West because of its geopolitical Westbecause of to interest the is Caucasus of particular South The SOUTH CAUCASUS AFTERSOUTH2007 ENLARGEMENT CAUCASUS THE http://www.crisisgroup.org/home/index.cfm?id=4037&l=1 115 Rather than mandating the EUSR to seek direct involvement direct seek to EUSR the mandating than Rather 31 , 9 114 In order to guarantee its own guarantee to In order 113 CEU eTD Collection 2006), http://www.pinr.com/report.php?ac=view_report&report_id=595&language_id= No.65. TheInstitutionforInternational Studies, (Paris: December2003), 172 119 http://shop.ceps.be/downfree.php?item_id=1476 Documents, Centre for EuropeanPolicy Studies, (Brussels: March 2007), 15 118 117 http://shop.ceps.be/downfree.php?item_id=1476 Documents, Centre for EuropeanPolicy Studies, (Brussels: March 2007), 15 116 might use its energythe uncertainty over the reliabilitysupplies of the Persian Gulf supplies, as well as a possibility that Russia of light in but considerable, that isas not reserves gas and oil a global of power share Caucasian the itself, In tool, the transport gasreserves. world’s the of and percent 4-6 oil world’s of the reserves percent 3-4 Sea contains of the Caspian in namelyThe Caspian mostly Caspian by Sea. the andoil,Azerbaijan resources, gas exploited and Central Asian 4.1. EnergySecurity EU. tothe vital importance make theregion of drugsandfrozen conflicts,smuggling, arms and trafficking in terrorism Caucasus South the resources, The energy increased. of has the region importance Caucasus, the South Sea with the supportingframework the of conflictthe resolution. ratherthanjustcreating progresson of for settlement “toassist conflict”, mandate, conditions the region”. declared to be in line OSCE”. of aegis the underthe with Caucasus the Council’s for the South resolution and conflict the […] for Georgia General Secretary United Nations wish to “play a more active political role in the http://www.iss-eu.org/chaillot/chai65e.pdf Nicu Popescu, “Europe’s Unrecognized Neighbors: The EU in Abkhazia and South Ossetia”, Working Ossetia”, South and Abkhazia in EU The Neighbors: Unrecognized “Europe’s Popescu, Nicu Dov Lynch and others, “The EU: towards a strategy”, in Working Ossetia”, South and Abkhazia in EU The Neighbors: Unrecognized “Europe’s Popescu, Nicu Marcel de Haas, “Current Geostrategy in the South Caucasus”, The geopolitical importance of Caucasus is of presenceof the South basedon energy the importance The geopolitical I In thisargue chapter becauseafter that EUshares 2007enlargementthe the Black the A Finish Heikki diplomat, Talvitie, to wasappointed position.the Thisdecision was 117 anextended SemnebyPeter Talvitie replaced with a Swedish diplomat, In 2006, 116 32 SouthCaucasus a challenge for the EU. 118 Power andInterest News Report, Chaillot Paper (December 119 CEU eTD Collection 122 January 2007) http://www.caucaz.com/home_eng/breve_contenu.php?id=293 http://www.pinr.com/report.php?ac=view_report&report_id=595&language_id=1 theEU. interest to particular areof Caucasus South the of energy from numberenergy a very the resources limited on security countries, of dependent 121 2006), http://www.pinr.com/report.php?ac=view_report&report_id=595&language_id=1 120 Policy”, Energy an External EU “Towards conference at the 2006 in November stated Ferrero-Waldner engaged in the region and gain direct access to the oil and gas supplies of the wereEurope) undoubtedlyregion. mostthe significant. As Benita Corridor(Transport Caucasus, Europe, Asia) Oil andINOGATE (Interstate Transportto and Gas started the implementation of important regional projects in the South Caucasus. TRACECA North Atlantic Treaty Organization (N.A.T.O.). the level, global the at and (C.I.S.); States Independent of Commonwealth the within (C.S.T.O.) and andUkraine, Azerbaijan (G.U.A.M.) Moldova Collectivethe Security Organization Treaty between Georgia, cooperation the SeaForce (CASFOR), Caspian the (BLACKSEAFOR) Force Blackthe Sea (B.S.E.C.), isSeaEconomic Cooperation level, there Black the At regional the Mediterranean. tothe Caspian the from gas and oil of transporting for the apassageway as isassociated region ofthe function tothe Westsupplies vital viathe Caucasushas importance. gained Marcel de Haas, “Current Geostrategy in the South Caucasus”, South the in Geostrategy “Current Haas, de Marcel Alessandro Vitale, Marcel deHaas, “Current Geostrategy in the South Caucasus”, security either as suppliers or transit countries. This has been fleshed out in major has This fleshed out countries. the or energy been transit assuppliers security either The ENP takes full account of the vital role that the EU’s neighbors play in the EU’s energy Moreover, the European Neighborhood Policy gives a chance to the EU togetmore EU the Policychance to givesa Neighborhood European the Moreover, Already 1990s in the EUbecame the during interested potential the of region the and A number of states and organizations are involved in the South Caucasus besides the EU. The EUwantto build and energystrategy intheCaspian Region, 122 33 Power andInterest News Report, 121 Power andInterest News Report, Because of its rich energy supplies, the 120 ( Caucaz European News As the EU is largely is EU the As (December2006), (December , CEU eTD Collection 126 125 123 member countries of TRACECA are landlocked, the policy gives them an additional link to reach in in Caucasusandfivemorethree Europe, the Asia. Central in countries five thirteen countries: TRACECA.program comprises Today TRACECA the Bulgaria, Romania and Turkey applied to European the Commission with a request to join improving trade andimproving transport. trade by economy international the into integration their support to Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Georgia, ofArmenia, Azerbaijan, and Governments the program in were formulated 1993 atthe Conference in Brussels by European the Commission within infrastructure region. the develop acoherent andintegrated and to Black the connect andCaspian Seas by means of andcommunication modern transport systems TRACECA 4.1.1. Union. European the of support the with Caucasus South the in implemented projects five the at look will I sections following the In region. Caucasus South http://www.ceeol.com/aspx/getdocument.aspx?logid=5&id=5EEE1000-ECE3-404D-B9CB-8C075C3F6B30 #2:2004, Georgian Foundation forStrategic and International Studies, 124 http://ec.europa.eu/comm/external_relations/energy/energy_conference_2006/index.htm Ibid, The official web-site of TRACECA, http://www.traceca-org.org/default.php?l=en Commission, European the of web-site official The Mariam Dekanozishvili, “The EU in the South Caucasus: By What Means, to What Ends?”, Occasional Paper Occasional Ends?”, What to Means, ByWhat Caucasus: South in the EU “The Dekanozishvili, Mariam cooperation sections of the ENP Action Plans which have been jointly established with these with neighbors. established jointly been have which Plans Action ENP the of sections cooperation In from periodthe 1998 Ukraine 1996 to andMoldovajoined also the In2000 program. The member states consider TRACECA routes of strategic importance. As most of of mostthe As importance. of strategic routes consider TRACECA states The member TRACECA was launched in by 1993 European the Union, the objective of iswhich to inthe security energy of field in the implemented projects of number are there Currently 123 125 External Relations :Energy conference 34 126 124 The objectives of the of objectives The CEU eTD Collection 130 129 128 127 Instrument”. and largerexternal “European Neighborhood assistance Partnership initiative EU technical inmarket Europe. and is which facilitating thetransport of oil within andboth gas NISregionthe andthe towards co-operation program, which promotingaims at the regional integration of pipelinethe systems 4.1.2. INOGATE the Development Cooperation and Economic Cooperation Instrument (DCECI). relevant to TRACECA are theSince 2007 is there furtherno TACIS TRACECA Action newprogram, the EUinstruments European Neighborhood waters. or into via andterritories integrate markets theglobal to TRACECA trade European and Partnership Instrument (ENPI) and existing in EU. the framework andnormative of regulatory the towards those Participating standards Countries investments; by acting toimprove the investment climate and by convergencesupporting the of by facilitating necessary the bottlenecks attracting and andenhance supplies; network to reduce safety security and existingthe of hydrocarbon network; by facilitating the extension of the security of supply the both of EUandthe INOGATE the participating by countries the enhancing and operation”. necessary for construction their investment the attract rationalize and facilitate the development of interstate oil and gas transportation systems and to agreement, which is an intensified agreement that “sets out an institutional system designed to The official web-site of INOGATE, http://www.inogate.org/en/ Ibid, The official web-site of INOGATE, http://www.inogate.org/inogate/en/about The official web-site of TRACECA, http://www.traceca-org.org/default.php?l=en INOGATE was launched in November 1995 in Brussels. INOGATE is an international is an INOGATE in Brussels. 1995 in November launched was INOGATE At present there are 21 countries who are signatories of an INOGATE umbrella 128 130 implemented new be bythe will 2007-2013 program The NewAction 35 129 supports INOGATEthe 127 CEU eTD Collection countries of the region towards market-oriented reforms, regional integration reforms,and regional sustainable countries of integration market-oriented region the towards develop theirwithin cooperation framework the of European the Neighborhood Policy. importance of countries recognize participating the in cooperation the energy furtherand agree to and Commission European the both from representatives the Initiative, Baku the of Conclusions 133 January 2007) http://www.caucaz.com/home_eng/breve_contenu.php?id=293 supplies, avoiding price fluctuations and attracting investments. in securing areinterested countries andontheotherhand,energy energy supplies, all partner EuropeAid Cooperation office. EuropeAid Cooperation and relations External Energy, and Transport for DGs the by is represented which EU, the and Turkey, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan Ukraine, Uzbekistan, RussianFederation (observer), the Moldova, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, permitting), conditions (political Iran Georgia, Belorussia, 135 134 http://ec.europa.eu/comm/external_relations/energy/baku_initiative/index.htm 136 132 131 cooperation. for thenew vision long-term energy the Map”setting out an “Energy Road prepared Kazakhstan community shaped onBrussels’energy rules”. Conference in Baku on 13 November aims 2004, at“creating aBlack Sea/Caspianregion energy initiative,neighbors. their and basin Caspian and Black the of countries the and Union European the which beganBaku 4.1.3. Initiative as a result of the conclusions reached at the Energy Ministerial The official web-site of the European Union, The official web-site of INOGATE, of web-site official The Ibid, Ibid, Alessandro Vitale, INOGATE, of web-site official The The success of the initiative will be dependent on the strength of the commitment by by the commitment the of strength the on dependent be will initiative the of success The This initiative is important as, on the one hand, the EU is highly interested in securing its in securing interested ishighly EU the hand, one the on as, important is initiative This In 2004 EUsignedthe the “Baku Initiative”, which enhances energy cooperation between 133 The partner countries of the “Baku Initiative” are Armenia, Azerbaijan, Armenia, are Initiative” “Baku the of countries partner The The EUwantto build and energystrategy intheCaspian Region, 134 Baku Initiative, Baku Initiative, External relations: Baku Initiative http://www.inogate.org/inogate/en/baku-initiative http://www.inogate.org/inogate/en/baku-initiative 132 36 On November 30,2006 Conferencethe heldin 135 As set out in the Agreed ( Caucaz European News 136 131 The , CEU eTD Collection 138 January 2007) http://www.caucaz.com/home_eng/breve_contenu.php?id=293 Oil is Azerbaijan's State stakeconsortium madeupof as BP, with operator, a 30.1% project 139 http://ec.europa.eu/comm/external_relations/energy/baku_initiative/index.htm technology.com/projects/bp/ 137 PresidentNursaltan Nazarbayev Kazakhstanof on 25 May 2005. PresidentMikhail Saakashvilli Georgiaof and PresidentAhmet Sezer of Turkey,joined by Ilham Sangachal the Republic, Azerbaijan nearBaku,by Aliyev of the terminal, President Azerbaijan,in two Georgia andfour in Turkey. terminal. The BTC pipelineAzerbaijan,km 249 Georgiathrough and 1,076km through Turkey to theCeyhan Marine facilities include eight pump stations,barrels of oil per day. of which two are Europe). located in central longest in Druzhba oil the longest from to pipeline (the pipeline being world Russia the is Coast It of Turkey. second the Caucasustothe the Mediterranean through Azerbaijan from Tbilisi-Ceyhan (BTC) pipeline wasopenedin 2005. Thepipeline has potentialthe bringingof oil Tbilisi- 4.1.4. Baku-Ceyhan EUandCaspianthe between producers. energy Eurasianin the trade energy of pattern current the revise not will initiative space, the though Even development. it will help in the long run to build more market- friendly energy relations 140 http://www.bp.com/genericarticle.do?categoryId=9006669&contentId=7014358 The official web-site of the European Union, The official web-site of the British Petroleum, Alessandro Vitale, The official web-site of the British Petroleum, The project costThe projectis estimated to be $3.7 billion. pipeline The at inaugurated was officially Construction on work BTCpipelinethe in began 2003. The pipeline runs443km through The importanceof South the Caucasus has since increased 1,800 the kilometer Baku- 138 1 millionitwillnormalinWhenbeginning transport capacity, working 2009, at The EUwantto build and energystrategy intheCaspian Region, External relations: Baku Initiative Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan Pipeline, Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan Caspian Pipeline 139 137 37 ( 140 http://www.hydrocarbons- Caucaz European News pipeline BTC The , CEU eTD Collection guiLanguage=en http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=MEMO/06/282&format=HTML&aged=1&language=EN& 146 technology.com/projects/bp/ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/2263611.stm 145 144 http://jamestown.org/edm/article.php?article_id=2369812 143 142 http://jamestown.org/edm/article.php?article_id=2369812 141 field from 2009-2010. Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan oil pipeline. Thepipeline will be able tocarry oil from Kazakhstanthe oil duration can be extended. life pipeline’s is the that expected a major also share.It torepresent is Europe expected Western will bring oil from a different part of the world- the Caspian region- through a different route”. Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipeline willimprove oursecurity of supply diversificationand our goals since it East region. Caspian region. Caspian oil will provide markets."to theworld Europe with an alternativenew independentstates as well", says Ilham Shaban, oil analyst in Baku. "This is a reliable way source outsiderespectively. the Middle Total andof (5%), France Japanese-based the and Itochu with Inpex andstakes, 3.4% 2.5% Norway'sAmerada Hess(2.35%), Statoil TurkishItaly's (8.7%), Petroleum ENI(5%), (6.5%), Company Americanthe with 25%, companiesConoco-Phillips Unocal and (2.5%), (8.9%), The official web-site of European Union, European of web-site official The The official web-site of the British Petroleum, Vladimir Socor, “ Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan Oil Pipeline Inaugurated”, Vladimir Socor, “ Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan Oil Pipeline Inaugurated”, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/2263611.stm BBC News BBC Recently, Kazakhstan signed an oil transportation agreement under which it under agreement Kazakhstan has joinedRecently, which anoil signed the transportation lifetimeThe pipeline years,least hasaprojected at to of fourty during export which the The pipeline will become the main export route for the oil resources of the landlocked , 141 143 Caspian pipeline dream becomes reality, "This pipelineis importance of strategicnotAzerbaijan, only butto tothe other As stated by the European Commission Energy Commissioner, “The Baku- 146 142 145 Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan Fact Sheet Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan Caspian Pipeline 38 (September, 2002) The Jamestown Foundation, The Jamestown Foundation, http://www.hydrocarbons- (May 2005) (May 2005) 144 CEU eTD Collection 150 guiLanguage=en http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=MEMO/06/282&format=HTML&aged=1&language=EN& 149 148 January 2007) http://www.caucaz.com/home_eng/breve_contenu.php?id=293 is Turkey cost estimated $5 The of Europe. construction the natural andgas through to Turkmen 151 http://www.bp.com/genericarticle.do?categoryId=9006669&contentId=7014358 connecting the two plannedlines nearconnecting thetwo Erzurum. (TCGP), which aims at integrating the Trans-Caspian gas pipeline Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan was developed project parallel the pipeline oil pipeline. to with the Nabucco project boundaries,was postponed theproject summertill 2000and Baku-Tbilisi-Erzurum the by only of Caspian the disputes and unresolved the Seacountries, Caspian between relations complicated 152 Foundation 147 isforproject fundamental theEU’s security of supply.energy environmental the and impact. social Thefirst delivery in of started gas 2006.ThisDecember The pipeline is 692 kilometers long, andthe annual capacity will be upto sixteen bcm. the Caspian to the Black Sea overMediterranean, to which is eventually transported to Europe. gas need. The Baku-Tbilisi-Erzurum gas pipeline, which was incompleted 2006, brings gasfrom 4.1.5. Baku-Tbilisi-Erzurum meeting inmeeting Istanbul issued adeclaration intentof toconstructa pipeline. inTurkmenistan 1996 was for thefirst by time suggested Unitedthe States. In 1999, OSCE the project The has from of natural beenreactivated. gas import Trans-Caspian Gaspipeline project The official web-site of the British Petroleum, The official web-site of European Union, European of web-site official The The Permanent Missionof Turkey to the United Nations, http://www.un.int/turkey/page87.html Vladimir Socor, “Discussions intensify with Kazakhstan on Trans-Caspian Gas Pipeline”, Gas onTrans-Caspian Kazakhstan with intensify “Discussions Socor, Vladimir Ibid, Alessandro Vitale, The South Caucasus pipeline constitutes Caucasus pipeline of The South firstthe constitutes GasPipeline step Trans-Caspian the The pipeline is constructed The pipeline isin constructed same as the corridor BTCpipeline,the in order to minimize The EU is currently making anumber of efforts to strengthen its diversification of natural (March2007), http://jamestown.org/edm/article.php?article_id=2371966 The EUwantto build and energystrategy intheCaspian Region, Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan Fact Sheet Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan Pipeline, 39 152 The aim of the pipeline is to transport Kazakh transport isto The pipeline the of aim 149 new sincethe Moreover, 2006, ( Caucaz European News The Jamestown 150 151 of because But 148 , 147 CEU eTD Collection 154 http://www.iss-eu.org/chaillot/chai65e.pdf No.65. TheInstitutionforInternational Studies, (Paris: December2003), 172 gas. oil and of Caspian transport problems and challenges.Stability in Caucasusthe is a crucial forrequirement the uninterrupted Security threats of the South 4.2. Caucasus alternative supply routes. on depends of resources the Russia ,gets chance todecrease by shelteringdependency this the besupplies 160-180billion estimates to Moreover, theEUwhonowadays significantly dollars. nextthe few years, with peak of inproduction Caspian 2012, sharein global in trade energy of energy. sources In EUsearches for alternative needs,the Becauseofincreasing gas toEurope. strategically important for the European Union as a transportation corridor for the Caspian oil and 153 pipelines. pipelineCaspian natural gas through Turkey-Greece interconnector, the extension of the Odessa-Brodyto oil Poland, BesidesEurope. in that, longthe run Caucasus South the pipeline will withsupply Europe and membergas afterwardsbe would European in pipedto countries Union andCentral Southern the Constantza-Trieste across Caspian shore, eastern seabedtoAzerbaijan,the into andfurther viaGeorgia Turkey. The billion, which is goinghave to an annual capacity 30 billionof cubic meters, running from the as well as the Burgas-Alexandropolis oil Ibid, 173 Dov Lynch and others, “The EU: towards a strategy”, in The particular advantages of the South linked Caucasus areclosely region’s the with of South advantages the The particular becomes region Caucasus South the in Europe increases energy for demand As 153 154 Unfortunately, the region is not fully stable, it is engaged in 40 * SouthCaucasus a challenge for the EU. Chaillot Paper CEU eTD Collection No.65. TheInstitutionforInternational Studies, (Paris: December2003), 175 157 20 (March 2006) http://www.crisisgroup.org/home/index.cfm?id=4037&l=1 156 http://www.iss-eu.org/chaillot/chai65e.pdf No.65. TheInstitutionforInternational Studies, (Paris: December2003), 172 155 remains conflict unresolved. Nagorno-Karabakh over the andAzerbaijan Armenia between andadispute Ossetia, and South Abkhazia Georgia, of on territory the conflicts are frozen two there its on conflicts territory, three started started to assist UNinthe providing humanitarian the and rehabilitation aid. By 2001 the in EU Caucasus. Eventually, of the apeaceful conflicts and South for the the resolution calling arefarfrom relations Armenia-Turkey “ideal”. West the to and Iran, borders region the South in the determined, yet not is border Sea Caspian of the east To the demarcation the reached. isfar being situation from of the normalization the where Chechnya, with dispute its with Russia lies North the To itself. region the of instability the territory of the South Caucasus region, there are4.2.1. Frozen conflicts external tensions which also influencecrisis” could spill andover undermine Union security. the of a “Caucasus any that outbreak The EUfears renewed terrorism. even andweapons potentially involved in region,the asitis saidtobe the center for smuggling, drugtrafficking,illegal sale of get more EUiswillingto the in supplies, interestBesides oil for theEU. a priority became to the “contribution of the conflict resolution” in the region. The stabilization of the region EU the andcommitted conflicts and Ossetia Nagorno-Karabakh Abkhazia South the time on first Dov Lynch and others, “The EU: towards a strategy”, in International Crisis Group,“Conflict resolution in Souththe The Caucasus: EU’s role”, Europe ReportNo.173- Dov Lynch and others, “The EU: towards a strategy”, in During the 1990s, the EU restricted its actions to condemning the violence in the region The stabilization of the region is of vital importance to the EU. Besides three conflicts on The 2004enlargementbrought the EUcloser South to the Caucasus. focusedfor the It 155 157 41 SouthCaucasus a challenge for the EU. SouthCaucasus a challenge for the EU. 156 Chaillot Paper Chaillot Paper CEU eTD Collection areas”, 158 shared by many in otherparticipants the of discussions.the was not This security”. system of of regional a new be component amajor should Caucasus in South the military Russian presence thatthe Armenian stance “Russian- wasthe initiative the Caucasus. It was first raised at the 1999 OSCE summitin Istanbul; the major difficulty in front of forin the Stability increasedinvolvementPact conflictresolution of wastheso-called the EU European address Union somedecided to of conflictsthe in PCAprocess. the 161 4a6a-94b8-6e765f253510.html 160 159 “besidesAzerbaijan stated, the Minsk Group we think European that organizations, [the] the otherresolution". in conflict hand,involvement EU "direct for looking not is Armenia but would like continues “thecalledin EUoffers Minskgroup mediating areappreciated, Nagorno-Karabakh; the EU to play minister foreign Armenian hisOskanian indicated, Vartan country prefers that OSCE’sso- the a “more active” As mechanism. theresolution conflict rather tool rehabilitation likemore apost-conflict role. As the foreign minister European Union as much possible”. of muchlike-case, wewouldexists there- very beinghelpfrom to offer conflict type that the the of which aresomeare frozen,someothers which are less frozen, but“in Solana, there conflicts any frozen conflicts, but at this point there is not much to be done in this field. As stated by Javier Georgi Kamov, “ EU’s role in conflict resolution: the case of the Eastern Enlargement and Neighborhood Policy Neighborhood and Enlargement Eastern ofthe case the resolution: conflict in role “ EU’s Kamov, Georgi Ibid, http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2005/12/8ee0efce-5abe- 2005) (December, Liberty, Radio Europe, Free Radio Ibid, 57 http://www.iehei.org/bibliotheque/memoires/2006/KAMOV.pdf However, all three countries perceive the EU offers differently. For Armenia, the EU is Nowadays, EU the states to be willingget to more involvedin region’sthe so-called 160 42 159 , I.E.H.E.I. (June 2006), pp 57 158 161 ideas One of the Azerbaijan,on CEU eTD Collection http://en.rian.ru/world/20070226/61262519.html 164 http://euobserver.com/ involvement planin EU of Caucasus, resolution a15-step the regarding greater South presented if necessary, any missionpeacekeeping should haveprecise and achievable goals”. inhelp operations are ready “We andpeacekeeping participate EU) Georgia (the to Solana stated 165 http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/insight/articles/eav071205.shtml sponsors”. western for Georgia’s event “peace isaregular PR stated the plan that who leaders, de facto Separatist very peaceplan, much the by supporting whichwaseventually Ossetian rejected South the EU to become a guarantor of the peace, with supporting roles for the US and Russia. The EU was the asked plan The incentives. and benefits of a variety and autonomy broad Caucasus South the offered The plan Council of Europe. CaucasusPlan” atthe Peace the“South presented Georgia of EU.” the expectation may have unrealistic Georgia “I believe involveddeeply Affairs As in Minister Paula declared, Lenhtomaki European Georgia. Helsinki’s But the Finnish EUpresidency gave the clearest signal Europe isthat not willingget to too zones. conflict in the involvement for EU the asked Saakashvili Mikheil President, Georgian the direct involvementin the region’s so-called “frozen” conflicts. In 2003, after the Rose Revolution 163 4a6a-94b8-6e765f253510.html 162 process”. European Union, Councilof European [the] Europe, be opinion public can also involved inthe Molly Corso, Molly Andrew Rettman, “EU rules out Georgia peacekeeping role peacekeeping Georgia out “EU rules Rettman, Andrew http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2005/12/8ee0efce-5abe- 2005) (December, Liberty, Radio Europe, Free Radio EN.Rian.Ru Two years later, February on 2007, after meeting26, with presidentthe of Georgia, Javier Regarding the issue in March 2007, Peter RegardingSemneby, in issue the Peter the for March 2007, EUspecial representative the However, the EUhas upgradedits political visibility since then.2005 In Presidentthe of EU’s the towards aspirations more has it ambitious, more is hand, other the on Georgia, 162 , Georgia promotes South Ossetia Peace Plan, EU may send peacekeepers to Georgia - foreign policy chief 164 43 ” (Eurasia 2005)net, , EUOBSERVER 163 (February, 2007) , (October2006) 165 CEU eTD Collection areas”, 171 20 (March 2006) http://www.crisisgroup.org/home/index.cfm?id=4037&l=1 170 169 168 http://www.eurasia21.com/cgi-data/news/files/5696.shtml rehabilitation concerned supply of “theprojects water drinkable network, rehabilitation of In OssetiaSouth the EUfunded projects of nearly million$ 8 between 1997 and2006.These claimed be to largestthe in donor Abkhazia,implementing around projects $25 worth million. 167 2007, 166 andinrehabilitation role peace-building Caucasusthe zones. conflict Russia”. would that as well from Greece,Bulgaria“refraining steps anger andHungary taking as are hostilities”. the only thingSemneby noted that the EU is notwhich aiming for any formal role at conflict resolutionhe samethe time right at mission. However, assistance of EUborder the mandate now, the extending suggests but wants to achieve through Roki the Tunnel, whichlinks thebreakaway with region Russia. is to “move the station away from the brink of follows, is as Abkahzia for plan Semneby’s inGeorgia. conflicts separatist focused onthe plan conflicts.The Caucasus South the Georgi Kamov, “ EU’s role in conflict resolution: the case of the Eastern Enlargement and Neighborhood Policy Neighborhood and Enlargement Eastern ofthe case the resolution: conflict in role “ EU’s Kamov, Georgi International Crisis Group,“Conflict resolution in Souththe The Caucasus: EU’s role”, Europe ReportNo.173- Ibid, Ibid, Eurasia 21, “Abkhazia: EU Representative Proposes Greater Involvement”, BBC Monitoring, “Pundit Says EU Envoy's PlanFor Conflicts” http://www.gfsis.org/pub/eng/showpub.php?detail=1&id=133 http://www.iehei.org/bibliotheque/memoires/2006/KAMOV.pdf Due to the same reason, the EU seems more comfortable with apost-conflict with EUseems samecomfortable more the Due tothe reason, As for South Ossetia, the EU draft focuses on monitoring alleged Russian arms smuggling in Sokhumi. centre information EU an of opening the in Abkhazia; programs cultural EU-sponsored various of implementation the tothis; andagree in Sokhumi region Moscow the force should peacekeeping Russia and the self-styled Republic of Abkhazia; the deployment of an EU between border the across of legalization trade the would promote Abkhazia that involvement in it as an observer; the formation of joint customs structures in The expansion of the UN-sponsored peace process format and the EU's 169 168 plan.the andFrance, on Germany,The EUmember differ themselves Italy states 44 , Georgian Newspaper Rezonansi , 166 , I.E.H.E.I. (June 2006), 60 The Messenger 170 EU mid-2006,the By 167 , March, 23,2007, The proposal also proposal The March24, 171 CEU eTD Collection State’s and EU security”, http://www.policy.hu/ismailzade/issue.html 175 174 173 http://shop.ceps.be/downfree.php?item_id=1476 Documents, Centre for EuropeanPolicy Studies, (Brussels: March 2007), 13 172 smuggling. increase the of cross-border inCaucasus and South the subsequent change de-facto the of state borders alsocontribute the to expertiseamong andequipment toguardtheborders. the local governments The ethnic conflicts state the bodies of South the Caucasus because andmoreover, republics of lack the of technical isis fact the due andinsecure.This in transparent thatthere to anincreasinglevelof corruption very become have Caucasus the of borders the Union, Soviet the of collapse the Since 4.2.2. Smuggling beingimportant more for building a sustainable,functioning and democratic Georgia. is it as seen is from Tbilisi, 100km away Tskhinvali because case.Moreover, “hard conflict” whereasTbilisi and isolated, further lessAbkhaziais away andgeographically is asa perceived Abkhazia. This is due to the fact that South Ossetia is easier to solve than Abkhazia. It is closer to Armenia and Azerbaijan. stay in itin would rather between resolutions; weak short-term debates neutral the the conflict contributing to the conflict CaucasusSouth region, with potentialthe intoturningof open warfare, theEU is less involved in resolution in the region.According Popescu, to even though Nagorno-Karabakh is themost conflict dangerous in the This is due to the fact that the EU itself is andtowns villages of region”. conflict the schools, electricity and gasnetworks, railways, supportfor agriculture developmentin various Fariz Ismailzade, "Narcotics through the Caucasus towards Europe: Trafficking Patterns and impact on local on andimpact Patterns Trafficking Europe: towards Caucasus the through "Narcotics Ismailzade, Fariz Ibid, Nicu Popescu, interview by author Working Ossetia”, South and Abkhazia in EU The Neighbors: Unrecognized “Europe’s Popescu, Nicu But EU’s role in the resolution of “Caucasus crisis” remains generally very limited. 173 In the case of Georgia, the EU has prioritized South Ossetia over 175 172 45 174 CEU eTD Collection 83ae-bc1e427a9bba.html Free Europe/Radio Liberty 179 178 http://www.cacianalyst.org/view_article.php?articleid=4751 177 the former Soviet Union,in in breakaway existing the South Caucasus andconditions the in regions zonesof conflict the the region became a major transit point Drug for4.2.3. trafficking narcotics. pose a threat not just to Georgia but to all the international community”. how smugglinghighlights and borderloose control, with Georgia’s separatist conflicts associated “this John F. Tefft, toGeorgia, ambassador by American Asthe stated regions. separatist amounts to $100million a year, andthesupplies find their way especially Georgiathrough via estimated that illicit trade, not only in atomic goods but alsoin everything from stolen cars to furs 176 currency and such”. counterfeit as narcotics, such forms as of contraband, as other materials well innuclear trafficking andporous facilitate in Abkhazia, South borders Ossetiaenforcement and Nagorno-Karabakh stated. authorities the organization”, “serious a from man a Muslim to material the deliver and million bomb. The RussianmanGeorgia came to tomeet abuyer, whohe believed would payhim $ one plasticinjacket bags his leather 100grams carried uranium,of helpfuel which could an atom in two and Georgia of border the crossed mustache a wispy and cheeks sunken with man Russian Ibid, Lawrence Scott Sheets and William J. Broad, J. William and Sheets Scott Lawrence Richard Weitz Richard Jean-Christophe Peuch 176 Because of its strategic location between Asia and Europe and Asia between dueto itsBecause of and Europe location strategic anarchic the Incidents like this happen often in the large The latest incident in of Georgiasmuggling happenedin 2006,whena December South Caucasus region. “The weak law , Nuclear smuggling case deepens Georgian-Russian tensions , “ ( March 9, 2004) http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticleprint/2004/03/dcc66ef1-27f2-4b6f- South Caucasus: RegionGrowing As Hub InternationalFor Drug Trafficking” 177 This is worrisome for the region and its neighbors. It is Smuggler’s Plot Highlights Fear Over Uranium, 46 (April 04, 2007) 178 (January 2007) 179 International , Radio CEU eTD Collection are the port of Sumgait and the exclave of Nakhchivan. The Sumgait mafia has direct links with 184 183 182 181 83ae-bc1e427a9bba.html Free Europe/Radio Liberty to Russiaand Europe”. and Western Central haspointfor “secured narcoticsbeingtransported as atransshipment territory groups Azerbaijani Iran. and between Azerbaijan land border killometer-long which directly through Turkmenistangoes and Caspianthe Sea, and another route 611- the mainone two reachAzerbaijanroutes, through drugs Afghan-produced estimate that The experts for drugs,but also asa potential of provider chemicals for Afghan-based heroin producers.” which links Afghanistan to Europe Centralthrough Asia, is important “not only a as transitpoint and“Silk Route”, its Route sister Road Balkan of so-called crossroads the thatthe indicates through the South Caucasus and the rest of the CIS, is very CIS, a easy the one.” and Caucasus restof the South the through should suit drugmafias.the This whichroute inoriginates Afghanistan andgoes to Europe the fact that the CIS andstates located Asia between aregeographically countries on andEurope Caucasus hand, other the represent a major South thethree factthat the hand, one on account, the into “If takes one route. drug-trafficking market for the heroin, asamajor tothe emergence whichregion’s a number factors are contribute of there Efendiyev, it is natural that this route 180 region. experts believe 80 percent heroin represents up to of illicitthe drugs transited the through Ibid, Ibid, Ibid, Ibid, Jean-Christophe Peuch Loose border control and anarchic relations between the government and the the between government trafficking and relations control Loose border anarchic Moreover, Pavel Pachta, an employee of the International Narcotics Control Board (INCB) 180 According to Azerbaijan’s national coordinator for theSCAD for Azerbaijan’s coordinator According national Mezahir program, to , “ ( March 9,2004) http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticleprint/2004/03/dcc66ef1-27f2-4b6f- South Caucasus: RegionGrowing As Hub InternationalFor Drug Trafficking” 184 Among the most important centers for for centers trafficking important most Among the 47 183 181 , Radio 182 CEU eTD Collection way Ukraineway to and Romania. Batumi, find a from they or BlackSeaport of where the Poti, Abkhazia, eithertransited through Russia and further Armenia sent toWestern or Europe. are to by countries which are traditionally involved in trafficking, butnarcotics transiting Iran transit factArmenia that has withclosed borders itstwo of four neighbors. Moreover,itis surrounded routes. trafficking Sea) viatheCaspian from Western Europe, Turkmenistan Asia to (Central “Northern” and Europe) Western to (Iran “Balkan” both in role key a plays Azerbaijan republics 190 State’s and EU security”, http://www.policy.hu/ismailzade/issue.html 189 188 187 186 2002) http://www.cornellcaspian.com/sida/sida-cfl-2.html 185 andpolicies. measures narcotics official of data smuggledthe drugsremains unclear, whicheventually leads poor the anti-to Moreover, themapping of drugsmugglingthe is routes poorly analyzed and dueto fact,this the links of drugdealersthe andthe groups terror and criminal society still understudied.remains businessesin Caucasus South the to unclearremains localthe analysts and makers. decision The heroin. Afghan for point transshipment andis Turkey and detachedfrom restof itthe presently Azerbaijan, an important remains is located between Iran BecauseNakhchivan AstaraandJalilabadareas. the through Azerbaijan Asia,Central and involved has been in for drug trafficking pastdecade.Drugsalsothe enter Ibid, Ibid, Ibid, Cornell Caspian Consulting, “The South Caucasus: A Regional Overview and Conflict Assessment”, (Stockholm, Ibid, local on andimpact Patterns Trafficking Europe: towards Caucasus the through "Narcotics Ismailzade, Fariz Armenia, on otherhand,the remains less involved in drug trafficking, mainly due to the What makes the situation even more dangerous is the fact that the nature of drug of nature the the that fact is the more dangerous even makes situation the What 188 190 185 Experts estimate that from all the three South Caucasus South thatfrom three all estimate Experts the 48 187 As for Georgia,illicit are drugs 186 189 CEU eTD Collection region isagreat there remain demand armsin region for unresolved, illicitmajority region. of the The in conflicts the Becausethe states. andWestern Greece Iran, Turkey, from Russia, since 1989 Iran. Civil alsoconflicts led toa flood of weapons, which have been pouringinto regionthe is saidtobe biggestthe for smuggler weapons. The weapons aresmuggled between andRussia “thereisa greatdemandconflicts for both armsin region the and asteady supply”. acts asa natural channel for arms smuggling. given Moreover, unresolvedthe nature of the Caucasus South the world, andthe Arab Turkey, Russia, between location itsGiven geopolitical territory of Caucasus South the have rootinghelped in of the transnational crime region.the 194 2002) http://www.cornellcaspian.com/sida/sida-cfl-2.html 193 Heinrich BollFoundation, (Berlin,May 2003) http://www.deutsch-armenische-gesellschaft.de/dag/rbkkboell.pdf 192 83ae-bc1e427a9bba.html Free Europe/Radio Liberty arms trafficking. for centre is also international region of the economies tothe animportant threat countries, the criminal Inaddition smuggling the organizations. fuel, alcohol to of cigarettes, a – which pose Sale of illegal 4.2.4. weapons care, integration the multilateral into process of of based on peripheries organizations”. elites from the South Caucasus, for the political model ideological and “theattractive EUprovides therefore one, problematic with its community theperspective, drug trafficking along Silk the from Road Afghanistan toTurkey is the most of values and standards as well as with its 191 stability of the South Caucasus region, but also to the security of the EU. Ibid, Cornell Caspian Consulting, “The South Caucasus: A Regional Overview and Conflict Assessment”, (Stockholm, at Conference ofa Documentation Europe?”, for AChallenge Caucasus: South “The Foundation, Boll Heinrich Jean-Christophe Peuch The South The South Caucasus republics are involved in many illegal perpetratedactivities by The rising smuggling of drugs in notThe rising of poses security only smuggling drugs the Caucasus a threat the and to 193 Widespread corruption,and political instability economic and conflicts on the , “ ( March 9,2004) http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticleprint/2004/03/dcc66ef1-27f2-4b6f- South Caucasus: RegionGrowing As Hub InternationalFor Drug Trafficking” 49 191 194 From an EU Azerbaijan 192 , Radio CEU eTD Collection ( November,2004) http://www.iags.org/n1104041.htm 196 2002) http://www.cornellcaspian.com/sida/sida-cfl-2.html 195 as “Humanism areon andvalues. andEuropean universalism universalism represented thus EU. the for importance a vital is of terrorist against fight like priorities policy foreign common Ferrero-Waldner statedin a new and have of wave appeared would region destabilization. the Western markets, the that cooperating would needed of much attack from flow havethe disrupted happened, the oil Caspian Sea to the with disrupt designedconstruction BTCpipeline. the of the to ofsabotage planning acts the ENP andmembers insurgents of regional information Al that obtained the services Qaeda were countries more closely immensely. increases acts terrorist on promoting of threat the Caucasus, in South the regions in thebreakaway existing conditions anarchic andCaucasus is for andgas South transit transporting oil ofthe the because route to Europe, friends”“ring of is for well EUanda primary its Because the task governed member the states. in London and Madridhave confirmed this.Therefore, guaranteeing security and establishing the 4.2.5. Terrorism provided. security the effectively dealtis not if that issue these EUacknowledge the aswell as of countries the of the region trafficking operationsin by Caucasus South the areconducted criminal governments groups, the as well as the security of the wider EU neighborhood can not be Institute forAnalysis of Global Security, Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan: not yet finished and already threatened, Cornell Caspian Consulting, “The South Caucasus: A Regional Overview and Conflict Assessment”, (Stockholm, Terrorism is perceived as a threat to European values and to humanity, meaning an valuesEuropean andtohumanity,attack Terrorism isperceivedasathreatto In 2005 Commissioner for External andrelations European Neighborhood Policy Benita In 2005there wasaterrorist on threat BTCpipeline,the Azerbaijan’snational Security attacks terroristthe in has EUfor awhile.After 2001, existed The threatof the terrorism 195 50 196 If that had If that CEU eTD Collection 201 200 199 http://www.speroforum.com/site/article.asp?id=8438 198 Studies, Working Paper (Denmark, 2005) 197 regional dimension ENPfollowingthe to Bulgaria’s and Romania’s accession EUinthe to Policy”, Neighborhood which BlackEuropean presents the Seasynergy “as an a toadd attempt EU. Caucasus,a chance South which get enjoy to relations andmoreclose with the cooperative European Union’s securityinvolvedin newthe initiatives by started the European Union, whichis not only forimportant the and stability,bringing butthe South Caucasus regionis closer to the ofEU. The region immenseis becoming more and more importance for the countries Sea. Caspian energy-strategic the to via-Azerbaijan, and Georgia, of the betweenbecoming agateway Caucasus, Balkansandthethe whichlinks South Romania to are included “Wider areas termed the Black Sea”. ofview.from from both energy points and economic, Sea region security again, once Black the of importance the underlined has Europe Southeastern to extension EU’s The again. and destruction humanity”.of concepts definethat values. on Terrorism European contrary isthe defined by anti-democracy 4.3. Changes after the2007 enlargement in safeguarding the region Caucasusof South and guaranteeingits own security. Georgian Official, interview by author Ibid, Ibid, Caucasus”, South with relations Strategic “EU: Bordonaro, Frederico Ula Holm, “EU’s Neighborhood Policy: A Question of Space and Security 201 In December 2006, Commissionthe issued aproposal “Strengtheningentitled the The inclusion Romaniaof andBulgaria the club to and the accession talks with is Turkey After theinclusion of Bulgaria to and Romania EU, the geopoliticsEurope’s haveshifted 197 Thus, fight against terrorism became a high priority for the EU the for priority high a became terrorism against fight Thus, http://www.isn.ethz.ch/pubs/ph/details.cfm?lng=en&id=14498 51 199 potential hasthe Blackof The “Wider Sea” Spero News, ”, 200 DanishInstitute forInternational (March2007) 198 The CEU eTD Collection 204 http://ec.europa.eu/news/external_relations/070411_1_en.htm 202 resources. energy its diversify way to agood as BlackSeasynergy the EUperceives the zone, is major Blackthe a transit Sea energy substance, andprovide noaddedvalue, EUhas the been active inpromoting its new initiative. As arguing havelittle initiatives Azerbaijan these that and Moldova), GUAM (Georgia, Ukraine, region. in the policies EU and initiatives regional different coordinating at aims it rather framework, underthis fundsallocated beadditional no will there be institutionalized, not synergy will Black the Sea (BFS), SeaForum Black (BSEC)andthe Cooperation SeaEconomic Black as the and transport. research such as goodgovernance, security, environment, social energy, policy, education,fisheries, Russia’s reliabilityNATO in expansion thegrowing region, the futureEUenergy concerns overthe supplies and as an energy partner. the Ukraine, Georgia, itsincluding newperiphery, in Searegion, realities Black the geopolitical Black Sea region. Through January 2007”. the Black Sea synergy, the EU attempts to make sense of the new 206 205 http://www.caucaz.com/home_eng/breve_contenu.php?id=312&PHPSESSID=9778fa7440e37de72ff3746e6bc6fae6 (May, 2007) 203 http://www.caucaz.com/home_eng/breve_contenu.php?id=312&PHPSESSID=9778fa7440e37de72ff3746e6bc6fae6 (May, 2007) Lilli Di Puppo, “The European Union begins to think strategically about the Black Sea”, Lilli Di Puppo, “The European Union begins to think strategically about the Black Sea”, Ibid, Ibid, Commission, European ofthe site web official The 205 In order avoidto duplication with existingregional already frameworks, such cooperation Even though the EU has been reluctant to support new regional initiatives such as such initiatives regional new support to reluctant been has EU the though Even 202 The Black Sea synergy highlights the growing ties between the EU and the and EU the between ties growing the highlights synergy Sea Black The 204 206 203 Moreover, the Black Sea synergy focuses on issues on focuses synergy BlackSea the Moreover, Black Sea- Bright Future 52 ( April 2007) Caucaz EuropeNews Caucaz EuropeNews CEU eTD Collection http://www.speroforum.com/site/article.asp?id=8438 211 210 209 http://www.caucaz.com/home_eng/breve_contenu.php?id=304 News 208 No.126,Brussels, March2007 indeed for an ‘ENP plus’”, Center for European Policy Studies , Center for European Policy Studies, Policy207 Brief January twocountries become these fullthe 1, 2007 will membersof and the EU, the therefore, on that club; everyoneBulgariathe knew and of to Romania accession the changedhas since and security.” strategic an secureopportunity “ato Asian Central Caucasian and dimension South energy of Europe’s through the single EUmember states and the World Bank. enhanced political dialogue, BlackSeacooperation supporting andfunding additional obtaining affairs. home and energy, market, such transportation theinternal interests as countries, particularly ENP EU”. the bordering and policy realistic to promotingdedicated security and stability in directly countries the “ENP wasoriginated. the plus” Commission and the Council agreed that the ENP needed to be strengthened, therefore the idea of promoting during its EU presidency in firstthe half of 2007. Ukraine, Belarus, Moldova andthree South Caucasus countries, and which Germany is Frederico Bordonaro, “EU: Strategic relations with South Caucasus”, South with relations Strategic “EU: Bordonaro, Frederico Ibid, Ibid, presidency?” EU German the during Ostpolitik” “new ofthe pillars the are “What Kempe, Iris Time on: years Two Policy Neighborhood “ European Popescu, Nicu and Noutcheva Gergana Emerson, Michael , (March2007) 209 Even though Even though EUisthe promoting these new initiatives, according toPopescu,notmuch the Policy, Neighborhood European the of experience operational the of years two After uponthe“ENP The Blackinitiative, at targeted Seasynergy picks whichisalso +” The “ENPplus” would also onadditional focus crucial such aspects as visa facilitation, 208 Moreover, its goal is to transfer part of the 211 207 The overall goal of the “ENP Plus” is to implement “attractive implement is to Plus” “ENP the of goal overall The 53 210 Spero News, The “ENP plus” is seen by Berlin as acquis communautaire (March2007) Caucaz Europe to the to CEU eTD Collection 212 in the South Caucasus, and is trying to fight all the above mentioned crisis of the region. norms its is expending EU the synergy Sea Black andthe +” “ENP the as such initiatives, new its and Plans Action Policy neighborhood European the Through Union. European the of neighbors countriesbecame close Sea”andits border “European the EU, BlackSeabecame the the to Romania and of Bulgaria the accession after since increased has interest EU in The region. the smuggling,drugs and arms trafficking threat and of terrorism create together interestthe of the gas for frozen and Union. implication European its Its the supplies, energy geopolitical conflict, region. Caucasus Black South EUsharesthe the the Seawith now factthat the of because changeradically to Caucasus areunlikely South with EU relations Nicu Popescu, interview by author The security risks and interests of the South Caucasus discussed in determine of chapter interests Caucasus discussed the The security South the risks and * * * 54 212 CEU eTD Collection European European Union is unlikely to offer membershipto Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia any time Becausethe its in neighbors. region and the of threats the risks security increase and terrorism in engaging in a conflict whichit doesnot believe tobe solved in closethe future. be and EUis very a “hard case,the isperceived to not enthusiastic conflict” Nagorno-Karabakh EUsupports the peaceful the of conflict,itresolution the still to stay prefers “neutral”, asthe Moreover, Georgia is willing to see the EU involvementin its “frozen conflict” zones. the ENP it is willing to contribute Georgia supports are“easier” tosolve, asEurope integrity the of through territorial Georgia, and to the peaceful destabilizationresolution of the region and EU’s immediate neighborhood. Conflictsof on the territorythe of Georgian tothe wars, whichwould contribute fullinto fledged havegrowing of potential the internal conflicts. Ossetia Nagorno-Karabakh, and South Abkhazia, zones, conflict frozen the Moreover, regions. Russia and Middle East,itstill decreases Europe’s dependence on these politically instable delivering“big Even oil”toEurope. of though amountthe as oil isbigand not gas of asthose Tbilisi-Ceyhan, Baku-Tbilisi-Erzurum, BakuInitiative, region the became the transitroute for Europe. Asia from to a in supplies energy becomecrucial transferring Sea”, playing role the “European has Union, European the and Caucasus South the by shared is which Sea, Black the now region, to the EU because itsof energy supplies. The latest enlargement of the EU brought it closer to the Besides that, in illegalsmuggling,Besides that, my dragtrafficking, Iarguethat of sale weapons thesis The issituation challengingin caseof the Nagorno-Karabakh the Evenconflict. though As a result of the energy security programs, such as TRACECA,importance essential an is of Caucasus South the geopolitically that argued I thesis this In INOGATE, Baku- CONCLUSION 55 CEU eTD Collection it can enjoy closer and cooperative relations. cooperative it and enjoy can closer whom with countries, governed well of a“ring” create as well as to back together, region broken the bring to necessary is that region the for identity a European construct to attempts EU the construction,becoming rather then being. implementing through Iarguedthat various projects, constructivist theory of the International crisis”. “Caucasus of the resolution peaceful the relations, to contribution the as well as rights, minority and rights, human law, of rule the which perceives Neighborhood Policy, hasstability and cooperation as its key objective. Itsupports state-building, the world as a place European The in the initiative, itsCaucasus. EU’s influence new South the exercise under soon, it has came up with new innovate means to impose its conditionality on the region and I have explainedtheEU’s strategy South Caucasusthe towards by the region using 56 CEU eTD Collection Caucaz Europenews, 2007. Caucaz Europenews, Lilli.Di Puppo, Tbilisi:Caucasus Institute. 2004. Jaba. Devdariani, 8C075C3F6B30 http://www.ceeol.com/aspx/getdocument.aspx?logid=5&id=5EEE1000-ECE3-404D-B9CB- Occasional Paper #2:2004,Georgian for Foundation Strategic andInternational Studies. Dekanozishvili, Mariam.“The EU in the South Caucasus: By What Means, to What Ends?”. Assessment”. Stockholm: 2002. 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