Federal Republic of Nigeria

FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF NIGERIA

Public Disclosure Authorized ADAMAWA STATE GOVERNMENT RURAL ACCESS & MOBILITY PROJECT (RAMP II)

DETAILED ENGINEERING, SAFEGUARDS STUDIES AND PREPARATION OF BIDDING DOCUMENTS FOR PRIORITIZED ROADS IN ADAMAWA STATE (RAMP II)

Public Disclosure Authorized

Public Disclosure Authorized PREPARED BY

YAROSON PARTNERSHIP LIMITED, NIGERIA

CLIENT CONSULTANTS National Coordinator YAROSON PARTNERSHIP LIMITED Federal Project Management Unit Halford Pavey House Rural Access & Mobility Project (RAMP) IB Aliyu Turaki Road, Federal Ministry of Agriculture & Rural P. O. Box 843, Kaduna, Nigeria.

Public Disclosure Authorized Email: [email protected] Development

NAIC House, Plot 590, Zone AO AND Along Airport Road, Central Area Plot 576 Mobolaji Crescent Abuja - Nigeria. Gudu - Abuja, Nigeria.

JUNE, 2012

Yaroson Partnership Ltd. TABLE OF CONTENTS

Content Page Table of contents i List of Tables iv List of Figures and Plates v List of Appendices vi List of Acronyms vi Executive Summary vii

1.0 PROJECT BACKGROUND AND DESCRIPTION 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Project Background 1 1.3 Project objective 1 1.4 Existing Condition of the Roads 1 1.5 The Scope of Work (ToR) 4 1.6 The Study Approach and Methodology 4 1.7 Interactive Discussions and Consultations 9

2.0 POLICY, LEGAL ADMINSTRATIVE & INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK 12 2.1 Introduction 12 2.2 Relevant Regulatory Instruments 12 2.2.1 World Bank Operational Policies 12 2.2.2 Federal Government of Nigeria (FGN) Acts 13 2.3 Safeguard Policies that Apply to the RAMPII Adamawa Project 14

3.0 DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT 15 3.1 Project activities 16 3.1.1 Project Design 16 3.1.2 Design Criteria and Standards 17 3.1.3 Geometric Design Standards 17 3.1.4 Pavement Structure 17 3.1.5 Culvert Types 17 3.1.6 Construction Materials 17 3.2 Safeguard Sustainability Issues 19

Rural Access and Mobility Project/Federal Project Management Unit (RAMP-FPMU) i Detailed Engineering, Safeguards Studies and Preparation of Bidding Documents for Prioritized Roads in Adamawa State (RAMP II) Enviromental and Social Impact Assessment Report

Yaroson Partnership Ltd. Content Page 4.0 BASELINE CONDITIONS 21 4.1 Physical Conditions 21 4.2 Biodiversity 21 4.2.1 Species Diversities 21 4.3 Settlement pattern 21 4.4 Population and Demographic characteristics 21 4.5 Ethnic Composition 22 4.6 Soil Types 23 26 4.7 Air Quality 26 4.8 Noise Pollution

5.0 SUMMARY OF POTENTIAL IMPACTS 27 5.1 Impact Identification and Analyses 27 5.2 Nature of impacts 27 5.3 Analyses of project alternatives 34

6.0 ENVIRONMENTAL/SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACTS MITIGATION 36 MEASURES 6.1 Summary of Negative Impacts and Mitigation Measures by Activity 36 6.2 Integrating Impact Mitigation into Bidding and Contract Document 37 6.2.1 General Clauses 38

7.0 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC MANAGEMENT 42 FRAMEWORK 7.1 Introduction 42 7.2 Key Stakeholders 42 7.3 Key Actions and Responsibilities 42 7.4 Monitoring 42 7.4.1 Environmental and Socio-Economic Compliance Monitoring 42 7.5 Waste /Environmental Management 46 7.6 Measures for Strengthing Institutional and Organisational Capacity 54 7.7 Capacity of CBOs and local institutions 55 7.8 Perception of the proposed road project

8.0 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 56 8.1 Summary 57 8.2 Conclusion 58

Rural Access and Mobility Project/Federal Project Management Unit (RAMP-FPMU) ii Detailed Engineering, Safeguards Studies and Preparation of Bidding Documents for Prioritized Roads in Adamawa State (RAMP II) Enviromental and Social Impact Assessment Report

Yaroson Partnership Ltd. LIST OF TABLES

Content Page Summary of Roads Selected for Upgrading in Adamawa State, Table1.1 2 RAMP Table 1.2 Consultations at Various Critical Communities along the Road 9 Routes. 14 Table 2.1 Triggered safeguard policies Table 3.1 Summary of the Road Project Activities 15

Table 3.2 Road Construction Materials and their Sources 18

Table 3.3 Sustainability of Roads 20 Census Population Figures for Adamawa State RAPM Communities Table 4.1 23 (2006) Table 4.2 Soil Fertility Tests Results from Project Area 24

Table 4.3 Summary of Baseline Environmental Conditions for Adamawa State 25

Table 5.1 Summary of potential negative impacts and mitigations 28

Table 5.2 Site - specific negative environmental impacts with mitigation 29

Table 5.3 Site - specific negative socio-economic impacts with mitigation 30 Table 5.4 (a) Some Regulatory Standards for Air Quality 32 Table 5.4 (b) Guidelines Governing Exposures to Noise 33 Table 5.4 (c) Water Quality Standards (National Waters) Table 5.4 (d) Noise Levels Construction Equipment are likely to Generate during Construction Table 6.1 Potential Negative Impacts of the RAMPII Adamawa Project and 36 Mitigations Table 6.2 Summary of Mitigation Implementation by Road Cluster 39 Table 7.1 Responsibilities of Key Stakeholders 43

Table 7.2 Project Monitoring Indicators 47

Environmental/ Socioeconomic Management Plan (ESMP), Table 7.3 49 Mitigation Measures with Responsibilities and Cost

Rural Access and Mobility Project/Federal Project Management Unit (RAMP-FPMU) iii Detailed Engineering, Safeguards Studies and Preparation of Bidding Documents for Prioritized Roads in Adamawa State (RAMP II) Enviromental and Social Impact Assessment Report

Yaroson Partnership Ltd. LIST OF FIGURES AND PLATES

Content Page

Fig. 2.1 Adamawa State Showing the 21 LGAs 3

Plate 1 Exsisting road ravaged by erosion in Zah area, Michika LGA 2

Plate 2 Consultations with community women (Kebali) 8

Plate 3 Consultations with community members (Kebali) 8

Plate 4 Consultations with community women (Yanga) 8

Plate 5 Consultations with community members (Yanga) 8

Plate 5 PAP at Dubwangun along the road 10

Plate 6 Cross section of Consultees at Dubwangun 10

Plate 7 Consulation at the chief’s palaces at Bille 10

Plate 8 Consultation at village square in Bille 10

Plate 9 Proposed new alignment at Kodomun 10

Plate 10 Cross-Section of consultees at kodomun (Chief in the background) 10

Plate 11 Some chiefs at palace in Borrong during consultation 11

Plate 12 Consultees outside the palace at Borrong 11

Plate 13 Road route terminating at palace in Borrong.(proposed by the chiefs) 11

Rural Access and Mobility Project/Federal Project Management Unit (RAMP-FPMU) iv Detailed Engineering, Safeguards Studies and Preparation of Bidding Documents for Prioritized Roads in Adamawa State (RAMP II) Enviromental and Social Impact Assessment Report

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LIST OF APPENDICES

Content

Appendix 1: Photographs of Adamawa RAMP Roads Conditions

Appendix 2: List of Economic and Medicinal Plant in Project Areas

Appendix 3: List of Community Members Consulted Along the Roads

Appendix 4: List of Women Groups Consulted in the Communities

Appendix 5: Minutes of Meetings for the Discussion of ARAP in project area

LIST OF ACRONYMS

Content

EIA- Environmental Impact Assessment PPP- Public- Private-Partnership EMP- Environmental Monitoring Plan ES- Environmental Setting LFN- Law of the Federal Republic of Nigeria FGN- Federal Government of Nigeria FMWHUD- Federal Ministry of Works, Housing and Urban development FEPA- Federal Environmental Protection Agency SEPA- State Environmental Protection Authority UNCED- United Nations Conference on Environmental Developments WSSD- Water Supply and Sanitation Development MDG- Millennium Development Goals HIV- Human Immuno-deficiency Virus AIDS- Acquired Immuno- Deficiency Syndrome LGA- Local Government Area LGC- Local Government Council

Rural Access and Mobility Project/Federal Project Management Unit (RAMP-FPMU) v Detailed Engineering, Safeguards Studies and Preparation of Bidding Documents for Prioritized Roads in Adamawa State (RAMP II) Enviromental and Social Impact Assessment Report

Yaroson Partnership Ltd. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

INTRODUCTION

The World Bank requires that an Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) be carried out on projects proposed for Bank financing. The exercise ensures that projects are both socially and environmentally feasible and sustainable. The ESIA enables sound decision making.

This executive summary presents the key findings of the assessment together with the recommended actions. Section One describes the background of the project paying particular attention to the road conditions, locations and lengths

In section two, the Policy, Legal, Administrative and Institutional Framework of the World Bank and the Federal Republic of Nigeria for development projectsare reviewed; while section three is a summary of project description together with the design concept and envisaged project activities.

Section four describes the baseline conditions of the entire project area detailing both environmental and scio-economic conditions. In section five, a summary of the project potential impacts are listed together with a discussion of project alternatives. Environmental and Socio-economic mitigation measures are in section six and section seven contains the environmental and socio-economic monitoring framework (ESMF).

A. Environmental Issues 1. Positive Environmental Impacts

a) Improvement in Visual Impact of the Road: The road improvement would bring about an increase in passing and stopping sight distance. There would be an overall improvement in the visual quality and aesthetics of the roads. This impact would have local appeal, long term in duration is irreversible in nature and would be spread across the entire project area.

b) Aquatic Ecosystem Modification: The construction of the roads would increase sediment loads and transportation into streams and rivers. Also, the volumes of surface run off from the roads would increase. These two factors would together lead to aggradations of the rivers/streams and cause increased flooding during the rainy season. Wider flood plains would be created and would signal the beginning of fresh areas of vegetative succession and new habitats. An improvement in the riparian ecosystem may occur. This impact would be felt at project locations like Labondo-Borrong road which lies roughly along the flood plains of the Benue river; Jambutu-Bogare and Gyawama –Lamurde roads.

c) Ground Water Recharge: Increased flood plains acreage from flooding, would lead to improved groundwater recharge potentials of the area. This impact would be felt in low lying areas, along Gwakrah-Borrong road.

Yaroson Partnership Ltd. d) Reduction in Solid wastes along the Roads: Many of the roads pass through built up and habited areas. There are many squatter traders along such places. As a result, the road/route is littered with wastes. Many of the built-up areas would be by passed during construction. Therefore, the roads would not be subjected to litter left behind by the traders especially at Bomari, Goron, Borrong, Bille, Kodomun and Pudde.

2. Negative Environmental Impacts a) Obstruction of Migration and Grazing Routes: The roads cut across some routes used by migrating and grazing animals;and would constitute a barrier to migrating and grazing animals. Migrating animals in search of watering and breeding grounds and sanctuaries would be handicapped. Biodiversity loss could be caused. Cattle cross the roads frequently in parts of Gerei, Demsa, Numan and Lamrude LGAs.

Mitigation: Transhumance and migratory routes crossing the roads should be protected by providing crossings with adequately secured entrances and exits. Tunnels and culverts could be created for use by wildlife, especially close to forest reserves.

b) Increased Air Pollution: During the construction stage, air pollution will be due mainly to dust particles. During the operational phase, the increase in vehicular traffic on the roads would result in increased emissions of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbon particulates, dust, lead and some carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. Air pollution will be high especially during the dry season. Despite the likelihood of atmospheric dispersion reducing the impact of the air pollutants, the pollutants would build up to significant levels. All the roads would experience this impact.

Heat fluxes Also, vehicular traffic along the roads is expected to result in increased heat fluxes which could affect the transpiration of plants in the narrow strip bordering the roads. Therefore there may be poor performance of crops in adjacent farms. No significant macro-climate modification is expected on the short run.

Mitigation: planting and maintaining a hedge of forest trees at intervals along the edge of the road will assist in the sequestration of carbon dioxide and in noise attenuation. Watering the road surface regularly during the construction and operation phases would help control dust particularly in the dry season.

c) Noise Pollution: During the construction stage, movement of heavy plants and machineries would generate more than average amounts of noise to the workers and the environment. During the operational phase, high vehicular traffic would contribute significantly to noise levels. The escalated noise levels could scare away wild life like birds etc apart from the effects on humans.

Mitigation: The workers should be supplied with and made to use protective gadgets like masks, ear plugs and muffs. It may also be necessary to insulate some of the machines and equipment so that they do not produce higher than normal

Yaroson Partnership Ltd. levels of noise, Screening with a reasonable width of hedge row of plants or suitable economic trees and animal friendly shrubs along both sides of the roads will assist in attenuating the noise.

d) Erosion: The construction of a road increases the run-off and hence reduces infiltration of rain water into the ground. Given the often torrential nature of rains in the region, soils are very easily eroded especially at the slopes.

Mitigation: Avoid creating or leaving steep slopes on the sides of the road and where the road has to pass at the base of broken hills. Plant grass and a screen of trees which will aid infiltration of rain water and delay the delivery of storm water into drainage channels. This will significantly dissipate the erosive energy of the runoffs.

e) Ecosystem Disruption: During the construction of the access and feeder roads, some sensitive ecological areas (protected forested areas, forest reserves and areas of marginal stability especially along slopes) could be traversed. This would lead to a disruption of the eco-system resulting in environmental degradation and possibly biodiversity loss.

Mitigation During the construction phase of the project ensure that only methods that would involve the cutting of a minimum number of trees and other vegetation are used. Also, remedial action to forestall erosion should be put in place.

B. Socio-Economic Impacts 1. Positive Impacts

a. Easier Movement of Goods and Services: The improved access would not only make for the easy movement of people within the area and beyond but also adequately and efficiently enable the distribution of factors of production including manpower. This positive impact of regional spread is long term in nature but is reversible, if there is no sustainability factor built in.

b. Reduction in Cost of Operation and Maintenance of Vehicles: Improved road surfacing and prompt repairs of failures on the road will significantly reduce the wear and tear of vehicles. Similarly, the reduction in the average travel time will result in reduced cost of operating vehicles. This is a significant beneficial impact of local importance that is long term but reversible in nature.

c. Employment Generation: During the construction phase of the project a large numbers of unskilled and a smaller but significant number of skilled labour would be required. New jobs would be created both for skilled and unskilled workers during the construction phase. This is a long term positive impact that is localized at first but which will later turn regional in coverage. This impact is reversible in nature and is expected to bring about significant benefits to the employees and shareholders of companies engaged in the construction work.

Yaroson Partnership Ltd. d. Contribution to Agriculture: The road would facilitate the movement of agricultural produce to markets. Farmer would be encouraged to increase their productivity

e. Gender Empowerment through Provision of Access: Construction of the road will further improve access to factors of production and market facilities. The case in point here is the access to markets for the female gender group to enable them sell their wares (fruits and vegetables), to sustain and empower them. It is possible for the government to assist these women by training them in fruit and vegetable processing skills so that they can diversify their businesses. With soft loans the women could crate viable small and medium scale enterprises and participate in training that could enhance their productivity.

2. Adverse Socio-Economic Impacts of the Proposed Road Renovation Project General

a) Displacement of people: The roads’ right of way is encroached upon in some locations. Although there are no resettlements or relocation of persons. As a result some livelihoods would be affected.(e.g hawkers and other livelihoods encroaching on the road) particularly at Goron, Bille, Kodomun and Pudde.

- Mitigation: Where commercial activities are responsible for encroachment on the roads, lay bys of adequate sizes should be created at such locations. (e.g Borrong, Goron etc). Also consider changing the road alignment.

3. Other Socio-Economic Impacts a. Accidents: Pedestrians, cyclists and other road users are vulnerable to accidents. During the operational phase, accidents could become common because of fast moving vehicles and if the roads are encroached upon by squatter traders

Mitigation: Road markings and signs should be provided to warn of danger requiring a reduction in speed. The, education of road users to appreciate road markings and signs is usually also helpful in preventing accidents. The Community members should be enlightenend about the dangers of encroaching on the roads. Install speed checks in inhabited areas. Ensure fuctional clinics and health centres are built. Sensitize drivers about road safety measures/signs

b. Security Risk: Improved mobility will enable persons of dubious character ease of mobility from far and near. Thus, the security risk in the area traversed by the road will increase. This is a local adverse impact of short duration that is reversible in nature.

Mitigation: Provide surveillance by members of the communities to complement the efforts of State and Local Government Area security personnel. Establish police posts.

c. Spread of Diseases: Improved access will result in increased interactions among people. These interactions are avenues for the transmission of diseases especially sexually transmitted diseases. Other diseases which may not be indigenous to the region may be introduced and transmitted in this manner. This impact is local in

Yaroson Partnership Ltd. coverage but could be regional as the diseases spread. They are reversible in nature.

Mitigation: Public enlightenment about the various ways of contracting and preventing diseases (HIV/AIDS) will go a long way to help in the fight against the spread of diseases. Establishment of adequately manned and equipped hospitals will provide the much needed medical attention to victims of such diseases. The health centres will also assist in the treatment of accident victims along the road route.

Table of Activity: Potentials Impacts of Rural Roads Construction in Adamawa State

Project phase Proposed activities Potential Impacts  Identification and demarcation of Removal of vegetation cover, loss of Right of Way (RoW), workers, biodiversity through ecological Mobilization campsite, burrow pits areas, quarry disruption, erosion, water pollution, sites, access roads, stone crushing air pollution, noise pollution. areas and materials storage yards. Increased incidence of respiratory  Site clearing within the RoW, workers disorders, loss of fertile top soils. campsite, burrow pits, quarry sites Employment. and access roads.  Opening of burrow pits, quarry sites and access roads.  Transportation of equipment (bull Noise pollution, Air pollution, dozers, caterpillars, heavy duty disruption of movement of local vehicles, stone crushers, etc), and community construction materials (e.g. stone Employment opportunities aggregates, sand, cement, gravel, etc) to the site Construction  Earth movements, excavations and Noise pollution, Air pollution, stockpiling of excavated materials. visibility loss, loss of top soil and  Road cutting, filling-in, and surfacing. vegetation, tree felling and climate  Operation of burrow pits, quarry sites concerns, loss of endangered and cement batch plant. species, biodiversity loss, changes  Stockpiling of construction materials visual quality, water quality such as sand, stone aggregates, deterioration, altered river flows, cement, etc. diversion of traffic. Accidents,  Installation of culverts and bridge Obstruction of migratory and structures grazing animals, erosion, employment potential  Creation of roadside drains and storm water drainages and access roads.  Transportation of construction materials such as sand, cement, stone aggregate and soils.  Demolition of workers and Noise/Air pollution, Accidents, Demobilization Contractor’s camp site Regained fertility, Restored visual  Closure and restoration of burrow quality, Reclaim land for other pits and quarry sites development, land use restored. Rural Access and Mobility Project/Federal Project Management Unit (RAMP-FPMU) v Detailed Engineering, Safeguards Studies and Preparation of Bidding Documents for Prioritized Roads in Adamawa State (RAMP II) Enviromental and Social Impact Assessment Report

Yaroson Partnership Ltd.  Rehabilitation / restoration of access roads.  Closure and restoration of materials storage yards and stone crusher sites.  Dismantling / demolition of cement and stone crushers. Operational  Completion of project, leading to all Improved access, faster movement associated positive benefits of of goods and services, cultural and increased access. social linkage with neighbours, Regional integration and harmony, increased accident rates, population increase, incidents of some diseases (STDs), increased noise levels, increase air pollution (earth roads) alteration of stream/river hydraulics, water pollution from runoffs

Some capacity building needs were identified for redress so as to strengthen the rather weak capacity of the rural people and insitutions as detailed below.

Capacity Building (Training) Budget Cost per Capacity Resource S/N S/N Participant Subject Participant Duration Needs Persons ($) 1. Dry season Farmers Irrigated Extension worker 1,000.00 1 week farming. Near Agriculture from ministry of incuding waterways Agriculture, transport Upper Benue accommodati RBDA on and honorarium for resource person 2. Farming System Other Intercropping/ Extension worker 1,000.00 1 week Farmers mixed from ministry of Ditto cultivation Agriculture, Upper Benue RBDA 3. Skills Acquisition (a) Women as Dressmaking National 24,000.00 6 months well as some Hairdressing Directorate of young men Employment, NGO/CBOs

Rural Access and Mobility Project/Federal Project Management Unit (RAMP-FPMU) vi Detailed Engineering, Safeguards Studies and Preparation of Bidding Documents for Prioritized Roads in Adamawa State (RAMP II) Enviromental and Social Impact Assessment Report

Yaroson Partnership Ltd. Cost per Capacity Resource S/N S/N Participant Subject Participant Duration Needs Persons ($) (b) Youths Road State/LGA 4,000.00 4 weeks maintenance Department of works, contractors (c) Community Environmental State/LGA 1,000.00 1 week members Sanitation Ministry of (youths) Practices Health/Environm ent Consultant 4. Training Malaria/HIV- Consultant 1,500.00 for Two or a. Community AIDS Ministry of each Thrice members, Awareness Health Campaign during contractors campaigns 4,500.00 for project staff etc. three. constructi on phase (Day) b. LGA Staff Training in FPMU Needs 1 week RAMP Consultants Assessment c. SPIU Staff Operation and first managment d. LG Council Institutional Consultant Needs Progressi Staff Strentheing FPMU Assessment ve SPIU Staff first 5. Construction LG Council Road Manufacturers Needs 2 weeks and maintenace Staff Maintennance Representative Assessment for of equipment. SPIU Staff equipment first training training/aquist ion 6. Honorarium, Transport, Accommodation, Feeding for 20 resource 20,000.00 person Total per participant $55,500.00

Rural Access and Mobility Project/Federal Project Management Unit (RAMP-FPMU) vii Detailed Engineering, Safeguards Studies and Preparation of Bidding Documents for Prioritized Roads in Adamawa State (RAMP II) Enviromental and Social Impact Assessment Report

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Budget Summary (13 Roads) S/N Budget Item Cost ($)(Estimated) 1. Compensation a. Trees 31,500.00 b. Lands 9,000.00 c. Fencing 8,700.00 2. Capacity Building a. Training 35,000.00/yr b. Institutional Strengthening Needs to be assessed 3. ESMP 448,631.25 Total 532,831.25

*This budget excludes the cost of institutional strengthening.

Public consultations: Public conslutations were held (during the field visits), at Dubwangun, Bille, Kodomun and Borrong where road re-alignment is being proposed. The summaries are presented in the table below. Consultations were held at many other locations regarding livelihoods, community socio- economic lives and the perception of the people about the project.

Generally the idea of the roads projects was well received and the community members everywhere visited were very enthusiastic and anxious to have the project commence.

Sumarry of Consultations at Locations with Challenges

Yaroson Partnership Ltd. Kodomun 16 15 Will contractor employ local People Yes Demsa LGA What type of road is to be constructed? Earth road How are community members going to Prepare the food feed the contractors workforce? for workers to purchase Borrong 40 6 When will work commence? Will it be this Definitely not Gerei LGA year? during the rainy season How would the marshy portion of the road There would be constructed? culverts Some people have stockpiles of If the materials construction materials. Will the meet the required contractor patronise us? standards There are some The chifewould prefer the road terminate challenges along at the palace, deviating from proposed that route. alignment.

Rural Access and Mobility Project/Federal Project Management Unit (RAMP-FPMU) ix Detailed Engineering, Safeguards Studies and Preparation of Bidding Documents for Prioritized Roads in Adamawa State (RAMP II) Enviromental and Social Impact Assessment Report

Yaroson Partnership Ltd. 1.0 PROJECT BACKGROUND AND DESCRIPTION 1.1 Introduction The Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, has received credit from the World Bank (WB), and the French Development Agency, to support and finance its policy on Rural Access and Mobility Projects (RAMP). The RAMP is aimed at improving and enhancing accessibility and mobility in rural areas towards effective regional integration and poverty alleviation. Adamawa State is one of the states of the federation designated to benefit from RAMP projects.

1.2 Project Location Adamawa State was created in 1991 out of the former Gongola State. The state is located between latitude 70 28 and 100 15 and longitude 110 30 and 130 45, and occupies about 36,917 square kilometres. It is bordered by Borno to the northwest, Gombe to the west and Taraba to the southwest. Its eastern border also forms the Nigerian eastern border with Cameroon. The capital Yola is both the seat of administration and the traditional council.

1.3 Project objective The objective of RAMP II is to improve the transportation system in rural areas. The long-term objective is to improve the welfare and economy of the local people in the project area and contribute to poverty alleviation. The capacity of relevant government agencies to manage rural transport infrastructure would be enhanced. About 201.4 km of rural roads are to be rehabilitated.

1.4 Existing Condition of the Roads Nearly all the selected roads have less than 6 m pavement width and are without shoulders or drainages. The surfaces are rough throughout, with either boulder outcrops or sandy surfaces. On level lands, the roads have been deeply incised, due to sheet wash; while on gently sloping terrain, they are straddled by rills and gullies. (plate 1). Traffic on the roads varies considerably, from very low to low, in most cases. A few of the roads have old and deeply weathered or eroded box culverts. A number of such culverts have indeed become obstacles on the roads themselves. The 201.4 km of roads identified for rehabilitation are detailed in Table 1.1 and presented in fig 1.1.

Rural Access and Mobility Project/Federal Project Management Unit (RAMP-FPMU) 1 Detailed Engineering, Safeguards Studies and Preparation of Bidding Documents for Prioritized Roads in Adamawa State (RAMP II) Enviromental and Social Impact Assessment Report

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Plate 1: Exsisting road ravaged by erosion in Zah area, Michika LGA

Table1.1: Summary of Roads Selected for Upgrading in Adamawa State, RAMP

Road length Relative position in Road segment name LGA (Km) Adamawa

Jambutu - Ngolomba - Bagare 7.5 Yola North Central

Njoboli - Njoboliyo - Rugange 9.3 Yola South Central

Kwanawaya - Namtari 4.1 Yola North Central Labondo - Gwakrah - Koh - Goron - Borrong 35.5 Gerei Central Kaya - Kuda - Bitiku - Yingu 17.5 Madagali Northern

Shuwa - Pallam 8.5 Madagali Northern Midlo - Muduvu - Yibango - Masawa - Kambano - 15 Madagali Northern Madagali Bazza - Betso - Mangoro - Kalikasa - Zah 24.4 Michika Northern

Main Road - Koe - Koppa 7.8 Madagali Northern New Demsa - Old Demsa - Kadomun - Kwaine 26.8 Demsa Southern Kpasham - Kebali - Yanga 15 Numan/Demsa Southern Bille - Gumari - W/Hamawa - W/Bobbo - 15.5 Lamurde Southern Gadamayo - Belwa Gyawana - Hadiyo - Lamurde 13 Lamurde Southern

TOTAL 201.4

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Fig. 1.1 Adamawa State Showing the 21 LGAs

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1.5 The Scope of Work (ToR) The scope of this ESIA study is specifically based on the ToR provided by the client. The ToR requires the standard preparation of an ESIA for the road project, and entails the following;  Consultation with relevant Government agencies and affected local community members.  The establishment of an environmental and social baseline information for the project area and description of the proposed road works.  The assessment and quantification of the potential environmental and socio- economic impacts resulting from the road development, especially within the zone of influence of the project.  The development of Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) detailing actions and responsibilities for impacts mitigation and monitoring.  Prepare environmental monitoring plan to reflect the management measures in the EMP; specifying indicators to be observed or measured, frequency of observations, and identity of monitors.

1.6 The Study Approach and Methodology The approach methodology employed in this study comprised reconnaissance survey, desktop review and detail field work. i. Reconnaissance survey and consultation with relevant stakeholders There were preliminary trips to the project area for consultation with relevant stakeholders of the project, including SPIU, Director of State Ministry of Rural Development, some local communities of project area, and relevant institutions in project Local Government Area. It also included a drive through all roads to be upgraded. Representatives of both the project committee (state official) and the host communities provided the much needed guided tour at this phase.

The objectives of the preliminary consultation with the relevant stakeholders and survey of all proposed road projects are to: a) determine the nature of the assignment; b) secure and analyze available baseline information on the environment of the study area, including available topographical maps, air photographs and satellite imagery; c) promote understanding of the intended project activities and to identify and mobilize potential actors and partners in the process.

Rural Access and Mobility Project/Federal Project Management Unit (RAMP-FPMU) 4 Detailed Engineering, Safeguards Studies and Preparation of Bidding Documents for Prioritized Roads in Adamawa State (RAMP II) Enviromental and Social Impact Assessment Report

Yaroson Partnership Ltd. The consultation and reconnaissance survey was undertaken between 19 –26th of February 2012.

ii. Screening Process in the Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the 201.4 km Rural Feeder Roads Improvement in RAMP - II project in Adamawa State. A preliminary reconnaissance visit to the roads chosen for improvement under RAMP II was undertaken in the last week of February 2012. This Initial Environmental Evaluation (IEE) of the project is as required by the EIA Act (1992). A preliminary determination of the expected impacts of the project on the environment was carried out. Also, this visit enabled the collection of information about the relevant stakeholders, the sources and distribution of the construction materials, available local skills, and community perception of the project. Though rural roads do not fall within the mandatory list of projects requiring EIA under the EIA Act of 1992, the terrain traversed by most of the roads is mainly the flood plains of the River Benue and other major drainage rivers of the state, which are sensitive ecological zones that are transit regions between permanent wetlands (with high biodiversity) and terrestrial ecosystems. The areas to be served by the project are agriculturally active with production of arable crops like maize, rice, beans, guinea corn and vegetables. There are some small holder irrigation schemes providing dry season farming. Animal husbandry is common, among the Bachamas and Fulanis alike. There are many tribes, which have diverse cultural and religious characteristics. Women engage in early marriages and education does not usually exceed the secondary school level. In view of these initial findings which were considered to be likely to produce significant impacts, it was considered necessary for a detailed Environmental and Social Impact Assessment to be undertaken, categorizing the project as a category A project.

iii. Scoping Process in the Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the 201.4 km Rural Feeder Roads Improvement under the RAMP –II project in Adamawa State. Scoping was undertaken under the requirement of the Nigerian EIA Act (1992) and the World Bank Operational Policy (OP 4.01) 2007. The scope of the improvement of the rural roads calls for a comprehensive environmental assessment which considers both likely physical, biological, aquatic, terrestrial

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Yaroson Partnership Ltd. and the socio- economic impacts on the environment and beneficiaries. This would enable only important issues to be considered highlighted and identified, so as to ensure that time and coverage of the ESIA are properly deployed.

Some of the scoping had been carried out by the proponent of the project in the broad context of the classification; and the criteria used for selection of roads. A review meeting held in the second week of March, 2012 at the FPMU. The review highlighted parts of the terms of reference including the issue of Gender Relations in the communities served by the roads. It was agreed that the lengths of the roads should correspond with the initial submission of the State Governor. Where the road route crosses developments, it was also resolved that RAP/ARAP should apply and where displacements arise, compensation was to be proposed for involuntary resettlement. Thus the screening carried out in the project aided in the scoping which covered these vital areas. The environmental/social impact assessment is to highlight the burden borne by women in the rural communities where the roads traverse. The communities are to have all year round motorable roads that will grant them access to markets, health centres, farms and food processing centres among others. Family harvest can be sold at higher prices instead of the present practice of hurried sale after harvest at lower market prices. Higher income/revenue would accrue to the people and there would be improved access to credit facilities. This would stimulate improved standards of living and family harmony.

This and other aspects were adequately covered in the Environmental/Social Impact Assessment. It was only in about five instances (at Dubwangun, Bille, Borrong, Kodomun and Midlo) that the roads’ corridor traverse built up areas or markets. Adequate compensation has been proposed as appropriate; and an ARAP has been prepared as required.

iv. Desk review The desk review involved preparation of environmental impact identification checklists, acquisition and review of engineer’s reports and drawings, background project documents, reports maps, plans and other relevant documents. The information from previous documents would help to supplement primary data obtained from the fieldwork.

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Yaroson Partnership Ltd. v. Detailed field work The survey was executed by means of a 4WD Vehicle and on foot whenever necessary. The survey incorporated both visual and empirical field assessment/measurement of environmental baseline conditions along the road corridor. The consultants also interviewed the local people encountered along the route and in the settlements nearby, using an Environmental Impact Identification (EII) Checklist. Such interviews helped to confirm the local place names and to establish the presence or not of any important features of ecological, biological, physical, social, economic, cultural, historic and / or archaeological significance. The survey also obtained photographs for illustration, whenever necessary. Issues that were not resolved, and which were listed and prioritized in the reconnaissance phase, were further deliberated on during this phase. The names of the people consulted and some issues raised during the survey are shown in APPENDIX 3. For purposes of the baseline assessment and impact identification during the field survey, the route corridors were into two: a. The direct impact zone - Comprising 50m to the left and right hand side of the existing road. The assumption was that the Contractor’s activities, including stockpiling of soils, temporary storage of construction materials, and movement of equipment and/or machinery, and possible contractor’s campsite would not exceed this distance. b. The zone of influence - This includes the wider geographical areas along the route alignment. The zone of influence was taken as an arbitrary area roughly 2 km on either side of the route alignment.

vi. Identification, assessment and analysis of Impacts Impacts were assessed and analysed using a rapid assessment approach, which was informed by using an Impact Identification checklist. The generic criteria and systematic approach used to identify, describe and assess impacts include the following:

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Magnitude of impact (high, medium, low) Direction of impact (positive, negative, no change) Duration (months, years, decade, permanent) Scope (local, regional) Intensity (nil, low, medium, high) Probability (improbable, probable, highly probable, definite) Significance (not significant, significant, Impact not immediately known)

1.7 Interactive Discussions and Consultations During the detailed field visits, consultants held consultations with community members along each road not only to intimate them of the project but also to find out their feelings and disposition to the project. Along each road, consultations were also held with women groups about their socio-economic lives and their empowerment requirements. (e.g. at Bazza- Kalikassa road, Gyawanna - Lamurde) see plate 2-14)

Plate 2: Consultations with community members (Kebali Numa) Plate 3: Consultations with community members (Kebali Numa)

Plate 4: Consultations with community members Plate 5: Consultations with community members (Yanga)

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Yaroson Partnership Ltd. Table 1.2 shows some of the concerns expressed by some consultees at some of the communities. Table 1.2: Consultations at Various Critical Communities along the Road Routes

Attendance(NO) Location Concerns Expressed by Stakeholders Remark Male Female Dubwangun 32 7 Would compensation be paid for any Yes Lamurde property removed? LGA Would it be paid before construction work Before starts? What will happen to the water pipe in the It will be relocated ground along the road? Bille 59 52 Issue of compensation for economic trees Will be paid Lamurde along the new road alignment LGA Would contractor employ local people? As much as possible Why is the bank not refurbishing the road That is already from Mararaba to Bille instead of Bille to been repaired Mayo Belwa Kodomun 16 15 Will contractor employ local People Yes Demsa LGA What type of road is to be constructed? Earth road How are community members going to feed Prepare the food the contractors workforce? for workers to purchase Borrong 40 6 When will work commence? Will it be this Definitely not Gerei LGA year? during the rainy season How would the marshy portion of the road There would be constructed? culverts Some people have stockpiles of construction If the materials materials. Will the contractor patronise us? meet the required standards The chife would prefer the road terminate at There are some the palace, deviating from proposed challenges along alignment. that route.

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Plate 6: PAP at Dubwangun along the road Plate 7: Cross section of Consultees at Dubwangun

Plate 8: Consulation at the chief’s palaces at Bille Plate 9: Consultation at village square in Bille

Plate 10: Proposed new alignment at Kodomun Plate 11: Cross-Section of consultees at Kodomun (Chief in the background)

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Plate 12: Some chiefs at palace in Borrong during consultation Plate 13: Consultees outside the palace at Borrong.

Plate 14: Road route terminating at palace in Borrong.(proposed by the chiefs)

A multi-disciplinary team of scientists and environmental professionals was involved in the study (Appendix 4). An interactive approach among the team members and other project professionals was adopted with team meeting to discuss the progress of investigations and analyses and to facilitate integration of data. The team utilized the Charette-style approach to data gathering, analysis, and presentation in which team members conducted the field survey together, to determine the critical elements for analysis. The ESIA study was carried out between March 8 and 14 2012. This document is structured as follows: Chapter One: Project Background and Description Chapter Two: Policy, Legal, Administrative and Institutional Framework Chapter Three: Description of Project Chapter Four: Description of Baseline Conditions Chapter Five: Summary of Potential Impacts Chapter Six: Environmental / Socio-economic Impacts Mitigation Measures Chapter Seven: Environmental and Socio-economic Management Plan Chapter Eight: Summary and Conclusion

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2.0 POLICY, LEGAL ADMINSTRATIVE AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK

2.1 Introduction The existing policies, land laws and regulations regarding development projects with potential impacts on the environment in Nigeria are consistent with the World Bank Operational Guidelines in which the environment is considered to be a pertinent issue. The Nigerian Development vision, for example, recognizes and stresses the need for striking a balance between development pursuits, cultural considerations and basic needs on one hand and the preservation of the natural environment for the current and future generations on the other hand. The National Policy on Environment is an important national document that summarizes the country’s position on environmental issues, and is relevant for the road sector. The power to regulate all environmental issues in Nigeria is vested in the Federal Ministry of Environment and its agencies which, before now, was the Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA) established by Act 88 of 1988. Some policies, legal and institutional framework that are relevant to the project implementation are reviewed below.

2.2 Relevant Regulatory Instruments Some relevant instruments for environmental regulation and protection in Nigeria include:  World Bank Policies and Guidelines  Current Federal, state and Local Government Acts, rules, regulations and standards of the Country  International treaties and agreements especially those that have been domesticated.

2.2.2 World Bank Operational Policies The Bank’s environmental and social guidelines are geared mainly to ensuring sustainable poverty reduction. The policies have (as their main objective) the prevention and mitigation of undue hardships to persons and their environments as a result of development projects. Hence OP 4.01 relates specifically to the requirement to prepare an Environmental Assessment for development projects including roads. Operational Policy OP4.12 deals with involuntary resettlement. Others guidelines for other specific projects include:  OP4.04 for the Conservation of Natural Habitats  OP4.09 for Pest Management

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Yaroson Partnership Ltd.  OP4.11 for Safeguarding Cultural Property  OP4.36 for Forestry Protection  OP4.37 for the Safety of Dams

2.2.2 Federal Government of Nigeria (FGN) Acts  Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA) Act- Cap - Retained as Cap F10 LFN 2004 This Act was enacted to give functions and powers to FEPA for the effective implementation of its functions, which is basically the protection and development of the environment, biodiversity conservation and sustainable development of Nigeria natural resources.

 Environmental Impact Assessment Act - (No.86 of 1990) Retained as Cap E12 LFN 2004 This Act was enacted to set out the general principles, procedures and methods to enable the prior consideration of environmental impacts of certain public or private projects. The law aims at promoting the implementation of appropriate policy in all Federal lands; States and Local Government Areas.

 Harmful Waste (Special Criminal Provision, etc) Act - (No 42 of 1988) Retained as Cap H1 LFN 2004 This law was enacted to prohibit the carrying, depositing and dumping of harmful waste on any land, territorial waters and other related matters.

 Endangered Species (Control of International Trade and Traffic) Act - Retained as Cap E9 LFN 2004 Enacted to provide for the conservation and management of Nigeria’s wild life and the protection of her endangered species.

 Water Resources Act - Retained as Cap W2 LFN 2004 The Act was enacted to promote the optimum planning, development and use of the Nigeria’s Water Resources and other matters connected therewith.

 National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency Act The Act establishes the Enforcement Agency for the effective enforcement of Standards, Regulations and all National and International Agreements, Treaties, Conventions and Protocols on environment to which Nigeria is a signatory.

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Yaroson Partnership Ltd.  National Policy on Environment and National Agenda 21 This statement of environmental policy establishes priorities and gives expression to national goals and aspirations. It provides a statutory foundation for which decision-makers may refer to for guidance in making decisions in respect of sustainable development, whenever environmental values are in conflict with other values or whenever transboundary issues are involved.

2.2.3 Environmental laws of Adamawa State States in Nigeria have set up their individual Ministries of Environment and Environmental Protection Authorities (SEPA). They regulate protect and manage the environment using Acts, edicts and laws as enforcement tools. The functions of the SEPA include the following:  Enforcement of all legislations, policies etc  Co-ordination and supervision of Environmental Assessment reports  Regulation of development impacts issues on the ecosystem  Supervision of the preservation, conservation, and restoration activities of biodiversity  Co-ordination of the protection of Air, Water, land, forest and Wildlife resources  Co-ordination and supervision of Pollution Control, and State Environmental health In carrying out these functions, SEPA is expected to collaborate with other agencies like FMENV, WB, AFDB, FMOH, UNDP, UNICEF etc.

2.3 Safeguard Policies that Apply to the RAMPII Adamawa Project The following World Bank safeguard policies are relevant to this project and help to manage the concerns in the project. Adequate consultations are indicated.

Table 2.1: Triggered safeguard policies Policy Yes No Useful for the reason that Activity for Redress Environmental and The road construction would result in These concerns have socio-economic some site specific negative impacts been adequately Impact Yes like noise and air pollution due to addressed in the Assessment(OP4.12) dust, erosion, health concerns, safety ESMF provided in issues etc. section seven. Involuntary Road re-alignment has been proposed Consultations have Resettlement at four locations (Dubwangun, Bille, been held. No re- No (OP4.12) Kodomun and Borrong). Some trees settlement of persons would have to be felled and at is necessary but

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Yaroson Partnership Ltd. Dubwangun, the fence of a compensation compound is affected and a portion commensurate with of the compound would be acquired property values to achieve the desired road width. would be paid.

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Yaroson Partnership Ltd. 3.0 DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT 3.1 Project activities The proposed road project involves the upgrading of 13 stretches of feeder roads within eight LGAs in the state. In all, the roads total some 201.4km. All are existing roads and follow existing tracks for the greater parts of their lengths, except where some minor realignment would be necessary. The specific roadway segments and their administrative locations are shown in Table 1.1 The roadways will be built to a standard feeder road cross-section 6-meter formation width, supported with longitudinal drainage structures where required. The exact design of the roadway cross-section will depend on conditions at any given location. As the pavement of all the roads alone is expected to be 6m wide, the widening of the present width of most of the road and therefore, road route clearance will be the primary activity during the construction phase. In most areas, this would involve de-vegetation, layout of the roads and pavement construction and erection. A summary of the project activities is presented in Table 3.1.

Table 3.1: Summary of the Road Project Activities Project phase Proposed activities

 Identification and demarcation of Right of Way (RoW), workers, campsite, burrow pits areas, quarry sites, access roads, stone Mobilization crushing areas and materials storage yards.  Site clearing within the RoW, workers campsite, burrow pits, quarry sites and access roads.  Opening of burrow pits, quarry sites and access roads.  Transportation of equipment (bull dozers, caterpillars, heavy duty vehicles, stone crushers, etc), and construction materials (e.g. stone aggregates, sand, cement, gravel, etc) to the site Construction  Earth movements, excavations and stockpiling of excavated materials.  Road cutting, filling-in, and surfacing.  Operation of burrow pits, quarry sites and cement batch plant.  Stockpiling of construction materials such as sand, stone aggregates, cement, etc.  Installation of culverts and bridge structures  Creation of roadside drains and storm water drainages and access roads.

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Yaroson Partnership Ltd.  Transportation of construction materials such as sand, cement, stone aggregate and soils.  Demolition of workers and Contractor’s camp site Demobilization  Closure and restoration of burrow pits and quarry sites  Rehabilitation / restoration of access roads.  Closure and restoration of materials storage yards and stone crusher sites.  Dismantling / demolition of cement and stone crushers.

Operational  Completion of project, leading to all associated positive benefits of increased access.

3.1.1 Project Design 3.1.2 Design Criteria and Standards The overall objective of selecting design criteria and standards is to allow for the movement of the greatest number of vehicles possible at the highest speed possible within the laws and with maximum comfort and safety. The criteria and standards envisaged in this design are suitable and commensurate with major controls to allow for future improvements with minimum investment loss. The standards enumerated are constant with the anticipated traffic volume, composition of traffic, design speed and access control.

3.1.3 Geometric Design Standards Design Speed min - 50Km/hr. Optimum - 70Km/hr. Traffic level - 50 ADT Minimum Radius (Horizontal) min - 86 m Opti - 203m Carriageway Width - 6.0m (Each made up of 2-single lane of 3.0m width) Shoulder width - 1.0m (on each side of the road) Carriageway Crossfall - 4.00% Shoulder Crossfall - 5.00% Maximum Degree of Curvature - 5 degrees Maximum Super elevation - 8% Coefficient of Side Friction - 0.12

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Yaroson Partnership Ltd. Stopping Sight Distance - 65m (Minimum) - 105m (Optimum) Passing Sight Distance - 345m (Minimum) - 485 (Optimum) Maximum Gradient - 4.00% Minimum Gradient - 0.50% (Desirable) - 0.35% (Minimum) Minimum K - Value for crest - 50m Minimum K - Value for sag - 35m Minimum Length of Vertical curve - 150m V-Shape Earth Drainage - 0.5m x 0.5m on either side Rectangular shaped - 225mm sandcrete block drain (0.5m x 0.5m)

3.1.4 Pavement Structure Base Course - 150mm Laterite (Min. CBR = 80%) Sub base - 150mm Laterite (Min. CBR = 30%) (Pavement designs will be carried out to determine the thickness of the pavement materials to be used for the Proposed Carriageway).

3.1.5 Culvert Types Box culvert 1 x 1m, 1.5 x 1.5m, 2.0 x 2.0m, 2.5 x 2.5m etc. pipe culverts, drains, sizes 900mm, 1200mm, 1500mm,

3.1.6 Construction Materials The details of the quantities / amount of materials required for the road construction can be found in the Tender Documents. Table 3.2 summaries the materials required for the road project and their sources.

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Yaroson Partnership Ltd. Table 3.2: Road Construction Materials and their Sources Materials Sources Remark All fill materials will be Gravel and fill materials - pits. From burrows transported by trucks to the designated fill areas. Burrow pits will be identified based on proximity to project, material type required, type of approval from authorities. Crushed aggregates and surface Stones chipping and These will be transported dressing chips: boulders will be obtained by trucks to the from closest site. designated needed areas. However, this material may not be required Sharp sand: River channel in the It is anticipated fine vicinity materials from crushed stones (stone dust) could be used. Construction Water: The water for construction will be obtained from existing nearby seasonal rivers and streams, during rainy season. However, during dry seasons, it may be necessary to drill boreholes.

Construction Equipment It is expected contractor  Bulldozer 250 - 350 HP would prepare all  Front End Loader 2.0 - 3.0 m³ equipment required for the  Motor Grader 140 - 185 HP project.  Excavator 1.0 - 1.5 m³  Grid Roller (Sheep foot roller) 10 - 13.5 tonnes  Vibratory Roller (static and

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Yaroson Partnership Ltd. Materials Sources Remark dynamic) 120 kN/m with @ 25 Hz  Steel Wheel Roller 8 - 10 tonnes  Tandem Roller 10 - 12 tonnes  Pneumatic Roller 10 - 16 tonnes  Water Bowser 12,000 - 14,000 litres  Tipper Trucks 10 - 15 m³  Self-propelled Chip Spreader 3 - 6 tonnes  Concrete Mixer 0.5 - 0.75 m³  Concrete Truck Mixer 6 m³  Diesel Generators 15-20 kVA  Air compressor and Wagon drill 5 000 l/min  All essential supporting units, such as welding machines, water pumps, mobile workshop, tyre repair shops, Supervision vehicles, Service trucks, Low bed trailer units, etc.

3.2 Safeguard Sustainability Issues In order that the road is sustainably used, some measures are here recommended for implementation during construction. The verges of the road should be planted with grass to help check erosion from that source. Suitable trees and/ or shrubs should be planted perhaps 2-3 meters away from the roads carriageway to help check erosion, noise attenuation during the operational phase. The trees would enhance carbon sequestration help check air pollution and serve as an effective wind breaker reducing wind erosion. It is expected that the contractors would employ some local labour for the construction of the roads. During that period, sensitization and mobilisation of the local youth should be carried out about ownership and the responsibility of operating and maintaining the roads after construction. The water sources in many of the communities (wells and boreholes with hand pumps), are located close to the roads. Wastewater from the water points is allowed to flow without proper channelling. When the roads are constructed, deliberate attempts should be made to channel the wastewaters away from the Rural Access and Mobility Project/Federal Project Management Unit (RAMP-FPMU) 20 Detailed Engineering, Safeguards Studies and Preparation of Bidding Documents for Prioritized Roads in Adamawa State (RAMP II) Enviromental and Social Impact Assessment Report

Yaroson Partnership Ltd. roads into properly constructed soakaways or into household gardens where vegetables can be grown.

Table 3.3: Sustainability of Roads S/N Activity Extent Cost $ 1. Grass planting on verge of Wherever there is erosion potential(up to a 312,500.00 roads total of 200km) 2. Tree planting Where road passes through communities 106,250.00 (40% of total road length) 3m apart (i.e., between trees) 3. Dust Control During construction and dry seasons of 100,000.00 maintenance phase 4. Provision of soakaway pits to At locations where wells and handpump 2,000.00 channel wastewater away from boreholes are located close to the roads roads (20-30 locations)

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Yaroson Partnership Ltd. 4.0 BASELINE CONDITIONS

A. Environmental Conditions 4.1 Physical Conditions Adamawa State has typical Savanna features. To the north it is typically Sudan while the southern parts experience northern Guinea Savanna. The baseline environmental and socio-economic conditions of the state are summarized in table 4.3.

4.2 Biodiversity 4.2.1 Species Diversities The northern part of Adamawa State has the sub-sudan vegetation type marked by short grasses interspersed with short trees, while in the southern part, the northern Guinea savannah vegetation exists. The identification of the flora was carried out physically on sites while fauna/fishery inventories were accomplished by additional complimentary interviews of the local inhabitants for those fauna and fish species known to be available but immediately out of sight during the survey.

4.2.1.1 Flora: The floral species in the two ecological zones differ primarily only in terms of density and height. Appendix 2 shows the results of the inventory of the floral species along the respective road routes

4.2.1.2 Fauna The wildlife species of the rout corridors were equally numerous. They include: Mammals: Monkeys, Wildcats, Hare, Antelopes, Pig, Buffalos, Hippopotamus Birds: Doves, Cattle egret, Hawks, Bush fowls, Guinea fowls Rodents: Grass-cutters, Rats, Giant rats, Squirrels Reptiles: Crocodile, Snakes (of several varieties), Cobra, Vipers Fish: tilapia, catfish Local inhabitants acknowledged that there are several more species, which in recent times have virtually become extinct or rare, due to hunting and perhaps habitat loss. Such species include hyena and lion.

4.3 Settlement Pattern The settlement patterns along the road corridors are largely nucleated, showing a strangely ribbon appearance along the road alignments, possibly for easy access to road transportation. In some cases the road alignment is encroached upon by

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Yaroson Partnership Ltd. structures like buildings, perimeter fences, trees, etc (see Table 3.1). Several small pastoral Fulani or semi-settled Fulani camps have also sprung up on the routes. Typical settlements are composed of concentrated clusters of residential dwellings with the remaining areas being either farms or long-standing fallows. Information obtained shows that there is a steady emigration from villages to rapidly growing trading centers of the LGA and State capital. The pull factor of these two areas is probably employment opportunities (mainly in the informal sector) associated with urbanization.

4.4 Population and Demographic characteristics By the 2006 Census the eight LGAs of Adamawa State where the RAMP is being implemented have populations shown in table 3.2. The table show that Yola north has the highest population of 199,674 while Lamurde has the least with 111,254. The difference in the population in males and females is small with the males generally being more in numbers. However, in Lamurde, Demsa, and Madagali LGAs, the female populations are marginally higher.

4.5 Ethnic Composition The state has a diverse ethnic composition (almost 60). The ethnic groups of the route corridors vary considerably. Among them are Mbula-Bwazza, Marghi, Longuda, Kpasham, Ga'anda, Fulfulde, Fali, Gudu, Dadiya, Dera, Bile, Bali, Lamang, Kamwe, Mangi, Higgi, Bwaiye, Chambe, Mbaula, Kiba, and Fulani,who live in segmented large and small communities, speaking languages based on their ethnic group. Although the various ethnic groups have their distinct languages and dialects, Hausa and Fulfulde are widely spoken. While most communities are mixed with respect to religion, the Christians predominate in most of them.

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Table 4.1: Census Population Figures for Adamawa State RAMP II Communities (2006). S/No LGA Males Females Total

1. Gerei 66,906 62949 129855

2. Demsa 89,511 88,896 178,407

3. Numan 47,512 44,037 91,594

4. Lamurde 56,495 54,759 111,254

5. Yola South 99,814 96,383 196,197

6. Yola North 108,379 91,295 199,674

7. Madagali 67,134 68,008 135,142

8. Michika 155,238 75,036 230,274

4.6 Soil Types Soil samples were taken from the roads to determine their nutrient levels. Result (Table 4.2) shows, generally, that all the farms on all the roads are low in phosphorus (P). However, Jambutu - Bogare Rd, Kpashem - Yanga Rd, Kaya- Yinagu-S/Gari Rd and Midlo - Madagali Rd have high levels of organic matter, while the rest have low to medium levels of organic matter. Their textural class is shown on the table. On the varying percentages of clay, silt and sand, reconditioning or amendment of the soil is generally advised. These measures include planting of tress and cover crops; and incorporation of farm residues into the soil. All the roads have high Nitrogen (N). This could be attributed to the farming system and management being practiced. Soil samples from all the routes have moderate - low Potassium (K). Burning of farm wastes in the farm should be encouraged to boost their potassium content. Better crop performance could be achieved if a combination of organic residues and fertilizers is incorporated into the soil. Organic matter management is important for the sustainable fertility and productivity of the soils. Table 4.2 shows results of soil fertility tests conducted on samples collected from along the various roads. While table 4.3 is a summary of the general baseline conditions of the area.

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Yaroson Partnership Ltd. Table 4.2: Soil Fertility Tests Results from Project Area

PH N P K Org.C CLAY SILT SAND SITE/ROUTE Rout Textural class H2O % ppm % meq % % % %

Kwana waya - Namtari - Mange 1 5.8 0.67 6.13 0.45 0.251 10 12 78 Sandy loam Road

Jambutu - Ngolomba Bogare Road 2 6.4 0.74 6.13 0.27 1.073 44 24 32 Clay

Njoboli- Rugange Road 3 6.3 0.70 7.88 0.25 0.771 26 34 40 Loam

Labondo - Borrong Road 4 5.6 0.60 7.00 1.18 0.335 12 10 78 Sandy loam

Gyawana - Larmude Road 5 7.4 0.77 6.13 0.24 0.788 42 30 28 Clay

Kpasham - Yanga Road 6 6.5 0.74 7.00 0.23 1.307 20 30 50 Loam

Bazza - Kasudi - Zah Road 7 6.0 0.88 7.88 0.34 0.838 8 24 68 Sandy loam

Kaya - Yinagu - S/Gari Road 8 6.2 0.74 6.13 0.23 1.458 30 44 26 Clay loam

Midlo - Madagali Road 9 6.1 .85 9.63 0.20 1.039 14 40 46 Loam

Laterite - - - - - 0.067 26 24 50 Sandy clay loam

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Table 4.3: Summary of Baseline Environmental Conditions for Adamawa State

S/N Parameter Baseline conditions 1. Location 9o20’N;12o30’E 2. Capital Yola 3. No of LGAs 21 4. Geo-political Zone North-Eastern 5. Boundaries Borno to the North-west, Gombe to the west, Taraba to the South west, National Border with Cameroon to the east. 6. Land mass 36,917km2 7. Soil type Lateritic with areas of black cotton soil 8. Average Temperature Between 11oC and 33oC between the seasons 9. Mean rainfall Rainfall is seasonal and precipitation varies from year to year. Two distinct seasons- Rainy and Dry seasons. Rainy season usually from April or June to October while dry season is usually from November to March. State average rainfall is between 759mm-1,1051mm North to South of the State. 10. Geology/Terrain Picturesque mountains an hills to the east where the Mandara and Adamawa formations are to be found. The terrain is mainly undulating with vast flood plains of big rivers like the Benue, Gongola, yadsarem etc. 11. Vegetation The sub-Sudan type is predominant in the northern parts while the northern Guinea savannah is found in the southern parts of the state. The vegetation in the southern part is punctuated with teak, tall grasses and trees. 12. Main Languages Hausa and Fufulde 13. Main Tribes Hausa, Fulani and Bachama 14. Population 2006 3,178,950: 1,607,270 males and 1,571,680 females 15. Population Density 68 persons per km2 16. Per capita income $1,417 17. GDP 4.6 18. Main Occupation Farming 19. Economy Farming 20. Settlement pattern Sparse with large masses of land dedicated to cattle rearing 21. Cultural Heritage Koma hills, Mandara Mountains, Lamurde Hot water springs, a UNESCO, world Heritage Site, three sister rocks, Kiri dam, Moddibo Adama tomb.

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Yaroson Partnership Ltd. 4.7 Air Quality The country side type of air quality prevails in the road corridors. The quality is generally good with no specific sources of gaseous or particulate emissions. In the dry reason when the north-eastern harmattan winds are prevalent, some fine dust particles could cause air pollution. The air quality would also be affected negatively during construction and haulage activities, when dust would be raised.

4.8 Noise Pollution The noise levels along the roads corridors are low because of the rural nature of the roads alignments. The background noise limits of 55dBA between 0600 and 2200 hours set by the Ministry of Environment is not exceeded anywhere in the project roads except at market places, on market days.

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Yaroson Partnership Ltd. 5.0 SUMMARY OF POTENTIAL IMPACTS 5.1 Impact Identification and Analyses The methodology used for identifying the likely impacts of the Rural Feeder Roads improvement Under RAMP in Adamawa State on the environment was the Ad Hoc methodology, which is primarily an integrated multidisciplinary approach, using the modified Leopold Matrix by Clarke et al (1976). The impact significance and magnitude were quantitatively assessed, where possible, using appropriate indicators and models. In instances where detailed background information were not measurable; the expertise of the various consultants were employed to determine the likely impacts of the project on the environment.

5.2 Nature of Impacts This section assesses the nature of the impacts the upgrading of the roads is likely to have on the local environment through which the roads traverse. Some of the potential positive impacts of the project are listed below. The section also presents the negative impacts by activity (Table 5.1). Table 5.2 is a summary of site- specific negative environmental impacts, while Table 5.3 summarises the negative socio-economic impacts, both with mitigation measures. The regulatory standards for air pollution, noise exposure and water quality are in tables 5.4 (a-c), while table 5.4 d is a summary of noise levels likely to emanate from road construction equipment (muffled and unmuffled)

A. Potential Environmental Impacts 1) Positive Environmental Impacts  Improvement in the Visual Impact of the Road  Modification of the aquatic ecosystem: During the road construction stage between Gwakrah and Borrong, for example, the various activities will cause increased sediment loads in the streams and rivers crossed by the roads. This could lead to the aggradations of the river channel and cause an increase in the sedimentation of materials in the rivers especially during the rainy season; creating wider flood plains thereby starting fresh grounds for vegetative succession and the improvement of the riparian ecosystem. This is an initial locally beneficial impact which would gradually become regional, long term in nature but reversible.  Removal of wastes from the road

B Potential Positive Socio-Economic Impacts  Improved Access:  Savings in Travel time  Easier Movement of Goods and Services  Reduction in Cost of Operation and Maintenance of Vehicles  Employment Generation  Contribution to Agriculture  Women Empowerment through Provision of Access Rural Access and Mobility Project/Federal Project Management Unit (RAMP-FPMU) 28 Detailed Engineering, Safeguards Studies and Preparation of Bidding Documents for Prioritized Roads in Adamawa State (RAMP II) Enviromental and Social Impact Assessment Report

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Table 5.1: Summary of Potential Negative Impacts Activity Negative impacts

Site Clearing  Destruction of terrestrial ecosystem (felling trees and wild life displacement)  Exposure of soil could start soil erosion/  Likely siltation of natural water bodies.

Use of Heavy  Erosion could start because of tracks of equipment on road Construction surface and river banks. Equipment  Oil spills could pollute surface and ground water.

Excavation, Cutting  Slope instability and Filling  Development of erosion or gullies, siltation  Exposure of people to slopes and falls  Blockage of waterway altering hydrology and degrading water quality

Drainage  Cause erosion Construction  Affect water quality and river hydrology Traffic Hazards  Increase vehicular speed could lead to increased incidence of accidents Road Works  Risk of injury from machinery  Poorly operated burrow pits may lead to falls or even drowning Traffic Interruption  Poorly planned detours may result in accidents Involuntary  Demolition of houses Resettlement  Loss of agricultural land  Loss of forestry lands and reserves

Excavation, Cutting  May reveal archaeological or other valuable cultural resources which could be damaged by construction equipment Public Occupational  Road workers from elsewhere can spread communicable Health and Safety diseases e.g STDs. Concerns  Injury at worksites  Exposure to noise and emissions  Accidents due to poor site management

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Table 5.2: SITE - SPECIFIC NEGATIVE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS WITH MITIGATION

S/N Negative Impacts Mitigation Location 1. Increase Air pollution during construction  Plant carefully selected resistant trees and hedges along the This is relevant in all (dust) and operational phase (dust during roads especially within the villages. The plants would locations the dry season and vehicular emissions) sequester carbon dioxide and attenuate noise.  Water the roads regularly during construction phase and in dry season  Provide mask for workers’ used 2. Noise pollution from construction  Provide workers with protective gadgets (ear plugs, mask) Relevant in all locations equipment and operational phase, due to  Regular maintenance of construction equipment in vehicular movement accordance with handbook and manufacturers regulations to the satisfaction of consultant.  Device mufflers for machines  Workers should not be exposed to noise for more than 8 hours a day 3. Erosion  Avoid creating or leaving steep slopes on sides of roads Jambutu-Bogare Road and where roads pass the base of broken hills Njiboli-Njiboliyo-Rugange  Plant grass and trees in valuable areas Labondo-Gwakrah-Borrong  Storm water out fall should be far into the receiving stream road  Burrow pits should be properly worked Bazza-Kalikana road  Excavation spoils should be properly disposed to avoid beginning erosion 4. Surface water quality impairment  Reduce disturbance of top soil and vegetation cover during At locations with culverts. site preparation  Construct drainage out fall adequately  Divert river channel when constructing culvert

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A. TABLE 5.3: SITE –SPECIFIC NEGATIVE SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACTS WITH MITIGATION

S/N Negative Impacts Mitigation Location 1. 1) Displacement of persons (squatter traders)  Provide temporary trading areas for traders during Bomari, Bille, Kodomum, 2) Destruction of compound fence to create road construction. Change road alignment away Borrong way for road. Some trees be felled from built-up areas.  Pay compensation for trees and fence; and for 60m2 Dubwangun of land 2. Security Risk due to influx of undesirable  Establish day and night surveillance by members of Relevant in all locations elements into communities the communities (youths)  Establish more police posts 3. Spread of communicable diseases due to  Mount public enlightenment campaigns on Relevant in all locations increased interaction between local population causation and prevention of diseases including and visitors, transit persons, workers etc. HIV/AIDS and Malaria or other diseases. 4. a) Accidents due to operation of construction  Ensure re-training of operating staff of machinery Relevant in all locations equipment  Carry out regular safety drills b) Accidents due to increased vehicular traffic  Regular maintenance of vehicles  Regular road safety drills for both community members and drivers.  Install proper road safety signs  Install speed checks especially in the villages. 5. Obstruction of migrating wild-life and grazing  Identify the routes and provide protected crossings Gwakrah, Koh, Goron

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Yaroson Partnership Ltd. cattle with clearly identified entrances and exits. 6. During road operation and maintenance;  Drainage clearance to be carried out with care not Everywhere there are - Clearing of drainages could lead to erosion to scrape the drains while removing accumulated drainage structures and sediment transport. silt and other solid waste. especially along settlements. - Clearing vegetation on road shoulders could  Vegetation control must not involve scrapping with Along all the roads with cause loss of construction materials on road bulldozers or graders but should be carried out grassed shoulders. verges and start failure of carriageway manually with machetes Replacement of road cover (laterite or gravel)  This activity would most likely take place in the dry Along the road routes could result in dust; and noise from compaction season. So, the road surface should be sprinkled especially in settlement equipment. with water regularly to reduce dust, compaction areas. equipment should be adequately maintained (muffled), to reduced noise. Compaction should only be done during the day in order not to disrupt peoples sleep at night. Camp clinic should be stocked with drugs and remedies for respiratory tract infections. Workers to put on protective gadgets- mask and ear plugs. Dust control through watering the carriageway  Effort should be made not to over wet the roads Along the road routes could lead to materials losses and could start such that small puddles or rivulets are created. If especially adjacent to erosion. possible, an alternative dust control means can be settlements. employed.

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Yaroson Partnership Ltd. Table 5.4 (a): Some Regulatory Standards for Air Quality

S/No Pollutant Time Average Limits 1. Particulates (Dust) Average of Daily 250mg/m3 Values

One-hourly Value 600mg/ m3(Not to be exceeded more than once a year) 2. Sulphur Oxides (SOx) Daily Average of 0.01ppm (26mg/ m3) hourly values

Hourly average 0.1ppm(260mg/ m3) 3. Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) Daily Average of 0.04ppm-0.06ppm hourly values (75mg/ m3-113mg/ m3) 4. Hydrocarbon particulates Daily Average of 3- 10ppm (11.4mg/m3) hourly values

8 hourly average 20ppm(22.8mg/m3)

Table 5.4(b): Guidelines Governing Exposures to Noise Daily Exposure Permissible Exposure S/No Remarks (Hr) Limit (dBA) 1. 8 90 Exposure to impulsive or impact noise 2. 6 92 should not exceed 140dBA peak sound 3. 4 95 pressure level. 4. 3 97 5. 2 100 6. 1.5 102 7. 1 105 8. 0.5 110 9. 0.25 or less 115

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Yaroson Partnership Ltd. Table 5.4 (c): Water Quality Standards (National Waters) Parameters Allowable Limits

BOD 5mg/L (10mg/L Max) DO 5mg/L (2mg/L Mim) Fluoride 1ppm pH 6.8- 7.2 Colour 30NTU Turbidity 20mg/L Oil and Grease 0 mg/L Lead < 0.1 mg/L TDS 3000 ppm

NO3 1 ppm

SO4 1000 ppm Fe 0.5 ppm Mn 0.2 ppm HCO3- 500 ppm Cl- 1000 ppm

Table 5.4(d): Noise Levels Construction Equipment are likely to Generate during Construction Noise levels at 15m (dBA) Equipment Type Without Muffling With Mufflers Earth moving  Front loaders 79 75  Backhoes 85 75  Bulldozers 80 75  Tractors 80 75  Scrapers 88 80 85 75  Graders 91 75  Trucks 89 80  Pavers Materials Handling  Concrete Mixers 85 75  Concrete Pumps 82 75  Cranco 83 75

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Yaroson Partnership Ltd. Stationery  Pumps 76 75  Generators 78 75  Compressors 81 75 Impact  Pile Drivers 101 95  Jack Hammers 88 75  Pneumatic tools 86 80 Others  Saws 78 75  Vibrators 76 75  Asphalt Concrete Batch Plants 81 - Source: USEPA (2001) Asphalt Drum Mixers Inc. (ADM) 1998

5.3 Analyses of Project Alternatives Alternatives to these Rural Earth Road project include the following: a. Construction of fully paved asphalt roads b. Use of Rail transport c. Do nothing (Zero option)

Alternative (a) Build Fully-Paved Asphaltic Roads The construction of fully paved roads across the selected terrain would have been a worthwhile venture in view of the importance of good road networks to the agriculturally active communities. In view of the terrain being mostly lowland areas adjoining major rivers, (Flood Plains), the cost of a project of such dimension would be very high. The amount would hardly construct an appreciable proportion of the roads of such importance. Hence the desired objective would hardly be realized.

Also, the communities are expected to be involved in road maintenance and so, a fully paved asphalt road network would require more sophisticated technology that is far out of reach of the rural people. Therefore, a more stabilized earth road would be appropriate as a community project that the community can use and maintain.

Option (b)”: The Zero Option The zero option implies that no action is taken to repair or strengthen the road pavement; leaving the road as it currently is, with all its defects and inadequacies. The road would therefore:

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Yaroson Partnership Ltd. - Progressively deteriorate with time in terms of its pavement quality. - The geometry, vertical and horizontal alignments of the road which are now even sub-standard for the class of road, would not be improved despite of the increased vehicular and other traffic in the stretch of road. - The capacity of the road Section to handle increased traffic load would not only remain inadequate but actually drop drastically. - Road conflicts (accident) rate would rise progressively and could become excessive. Road safety would be jeopardized. - Development opportunities and benefits as detected elsewhere in this report would be lost. The regional integration and trans-border socio-economic activities may progress but only at a slow pace. The movement of goods and services would gradually (at first) their rapidly (later), grind to a halt. - Travel time would increase travel comfort would be sacrificed as would safety.

When compared with the alternatives, it is obvious that the road improvement project has by far overwhelming advantages over the two alternatives discussed above. Therefore, the lateritic roads project is the preferred development option based on the analyses. The identified negative impacts have been presented together with suggested mitigations. If these actions are taken together with the monitoring plan, the road strengthening project would result in the achievement of the desired objectives for embarking on the project.

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Yaroson Partnership Ltd. 6.0 ENVIRONMENTAL / SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACTS MITIGATION MEASURES 6.1 Summary of Negative Impacts and Mitigation Measures by Activity The following mitigation measures are intended for integration into the design and procurement documents. The potential negative impacts of the RAMPII Adamawa project requiring mitigation are shown in table 6.1

Table 6.1: Potential Negative Impacts of the RAMPII Adamawa Project and Mitigations Activity Negative impact Mitigations

Site Clearing  Destruction of terrestrial  Transplant endangered species. Plant ecosystem (felling trees and wild grass and trees to replace felled trees. life displacement) Minimize destruction to ecosystem  Exposure of soil could start soil  Plant grass and trees. Install erosion erosion/ control devices  Likely siltation of natural water bodies.  Provide silt traps Use of  Erosion could start because of  Compact soil especially on road Heavy tracks of equipment on road shoulders and verges Construction surface and river banks. Equipment  Oil spills could pollute surface and  Provide sumps to collect spill liquids. ground water. Immediately remove spill materials from road surface Excavation,  Slope instability  Compact slopes and plant grass Cutting and  Development of erosion or gullies,  Provide silt traps Filling siltation  Exposure of people to slopes and  Provide adequate warning signs. falls Provide alternative routes  Blockage of waterway altering  Remove (promptly) any material hydrology and degrading water deposited on or near waterways. quality Provide silt traps Drainage  Cause erosion  Plant grass and trees Construction  Affect water quality and river  Provide proper drainage, silt traps hydrology Traffic  Increase vehicular speed could  Provide speed checks Hazards lead to increased incidence of accidents

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Yaroson Partnership Ltd. Activity Negative impact Mitigations

Road Works  Risk of injury from machinery  Give adequate training to Plant Operators. Provide safety gear.  Poorly operated burrow pits may  Restore spent burrow pits promptly lead to falls or even drowning Traffic  Poorly planned detours may result  Provide adequate road warning signs. Interruption in accidents Provide properly made detours and restore road promptly Involuntary  Demolition of houses  Carryout RAP or ARAP and pay Resettlement  Loss of agricultural land adequate compensation prior to  Loss of forestry lands and reserves commencement of the project.

Excavation,  May reveal archaeological or  Carry out due consultations and RAP Cutting other valuable cultural resources or ARAP. Restore all affected Cultural which could be damaged by and Archaeological resources construction equipment Public  Road workers from elsewhere can  Mount health awareness campaigns Occupational spread communicable diseases e.g Health and STDs. Safety  Injury at worksites  Provide First-Aid facilities, ambulance Concerns  Exposure to noise and emissions and clinic. Provide safety gadgets  Accidents due to poor site  Employ safety /environmental officer management for proper site management.

In addition table 6.2 shows the site-specific potential negative impacts with mitigation and estimated costs of the measures prescribed.

6.2 Integrating Impact Mitigation into Bidding and Contract Document In order to effectively manage the identified potential negative impacts, the best approach is to incorporate clauses in the contract and bidding documents. The rigorous enforcement of these clauses would ensure the effective mitigation of the potential negative impacts. The clauses are categorized into “General, Environmental and Socio-economic clauses and clearly define the contractor’s responsibilities. Only the general clauses are presented below but the environmental and socio-economic clauses are in Appendix 6.

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Yaroson Partnership Ltd. 6.2.1 General Clauses Clause 1: Contractor shall familiarize himself with all National and local laws and edicts relevant to his activities during the construction phase. Clause 2: Throughout the implementation phase of the project, the contractor shall ensure the protection of the environment at all times, to avoid any damage or create any nuisance to property (public and private) and to persons as a result of pollution, noise or other causes arising from or as a consequence of his operations or activities.

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Yaroson Partnership Ltd. Table 6.2: Summary of Mitigation Implementation by Road Cluster Road cluster Nature of Impact Mitigation Action Cost ($) Responsibility A. Northern Slope instability, spoil disposal, Compact slopes and plant grass, identify Include Contractor 1. 1. Kaya-kuda-yinagu dust and noise, health concerns, appropriate spoil disposal sites, plant trees along in BEME road safety concerns road. Use speed checks especially in communities, establish local community policing, mount health campaigns, wet road periodically

2. Shuwa-Pallam Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto 3. Midlo-Mudwu-Madagali Ditto. Ditto. Provide appropriate water discharge Ditto Contractor and Plus water management facilities at stream crossing. Consultant 4. Bazza-Kalikasa Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto Erosion 5. Main road-Koe-Koppa Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto B. Central Slope instability, flooding at Ditto Ditto Implementation 1. Jambutu-Bogare Ngolomba all through to Provide appropriate drainage design document behind FGGC. Spoil disposal, dust and noise, health and safety issues 2.Njoboli-Njoboliyo- Slope instability, spoil disposal, Plant grass, identify spoil disposal sites, restore Ditto Contractor Rugange burrow pits, dust and noise, spent burrow pits, wet road periodically, establish SPIU health and safety concerns. community policing, mount health campaigns. Consultants Erosion

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Yaroson Partnership Ltd. Road cluster Nature of Impact Mitigation Action Cost ($) Responsibility

5 Kwana waya-Manga Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto 6 Labondo-Gwakrah-Koh Slope instability, obstruction of Compact slope, plant grass and trees, provide Include Contractor Goron-Borrong cattle routes, flooding water, drainage structures, especially at Koh, in BEME Consultant especially at Koh and Goron and Gwakrah, establish community police SPIU Gwakrah, dust and noise, and mount health campaigns. Realign road from erosion, health and safety built up areas. concerns, road is encroached at Goron and Borrong C. Southern Slope instability, spoil disposal, Compact slopes and plant grass and trees, wet road Include Contractor 1. New Demsa-Old Demsa- land use, dust and noise, water periodically, provide proper drainage system, re- in BEME Consultant Kodomun-Kwaine management, health and safety align road away from built-up area from CH 11+ SPIU concerns, road encroached, 450 to CH 13+150 to avoid graveyard, pay squatter traders along existing compensation for about 20 juvenile Dum palms road. 2. Kpasham-Kebali-Yanga Slope stability, dust and noise; Compact slopes, plant grass and trees, identify Ditto Ditto spoil disposal, health and safety proper spoil disposal sites, establish community issues. police, mount health campaigns. 3. Bille –Gumari-M-Belwa Slope instability, dust and Compact slopes, plant grass and trees, identify Ditto Ditto noise, erosion, spoil disposal, spoil disposal sites, restore burrow pits, wet road road is encroached, burrow periodically, provide appropriate drainage. Re- pits. align road and pay compensation for about 20 trees.

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Yaroson Partnership Ltd. Road cluster Nature of Impact Mitigation Action Cost ($) Responsibility 4. Gyawana-Dubwangun- Slope instability, water Stabilize road, plant trees, provide proper Ditto Contractor Hadiyo-Lamurde management, dust and noise, drainage, wet road periodically, and pay Consultant road is encroached at compensation for 36 trees and 60m2 of lands. SPIU Dubwangun, some trees to be Assist household with new fence. Community felled and some land acquired, police and health campaigns water pipeline near road pavement, health and safety issues.

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7.0 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC MANAGEMENT PLAN

7.1 Introduction This environmental and socio-economic management plan would act as an abridged operational manual for the project with respect to environmental and socio-economic issues during implementation and operation. In practical terms, it details how the mitigation measures proposed should be carried out; and the responsibilities and frequencies of the actions.

7.2 Key Stakeholders The key stakeholders in the environmental and socio-economic management plan are: The Federal Ministry of Agriculture (FPMU), the Federal Ministry of Environment (FMEnv.), Adamawa State Government (SPIU). The design engineers (YPL), Contractors, Local Government Area Councils and the beneficiary communities. A summary of the roles of the key stakeholders is presented in table 7.1.

7.3 Actions and Responsibilities A number of possible negative impacts were identified during the ESIA. Mitigation measures to minimize or eliminate the impacts have been proposed with details of the actions, responsibilities and estimated costs. The responsibilities of the key stakeholders are in table 7.1. Table 7.2 contains the monitoring indicators and table 7.3 a summary of the environmental and socio- economic management plan (ESMP).

7.4 Monitoring 7.4.1 Environmental and Socio-Economic Compliance Monitoring The implementation of the various measures for the mitigation of the potential negative impacts of the roads requires the input of a well-funded environmental monitoring programme. The scheme would aim at the collection of information or data that would enable the assessment of the status of the concerned environmental/socio-economic parameter, and to take prompt action, if need be, towards forestalling the occurrence, or to reduce to the barest minimum, its negative impact or regularity. Monitoring also enables a co-ordinated scheduling of activities between all project stakeholders. Table 7.2 lists some of the important monitoring indicators while table 7.3 deals with the details of the parameters to be monitored.

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Yaroson Partnership Ltd. Table 7.1: Responsibilities of Key Stakeholders

SN Stakeholder Responsibilities Project Phase

1. FGN  Overall control and policy formulation for project Project funding guarantees Preparation  Receive and consider regular project progress and project performance report. Project execution

2. FMEnV  Issue the necessary environmental permits, Preparation provide monitoring framework, enforce Execution regulations Demobilization

3. FPMU  Co-ordinate all RAMP II projects, engage project Preparation consultants, monitor project execution, co- Execution ordinate maintenance activities Demobilization

4. SPIU  Identify roads, co-ordinate resettlement Preparation activities/compensations. Co-ordinate local level Execution road maintenance Demobilization

5. Consultant a. Design for erosion control, water management and Project Design (Design other negative impacts. Engineers) b. Incorporate suitable clauses committing contractor to Preparation of execute his task with due diligence applying Contract environment friendly methods. The document should Document include necessary monitoring and enforcement clauses Phase consistent with best practices. c. Supervise contractors performance and ensure that Implementation regulations and instructions are enforced with respect Phase to socio-economic and environmental provision in the contract document d. Liaise with local health, traffic and educational authorities to plan agreed awareness campaign

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Yaroson Partnership Ltd. SN Stakeholder Responsibilities Project Phase

6. Contractora. Ensure that all management staff including foremen, safety officer and site managers are conversant with environmental and socio-cultural issues of the RAMPII b. Make sure that all staff above are informed about and Mobilisation fully understand environment-friendly construction Phase methods relating to environmental sustainability c. Establish, operate and maintain construction Camps and rehabilitate campsite after project d. Prepare and submit burrow pit management plans for approval by relevant authorities and consultant in good time before exploitation commences. e. Prepare, establish and submit to consultant, waste management plan for all categories of wastes f. Acquaint himself with all the relevant environmental Project legislation and regulations in Nigeria and Adamawa Execution State. Phase

g. Ensure that all socio-economic and environmental requirements of the project are satisfied. h. Utilize only environment friendly methods and equipment in the project i. Take responsibility for the occupational health and safety of all persons at the worksites at all times. j. Inform consultant of any negative (unforeseen) impacts arising from the project. k. Provide safety around and through all work sites for all kinds of traffic. For this purpose, provide acceptable Traffic management Plan (TMP) to the consultant l. Provide and implement erosion prevention measures e.g. grass and tree planting in exposed areas. m. Provide appropriate storage for fuels, oils and lubricants and wastes to prevent both water and land pollution n. Provide potable water to any community whose water

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Yaroson Partnership Ltd. SN Stakeholder Responsibilities Project Phase source is made unwholesome by project activities till water quality is restored. o. Ensure that no unmarked tree is felled or else face fines to be deducted from next payment due. Felled trees remain the property of the FGN. p. Manage all wastes from all construction activities in a manner consistent with best practices. q. Eliminate all breeding sites of disease vectors arising from project activities. r. Ensure that all project areas are properly cleaned and restored. Demobilisation 7. World  Quality control of project Throughout the Bank and  Fund mobilization efficiency and effectiveness project FDA  Ensure timely execution of project 8. NGOs’  Work with community members throughout the Throughout the CBOs’ project. project  Drive community policing  Be involved in the maintenance activities, participate in Health awareness campaigns 9. Communitya. Express any concerns about the project both in the Throughout Members preliminary design and at any other phase of the Project Phase project including those not originally envisaged. b. Be prepared to participate fully in road maintainace activities. c. Be prepared to participate in community policing. d. Be prepared to participate in road construction work. e. Be prepared to participate in health awareness campaigns.

7.5 Waste /Environmental Management The contractor should employ an Environmental/Safety Officer for the project, to be responsible for all safety and waste management issues, including fire risk. Wastes are expected to be generated during project execution in the form of spillages emissions from plant operation and excavations, bush clearing etc, during site development for establishing camp sites. Also, wastes (both liquid and solid), would be generated at the camps- in the form of wastewater and garbage.

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Yaroson Partnership Ltd. The wastes should be categorized into: gaseous, liquid and Solid Wastes. Gaseous emissions include sulphur, nitrogen and carbon oxides from burning fossil fuels. The quantities of these gases are not expected to be significant. Liquid wastes – spilled fuels, lubricants and wastewater. The oily wastes (Diesel oil, gasoline and engine oil) are to be confined to the fuel depot. Spillages should be washed into a concrete sump from where they can be collected and taken for proper disposal (Refinery). Domestic wastewaters should be channelled into soakaways and septic tanks at the yards (camp sites). The solid wastes should be segregated into garbage, plastic, paper, metallic wastes etc. - The garbage should be composted (i.e. buried) - The plastics e.g. bottles and bags, could be re-used for storage thereby minimizing the waste. Those that cannot be re-used should be collected and stored in tied bags to be sent for recycling in plastic factories. - Metallic wastes should be collected and stored for recycling (sold to scavengers) The client should have a social monitoring plan (SMP). The company does not need to have a separate unit for SMP but officers should work in collaboration with the client. A monitoring plan should be produced by the contractor and his company should be ready to comply with the directives. Table 7.2 shows the monitoring indicators of the project

 Health Care facilities A few health care facilities (clinics, maternities) exist in some of the road corridors e.g., Bazza to Kalikasa road. The effectiveness of the health care facilities can be monitored by evaluating the - The number of patients (cases) attended to on a periodic e.g quarterly basis; particularly road accident victims. - The disease pattern over the entire area over time (say quarterly) - Successful birth rate figures over time (say quarterly) - Maternal mortality rate over time in the area (also quarterly) - Child mortality rate over time (quarterly) in the area - Disease surveillance in the area (if any) - The level of sanitation, health and hygiene practices in the area - Successes of immunization programmes - The efficiency of ambulatory services between the PHCs and the General Hospital

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Yaroson Partnership Ltd. These indices are to be computed for the road corridor and compared with those before the rehabilitation, to indicate if the road rehabilitation has impacted in any way on the health life of the communities.

The responsibility for monitoring is vested in the contractor who should produce his scheduling plan to the consultant.

Table 7.2: Project Monitoring Indicators Monitoring Method of S/No Item Monitoring indicators frequency Sampling 1. Improved access Quarterly Grab Traffic count

2.  Crime Rate Monthly, Records of all Numbers of different crimes Quarterly reported crimes kept reported. and Yearly 3.  Accidents Once a Grab 24 hour sample Numbers of accidents month and collate reported as number of fatalities, injuries, hospitalized 4. Road Sign Quarterly Analysis of accident Number of accidents due to Awareness records and driver road sign violations assessment 5. Health Care Quarterly Analyses of Health Number of patients treated at facilities records clinics, live birth rate figures of maternal mortality rates child mortality rates. Success rates of immunization, number of ambulance services carried out. 7. Soil quality

 Near Solid waste Soil moisture, salinity, So4,

Dumps in camp site During Dry Grab/Visual NO3 PO4, hydrocarbons and  Intervals at road and rainy observation photographs axis season

 Ecological ditto Visual Photographs Preservation in burrow pit areas

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Yaroson Partnership Ltd. Monitoring Method of S/No Item Monitoring indicators frequency Sampling 8. Air Quality  Ambient air quality

within operations Once a Grab (24Hrs hourly) SOx, NOx, CO,CO2 NHx area (asphalt plant, month sample Particulates quarry sites etc) around the construction equipment and diesel generating set locations 9. Noise level  Plant boundaries (asphalt plant, Once a Grab (24Hrs hourly) Noise levels (dBA) quarry sites etc) month samples  Around Construction equipment and diesel generating sets

10. Water Quality Once a Grab sample for PO4 Compare with water quality

Testing month ,SO4, NO3, oil and standards. Grease 11. Disposal areas Visual observation Hydrocarbon, Oil and grease (waste dump and Once a Grab Samples photographs and video oil sumps) month Photographs and recordings Video

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Yaroson Partnership Ltd. Table 7.3: Environmental/ Socioeconomic Management Plan (ESMP), Mitigation Measures with Responsibilities and Cost Mitigation compliance Approximate S/N Project Impact Source of Impact Mitigation Measures index Mitigation Responsibility (frequency) cost/year (N) A  Loss of Habitat Site Preparation, Transplant endangered species. All endangered species 80,000.00 Contractor. Ecology and Biodiversity removal of trees and Plant 4 new tress for everyone are transplanted and/or shrubs felled rehabilitated. New trees planted(Bi-monthly)

 Airborne and Increased traffic from - Sprinkle water over scraped - Reduction in dust and 300,000.00 Contractor, Noise Pollution heavy equipment. road surface. Maintain noise levels communities, equipment, plant trees/shrubs - protective equipment are SPIU, LGAs Provide Personal protective seen to be used Department of equipment for the workforce. (Always) works, RAMP, (ear muffs nose masks, gloves, Consultant helmets, boots, etc.)

 Soil erosion and Removal of vegetation Clear natural drainage and create Free flow of water in 23,400,000.00 RAMP, SPIU, change in cover and deposition new ones to ensure free flow of drains.(Weekly) (i.e for 13 roads) Contrac0tor, drainage patterns on drainage channels runoff. @ 1,800,000.00 Consultant, (per road) SEPA. Working of burrow Restore burrow pits by replacing Original land forms pits top soil restored (Afterwards) 1,000.00 RAMP, SPIU,  Sand mining Increased water Monitor sand source Measure depth of water at Consultant, depth, could affect sand source. 200,000.00 SEPA. channel characteristics (Twice a year) Contractor  Transportation Spillage at fuel Provide lined sumps to collect Rural Access and Mobility Project/Federal Project Management Unit (RAMP-FPMU) 50 Detailed Engineering, Safeguards Studies and Preparation of Bidding Documents for Prioritized Roads in Adamawa State (RAMP II) Enviromental and Social Impact Assessment Report

Yaroson Partnership Ltd. Mitigation compliance Approximate S/N Project Impact Source of Impact Mitigation Measures index Mitigation Responsibility (frequency) cost/year (N) and storage of dumps, improper waste fuel lubricants and Regular evacuation of the 120,000.00 construction storage of chemicals solvents for easy removal for sumps.(Monthly) materials and explosives final disposal- Ensure proper Regular inspection of storage of solvents and explosive and chemical explosives with appropriate stores. (Quarterly) Contractor warning signs

 Disposal of Removal of road Reuse debris as base material for No construction debris left BEME construction surfacing and culverts new roads or for filling potholes unattended. (Always) Debris Contractor The environment is clean 100,000.00  Soil and water Wastes generated Segregate wastes at the point of and free from waste and pollution due to from restaurant, clinic generation. Provide septic tank garbage. Solid waste and and living quarters and soak away for liquid waste. (Daily) liquid waste Compost organic waste. generated Recycles and reuse others where Contractor possible. Soil not contaminated 200,000.00 Check soil Quality with oil and grease.(Quarterly) Contractor Water quality test results 500,000.00 Effect of concrete Construction of Ensure proper channelling into comply with standards. curing water on prefabricated concrete drainage pits No accumulation of the environment structures curing water(Monthly)

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Table 5.1: Cont’d. Approximate Mitigation Cost S/N Project Impact Source of Impact Mitigation Measures Mitigation compliance index Responsibility (Contractor) N B Socio-economic impacts  Land use Social stratification Monetized housing policy - Management staff are 25,000,000.00 Contractor, due to improved for both senior and junior housed in Camps For income. staff. - Housing allowance is paid construction, to each class of workers. furnishing and (During execution) maintaining at least 5 (No) - Senior and Junior staff are houses  Employment and Reduction in farming employed. BEME income activities due to - Unskilled labour is unskilled labour engaged from the BEME Contractor mobility community. (During execution)

- Adequate transportation is  Transportation Difficulties in going - Provide appropriate provided BEME Contractor to work transport for movement (During execution) of work force to and from work locations

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Yaroson Partnership Ltd. Approximate Mitigation Cost S/N Project Impact Source of Impact Mitigation Measures Mitigation compliance index Responsibility (Contractor) N - Most Communities along  Community - Population Employ local labour the road axis are provided BEME Contractor development dynamics Provide amenities with amenities (electricity, - Public health boreholes etc). - Increase in vices Equip Site clinic with - Health is taken care of by drugs and a site nurse a staff Nurse already Provide police posts employed. (During BEME Organize surveillance execution) C Construction - Diversions - Provide adequate warning Adequate warning signs have Part of Contract Contractor Hazards - Slippery surfaces signs (Bend, Slow Down, been deployed including Sum  Hold - ups - Heavy construction Men at Work, Diversion, human traffic control in day  Accidents equipment on roads Heavy Equipment time periods (As required)  Prefabricated Crossing, etc) concrete structures D Restoration of Source of construction Should be filled back Burrow pits are restored. Part of Contract Contractor Burrow pits materials with removed top soil and (soon after work) Sum construction wastes E Solid waste - Debris from - Debris should be used for Environment is free of solid 1,500,000.00 for Contractor management (local construction construction of houses waste (daily) design, building population to be activities - Components such as and operation of educated and - Sorting of solid bottles, metals and, composting encouraged) waste plastics can be resold plant.

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Yaroson Partnership Ltd. Approximate Mitigation Cost S/N Project Impact Source of Impact Mitigation Measures Mitigation compliance index Responsibility (Contractor) N - Garbage from - Composted waste can be restaurants and used as manure as well as living quarters generate gas for domestic use F Health Challenges - Increased STDs - Provide health awareness HIV and malaria awareness 9,000,000.00 for Contractor, SPIU, - Unwanted campaigns campaign put in place campaign of 3 Consultant. pregnancies - Distribute condoms Keep records of condom clusters (i.e. distribution. (At least 3 times 1,000,000.00 per per cluster, i.e 9 campaignes) campaign) G Fire Safety and - Mal-functioning of - Conduct fire and Fire and emergency training 2,500,000.00 Contractor Emergency electrical equipment emergency training and and drills conducted (i.e. 500,000.00 Management drills Fire fighting equipment per training for - Install fire fighting installed. Health and Safety honorarium, equipment Records (At least 5 times a transport, year) accommodation of resource per son and refreshment at training Grand Summary in Naira 62,901,000.00

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Yaroson Partnership Ltd. 7.6 Measures for Strengthing Institutional and Organisational Capacity  Capacity Building There are many capacity gaps in the project area both in terms of farming and other livelihoods; training needs, institutional strengthening and facilities/infrastructural development. A summary of the capacity needs are in table 7.4

Table 7.4: Capacity Building (Training) Needs Cost per Capacity Resource S/N S/N Participant Subject Participant Duration Needs Persons ($) 1. Dry season Farmers Irrigated Extension 1,000.00 1 week farming Near Agriculture worker from including waterways ministry of transport Agriculture, accommodatio Upper Benue n and RBDA honorarium for resource person 2. Farming Other Intercropping/ Extension 1,000.00 1 week System Farmers mixed worker from Ditto cultivation ministry of Agriculture, Upper Benue RBDA 3. Skills Acquisition (a) Women as Dressmaking National 24,000.00 6 months well as some Hairdressing Directorate of young men Employment, NGO/CBOs (b) Youths Road State/LGA 4,000.00 4 weeks maintenance Department of works, contractors (c ) Community Environmental State/LGA 1,000.00 1 week members Sanitation Ministry of (youths) Practices Health/Environ ment Consultant

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Yaroson Partnership Ltd. Cost per Capacity Resource S/N S/N Participant Subject Participant Duration Needs Persons ($) 4. Training Malaria/HIV- Consultant 1,500.00 for Two or a Community AIDS Ministry of each Thrice members, Awareness Health Campaign during contractors campaigns 4,500.00 for project staff etc. three. construction phase (Day) b. LGA Staff Training in FPMU Needs 1 week RAMP Consultants Assessment c. SPIU Staff Operation and first management d. LG Council Institutional Consultant Needs Progressive Staff Strengthening FPMU Assessment SPIU Staff first 5. Construction LG Council Road Manufacturer’s Needs 2 weeks for and Staff Maintenance Representative Assessment training maintenance SPIU Staff equipment first of equipment. training/acqui sition 6. Honorarium, Transport, Accommodation, Feeding for 20 20,000.00 resource person Total per participant $55,500.00

7.7 Capacity of CBOs and local institutions In nearly all the communities along all route corridors, there are varieties of CBOs. These associations are mostly on gender- and agro - lines, and border on improved livelihood of members and general community development. In nearly all communities, however, such associations are generally very weak. The officials of most of the associations lacked the minimum skills and capacities to reach out to other relevant organizations and government institutions at state and national levels. On the other hand, the capacity of government sponsored local institutions in few of the communities is also very weak. The Local Government Council, which is the nearest government to the community, lacks the adequate capacity in terms of manpower and financial resources to perform the roles expected of it (i.e. improvement of the socio-economic life of members of the community). It is also evident that the Local Government Council expends most of its resources on urban and semi-urban areas within its jurisdiction. This leaves out rural communities in the present study area at a disadvantage. The

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Yaroson Partnership Ltd. community/social development units in the Local Government Councils need upgrading. 7.8 Perception of the proposed road project Overall, the awareness and reception of the proposed road is excellent in the respective communities. All the residents of the communities visited expressed joy at the proposed project. Their expectation is that it will promote development in the region by way of job creation, infrastructural development, in particular, housing, healthcare, better schools, portable water and electricity supply, and most probably promote tourism. From the consultations held with the community members along the roads, the following are the appreciations noted by the stakeholders.  Increased road strength and capacity  All year access would be provided  Improved drainage and reduced flooding  Reduction cost of transportation  Increased travel comfort  Reduced vehicle operating cost and travel time  Attraction of investment and businesses  Increased revenue of local people from businesses  Increased employment during construction and road maintenance phases  Enhance regional integration and harmony  Improved living standards Nevertheless, the stakeholders expressed some concerns regarding the following issues:  Timelines and adequacy of their compensation packages where applicable  Increased atmospheric dust and noise during construction  Provision of adequate road signs and other architecture to reduce pedestrian- vehicular conflicts  Pedestrian safety in the settlement areas along roads corridor  Pedestrian and travellers safety with respect to vehicular speed  Proper location and rehabilitation of burrow pits and quarries  Public awareness and education about the project especially the road maintenance activities.

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Yaroson Partnership Ltd. 8.0 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 8.1 Summary After the Environmental and Socio-Economic Impact Assessment exercise for Adamawa State RAMP II Project, the key issues identified are summarized as follows; In the recent past (10 years) a good number of changes have taken place in the country to strengthens the National policy and the legislative framework for managing the country’s’ resources as defined in the National Policy on Environment (Agenda 21) of 1999. Considerable progress has been made in establishing the policy and legal framework for environmental concerns, but the institutional capacities of the enforcing agencies are still being developed (NESREA). The overall responsibility for implementing the various environmental legislations is vested in the Federal and States Ministries of Environment through their different agencies.

Some key pieces of legislation to facilitate environmental management in Nigeria are; the Environmental Impact Assessment ACT (2004); Harmful Waste (special criminal provision etc) ACT (2004); Water Resources ACT (2004) and the National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency (NESREA) ACT 2010, to mention a few.

During the ESIA field survey, it became obvious that the internal capacity for the environmental and social management of the road sector needs to be strengthened. The consultants and contractors and other sector players need to acquire self- regulatory roles regarding environmental impact management.

When the list of roads was given, no road map was supplied. Some names of the villages along the routes were wrongly spelt and distances were inaccurate in some cases.

There is really no major significant negative impact anticipated to be associated with the project as the predicted potential negative impacts are predominantly direct and short term. If the mitigation measures proposed are implemented, such impacts would be greatly minimized or even eliminated.

Some factors interact to give rise to environmental impacts on road projects. For instance, erosion on roads arises from the interaction between design, construction, surrounding land use and soil type. As such the definition of

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Yaroson Partnership Ltd. quantifiable evaluation criteria to enable the assessment of impact trends is difficult. Therefore, one usually resorts to taking a qualitative approach derived from information about the area and references of other activities.

The nature of the RAMP II project in Adamawa State is such that virtually all the construction work would be on the existing roads alignment and so, would avoid or considerably reduce the intensity of the adverse impacts, usually experienced in new roads construction. Good management, good engineering design and good construction and supervision would ensure the effective mitigation of the impacts.

There would be no direct impacts on sensitive environments like habitats, sanctuaries, cultural heritage or archaeological finds as a result of this project. One family at Dubwangun would be affected through the acquisition of about 60m2 of their land and the removal of a fence of trees surrounding their compound. This is to allow for a widening of the road adjacent to the compound. This family will suffer only a very marginal discomfort and an ARAP has been prepared for it.

One important problem militating against effective environmental management of road projects is the general lack of awareness of field engineers, contractors and many stakeholders, about environmental issues and concerns. It is very unlikely that any real support to address this can be provided in the short term.

As much as possible, the World Bank requirements stipulating the involvement of the beneficiaries in project cycles have been highlighted as a strong tool for environmental management and sustainability of the project.

8.2 Conclusion This ESIA report has considered the environmental and socio-economic implications of executing the RAMP II project in Adamawa State, in consonance with the ToR. There is generally a heightened awareness among members of the public who show concern and expect high quality services. Therefore, it is important that efforts are made to address the relevant environmental and social issues identified. With respect to RAMP II in Adamawa State, the contractor and the supervising institutions must show a high level of commitment to the effective implementation of the mitigation measures. Invariably, a systematic programme of capacity building for manpower development is essential.

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After examining all the components of the RAMP in Adamawa State, it may be concluded that the project is feasible and viable. Compared with the alternatives which analyses have been documented in Chapter 4, the rural road project is capable of boosting agricultural productivity, improved livelihoods, economic empowerment, socio-cultural harmony and integration in the project areas. However, the realization of these noble objectives is firmly rooted in the political will, commitment and determination of all stakeholders to vigorously implement all the safeguards and mitigations recommended to address the negative environmental and socio-economic impacts identified. The ESMP prescribed has adequately specified the tasks and responsibilities of the various stakeholders whose compliance would greatly enhance the sustainability of the project.

Disclosures: The ESIA ARAP and ESMP documents would be disclosed by the FPMU who would make copies available to all their State Project Implementation Units, their websites, and to PAPs. Copies would also be sent to the State and Federal Ministries of Environment for public display on their notice board; and to the 8 Local Government Area councils where the project is domiciled. Efforts would also be made to display the documents at strategic public places in the project area for the benefit of stakeholders. When the FPMU has done this, the World Bank, the French Development Agency would then disclose them electronically in their websites.

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Yaroson Partnership Ltd. REFERENCES

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Bijaya Raj Paudyal et al (2002): My field to Rural Community Environmental Awareness. BMX - V Consultants.

Biodiversity in Development: Road infrastructure and Biodiversity, brief 8 http://europa.eu.int/comm/development/sectir/environment.

Boating E., Ewusi K, Kanbur R. and Mc kay A. (1992): Poverty Profile for Ghana, 1987, 1988.Journal of African Economies 1 (1) s 26-58, March.

Branch, K., D.A. Hooper, J. Thompson, and J. Creighton, 1984. Guide to Social Assessment: a Framework for Assessing Social Change, Westview Press Boulder. Burge, R.J. P. 1995, A Community guide to Social Impact Assessment. University of Illinois: Urbana.

Burdge, R.J.P. Fricke, K. Finsterbusch, W.R. Freudenberg, R. Gramling, A. Holden, L.

Byron, H (undated).Biodiversity issues in the road environmental impact assessments: Guidance and case studies. Environmental policy and management group, TH Huxley School of environment, Earth sciences and Engineering, Imperial College, London, U.K.

Canter L.W (1977): Environmental Impact Assessment. McGraw Hill Book Company, New York.

Case Design (2003): Highway Design Notes 1-4. Publications of the Transport Research Laboratory, TRL, Old Wokingham Road Berkshire, U. K. RG45 6AU.

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Carley, M.J. and Busteilo, E.S (1984) Social Impact Assessment and Monitoring: A guide to the literature.Boulder: Westview Press.

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Yaroson Partnership Ltd. Chadwick, A. 1995.Social-Economic Impacts 2: Social Impacts.In Morris, P. and R. Therivel, Methods of Environmental Impact Assessment, pp 29-49. University of British Columbia Press: Vancouver. Chenoweth, R. 1999. Integrating Information Technologies for Citizen-based Land use Decision-Making. College of agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Wisconsin.

Christensen, K. social Impacts of Land Development: an Initial Approach for Estimating Impacts on Neighborboard Usages and Perceptions.The Urban Institute: Washing ton D.C.

Clarke, B. D. Chapman, K. Bisset, R. and Withern, P. (1976): Assessment of major Industrial Application.A Manual.Research Report 13.Department of the Environment, London, UK.

Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Wasterwater Management and Region V. 1990, Urban Runoff Management Information/Education Products. OWEC (EN- 366) Washington, D.C.

FEPA (1992) Environmental Impact Assessment – Sectoral Guidelines:- Agricultural and Rural Development. Publ. by Federal Environmental Protection Agency, Nigeria Pp. 28-48.

Finsterbusch, K. (1985) State of the Art in Social Impact Assessment. Environment and Behaviour 17, 192-221

Freudenberg, W.R. 1986. Social Impact Assessment.Annual Review of Sociology. 12:451 - 78 Gontier, M., Balfors, B. and Mortberg, U. (undated). Biodiversity in environmental assessments current practice and tools for prediction.Environmental Management and Assessment Group, Department of Land and Water and Resources.Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden [email protected]/ [email protected]/[email protected].

Handbook for Preparing a Resettlement Action Plan: Environment and Social Development Department, International Finance Corporation(IFC)

Hustedde, R.J., R. Shaffer, G. Plover. 1983. Community Economic Analysis: a how- to Manual, North Central Regional Center for Rural Development, Ames, Iowa.

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Yaroson Partnership Ltd. International Association for impact assessment (IAIA) http/www.iaia.org.

International Association for Impact Assessment (1994) Guidelines and Principles for Social Impact Assessment 12 (2) International Committee on Guidelines and Principles for Social Impact Assessment (1994) Guidelines and Principles for Social Impact Assessment US Department of Commerce; National Oceanic and Atmosphere Administration; National Marine Fisheries Service

Ita, E.O. (1994). Aquatic Plant and Westland wildlife Resources of Nigeria.CIFA occasional paper no 21, FAO, Rome 52pp.

Liewellyn, J.S. Petterson, J. Thompson, and G. Williams, 1995.Guidelines and Principles of Social Impact Assessment.Environmental Impact Assessment Review.15-11-43, Elsevier Science, Inc. New York.

Ohm, B.W. 1999. Guide to Community Planning in Wisconsin.Department of Urban and Regional Planning, University of Wisconsin-Madison.

Resettlement Action Plan for Amugulang-Ebudouge ClassIII Porthighway. Inner Monogolia Autonomous Region Communications Department 2004.

Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF) for RAMPII in Adamawa, Enugu, Niger and Osun States: Federal project Management Unit(FPMU), Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development Abuja.

RSPB, WWF, English Nature and the wildlife Trust (2000). Biodiversity and Environmental impactassessment: A New Approach. RSPB, Sandy.http/www.rspb.org.uk.

Ryan B.J. Braatz and A. Brault. 1998. Retail Mix in Wisconsin’s Small Downtowns: An analysis of Cities and Villages with Populations of 2,500-15,000. Center for community economic Development, University of Winsconsin-Extention.

Trusty, W. 1999, Land Use Planning, Design Review: Essential Components for Maintaining Countryside Character. Prepared for the Planning Committee and Town Board of Lyons, Walworth County.January 6, Urban Land Institute, Development Impact Assessment. Chapter 6, Social Impact Analysis.

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Wood, C. M. and Lee N. (1984): Methods of EIA in Project Appraisals Department of Town and Country Planning, University of Manchester, Manchester, England

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APPENDICES

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APPENDIX ‘I’ Site Photographs of Adamawa RAMP II Road Conditions

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Fig. 1: Exsisting road ravaged by erosion2: Erosion ravaged landscape, Zah area, Michika LGA

Fig. 2: Highly dissected terrain at foot hill of the Eastern Piedmont mountain ranges, Zar area Michika LGA

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Fig. 3: Upland hill ranges of the Eastern Piedmont Mountain at the background, Zah area Michika LGA

Fig. 4: Outliers of mesas and buttes Zah area Michika LGA

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Fig. 5: Typical scenery over the Benue River trough showing gullying, in Kebali, Demsa LGA

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Fig. 6: Children scooping out water from river bed in the dry season

Fig. 7: Federal rural water supply Project in Njoboliyo, Yola South LGA

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Fig. 8: Water vendor at suburb location, Kwanawaya, Yola South LGA

Fig. 9: Terrace cropping, at Zah area in Michika LGA

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Fig. 10: Terrace cropping, in Zah area Michika LGA

Fig. 11: Uncultivated alluvial soils –Mbemun (Larmude LGA)

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Fig. 12: Typical park land vegetation close to settlement

Fig. 13: Compound vegetation, Bitiku, Madagali LGA

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Fig. 14: Scrub land

Fig. 15: Dum pam forest at Kodomun, Demsa LGA

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Fig. 16: Riparian forest- Kebali, Numan LGA

Fig. 17: Fuelwood merchant heading to town- picture taken at Goron

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Fig. 18: Savanna sugar company plantation at Mbemun, Lamude LGA

Fig. 19: Irrigation cropping along floodplain over highland area sefa, Michika LGA

Yaroson Partnership Ltd.

Fig. 20: Quarying for brick block moulding, Lawe, Demsa LGA

Fig. 21a: Typical scenery during the soccio -economic survey of communities along the road corridors -Kebali Numan.

Yaroson Partnership Ltd.

21b .

21c .

Yaroson Partnership Ltd.

Fig. 21d: Yanga, Demsa LGA

Fig. 21e: Yanga, Demsa LGA

Yaroson Partnership Ltd.

Fig. 21f: Partial encroachment spot on the road at Dubwangun, Larmude LGA

Fig. 21g:: Segement of encroachment at Kodomun, Demsa LGA

Yaroson Partnership Ltd.

Fig. 22a: Typical village compound on the Benue flood plains, Kebali, Numan LGA

Fig. 22b: Typical compound over the foothill, Sefa area Michika LGA

Yaroson Partnership Ltd.

Fig. 22c: Typical compound over the foothill, Zah area Michika LGA

Fig. 23a: Typical market under tree at village square, Goron, Gerei LGA

Yaroson Partnership Ltd.

Fig. 23b: Market at village square

Fig. 24a: Village mechanic at Njoboliyo

Yaroson Partnership Ltd.

Fig. 24b: Village kiosks

Fig. 24c: Tailoring services under NDE programme, Sefa, Michika LGA

Yaroson Partnership Ltd.

APPENDIX ‘II’ List of Economic and Medicin al Plant in the Project Areas

Yaroson Partnership Ltd. LIST OF PLANT ALONG KWANAN WAYA-NAMTARI ROAD (YOLA SOUTH L.G.A)

S/N BOTANICAL NAME FAMILY COMMON NAME HAUSA NAME ETHNO-BOTANY

1. Azadirachta Indica Meliaceae Neem Dogon yaro Insecticide

2. Tamarindus indica Leguminosae:C Tamarind Tsamiya Laxative

3. Hyphaene thebiaca Palmae Dum palm Goriba Leaves (Jaundice)

4. Annogeissus leiocarpus Combretaccea African Birch Marke LVS (cough)

5. Guiera senegalensis Combretaceae Senegals guiera Sabara Anti diarrhoeal

6. Borassus aethiopum Palmae Fan palm Giginya Root (sore Throat)

7. Combretum molle Combretaceae Combretum Gogen damo Bark (injuries)

8. Daniellia oliverii Leguminosae:C Balsam tree Kadaura Bark (Menstrual disorder)

9. Adansonia digitata Bombacaceae Baobab Kuka LVS (Asthma)

10. Khaya senegalensis Meliaceae Mahogany Madaci Bark (malaria Fever)

11. Acacia polyacantha Leguminosae:M Flat spine gum Arabic Kumbar shaho Root (snake bite)

12. Teminallia avvicennoide Combretaceae Terminacia Baushe Anti bacterial

13. Wissadula amplisima Malvaceae Wissa leave Double flower 14. Dichrostachys cinerea Leguminosae:M Dundu Root (diuretic) Marabou thorn

Yaroson Partnership Ltd. 15. Waltheria indica Sterculiaceae Indian waltheria Hankufa Adrenalin sufressor

16. Lannea acida Anacardiaceae Lannea plum Faru Venereal diseases

17. Adansonia digitata Bombacaceae Baobab Kuka Lvs. (Asthma)

18. Phoenix dactylifera Palmae Dabino Lvs. (Mat weaving)

19. Musa sapientum Musaceae Banana Ayaba Eucalyptus 20. Eucalyptus citriodora Myrtaceae Turare Bronchitis Lemon scented gum 21. Entada Africana Leguminosae:M African entada Tawasja Root (syphilis)

22. Dichrostachys cinerea Leguminosae:M Double flower Dundu Dieuretic, Measles

23. Ziziphus mucrunata Rhamnaceae Jujube Magaryar kuka Gonococcal Infection

24. Feretia apodanthera Rubiaceae Lallen jiba Syphilis and Gonorhea (root)

25. Saba florida Sapotaceae Ciwo Root (analgesic)

26. Eragorastis ligulata Poaceae Wiry love grass Komayya Love remote

27. Leptadenia hastata Asclepiadaceae Ya diya Condiments

28. Ficus platyphylla Moraceae Flake rubber tree Gamji Stem (convulsion)

29. Detarium microcarpum Leguminosae:M Tallow tree Taura Root (diarrhea)

Yaroson Partnership Ltd. LIST OF PLANTS ALONG JIMETA BYE-PASS - JAMBUTU- BOGGARE ROAD (YOLA NORTH L.G.A) COMMON S/N BOTANICAL NAME FAMILY HAUSA NAME NOTE ETHNO-BOTANY NAME Shiny leaved 1. Ficus polita Moraceae Durumi Shade fig 2. Mangifera indica Anacardiaceae Mango Magoro Fuel wood, shade

3. Polyalthia longifolia Annonaceae Masquerade Machikule Wind breaker

4. Tamarindus indica Leguminosae: C Tamarind Tsamiya Source of vitamin c Giant 5. Urelytrum gigenteum Poaceae Jema Preservation of water urelytrum 6. Acacia senegalensis Leguminosae:M Fodder tree Kumba shaho Medicinal

7. Cissus quadrangularis Vitaceae 4angled steam Daddori

8. Boscia senegalensis Capparidaceae Anza Root (sexual impotence)

9. Moringa oleifera Moringaceae Horse raddish Zogale Hypertension

10. Phoenix dactylifera Palmae Phoenix Dabino Mat making

11. Newbouldia laevis Bignoniaceae Tree of life Aduruku Breast cancer (Lvs.) Prickly chaff Kaimin 12. Achyranthes aspera Amaranthaceae Aid walking in children flower kadangare

Yaroson Partnership Ltd. LIST OF PLANTS ALONG MILDO - KAMBURO - MADAGALI ROAD (MADAGALI L.G.A) S/N BOTANICAL NAME FAMILY COMMON NAME HAUSA NAME ETHNO-BOTANY

1. Parkinsonia aculeata Leguminosae:C Jerusalem thorn Aljannatu Seeds (tuberculosis)

2. Acacia nilotica Leguminosae:M Fodder tree Gawo Tannin

3. Hypaene thebiaca Palmae Dum palm Goriba Dizziness (fruit)

4. Mangifera indica Anacardiaceae Mango Mangoro Stem (piles)

5. Balanites aegyptiaca Balanitaceae Desert date Aduwa Piles

6. Sclerocarya birrea Anacardiaceae Plum Danya Bark (anti venom)

7. Ipomoea fistulosa Convolvulaceae Carnea weed - Keep off snakes

8. Combretum racemosum Combretaceae Red flowered combretum Bauli Apiculture

9. Adansonia digitata Bombacaceae Baobab Kuka Lvs (Asthma)

10. Azadirachta indica Meliaceae Neem Darbejiya Insecticide

11. Ficus ingens Moraceae Fig tree Kawuri Piles

12. Jatropha curcas Euphorbiaceae Purgin nut Bini da zugu Insecticide (seeds)

13. Tamarindus indica Leguminosae:C Tamarind Tsamiya Laxative

14. Ficus platyphylla Moraceae Fig tree Gamji Piles

Yaroson Partnership Ltd. 15. Vitex doniana Ebenaceae Balack plum Dinya Diarrhoea

16. Acacia polyacantha Leguminosae:M Thorny fodder Dakwara Root( Snake bite)

17. Sclerocarya birrea Anacardiaceae plum Danya Astringent

18. Commiphora kerstingii Burseraceae African myrrh Arrow poison

19. Eucalyptus citriodora Myrtaceae Lemon scented gum Turare Bronchodilator

20. Parkia biglobosa Leguminosae: M Locust bean Dorawa Stem (piles)

21. Annogeissus leiocarpus Combretaceae African birch Marke Cough

22. Lannea acida Anacardiaceae Plum Faru Fruit (Scurvy)

Butyrospermum 23. Sapotaceae Shear butter Kadanya Bush lamp oil paradoxum

24. Ricinus communis Euphorbiaceae Castor oil Zurman Oil

25. Sterculia setigera Sterculiaceae Karaya gum Kukuki Bark (vomiting)

26. Terminalia macroptera Combretaceae Canni Baushe Lvs (Gastritis)

27. Newbouldia laevis Bignoniaceae Fertility tree Aduruku

Yaroson Partnership Ltd. LIST OF PLANTS ALONG SHUWA - PALLAM ROAD (MADAGALI L.G.A)

S/N BOTANICAL NAME FAMILY COMMON NAME HAUSA NAME ETHNO-BOTANY

1. Ficus polita Moraceae Shiny leaved fig. Durumi Shade

2. Mangifera indica Anacardiaceae Mango Magoro Fuel wood, shade

3. Polyalthia longifolia Annonaceae Masquerade Machikule Wind braker

4. Tamarindus indica Leguminosae: C Tamarind Tsamiya Source of vitamin C

5. Urelytrum giganteum Poaceae Giant urelytrum Jema Preservation of water

6. Acacia senegalensis Leguminosae: M Fodder tree Kumba shaho Sore throat

Yaroson Partnership Ltd. LIST OF PLANTS ALONG KOE TO KOPPA ROAD (MADAGALI L.GA) S/N BOTANICAL NAME FAMILY COMMON NAME HAUSA NAME ETHNO-BOTANY

1. Cissus quadrangularis Vitaceae 4 angled stem Daddori

2. Boscia senegalensis Capparidaceae Anza Sexual impotence

3. Moringa oleifera Moringaceae Horse raddish Zogale Diabetes

4. Phoenix dactylifera Arecaceae Phoenix Dabino Craft (Lvs)

5. Newbouldia laevis Bignoniaceae Fertility tree Aduruku Lvs (Breast cancer)

6. Achyranthes aspera Amaranthaceae Kaimin kadangare Aid walking

7. Balanites aegyptiaca Balanitaceae Desert date Aduwa Piles (fruit)

8. Ziziphus mucrunata Rhamnaceae Jujube Magaryar kura Bark (Urethritis)

Butyrospermum 9. Sapotaceae Shear butter Kadanya Bush Lamp Oil paradoxum

Yaroson Partnership Ltd. LIST OF PLANTS ALONG KAYA-SABON GARI ROAD (MADAGALI LGA). S/N BOTANICAL NAME FAMILY COMMON NAME HAUSA NAME ETHNO-BOTANY

1. Vitellaria paradoxum Sapotceae Shear butter Kadanya Oil bush lamp

2. Danielia oliverii Fabaceae:C Balsam tree Maje Tooth ache 3. Piliostigma thonningii Fabaceae:C Camels foot Kalgo Snake bite 4. Parinari macrophylla Chrysoba lanaceae Ginger bread plum Rura Seed (antihelminthic)

5. Citrus sinensis Rutaceae Sweet orange Lemu Cough

6. Elaise geneensis Arecaceae Palm oil Kwakwan manja Root (syphilis)

7. Lannea acida Anacardiaceae Bunch plum Faru Fruit (rickets)

8. Strychnos spinosus Loganiaceae Monkey ball tree Kokiya Panacea

Pterocarpus 9. Fabaceae: P Senegal rose wood tree Madobiya (leave Ashes) mental illness erinacceaus

10. Musa sapientum Musaceae Banana Ayaba Fever

11. Ficus thonningii Fabaceae: C Camels foot Kalgo Snake bite

12. Annogeisus leiocarpus Combretaceae African birch Marke Cough

13. Anacardium occidentale Anacardiaceae Cashew Yazawa Fungicides

14. Calotropis procera Ascleipiadaceae Sodom apple tamfafiya Lvs (piles)

Yaroson Partnership Ltd. LIST OF PLANTS NJOBOLI - RUGANGE ROAD (YOLA SOUTH L.G.A.)

S/N BOTANICAL NAME FAMILY COMMON NAME HAUSA NAME ETHNO-BOTANY

1. Cordia Africana Boraginaceae Sebesten plum Alilliba Lvs (leprosy)

2. Leptadenia hastata Ascleipiadaceae Crown sthrub Yadiya

3. Acacia albida Leguminosae:M Apple ring Gawo Root (pneumonia)

4. Euphorbia deightonii Cactaceae Cactus Kerana Fencing

5. Ficus sycomorus Moraceae Fig tree Baure Bark (purgative)

6. Ficus platyphylla Moraceae Fig tree Gamji

7. Prosopis Africana Leguminosae:M Iron wood Kirya Root (Lvs. Fatique)

8. Ficus ingens Moraceae Fig tree Kawuri Root (Neurlgia)

9. Spondias cytherea Anacardiaceae Plum Maleruwa Resinos gum

10. Pandiaka heudollottii Amaranthaceae Sessile weed Witch craft

11. Agave sisalana Agavaceae Sisal hemp Zabuwa Blood tonic

12. Cassia sinqueana Leguminosae:C Yellow flowered senna Runhu Leaves (post-natal care)

13. Indigofera arrecta Leguminosae:P Indigo weed Baba Dye source

14. Mimosa pigra Leguminosae:M Sensitive plant Gumbi Root ashes (T.B)

Yaroson Partnership Ltd. 15. Coldenia procumbens Boraginaceae

Cardiospermum 16. Sapindaceae Frogs bladder Hantar kwado halicavum

17. Ficus iteophylla Moraceae

18. Sclerocarya birrea Anacardiaceae Nunu danya Bark (Anti venom)

19. Piliostigma thonningii Leguminosae:C Camel’s foot Kalgo Snake bite

20. Carrisa edulis Apocynaceae Natal plum Cizaki

21. Mangifera indica Anacardiaceae Mango Mangoro (Stem) Piles

22. Psidium guaja Myrtaceae Guava Gwaiba Lvs (Anti diarrhoea)

Yaroson Partnership Ltd. LIST OF PLANTS ALONG LABONDO TO BORRONG ROAD (GEREI LGA)

COMMON S/N BOTANICAL NAME FAMILY HAUSA NAME NOTE ETHNO-BOTANY NAME

1. Adasonia digitata Bambacaceae Baobab Kuka Asthma

2. Hypheaene thebiaca Palmae Dum palm Goriba Fruit (dizziness)

3. Spondias mombin Anacardiaceae Hog Plum Tsadar masar Bark (Emetic)

Yaroson Partnership Ltd. LIST OF PLANTS IN MICHIKA L.G.A BAZZA TO KALIKASA S/N BOTANICAL NAME FAMILY COMMON NAME HAUSA NAME ETHNO-BOTANY

1. Khaya senegalensis Meliaceae Mahogany Madaci Stem (Nausea)

2. Azadirachta indica Meliaceae Neem Darbejiya Lvs (Insecticide)

3. Ficus thonningii Moraceae Fig tree Chediya Root (Tetanus)

4. Ziziphus abbysinica Rhamnaceae Jujuba catch thorn Magaryar kura Root (Analgesic)

5. Acacia polyacantha Leguminosae: M Fodder tree Kumbar shaho Gastro Intestinal Disorder

6. Euphorbia camerunica Cactaceae Cactus Tunya Latex (Purgative)

7. Jatropha carcass Euphorbiaceae Purgin nut Bini da zugu Ringworm

8. Balanites aegyptiaca Baianitaceae Desert date Aduwa Desert date

9. Tamanndus indica Leguminosae: C Tamarind Tsamiya Laxative

10. Acacia nilotica Leguminosae: M Black tamarind Bagaruwa Tannin

11. Ipomoea fistulosa Convolvulaceae Carnea weed - Send away snakes off

12. Euphorbia deightonii Euphorbiaceae Cactus Tunya Latex (High blood pressure)

13. Parinari cutatellifolia Chrysobacanaceae Bread plum Rura Root (Rhinitis)

Yaroson Partnership Ltd. LIST OF PLANTS IN BUPPA VILLAGE

S/N BOTANICAL NAME FAMILY COMMON NAME HAUSA NAME ETHNO-BOTANY

1. Acacia senegalensis Leguminosae: M Gum Arabic Kumba shaho Sore throat (Bark)

2. Borrassus aethiopum Palmae Fan palm Giginya Root (Sore throat)

3. Mangifera indica Anacardiaceae Mango Mangwaro Piles

4. Manihot utilissima Euphoribiaceae Cassava Rogo Hernia (Lvs)

5. Ficus ingens Moraceae Fig Kawuri Piles

6. Borassus aethiopum Palmae Fan palm Giginya Root (Sore throat)

7. Parkia biglobosa Leguminosae: M Locust bean Dorawa Root (Pneumonia)

8. Ipomoea fistilosa Convolvulaceae Carnea’s weed - Send away snakes off

9. Calotropis procera Ascleipiadaceae Sodom apple Tumfafiya Root (Purgative)

10. Hollarhena floribunda Apocynaceae False rubber tree Bakin mayu Root (Gonorrhoea)

11. Isoberlinia doka Leguminosae: C Doka Doka Economic Wood

12. Acacia siebenana Leguminosae: M White thorn Farar kaya Root (Anaemia)

13. Cassia singueana Leguminosae: C Yellow senna Runhu Post natal care

14. Adansonia digitata Bombacaceae Baobab Kuka Lvs (Asthma)

Yaroson Partnership Ltd. LIST OF PLANTS ALONG KARAZZAH TO ZAH ROAD

S/N BOTANICAL NAME FAMILY COMMON NAME HAUSA NAME ETHNO-BOTANY

1. Combretum racemosum Comretaceae red flowered combretum Baushe -

2. Euphorbia camerunica Cactaceae Cactus Tunya Latex (Purgative)

3. Opuntia-ficus-carica Cactaceae Cactus Tunya

4. Euphoribia deightonii Euphoribiaceae Cactus Tunya Latex (High blood pressure)

5. Burkea Africana Fabaceae: C Makarho Back (Gonorrhoea)

6. Antidesma venosum Euphorbiaceae Bark cloth Stem (Itching)

7. Cassia sieberiana Fabaceae: C Drumstick Marga Root (expel tapeworm)

8. Afzelia Africana Fabaceae: C African oak Kawo Antidote to poison

9. Uvaria chamae Annonaceae Finger root Lukuki Rheumatic colds (root)

Erythrophleum 10. Fabaceae: C Odeal tree Sanberu Cardiotonic suaveolens

11. Bombax costatum Bombacaceae Red silk cotton Gurjiya Bark (ease childbirth)

12. Fagara xanthozyloides Rutaceae Candle stick Fasakwari Root (sickle cell)

13. Baphia nitida Fabaceae: P Cam wood Majigi Anti-Microbial

14. Tamarindus indica Fabaceae: C Tamarind Tsamiya Laxative

Yaroson Partnership Ltd. 15. Punica granatum Punicaceae Pomegranate Ruman Fruit (scurvy)

16. Psidium guajava Myrtaceae Guava Gwaiba Anti diarhoea (Lvs)

17. Ceiba pentandra Bombacaceae Silk cotton Rimi Soft wood

Stereospermum 18. Bignoniaceae Kunths stercos Jiri Root (Dieuretic) kunthianum

19. Rouvolfia caffra Apocynaceae Swizzle stick Wada

20. Adamsonia digitata Bombacaceae Baobab Kuka Lvs (Asthma)

Yaroson Partnership Ltd. LIST OF PLANT IN NUMAN L.G.A. LIST OF PLANTS ALONG KPASHAM-YANGA ROAD

S/N BOTANICAL NAME FAMILY COMMON NAME HAUSA NAME ETHNO-BOTANY 1. Parkinsonia aculeate Leguminosae:M Jerusalem thorn Aljanatu Lvs (Dieuretic) 2. Ziziphus mucrunata Rhamnaceae Jujube Magaryar kura Root (gonococcal Infection) 3. Azadirachta indica Meliaceae Neem tree Dogon yaro Lvs (Insecticide) 4. Carica papaya Caricaceae Paw paw Gwanda Yellow fever (Lvs) 5. Blighia sapida Sapindaceae Akee Gwanja kusa Bark (stimulant) 6. Entada africana Fabaceae: M Tawatsa Bark (ricket) antiseptic 7. Khaya senegalensis Meliaceae Mahogany Madaci Stem (Nausea) 8. Prosopis africana Fabaceae: M Axle wood Kirya 9. Detarium microcarpum Fabaceae: C Taura 10. Detarium Senegalese Fabaceae: M Tallow tree Taura Bark (Pneumonia) 11. Afromosia laxiflora Fabaceae: C Satin Wood Makarho (Bites, Dog, Snake) 12. Gmelina arborea Verbenaceae Gmelina Dinyar bature Insecticide (seeds)

Terminalia 13. Combretaceae Baushe Root (Leprosy) avecenneides

14. Combretum sericeum combretaceae African group Taro 15. Gliricidia sepium Fabaceae:P Chocholate tree Lus (RAT Poison)

Yaroson Partnership Ltd. S/N BOTANICAL NAME FAMILY COMMON NAME HAUSA NAME ETHNO-BOTANY 16. Annona senegalensis Annonaceae Custard apple Gwandar daji Fruit (expel Worms) 17. Terminalia mollis Combretaceae Baushe Anti Microbal 18. Vitex doniana Verbenaceae Black plum Dinya Fruit (Anti Diarrhoea) 19. Bauhinia rufescens Fabaceae: C Camel’s foot Jirga Bark (Hepatitis) 20. Tamarindus indica Leguminosae: C Tamarind Tsamiya Laxative 21. Hyphaene thebiaca Palmae Dum palm Goriba Craft, Mat 22. Annogeissus leiocarpus Combretacea African birch Marke Stem (Cough) 23. Guiera senegalensis Combretacea Senegals guiera Sabara Anti Diarrhoea 24. Borassus aethiopum Palmae Fan palm Giginya Lvs. (Mat) 25. Combretum molle Combretacea Combretum Gogen damo Root (Convulsion) 26. Daniellia oliverii Leguminosae: C Balsam tree Kadaura Tooth Ache 27. Khaya senegalensis Meliaceae Mahogany Madaci Stem (Stomach Ache) 28. Acacia polyacantha Leguminosae: M Flat Thorn Acacia Kumbar Shaho Root (Snake Bite) Terminalia 29. Combretaceae Terminacia Baushe Root (Leprosy) avviecennoide

30. Wissadula amplisima Malvaceae Wissa leave

31. Dichrostachys cinerea Leguminosae:M Marabou Thorn Dundu Root (Anti Venom)

32. Waltheria indica Sterculiaceae Indian waltheria Hankufa Tyroxine Suppressor

Yaroson Partnership Ltd. S/N BOTANICAL NAME FAMILY COMMON NAME HAUSA NAME ETHNO-BOTANY

33. Ipomoea fistulusa Convolvulaceae Carnea’s weed - Keep snake off 34. Lannea acida Anacardiaceae Lannea plum Faru 35. Adamsonia digitata Bombacaceae Baobab Kuka Lvs (Asthma)

36. Phoenix dactylifera Palmae Date palm Dabino Lvs (Mat)

37. Musa sapientum Musaceae Banana Ayaba Yellow Fever

38. Eucalyptus citriodora Myrtaceae Eucalyptus Turare Bronchitis

39. Entada Africana Leguminosae:M African entada Tawatsa Root (Rickets)

40. Dichrostachys cinerea Leguminosae:M Marabou Thorn Dundu Root (Anti Venom)

41. Ziziphus mucrunata Rhamnaceae Jujuba Magaryar kura Root (Dieuretic) Root (Syphilis & 42. Feretia apodanthera Rubiaceae Lallen jiba Gonorrhoea)

43. Saba florida Sapotaceae Ciwo Root (Jaundice)

44. Eragorastis ligulata Poaceae Wiry love grass Komayya Love remote 45. Leptadenia hastata Asclepiadaceae Ya diya Lvs. (Vermifuge)

46. Ficus platyphylla Moraceae Broad leaved fig Gamji Root (Female Sterility)

47. Detarium microcarpum Leguminosae:C Tallow tree Taura Bark (Pneumonia)

Yaroson Partnership Ltd. LIST OF PLANT IN LAMURDE L.G.A. LIST OF PLANTS ALONG BILLE TO MAYO-BELWA ROAD

S/N BOTANICAL NAME FAMILY COMMON NAME HAUSA NAME ETHNO-BOTANY

1. Wissadula amplisima Malvaceae Wissa leave

2. Dichrostachys cinerea Leguminosae:M Double flower Dundu Root (Anti Venom) 3. Waltheria indica Sterculiaceae Indian waltheria Hankufa Tyroxine Suppressor 4. Lannea acida Anacardiaceae Lannea plum Faru Root (Veneral Disease 5. Adamsonia digitata Bombacaceae Baobab Kuka Lvs. (Asthma) 6. Phoenix dactylifera Palmae Date Palm Dabino Lvs (Mat) 7. Musa sapientum Musaceae Banana Ayaba Yellow fever 8. Eucalyptus citriodora Myrtaceae Eucalyptus Turare Bronchitis 9. Entada Africana Leguminosae: M African entada Tawatsa Root (Rickets)

10. Dichrostachys cinerea Leguminosae: M Double flower Dundu Root (Anti Venom)

11. Ziziphus mucrunata Rhamnaceae Jujube Magaryar kura Root (Dieuretic) 12. Feretia apodanthera Rubiaceae - Lallen jiba Root (Syphilis & Gonorrhoea 13. Mitragyna Innermis Rubiaceae False Abura Giyayya Wick-low 14. Ficus thonningii Moraceae Fig tree Chediya Root (Jaundice) 15. Azadirachta indica Meliaceae Neem Darbejiya Lvs. (Insecticide)

16. Khaya senegalensis Meliaceae Mahogany Madaci Stem (Stomach Ache)

Yaroson Partnership Ltd. S/N BOTANICAL NAME FAMILY COMMON NAME HAUSA NAME ETHNO-BOTANY

17. Ziziphus abbysinica Rhamnaceae Jujuba Magaryar kura Root (Dieuretic) 18. Jatropha curcas Euphorbiaceae Purging nut Bini da zugu Seeds Birth Control 19. Euphorbia camerunica Cactaceae Cactus Tunya 20. Acacia polyacantha Leguminosae: M Fodder tree Kumbar shaho Root (Snake Bite) 21. Ipomoea fistulosa Convolvulaceae Carnea weed - Send Away Snake off 22. Tamanndus indica Leguminosae: C Tamarind Tsamiya Fruit (Laxative) 23. Acacia nilotica Leguminosae: M Black tamarind Bagaruwa 24. Balanites aegyptiaca Bacanitaceae Desert date Aduwa Piles 25. Acacia Senegalensis Leguminosae: M Senegals acacia Kumba shaho Root (Snake Bite) 26. Manihot utilissima Euphoribiaceae Cassava Rogo Lvs. (Hernea) 27. Mangifera indica Anacardiaceae Mango Mangwaro Piles 28. Borrassus aethiopum Palmae Fan palm Giginya Skin Disease 29. Ficus ingens Moraceae Fig Kawuri Bark (Tonic) 30. Parkia biglobosa Leguminosae: M Locust bean Dorawa Bark (Piles) 31. Borassus aethiopum Palmae Fan palm Giginya Lvs. (Craft) 32. Calotropis procera Ascleipiadaceae Sodom apple Tumfafiya Lvs. (Heammorhoides) 33. Acacia siebenana Leguminosae: M Fodder Farar kaya Bark (Vermifuge) 34. Isoberlinia doka Leguminosae: C Doka Doka Economic Wood 35. Hollarhena floribunda Apocynaceae Bunch of flower Bakin mayu Root (High Blood Pressure) 36. Cassia singueana Leguminosae: C Yellow senna Runhu Post natal Care

Yaroson Partnership Ltd. LIST OF PLANTS IN NEW DEMSA - PUDDE (DEMSA L.G.A) S/N BOTANICAL NAME FAMILY COMMON NAME HAUSA NAME ETHNO-BOTANY

1. Acacia Senegal Leguminosae: M Senegals acacia Kumba shaho Root (Snake Bite) 2. Manihot utilissima Euphorbiaceae Cassava Rogo Lvs. (Hernia) 3. Mangifera indica Anacardiaceae Mango Mangwaro Stem (Piles)

4. Borrassus aethiopum Palmae Fan palm Giginya Lvs. (Mat)

5. Parkia biglobosa Leguminosae: M Locust bean Dorawa Lvs. (Hemorrhages) 6. Borassus aethiopum Palmae Fan palm Giginya Lvs. (Mat) 7. Ficus ingens Moraceae Fig Kawuri Bark (Tonic) 8. Hollarhena floribunda Apocynaceae False Rubber Bakin mayu Root (High Blood Pressure) 9. Calotropis procera Ascleipiadaceae Sodom apple Tumfafiya Lvs (Piles) 10. Ipomoea fistulosa Convolvulaceae Carnea’s weed - Send Away Snakes off 11. Isoberlinia doka Leguminosae: C Doka Doka Economic Wood 12. Adansonia digitata Bombacaceae Baobab Kuka Lvs. (Asthma) 13. Cassia singueana Leguminosae: C Yellow senna Runhu Post Natal Care 14. Acacia siebenana Leguminosae: M White Thorn Farar kaya Root (Snake Bite) 15. Ziziphus spina-christi Rhamnaceae Jujuba Magaryar kura Root (Dieuretic)

16. Cadaba farinosa Caparidaceae - Anza Root (food Poisoning)

Yaroson Partnership Ltd.

APPENDIX ‘III’ List of Community Members Consulted along the Roads

Yaroson Partnership Ltd. 1. KPASHAM - KEBALI - YANGA Marcles Jinde 9/3/2012 Ibrahim Buba Lady Seraya Linus Samuel Jokthan Patricia Abraham Sanamo Niyanso Tejia Linus Gideon Jerrison Ruth Daniel Goje Yang Paulina Ndiddah Emmanuel Nwemi Rahman Ndidda Mathias Nzegilanwe Wurizammah Ndidda Thioshi Aliu Zebulom Linus Raji Marcus Felix Jerome Leje Haruna Ndagi Jonathan Shedrach Philip Felicia Aassa Davis Marcus Linus Zaro Thombolowa Marcus Danjos Kpeshi Paulvis Lackson Istakids Shalom Anthony Maigia Istakids Eremedi Nehemiah John Wakili Eremia Nehemiah Pius Japhet Mr. Gillah Innocent Eremiaya Chabwanin Boy Samiruna B. Kalu Kingsley Rude Lewis J. Kalu Akanyato Hauka 2. NewDemsa- Pudde 10/3/2012 Humwupwa Haruna Supplementary List to the Gender List Reuben Jonathan Mall. Buba Isah and his household Umashi Yohanna comprising of: James Audu Mrs Ladi Buba Isa - wife Dishon Edison Mrs Hassana Buba Isa - wife Gamaliel Marcus Mrs Ladi Buba Isa – wife Elewese Zakusa Mrs Blessing Amos – Chancellor’s Roger Moses wife Maigari Bello Adamu Kodomum, Musa Ibrahim Dwalana Aliu Pango Shedi Somaila Donald Edison Bakarorra Rabiu Mohammad Abel Janko Osoun Seaman Haruna Marcus Losun Lefiya Babao Sericus Chabwanimim Boy Gillah.

Yaroson Partnership Ltd. Obadiah Alhaji Abubakar Burda John Wakili Kawo Hamman Gipson Tawunan Aminu Farouk Granso Babaka Maliki Shehu Umar Adamu Samaila Donath Ayuba Yusuf Bello Dalhatu 3. Njiboli -Rugange 11/3/2012 Buba Bappa Henry Samare - Carpenter Salihu Abubakar Wyeliff Basil - Carpenter Saddam A. Buba Enoch Zaria - Farmer Ado A. Bappa Musa Hamman - Civil Servant Ibrahim Jallo Istiphanus Titus Ibrahim A. Baba Wakawa Pulsung Yonana Bunga Anasi Buba 4. Labando - Borrong Yohanna Buba Mohammed lawal Malwi Abdu Suleiman Musa Danhajja Dalhatu Ahmadu Ahmadu Hammadu Buba Abdulhamid Musa Bitrus Queiza Dauda Alhamdu Yerima Sidi Shaibu Auchan Isah A. Baba Goma Dabir Paul Yohanna (Teacher) Bulus Dauda Pastor Peter Bakare Adamu Amedu Pius Japhet Gregory Eli, Simon B. Zagiyo Istifanus Titus, Esther Joseph Abdullahi Wakawa, Ezekiel Dickson Shaibu Anchau, Kamburu Madagali Garuba Bawa, Paul Yohannah Bagobiri Useni, Freelan Christopher, 5 Kaya- Sabon Gari Elison Belmon, Luka Mbaryam Simon Missan Wazani D. Burbur Isyaku Wafudu 4 Mildo - Madagali 12/3/2012 Ilya Uluba Ardo - Baba Village Head Jesibu Jida Rabe Ahmed Jumba Danladi Umar - Mason Hussaini Usman Livinus Luka

Yaroson Partnership Ltd. Danjuma Margimari Marcus Zra Ijan Gari Apagu Bitrus Emmanuel - Mason Zakariya Ijabada Usman Baba Usman Wazani Abel Tizhe Bitrus Wifu Lazarus Sini - Carpenter Jida Inginda Andrew Boye - Blacksmith Wifu Simda Umaru Musa Sylvester Daniel Emmanuel Moses Catherine Thomas Kojigili Zra Fidelis Manga Tari Kwada Yohana Mathias Cyprian D. Zirha - Teacher Mal. Musa Pallam Augustine Tailor - Butcher Audi Ali Ibrahim Tar Lawan Bello. Mrs. Martina Stephen Garba Bawa Bagobiri Mrs. Martina Steven (Nurse)

6 Shuwa - Pallam Philip Dugun Pallam – Teacher, video 8 Bazza - Zah camera man and Gen set/motorcycle Thomas Z Bashari mechanic Daniel Tizhe Shagari LawalHealthAttendant Philemon Mathias Solomon Isah C/Servant Daniel V. Koji Ishaya Apaju Farmer Ironias Sebastine Emmanuel Koji Applicant - Cert Eugene Mathias in Public Admin Thomas Tizhe Anthony Ularamu applicant -SSCE Lihama Linus Simon Bzagiyu Anthony Yegwa Mrs. Anna Mallam Noel Peter Ijumptil Luke Peter Tighu Esther Joseph. Jacob Augustine Jaro Linus Wilfred Julius Latia Danjos Dahiru Ibrahim John Wakili Isiah Tizhe Dauda Tumba 7 Main Road - Koe - Koppa Bulama Lawrence Tumba - Village Michael Tizhe Head Marcus Cyprian - Business man Solomon N Audu Joel Zra Julius Tumba

Yaroson Partnership Ltd. Marcus Paul Nama Maina Babangida John Umaru Gasawu Iko Yonana Gadawayo Huleri Isa Tumba Karasude Bashriu Ma Adqmu Garba Alh. Suleiman Usman Danaladi jida Ruth Matthew Ibrahim Zira Mal. Mohd. Chibada Yakubu Neyi Hamza Adamu Tije Zira danGaruba Goje 12 Kwana waya-Namtari Yakubu Zira Mrs Martina Jemmy Roseline Sunday Suleiman Usman Juami Jospeh Emma Aliyu Ishaya Sani Isah Umar Tumba Bazza Maina Abdu Mbrisa Bitrus Mohammed Kamilu Martin smion Mal. Waga 13 Bille-Mayo Belwa Isaiah Semi Gibson Tawunan Isah Hubaiji Ibrahim Tari Dauda Wagalda Tauba Tanza

9 Gyawana-Lamurde Dommic Stephen Samson Cleophas Justin Manador Mrs. Ladi Hadry Cornelius Deckland Granson Bakare Victor Japhet Jackson Matthew Ambrose We Kingsley Steven

11 Jambutu - Boggare Maina Abdu Sileiman Nasiru

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APPENDIX ‘IV’ List of Women Groups Consulted in the Communities

Yaroson Partnership Ltd. 1. Kpasham - Kebali. Wenti Dogara Lady Saraya Linus Clara Gidieon Patricia Abraham Rejoice P. Ericson Tejiya Linus Forget Obadiah Ruth Daniel Marbel Linton Pauline Aassa Ley Azie Faith Reuben 2. Kabeli-Lawe Janet Paul 4. Dabah (Mayobelwa) Hamediya Yusufu Esther Kilyobas Mary Jonathan Cilyatu Wilson Christiana Gayus Keturah Elam Rhoda Aba Victoria Wilson Rosetina Anthony Cecilia Kalyabas Laraba Anthony Rifikatu Alkali Yosi Peter Naomi Haneil 5. Dubange Fade Zirige 3. Lawe-yanga Hon. Agnes Daniel Catherine Kemuel Jeal Kefas Mary Gamaliel Wunba Mighty Gilbert Rejoice Ezra Ladi Ericson Ladi Buba Isa Ramatu Macless Hassana Isa Paulina Rueben Ladi Isa Pwalyenti Haruna Blessing Amos Agoso Tufe Nelis Sidney 6. Nyibango Tina Pwali Hafsat Usman Helmina Bildad Salamatu Kawo Pwakulti Sidney Laraba Garga Doris Ericson Fadimatui Usman Pawanadi Jerison Amina Adadu Limna Alexander Kuvum Yiguda Sabteka Timothy Ruth John Glary Jacob Esther Dalhatu Damaris Davison Mercy Yohannah 7. Bitiku Doris Clement Aishatu Bulus

Yaroson Partnership Ltd. Cecilia Ijigil Umurat Umaru Maru Dali Esther Geofery Juliana Musa Monica Mathias Rebecca Bullus Eunice Mathias Naomi Gambo Saraya Daniel Mangayo Mallam Maimuna Sambo Dressa Dali Maria Clement Vitoria wazani Esther Oliver Ijafida Bulus Mary Sylvester

8. Pallam 11. Mampe Juliana Anthony Hajiya Salome Esther Isa Naomi Enoch Deborah Warda Ruth Peter Lucy Anthony Monica Andarawus Laraba Sini Esther Bitrus Jummai Sani Cecilia Amos Stella Sunday Martha Markus Musa Vandu Hauwa Sunday Rejoice Kwalha Anthony Saratu Sunday

9. Wruganyandi 12. Karausude (Zar) Martina Stephen Saratu Inuwa Christiana Peter Saratu Isa Mary Joseph Jummai Zira Rose Steven Ladi Idi Rose Colomber Saratu James Lucy Christopher Hannatu Inuwa Augustina Stephen Naomi Ezra Maria Siprel Ladi John Susana Markus Rebecca Bitrus Rebecca Andrew Saraya Danfulani Lucy Stephen Hauwa Peter Lydia Peter Hauwa Ayuba Paulina Augustine Saraya Inwa Joesephen Aden Hajaratu Musa Elina Terry Rebecca Amos Lydia Joseph 10. Whobazhi Phoebe Zira

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APPENDIX ‘V’ Munites of Meetings for the Discussion of Arap in Project Area

Yaroson Partnership Ltd. a) COMMUNITY MEETING HELD WITH PEOPLE OF DUBWANGUN ON 2ND APRIL 2012

Agenda 1. Opening Prayer 2. Introduction 3. Chairman’s Opening Remarks 4. General Discussions 5. Any Other Business

The meeting started at about 10.30am with an opening prayer by Mr. Elisha Abba Introduction Professor Charles Okuofu an environmental Engineer from Yaroson Partnership Limited the Chairman of the meeting introduced himself. All other members present at the meeting introduced themselves. The chairman started his opening speech by introducing RAMP II project of Adamawa State Government through World Bank assisstant. The chairman stressed the following points: - The road to be constructed will be laterite with good ring pipe and box - culverts as, well as bridges as the case may require - That the aim of the meeting is to have an open discussion and interaction with members of the community to establish the ownership of houses, farmlands as well as economic trees to be affected by the road alignment; and also to hear the owners’ views.

The chairman further stated that the road would belong to them (community) and not the government. The road will be delivered to the community by government for the community to maintain.

General Discussion/Any Other Business Responses from the community members: - Michael Trune: “I am happy when I receive strangers like these” He cited the example of the ADSUBEB project executed by Adamawa state government in their community saying in the course of the project. He therefore called on his people (villagers) to come together and support whatever the government is bringing to them. The chairman made it known very clearly that it is not the intention to render anybody homeless or even to relocate people unnecessarily. However, should there be need to acquire anybody’s land, adequate compensation would be made.

Yaroson Partnership Ltd. - Samuel Shaba: Asked about the chainage markings on the wall of his house. Response: Those markings on the houses and trees are to guide the surveyors and contractors. - Agnes Daniel: Asked about the compensation as to whether it is after or before the construction, but it was made clear to her that a comprehensive compensation will be made before construction if the need arises. - Barnabas: Made it known to the consultant that there is an existing water pipe (3 - 4m deep) along the alignment from Chainage 2 + 000 to 2 +725 which the consultant noted. - Sylvanus Raun: Advised the youth to co-operate with the contractors during the construction period so that all would benefit from the project.

The chairman requested Mr. Jimmy Joel (Brother to the PAP), to comment. He responded that since the project is for the benefit of the community, he had no objection particularly as compensation would be paid for whatever is affected. In his closing remarks, the chairman thanked all the community members that attended the meeting.

The meeting ended at about 11.45am with a closing prayer by Mrs. Doris Felix.

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Yaroson Partnership Ltd. b) COMMUNITY MEETING HELD AT BILE ON 2nd APRIL 2012

AGENDA 1. Opening prayer 2. Introduction 3. Chairman’s opening remarks 4. General discussions 5. Any Other Business

Before the meeting with the community, consultants held discussions with the village Head of Bille: Chief Pius (Maigari Bille), at his residence. The Chief was told about the need to change the road alignment and he was shown the proposed (new) route. He confirmed the earlier thinking that the land belongs partly to Government and the community. No objection was expressed about routing the road through that land except that if any economic tree is cut, adequate compensation should be paid. Consultants took the chief through the proposed route for clarity.

The meeting with the community members started about 3.00pm with an opening prayer by Miss Memhgayans Michael.

The chairman started by telling the community the importance of the road to be constructed. The road after construction will be handed to the community for proper maintenance. The road will be lateritic and it is expected that the youth would be involved in its maintenance. The chairman further stated that, after the road construction, it is expected to open up the community and the rate of insecurity could be increased, necessitating a need for a vigilante group. The rate of communicable diseases could also increase to a higher level, and so the need for awareness creation. He charged women to come out of their shells as there is no job that is strictly for men but that all jobs are for both men and women.

The chairman ended by asking the following questions: 1. Do you want the road? 2. Are you ready to maintain the road?

Responses from the Community: Samuel Elkanah: Asked of compensation of economic trees and farmland. Response: Compensation would be paid as appropriate

Yaroson Partnership Ltd. Sylveaster Dada: Advised and suggested that during the construction the contractor should engage local workers from the community.

Justine A. Dadawa: (1) Why should World Bank start their work from Bille to Tunga and not from Maraba to Bille village? Response: That was the decision of the State Government. We do not know.

Elkanah Malavi: Doesn’t the community have the right to choose. Response: This is an issue we cannot comment on.

Haki Kadidi: We prefer the World Bank to handle the road from Mararaba Bille to Bille town. Response: It is a bit too late for that. As you can see, work has started on the section Mararaba - Bille The meeting ended with closing prayer at about 3.35pm by Ibrahim Dali.

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Yaroson Partnership Ltd. c) VISIT TO KODOMUN DEMSA L.G.A ON 3RD APRIL 2012

At Kodomun, we were directed to meet the village head of Kodomun in the person of Theophilus H. Manadi. The village head advised that we should meet the paramount ruler of Demsa first.

The consultants together with village head and his deputy paid a courtesy call on the paramount ruller of Demsa, at New Demsa.

At the palace of the paramount ruler, the consultants (Yaroson Partnership) explained the reason for the visitation. The paramount ruler of Demsa HRH ALHAMDU G. TENEKE (Haman Batta Demsa) welcomed us to the palace and asked the consultants to go ahead with their mission promising to give necessary support in the course of the project. He asked the consultants to take account of any economic trees for necessary compensation. After the courtesy call at Demsa, consultants came back to Kodomun and drove along the proposed by-pass with the village head and his deputy (Galadima, Pius Tagbona).

The village head of Kodomun observed that the new route did not affect people’s farmland and that the land belongs to the community. Only a few economic trees would need to be compensated. After the tour through the proposed by-pass, we all moved to the village square and had a meeting with the villagers.

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MEETING AT KODOMUN VILLAGE ON 3RD APRIL 2012

AGENDA 1. Opening prayer 2. Introduction 3. Chairman’s opening remarks 4. General discussions/Any Other Business 5. Closing Remarks by the Chairman

The meeting started at about 12.28pm with an opening prayer by Mr. Dominic Zethan.

INTRODUCTION The chairman and the other consultant introduced themselves and requested the community members to do the same. The chairman started the meeting by telling the people the importance of the road project to the community. The government according to him will hand over the project to the community after execution for proper maintenance. He stressed that the road is for the community to use throughout the year without any problem. Farmers and businessmen will move easily and the rate of traffic flow will increase. Also he said the rate of insecurity could increase. So there may be a need for a vigilante group to be formed by the youths.

The chairman further created awareness of the possibility of diseases after the road construction.

GENERAL DISCUSSION/A.O.B Reactions from the community members: Johana Lawi: Will the contractor that is going to handle the road project employ local people? Response: The contractor will be urged to do that. Mrs. Ronika Lawi: Which type of road will be constructed for us?

Yaroson Partnership Ltd. Response: The road will be constructed to base course level with good lateritic finish. Goth Jimoye (Mrs): How are we going to provide the workers of the project with food? Response: “You are to prepare and sell the food to them”. The chairman said that the community should interact and co-operate with the contractor handling the project when the time comes so that all can benefit. In his closing remarks, the chairman told the community that if they want the road they should be prepared to own and be ready to maintenance it.

The meeting ended at about 1.10pm with a closing prayer by Mrs. Ronika Lawi.

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Yaroson Partnership Ltd. d) MEETING AT THE PALACE OF HRH DR. JORAM J. FWA (OON) MURUM MBULA) BORRONG WITH THE COUNCIL OF CHIEFS ON 4TH APRIL 2012

His Royal Highness was away at Yola but had directed that the meeting be held. The consultants introduced themselves to the council of Chiefs and told them the object of their visit to Borrong. They went ahead to describe the new road route being proposed and sought to know from the council, if there is anybody that the new road alignment would touch or disturb their houses or farmlands.

The chairman told the council that the road to be built is for the community use therefore after the construction the road will be handed to the community for proper maintenance.

After this interaction with the traditional council of chiefs, we all drove along the proposed detour. The chiefs affirmed that the new alignment does not affect any property or farmland and consented to the detour. However, they presented a request from the paramount ruler to the effect that he (HRH) would prefer the road to terminate at his palace, along a route commencing at the ECWA church and passing through a built up area to terminate at the Police Station next to the palace. However, when the consultants drove along the route, the following observations were made:

- There are some houses whose perimeter block-wall fences would be affected - There is a stream with a channel width of about 10 - 15m and about 3m depth which would require at least box culverts, along this route. - The length of road here is 0.6km - From the ECWA church to the end of the road (as proposed) is also about 0.6km but without obstacles. - There are 6 economic trees that would be affected. When these facts were presented to the chiefs, they all assured us that there would be no problem.

After meeting with the chiefs, consultants had a brief meeting with some community members. The consultants asked the council if there is anybody affected by the proposed road alignment. Such persons should speak up and be documented. There was nobody so affected. In response to the chairman’s address, the council representative welcomed the consultants and stated their readiness to cooperate in the execution of the project.

Yaroson Partnership Ltd. MEETING WITH THE COMMUNITY MEMBERS

AGENDA 1. Opening prayer 2. Introduction 3. Chairman’s opening remark 4. General Discussion/Any Other Business

The meeting started at about 11.45am with an opening prayer by Jonah John. The chairman started by introducing himself after which the rest of the community did the same. After the introductions, the consultant (Professor Okuofu) who acted as the chairman, briefed the community members about the road, stressing the need for all (especially the women), to get involved in the project and participate fully during construction. He informed them that the road is meant to improve their living conditions and enhance their farming and businesses. Therefore, there is need for them to assume ownership of the road. He stressed the need for the community to take over the road maintenance after it would have been built. The chairman also intimated the community about other fallouts like possible increases in accidents, crimes and diseases which they would have to contend with. Therefore, apart from road maintenance, the youth would have to try to also arrange for adequate complementary security in collaboration with the police.

GENERAL DISCUSSION/A.O.B Reaction from the Community members:

1. Panason Murna: is it only from Labondo to Borrong that the project would cover? Response: Yes though there are other roads. 2. Edwin Edward: Will the construction be started this year or next year? Response: Probably later this year. 3. Kany Teman: How will you take care of the marshy area along the alignment? Response: There will be culverts 4. Samson Mango: Which contractor will handle the job? Response: We do not know yet.

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5. Patrick James: We have materials available for road constructions please, contractors should patronize us. Response: We’ll try to remember and inform him.

The closing prayer was said by Sarkin Hausa Alh. Bapatel At the end of the meeting consultants left for Yola to meet with HRH Dr. Joran J. Fwa the Murumbula of Borrong as he had requested.

At the meeting, the paramount ruler gave us a slightly different request from what his chiefs had given earlier. His request specifically is that rather than terminate the road opposite Late Major Fwa’s residence, it should be extended to the culvert near the market. He would however also be pleased if the road his chiefs showed us could be repaired. The consultants noted these and promised to convey the message to the appropriate quarters.

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APPENDIX ‘VI’ Cluses to be included in Bidding and Contract Document

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Environmental Clauses  Waste Disposal The roads project would necessarily generate different forms of solid wastes which would require proper handling to avoid environmental degredation on or off site. The following clauses are proposed.

Clause 1: At all times, the contractor shall maintain all sites in a clean, tidy, condition. Appropirate and adequate facilities for storing wastes, to avoid wastes be provided.

Clause 2: The safe transportation and disposal of all wastes generated as a result of his operations and activities shall be the responsibility of the contractor. Such transportation and disposal shall be done such that no environmental pollution occurs; or any hazard to man and animals caused. If the contractor involves a third party (sub-contractor) in this, the contractor shall remain responsible until he demonstrates that the transportation and disposal of the wastes have not given rise to pollution or created or potentially created health hazards. Clause 3: the contractor shall be responsible for providing adequate sanitary facilities for his workforce and sub-contractors. The contractor shall not allow the discharge of any untreated sanitary waste to any water source (surface or groundwater). The contractor shall provide a detailed sanitary proposal to the FPMU/Consultant for approval, ensuring that the proposed facilities shall not pollute water resources.  Water Resources There is a likelihood of accidental sipllages occurring due to leakages of fuel, oil or some other harzadous materials. Specific control measures are necessary to minimize this possibility of polluting water resources. The following therefore need inclusion. Clause 4: All reasonable measures shall be taken by the contractor, to prevent spillages and leakages at all sites likely to cause water pollution. The measures shall include (but not limited to) the provision of bunds around fuel and oil storage facilities, grease traps in drainage channels associated with vehicle and plant washing and fuelling areas. The contractor shall submit to the consultant, prior to locating such facilities, details of his pollution prevention measures, for approval.  Replanting of Trees The replacement of trees felled to provide space for the roads is an important mitigation measure and would be controlled by the following clause. Clause 5: The contractor shall exercise caution during site clearing, to reduce to a minimum, the number of trees felled. For every tree felled, 4 new ones of appropriate species shall be planted by the contractor.  Restoration of Burrow Pits After extracting road construction materials, it is important to restore burrow pits to mitigate the associated hazards. Therefore the following clause shall apply.

Yaroson Partnership Ltd. Clause 6: The contractor shall ensure that any gravel or other burrow pits working areas etc, are regraded and covered with topsoil or a suitable product to ensure their natural regeneration, to the satisfaction of the consultant. Clause 7: Contractor shall arrange to store any top-soil suitable for later use. The topsoil removal shall be in horizon with each horizon stored separately in piles for later reuse. Each pile shall be grassed over or covered to the satisfaction of the consultant.  Materials Transport The transportation of materials (sand stones) to site may not cause problems en-route. Nonetheless, the following clause is recommended. Clause 8: The contractor shall make sure that his vehicles do not cause any safety hazard, noise, dust or nuisance to local inhabitants.  Noise and Air Pollution Noise and air pollution could be problematic to people living near the roads corridor and could be controlld thus: Clause 9: All vehicles and plant operated by the contractor or his sub-contractor shall, at all times, be maintained in accordance with the original manufacturers’ specifications and service manuals with particular reference to noise and hydrocarbon particulate emissions. The consultant shall exercise the right to cause the contractor to replace or rectify, within days, any vehicle or plant which, in his opinion, is emitting excessive smoke or noise.

Socio-Economic Clauses Traffic Management, Health and Safety During Constuction Often, during road projects, temporary diversions are made for which all reinstatement is required. In such cases, alternative pedestrian routes are required. Also, the road project would attract the influx of workers who may not reside locally; and could import some health disorders. Some clauses are recommended to control these situations. Clause 10: The contractor shall provide, erect and maintain on the site and at such locations on the approaches, traffic signs and control signals necessary for the direction and control of traffic. The signs shall be reflectorized or properly illuminated at night as approved by the consultant. They shall be kept clean and legible at all times. The contractor shall reposition, remove or cover the signs as required during the different work stages. Clause 11: The contractor shall be responsible for taking reasonable precautions to keep the roads clear of any spillage of materials from his operation, to the satisfaction of the consultant; and shall clear any spillage without delay. Clause 12: The contractor shall construct, maintain, remove and re-instate temporary diversions to the satisfaction of the consultant. Clause 13: The contractor shall organize periodic health awareness campaigns (especially HIV/AIDS and Malaria), for the workforce and members of the communities along the road routes. Clause 14: The contractor shall spray the road with water during construction to minimize dust production.