The American Political Science Association APSA

Volume 9, No. 1 Comparative Democratization February 2011 In This Issue CD Measuring Democracy: Framing a “Measuring Needed Debate Gerardo L. Munck Democracy” University of Southern California 1 Editorial Board Note Michael Bernhard The measurement of democracy has become an important topic over the past 1 Measuring Democracy: Framing twenty years. And, thanks to the efforts of many researchers, today we can use a Needed Debate nearly global databases on democracy and its various dimensions. However, Gerardo L. Munck the work on the measurement of democracy is, in a certain way, just beginning. 1 Over Time, Across Space Jan Teorell The experience we have gained, as a community of scholars, has given us a good basis for 2 Lessons from the Decoding and arguing how democracy should and should not be measured. But it has also raised many Coding of National Constitutions Zachary Elkins, Tom Ginsburg, and issues that have not been adequately addressed and many challenges that still remain to be James Melton overcome. 2 Political Communication, Democracies and In these comments I present some ideas about the measurement of democracy that I think Democratization deserve more attention than they have received. My aim is not to resolve the issues I discuss. Holli Semetko Rather, I call attention to some common but problematic practices in the measurement of 19 Section News democracy with the aim of opening a debate. And I propose some ideas with the purpose 24 Conferences Calendar of guiding this needed debate toward a key goal: the production of measures of democracy 25 New Research that are scientifically valid and that also enjoy a considerable degree of social consensus. 33 Editorial Committee (continued on page 3)

Over Time, Across Space: Reflections on The Production and Usage of Democracy and Governance From the Editorial Data Board Jan Teorell Many thanks for the positive Lund University reactions to our inaugural edition. The current issue have in this short essay assembled five disparate but interrelated reflections is devoted to the topic on the use of cross-national data on democracy, as well as governance of measurement in the study of democracy and broadly understood. These reflections stem in part from my experience as democratization. The pieces a user of such data, mostly, but not exclusively, in preparing my recent book I 1 printed here were originally on the determinants of democratization. They are also drawn from my experience as a commissioned for the “APSA producer of governance data, a point to which I shall return. Last, but not least, my reflections Task Force on Democracy are rooted in my experience from putting together the Quality of Government Dataset Audits and Governmental (QoG).2 This dataset is a compilation of extant freely available datasets on governance or Indicators” organized by 1. Jan Teorell, Determinants of Democratization: Explaining Regime Change in the World, 1972-2006 (Cambridge: Cambridge APSA President Henry Brady University Press, 2010). (2009–2010), and presented at a conference held at the 2. Jan Teorell, Nicholas Charron, Marcus Samanni, Sören Holmberg & Bo Rothstein, “The Quality of Government Dataset,” version 27May10. University of Gothenburg: The Quality of Government Institute, 2010. This dataset won the Lijphart, University of California, Przeworski, and Verba Award for Best Dataset by the APSA Comparative Politics Section at the 2009 Annual Meetings, Berkeley in October 2009. and is freely available at: http://www.qog.pol.gu.se. (continued on page 7) (continued on page 3) Vol. 9, No. 1 Comparative Democratization Feb. 2011

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Lessons from the Decoding and Coding of National Constitutions Zachary Elkins, Tom Ginsburg, and James Melton University of Texas, University of Chicago, and IMT Lucca n this essay, we provide an overview of the Comparative Constitutions Project (CCP), an ongoing endeavor to record the content of national constitutions, historical and contemporary, and explore a number of methodological issues regarding the construction of the data, and its validity and Ireliability. We reflect upon our experience and offer some modest suggestions for the adoption of shared standards in the documentation of measurement procedures and decisions.

Why the CCP? We began work on the Comparative Constitutions Project in 2005 with the goal of speaking more systematically and more comparatively about core political institutions and the processes that shape them. Our funding proposals articulated a set of research questions regarding the origins and consequences of constitutions as well as a concomitant (if fuzzier) goal of assisting would-be constitutional drafters. We released the first batch of the data last summer. Our original motivations for assembling these data were basically threefold. First, we hoped to improve upon the conceptualization and measurement of a number of institutional features. In the realm of executive-legislative relations, for example, we (like others) wondered about the dominant role that the conceptual distinction between presidentialism and parliamentarism plays in comparative politics. Surely there are other ways to conceptualize the division of powers among the branches, and it seemed quite possible that any such competing conceptualizations would be orthogonal to presidentialism and parliamentarism.1 Or maybe not – perhaps the presidentialism/parliamentarism distinction predicts (and, therefore, concisely summarizes) many other provisions with respect to executive legislative relations. One could ask the same thing about other institutional elements. For example, does judicial independence, at least that part of it captured by important indicators such 1. José Antonio Cheibub, Zachary Elkins, and Tom Ginsburg, “Beyond Presidentialism and Parliamentarism: On the Hybridization of Constitutional Form,” Manuscript. (continued on page 2)

Political Communication, Democracies and Democratization Holli A. Semetko Emory University lection campaigns are high points for political communication in established democracies and societies in transition. The media remain the most common source for political information among citizens in countries around the world. At the heart of debates about the roles and responsibilities of the media are Econcerns about political bias in the media that may have consequences for public opinion, political behavior and, ultimately, electoral outcomes. Many countries around the world with public service broadcasting systems require balance and impartiality in the reporting of politics and election campaigns, although in some it is a rule more honored in the breach. For those in the U.S. caught between the FOX-MSNBC crossfire, it may seem ironic that Canada’s comparatively restrained Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) commissioned a study of balance in the news with data collection across Canadian television, radio, internet and print media, in response to concerns expressed by citizens and politicians.1 Although problematic to define, balance remains an assumption behind allegations of political bias in the news and not only at election time. Political parties monitor media coverage closely and complain loudly when they perceive themselves to be accorded less prominent or less favorable coverage in comparison with their contenders.

Citizens and Campaigns Some of the earliest research on media and elections in the U.S. stemmed from a concern about media bias having a potentially outsized impact on attitudes and behavior, as in the extreme case of radio propaganda in Nazi Germany. Paul Lazarsfeld and his colleagues compared radio and press reporting on the presidential candidates in the 1940 U.S. 1. The News Balance Report can be found at : http://www.cbc.ca/news/pdf/news-balance-interim-report-100601.pdf. Accessed 1 December 2010. (continued on page 15)

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From the Editorial Board, continued (continued from page 1) For those interested in greater detail on on how we can improve data collection to should be better utilized the conference, including memos by several promote valid cross-national and historical in the study of democracy other authors, please visit: http://sites.google. comparisons. and democratization. com/site/democracyaudit/overview. The third piece, coauthored by Zachary Finally, we wish to thank In the lead piece, Gerry Munck, well- Elkins, Tom Ginsburg, and James Melton, both Henry Brady and known for his rigorous and important grows out of their award-winning 2009 book, Michael Coppedge (the Chair of the work on questions of variable construction The Endurance of National Constitutions. Task Force) for giving us permission to and measurement validity, raises several The project entailed the compilation of an publish a selection of memos for this issue. concerns about how we measure democracy ambitious global dataset of constitutional Thanks are also due to Gerry Munck who and presents a general framework for how provisions. The authors present the nature first proposed the idea of using the Brady to construct and evaluate measures. and scope of their project as well as many Task Force memos to produce an edition practical lessons they learned in compiling of the newsletter. Look for our next issue In the second piece, Jan Teorell reflects on the data. sometime in the spring. how to construct better time-series data. Teorell brings together his experience as Last but not least, Holli Semetko, an On behalf of the Editorial Committee, the author of numerous time-series, cross- innovative and influential scholar on Michael Bernhard sectional studies on democratization, his issues of mass communication and politics, expertise as a coder of original datasets, and discusses how new measures in recent work [email protected] his recent work on historical data to reflect on the press and campaigning can and

Munck, continued (continued from page 1) I draw on my ongoing work on the elements highlighted in a Schumpterian conception of democracy, are part of measurement of political concepts, minimalist conception of democracy. democracy? 2) What elements, though which includes assessments of available Of course, a minimalist conception closely related to democracy, are not measures, the development of measuring of democracy focuses only on basic part of the concept of democracy? instruments, and the generation of new questions concerning the formation of The recent literature offers a range of data.1 And I organize my comments government—Who has the right to vote? quite disparate proposals to go beyond along the lines of the distinct tasks Is the voting process devoid of violence a minimalist conception of democracy. involved in the production of data and fraud? Are multiple candidates In broad strokes, some proposals— on indicators and indices that I have allowed to run for office? And, do the especially those that find inspiration distinguished in the methodological winners of elections hold office during in Dahl’s theory of democracy—are framework I have proposed and refined their mandated term? Thus, a minimalist consistent with a Schumpeterian in the course of my research (see Table conception captures only part of the focus on process. These proposals 1). meaning of democracy and should be place emphasis on rights that pertain Identification of Conceptual seen as providing a conceptual anchor directly to the electoral process— Dimensions. Any attempt at for measures of electoral democracy for example, freedom of the press; measurement must start by asking rather than democracy tout court. But freedom of expression; and freedom of and answering the question, “What a minimalist conception does serve to association, assembly and movement— is democracy?” And a good starting structure the debate. Indeed, taking but also on the agenda setting power of point for responding to this question a minimalist conception as a point democratic authorities and, specifically, is the growing consensus that, at the of departure, the question, “What on the distorting role of money and very least, democracy consists of those is democracy?” can be reformulated of countermajoritarian institutions. In 1. Gerardo L. Munck, Measuring Democracy: A Bridge helpfully as follows: 1) What elements, contrast, other proposals go beyond a Between Scholarship and Politics (Baltimore, Md.: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2009). besides those identified in a minimalist focus on process and include outcomes—

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Table 1—A Methodological Framework for the Production and Evaluation problem in the selection of indicators Table 1. A Methodological Framework for the Production and Evaluation of Data on Indicators and Indices of Data on Indicators and Indices to measure democracy has been the Index Construction failure to develop indicators that tap Stage Task Key Question Assessment Criteria into the full meaning of the concept of Identification of Are different dimensions of the • Identification, in light of theory, of a 2 Conceptual overarching concept to be measured mutually exclusive and jointly exhaustive democracy. This problem is evident Dimensions identified? If so, what are these set of conceptual dimensions Overarching in Dahl’s influential proposal about conceptual dimensions and how are • Avoidance of extraneous conceptual Concept they formulated? dimensions, that is, conceptual dimensions indicators: most patently, though of a different overarching concept Dahl’s concept of democracy extends

Selection of What indicators are selected to • Selection of mutually exclusive and through the decision-making process, Indicators measure each conceptual dimension? jointly exhaustive indicators, linked to each the indicators he selects to measure How do the indicators connect to each conceptual dimension conceptual dimension? • Avoidance of extraneous indicators, that democracy are centered entirely on is, indicators of a different conceptual 3 dimension or a different concept the electoral process. And a similar mismatch between the concept and Data on Design of How are the scales designed so as to • Indicator scales that are consistent with Indicators indicators of democracy affects most Indicator Scales distinguish the possible values of each the concept being measured indicator? • Indicator scales that offer as much measures of democracy. Thus, to avoid nuance (as many distinctions) as is justified what can be thought of as a problem akin

Assignment of Values How are values assigned to each • Use of a method for assigning values to to omitted variable bias in regression to Indicators indicator? indicators that is replicable and that analysis, more work needs to be done generates reliable and valid measures Choice of Rescaling Rule If the original indicator scales (that is, • Theoretically-justified rules to figure out just how some hard-to- those used to collect the raw data) are • Robustness of the data to changes in measure dimensions of democracy can rescaled, what rescaling rule is used? rule, and replicability of the procedures What rule is used to normalize the be measured and to include the newly indicator scales, that is, ensure that all developed indicators—even if they Data on indicators are measured with the same Indices unit? Is any other transformation of the are far from ideal—in measures of original indicator scales carried out? democracy. Indeed, it is better to include Choice of Weighting Rule What weight is assigned to each What weight is assigned to each indicator? indicator? imperfect indicators in a measure of Choice of Aggregation What is the relationship among the What is the relationship among the democracy than to entirely disregard Rule indicators being aggregated? indicators being aggregated? part of the meaning of democracy.4

Design of Indicator Scales. The e.g., property rights, human rights—in several questions deserve attention. design of measurement scales for a definition of democracy. This more Are indicators spelled out in terms of each indicator, the next task in the expansive approach is common among observables, that is, information that development of measures, has been the those who see democracy and liberal can be verified in an objective manner? subject of some discussion. Advocates constitutionalism as intricately linked. Is the meaning of indicators equivalent of continuous measures argue that we However, drawing on a different across contexts? Does each indicator are in a position to make distinctions understanding of democracy, the same measure one and only one conceptual that are more nuanced and informative conceptual move is made by those who dimension or attribute? If more than than simple dichotomous scales, argue for including social rights, that one indicator could be used to measure which is undoubtedly true. In turn, is, Isaiah Berlin’s positive as opposed to a certain conceptual dimension or advocates of dichotomous measures negative freedoms, within a definition attribute, should multiple indicators point out that the proposed continuous of democracy. These conceptual be used or is one indicator preferable scales usually do not offer a basis for questions—prime examples of the need to others? These questions are rarely 2. The opposite problem—the inclusion of extraneous for, and value of, collaboration between addressed. Moreover, tests of indicators indicators—is less of a problem in the measurement of democracy than in the measurement of other political theorists and empirical that would get at these questions have concepts, such as corruption. researchers—are hard to resolve yet not been used as inputs in the selection 3. Compare Robert A. Dahl, Democracy and its Critics simply cannot be ignored in work on of indicators. Thus, much can be done (New Haven, CT.: Yale University Press, 1989), the measurement of democracy. to improve on what has been a largely Chapter 8 and 221-22. Selection of Indicators. Turning to intuitive approach to the selection of 4. Kenneth A. Bollen, “Indicator: Methodology,” in the second task in the measurement of indicators. Neil J. Smelser and Paul B. Baltes, eds., International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences democracy, the selection of indicators, However, probably the central (Oxford: Elsevier Science, 2001), 7283.

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Munck distinguishing among cases that meet an important strength is the use of Measures of democracy based on and do not meet democratic standards, established sampling techniques and expert ratings, the other main method which is also undoubtedly true. After the collection of individual level of assigning values to indicators, all, many continuous scales used in data. Another important strength of have some potential advantages in the measurement of democracy simply survey data, that is especially relevant comparison with measures based on sidestep the challenge of specifying when data are used in the context of mass surveys. First, expert rater data the standard that would make a case democracy audits and assessments, is can incorporate a large amount of democratic, frequently relying on little that despite being usually classified information drawn from an array of more than a scale that distinguishes as subjective as opposed to objective sources, such as constitutional-legal among “degrees of democracy” in terms data, these data are widely perceived as texts, official administrative records, of Likert-type scales. conveying the voice of the people and the mass media, secondary sources, But, unfortunately, this discussion hence as legitimate. Nonetheless, most and even expert surveys (e.g. the about the appropriate level of available survey data on democracy do questionnaires filled out by election measurement has revolved around a not offer a solid basis for ascertaining observers). Second, expert rater data false choice between dichotomous and how democratic a country is, a basic can be generated for the purpose of continuous scales that has obscured a requirement of measures of democracy. historical analysis and can be revised central issue. Indeed, not much work has The problem is that most mass in light of new information. Third, focused on the challenge of developing surveys simply ask respondents a the generation of expert rater data nuanced scales that go beyond question such as “In your opinion, how can rely on a dialogue in which the dichotomies and that also identify the democratic is country x today?” and offer different appreciations of experts can critical threshold separating democratic response options such as “country x is… be discussed and possibly resolved, a and non-democratic cases. Muddling not a democracy, somewhat democratic, quite unique feature. matters further, some proposals to very democratic, a full democracy.” Nonetheless, many existing measure democracy and some measures That is, some notable attempts to measures based on expert ratings are of democracy explicitly posit different address the complexity of measuring seriously deficient. Though most expert standards to assess different cases. Thus, democracy excepted, survey designers measures of democracy rely on an the design of indicator scales will have largely do not assume the burden of explicit definition of democracy, which to be tackled in a more self-conscious defining democracy, disaggregating is disaggregated into distinct conceptual manner if measures of democracy are democracy into various dimensions, dimensions, and a set of indicators to be used to distinguish countries that developing indicators for each formally linked with distinct conceptual meet democratic standards from those dimension of democracy, and spelling dimensions of democracy, some of these that do not, and also to distinguish out how levels of democraticness measures are produced using less than countries in terms of their degree or are to be distinguished. Much of the fully elaborated measuring instruments. level of democracy, two basic uses of data generated through mass surveys Some of these measures use indicator measures of democracy. combine the views of respondents who scales that consist of nothing more than Assignment of Values to conceive of democracy in different a set of ordered points. In addition, Indicators. Turning to the fourth task terms and have different standards of many of these measures do little to get in the production of data, a conclusion assessment and, as a result, are hard to around charges of arbitrariness. Indeed, that emerges from a consideration of interpret in a theoretically coherent and a lot more could be done to ensure that available measures of democracy is clear manner. To fully take advantage coding rules are explicit, that coding that they have largely relied on one of the potential of mass surveys, decisions are based on observables of two methods of assigning values to survey researchers need to do more that are adequately documented, and indicators: mass surveys (some measures to explicitly address the three tasks that the coding process does include a of democracy do rely on surveys of discussed above: the identification of dialogue among experts from different experts, however) and expert ratings. conceptual dimensions, the selection of backgrounds and/or an explicit test of Thus, it is important to assess and indicators,and the design of indicator intercoder reliability. In short, though 5 compare the uses of these two methods. scales. of these issues, see Michael Bratton, “Anchoring the With regard to mass surveys, ‘D-Word’ in Africa,” Journal of Democracy Vol. 21, Nº 5. For insightful suggestions for dealings with some 4 (2010): 106-13.

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expert ratings are a versatile and simply ignored. Moreover, though the measures of democracy adopt an overly defendable method to generate data on choice of weighting and aggregation narrow understanding of the potential democracy, this method has usually not rule is usually theory- rather than sources of measurement error. Therefore, been applied with the required degree data-driven, a wise choice, the theory it is important to launch a debate about of rigor. invoked to justify the weighting and the current state of knowledge about The Aggregation Process: aggregation decisions is frequently the measurement of democracy and to Rescaling, Weighting and superficial and occasionally improperly try to develop greater consensus about Aggregation. Finally, turning to the formalized. In the end, the safety of how to produce measures of democracy process of aggregating the values of default options, such as the assignment that are more valid than those that are indicators of democracy to form a of equal weight to each indicator and commonly used these days. democracy index, it is critical to stress as a the aggregation of indicators with an With the purpose of framing this first consideration that most theoretical additive rule, appears to be an overriding debate, I have identified the central approaches to the concept of democracy consideration. Finally, index creators issues in measurement methodology emphasize its multidimensionality or users frequently resort to a patently that deserve to be considered and and, furthermore, suggest that the post hoc and ad hoc identification of a the various challenges that must be key dimensions of democracy are threshold that divides democratic from overcome if we are to produce better parts of a whole (e.g. Dahl posits that non-democratic cases. Thus, it is no measures of democracy. These issues participation and contestation are two surprise that the values of commonly and challenges are complex. But, in necessary dimensions of democracy). used democracy indices are not precisely broad terms, I have sought to highlight Hence, i) it is theoretically advisable to interpretable in terms of the concept of three basic points, that is, that progress measure democracy through an index democracy. in the work on measuring democracy rather than a set of indicators, and ii) The choices made in the process of will require: i) an explicit consideration in approaching the construction of an aggregation are also rarely subjected of the full set of methodological choices index, it is theoretically questionable to to robustness tests and sometimes that go into the production of data insist on the standard advice to conduct robustness tests are not even possible! and the treatment of the multiple parts a dimensionality test to ascertain This is the case of several expert of measuring instruments as parts whether data on multiple indicators rater measures for which data on each of a whole, ii) a greater emphasis on can be aggregated without loss of indicator were not systematically articulating the theories that justify each information—the usual assumption produced; apparently the indicators methodological choice, and iii) a greater that aggregation operates on multiple were used as guides but coding was reliance—at the stage of design of the parallel measures is simply not made. conducted not at the level of indicators measuring instrument and not just as The critical issue in the construction of but instead directly at the level of an afterthought—on empirical tests that democracy indices, then, is not whether the aggregate index. An inescapable give us a sense of how much confidence an index should be constructed but how conclusion is that the need to rely we can put in the theory behind each to construct a democracy index. explicitly on theory in the choices methodological choice. If we do not With regard to the key process involved in producing an index, and to keep these basic points in mind, we of aggregation—it is hard to bring empirical tests to bear on these shall be condemned to perpetuate the overemphasize its importance—the choices, has not been recognized by the problems that currently affect measures fundamental criterion to keep in mind producers of most democracy indices. of democracy. is that aggregation should be based on A lot of progress has been made The production of measures of theoretical assumptions and empirical on the measurement of democracy. democracy that are more scientifically tests. With rare exceptions, however, Today we have a variety of databases on valid than those commonly used these the process of aggregation used in democracy and its various dimensions. days, and that also enjoy a considerable current democracy indices lacks a firm However, the producers of many degree of social consensus, will not be justification. Issues of rescaling, and in commonly used measures of democracy an easy task. Indeed, reflecting upon particular the problem of the numeraire, have not adequately addressed many of the evolution of comparative politics that is, the compatibility of the units of the central issues in the measurement over the past four decades, Dahl notes the scales of the different indicators, are of democracy. In turn, many analyses of that “it’s appalling that at this late date

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Munck/Teorell we are still struggling with how to know for sure, due to the lack of such conceptualize and measure democracy.”6 Teorell, continued historical data, anecdotal/qualitative And, given that the reason for this (continued from page 1) evidence suggests that corruption is even stickier than democracy. From lack of progress in the measurement “quality of government” (among other the little we know, the curbing of of democracy is not obvious, it is not things), both in a cross-sectional and corruption has only been successful in a possible to state with much confidence a time-series cross-sectional format handful of cases and, in most instances, that Dahl’s assessment will have to (since 1946). Putting together this seems to have been a slow reform data entailed a blending of the user be revised in the near future. But it is process taking at least a decade, or even and producer perspectives. None of 4 not unreasonable to think that a new several decades. There are few known the data in QoG is new to the field; its phenomenon—the growing attention examples of shocks or pendulum-like value added lies in compilation and its given to measures of democracy, both moves in corruption levels. I would availability in one place. in academic and political circles, during thus argue that there is even more need My first two reflections concern for long time-series data on corruption the past 20 years—will generate an the need for comparisons over levels, although (paradoxically) the impetus to tackle this challenge in a time; the following three pertain to extant data sources are by and large productive manner in the years ahead comparisons across space. First, it is purely cross-sectional by nature. and that at least some important critically important that cross-national I would press the deep need steps will be taken toward the goal of governance data cover a long historical for long-term historical data on time span. This in part stems from counting with rigorous and broadly democracy and corruption even to the the nature of the phenomena I have accepted measures of democracy. point of sacrificing cross-national been most interested in studying, measurement equivalence. That is, such as democracy and corruption. Gerardo Luis Munck is professor of I would prefer having inter-temporal Democracy, we know by now, is a international relations at the University data on, say, corruption levels over the sticky phenomenon. Countries ruled last 200 years for a handful of countries of Southern California. His research democratically are likely to continue where we are pretty sure substantial focuses on political regimes and democracy, under democratic rule. Regime change change has occurred – even if these methodology, and Latin America. does occur, however, most commonly data were produced in a way that by a sudden swing of the pendulum excluded cross-country comparisons. whether in a more democratic direction This is my second argument. We have or in an unexpected reversal. Other become accustomed to thinking about (but, I believe, fewer) countries compiling cross-national measures first, experience more gradual change, with and only then about constructing time- their level of democracy inching up (or series data of these measures. I think down) incrementally. Since the nature the field of governance indicators might and timing of these fairly rare changes need to reverse that order of priority. in level of democracy are what we want To give a concrete example of what to explain (or study the consequences this might imply, I am presently of), purely cross-sectional data on collecting data on electoral fraud in democracy have become close to the history of Sweden, from 1719 useless for anything other than simple till around 1909, using a largely descriptive purposes.3 unexplored source: petitions against Basically the same argument applies alleged fraud and misconduct filed with for corruption. Although we do not 4. Seppo Tiihonen, ed., The History of Corruption in 3. For a similar argument, see Giovanni Capoccia Central Government. (Amsterdam:IOS Press, 2003); 6. Gerardo L. Munck and Richard Snyder, Passion, and Daniel Ziblatt, “The Historical Turn in Bo Rothstein, The Quality of Government: The Political Craft, and Method in Comparative Politics (Baltimore, Democratization Studies: A New Research Agenda Economy of Corruption, Social Trust and Inequality in Md.: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007), for Europe and Beyond,” Comparative Political Studies an International Comparative Perspective (Chicago: 145. 43 (August/September 2010): 931-968. University of Chicago Press, 2011).

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the authorities. Figure 1 displays the Figure 1—The Share of Petitioned Parliamentary Seats, Sweden 1719–1909 percentages of elected seats in the Diet

of Estates, or from 1866 the Lower 20 House of the Bicameral Parliament, for which there was a petition filed to the highest appellate authority. As can be seen, the number of petitioned 15 seats increased gradually during the so- called “Age of Liberty” in 18th century Sweden, and then virtually exploded during its final eclipse: the election of 10 1771, the year before king Gustavus III established despotic rule through

a military-backed coup. Petitions then 5 became relatively uncommon until the petitionedPercentage of seats last elections of the Diet of Estates when they increased gradually, peaking

again in 1866, the first election to the 0 Bicameral parliament. The final decades 1720 1740 1760 1780 1800 1820 1840 1860 1880 1900 of the 19th century display short-term Year fluctuations around a slowly dissipating trend in the frequency of petitions. Similarly long time-series of data on them as a comparable measure of series data on historical trajectories of election petitions have in other projects fraud. The institutional circumstances corruption levels hitherto unexplored been collected from Costa Rica, under which petitions could be filed, within the social sciences. I would Britain, Imperial Germany, the US and the nature of judicial or other bodies again doubt however, that meaningful France.5 I believe each of these series receiving and deciding upon them, and cross-national comparisons could be in and of themselves, if contextualized the laws governing electoral conduct, made using such sources of data. and interpreted carefully with respect simply vary too much even among this At the risk of contradicting myself, to the types of allegations advanced small set of countries for any valid I now turn to a source of governance and the evidence surrounding them, comparison of fraud across countries. data that does not allow for long can tell a large part of the story of how I do however believe that meaningful time-series to be extended back in election fraud has waxed and waned comparisons could be attempted across time, namely expert polls. Although over the course of history in each of time (and, at the sub-national level, this is the standard data source on these countries. Both the particular across space) within each country, which governance indicators today, a recent circumstances favoring fraud, and the brings me back to the point: inter- experiment with collecting such data specific conditions that helped abolish temporal measurement equivalence is has convinced me that, if preceded by it, could thus, I believe, be tracked on sometimes more important than cross- careful conceptualization, still has a country-by-country basis. I would sectional equivalence. some largely untapped potential. This however be very skeptical about pooling The same argument may apply is my third argument. I am probably these time-series together and treating to other dimensions of governance. not alone in thinking that the main Corruption could, for example, be problem with extant expert poll data 5. Fabrice Lehoucq and Iván Molina, Stuffing the Ballot studied historically through the on governance such as the Worldwide Box: Fraud, Electoral Reform, and Democratization in Costa Rica (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, prosecution and conviction of public Governance Indicators (WGI), apart 2002); Daniel Ziblatt,”Shaping Democratic Practice and officials. Although by no means from its almost exclusive reliance on the Causes of Electoral Fraud: The Case of Nineteenth- Century Germany,” American Political Science Review unproblematic (the potentially biggest perceptions rather than experience, is 103(February 2009): 1-21; Jeffery Jenkins, “Partisanship challenge being how to separate its poor conceptual foundations. In the and Contested Election Cases in the House of Representatives, 1789-2002,” Studies in American the extent of corruption from the numerous papers written by Kaufmann Political Development 18 (October 2004): 112-135; Jean effectiveness of the legal system), this and co-authors in defense of their Charnay, Les Scrutins Politiques en France de 1815 a 1962: 6 Contestations et Invalidations. (Paris: Librarie Armand could allow meaningful long-term time- approach, there are two queries I have Colin, 1964).

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Teorell never seen addressed satisfactorily: first, Figure 2—An Index of Government Impartiality what are the conceptual underpinnings South Africa underlying constructs such as “voice Russian Federation and accountability,” “rule of law,” and Ukraine “government effectiveness;” and second, Kazakhstan is there any empirical evidence showing Kyrgyzstan that the indicators sorted under each Bosnia and Herzegovina of these headings really tap into those Mexico Macedonia constructs and not others? This is not Armenia to say that these data are useless. On Bulgaria the contrary, they are extremely useful Belarus (and I use them a lot). I just believe Greece they are not well anchored in theory, Uzbekistan and I still have not seen any convincing Azerbaijan evidence that the six dimensions of the India WGI are what would come out of a Brazil dimensional analysis performed on the Romania disaggregated indicators. Latvia In part as a response to this, we Slovenia Hungary decided at the Quality of Government Czech Republic Institute to craft an expert survey of Italy our own. Its purpose was to produce Georgia novel and theory-driven data on the Portugal structure and performance of the public Albania administration in a cross-section of Slovakia countries. In order to obtain a sample of Turkey experts we drew up a list of scholars, the Lithuania majority of which were registered with Spain four international public administration Poland networks.7 This yielded 1361 experts, Malta Croatia whom we contacted by email between Germany September 2008 and May 2009. A France clickable link inside the email leads to Korea, South the web-based questionnaire in English United States where 529 experts (39 percent of the Belgium sample) from 58 countries responded, Estonia with an average response time of about Iceland 15 minutes.8 Not very surprisingly, Austria considering the sampling frame, the Ireland selection of countries was heavily geared Netherlands towards Western European and Post- Finland Sweden 6. See, e.g., Daniel Kaufmann, Art Kraay, and Japan Masimmo Mastruzzi, “Governance Matters VIII: Aggregate and Individual Governance Indicators for United Kingdom 1996–2008,” World Bank Policy Research Paper No. Canada 4978, 2009. Denmark Switzerland 7. These were the Network of Institutes and Schools of Public Administration in Central and Eastern Australia Europe (NISPAcee), the European Group for Public Norway Administration (EGPA), the European Institute New Zealand of Public Administration, and the Structure and Organization of Government Committee of the International Political Science Association (SOG). -2 -1 0 1 2 Impartiality index 8. The data has already been made publically available on the web: www.qog.pol.gu.se.

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Communist countries. We are thus at the whole, however, I would deem them given to those laboring with original the moment involved in a second round precise enough to allow meaningful data collection efforts in comparative of data collection in order to expand cross-national comparisons. politics. Sometimes people simply the sample into the developing world. Most notably, this impartiality index download your data without ever This collection of data can be used fared surprisingly well in a systematic citing it; sometimes they only cite for many purposes, but here I will comparison with the WGI in the compilation of data but not the give one example of its usage in order predicting preferred societal outcomes original source. And even for all those to illustrate the critical importance of such as income growth, institutional honest people who want to cite the data conceptualization. If political equality is and interpersonal trust and subjective source, there are oftentimes no clearly the basic norm underlying the input side well-being. With few exceptions established standards for how to do so of a democratic political system, then the impartiality index performed as (the days when all data sources were impartiality is the analogous norm on well as or even better than the WGI stored with the ICPSR are, as we all the output side. We define impartiality measures of rule of law, government know, more or less gone). It is of course as “when implementing laws and effectiveness and control of corruption. up to the producer to clearly state how policies, government officials shall not In other words, with clearer conceptual he or she would like the data to be cited. take into consideration anything about underpinnings, expert polls represent But even here some firmer conventions the citizen/case that is not beforehand a potentially valuable source of cross- would help. Some prefer to demand that stipulated in the policy or the law.” This country (but not historical) data on a published paper on the data should be embodies the normative democratic governance. And, quite importantly, it cited, but not all data produced end up principle of treating everyone with can be collected at a low cost. Since in such a paper, and other conventions equal concern and respect.9 In a this was a web-based survey, the exist. Of real help here would thus be recent paper, I employed an index of only costs of collecting the data stem if a large organization, such as IPSA, government impartiality assembled from constructing the questionnaire, ECPR or APSA, drafted a citation from five indicators from the expert collecting the sample of experts, and convention for data sources that the poll specifically designed to tap into programming the questionnaire into main journals then could follow. If this very concept. The point estimates the web-based survey platform. A potential future data producers know of this factor index (which thus by rough estimate is that this cost us about in advance that they will be accorded construction has a mean of 0 and a 300 person-hours in all. due recognition for their work, this standard deviation of 1) are shown My two final arguments concern will provide a selective incentive to in Figure 2, together with bootstrap the need for new standards that would overcome the collective action problem estimates of the 95 percent confidence facilitate both the production and usage of data production. intervals by country.10 of cross-national governance data in the My final point is more technical, As can be seen, the impartiality future. The first is a more established but nonetheless troublesome for both index varies widely across countries. convention for how to cite the data data users and producers. It concerns The countries perceived as having the sources one is using. As argued by the lack of a standard for how to treat least impartial public administrations Andreas Schedler, collection of public cases of country mergers and splits are South Africa, Russia, Ukraine, data in the sciences could be conceived in cross-national time-series datasets. Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan, whereas of as a collective action problem, For instance, how should we treat the most impartial ones are located where the costs of producing the data West Germany before and after its in Denmark, Switzerland, Austria, are borne by the individual while the absorption of East Germany in October Norway and New Zealand. As the benefits could be reaped by everyone. As 1990? Should there be one case for confidence intervals indicate, these a result, the collection of cross-national West Germany and one for united point estimates are of course noisy. On data suffers from several inefficiencies, Germany, or should they be treated as most importantly data privatization, the same case? If the decision is made 9. Bo Rothstein and Jan Teorell, “What Is Quality 11 of Government? A Theory of Impartial Government opacity and incompatibility. There to separate them into two cases, and Institutions,” Governance 21 (April 2008): 165-190. are, of course, several sources of this the data is annual (which is usually problem, but my impression is that the case), in what year should the case 10. To enhance data quality the figure only covers the 52 countries for which at least 3 expert responses one important impediment is simply of united Germany start and the case were obtained. For details on index construction, see that too little recognition is today of West Germany end – in the year of Jan Teorell, “The Impact of Quality of Government as Impartiality: Theory and Evidence,” Paper the merger or in the year after? The prepared for delivery at the 2009 Annual Meeting of 11. Andreas Schedler, “The Measurer’s Dilemma; same questions emerge for the last the American Political Science Association, Toronto, Coordination Failures in Cross-National Political September 3–6, 2009, available at: http://ssrn.com/ Data Collection,” Comparative Political Studies, decades in deciding how to handle abstract=1449173. forthcoming. Yemen in 1990 and Vietnam in 1975-

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76 (where the question of the timing of since there are about as many solutions to get right. Untold hours have been the merger is even more complicated). to these problems being applied as spent just checking and rechecking the And, then, what about countries that there are available datasets. Very few Quality of Government Dataset for split up? Should, for example, Ethiopia data producers seem to have reflected errors on country mergers and splits. be treated as the same case before and on these problems, and even fewer This is thus another area where I think after the secession of Eritrea in 1993? Is have tried to set up rules for solving the scientific community could benefit Russia the successor state to the USSR them, meaning that solutions emerge greatly from agreed upon standards or a new state altogether? If different, on a case-by-case basis.12 This concern that data producers could follow. And in what year should the USSR end and might at first glance appear abstruse this applies even more strongly, coming Russia start? to the outside observer, but I would back to my first point, for those datasets When working with pooled data, my argue that in putting together original covering long historical time frames, experience is that these decisions are of datasets, this problem is one of the where the number of country/mergers very little consequence for the results most difficult and time-consuming and splits are even more numerous. 12. The one major exception I am aware of is obtained (a handful of observations Kristian Gleditsch and Michael Ward,” Interstate are lost or gained, but that is about System Membership: A Revised List of the Jan Teorell is an associate professor of all). When data from different sources Independent States since 1816,” International political science at Lund University and a Interactions 25 (December 1999): 393-413; their are to be compiled, however, these list however lacks universal definitional criteria and visiting scholar at the Center for European decisions have enormous consequences, excludes microstates. Studies at Harvard University.

Elkins, Ginsburg, and Melton, continued (continued from page 2) as the tenure of high court justices, tell making in its full generality.”3 We were been lauded as the most democratic us all that we want to know about the curious, in particular, about one aspect ever written.4 Enough authoritarian autonomy and authority of the courts? of the process: how, and to what extent, governments have written “democratic” In short, it seems as if the search for constitutional designers incorporate constitutions, however, that this new institutional discoveries has been foreign constitutions as models. That complaint is by no means limited to the limited to the visible area lit by the constitutional actors engage with and Soviet Union. Indeed, cases of slippage proverbial streetlamp. utilize material from foreign sources at from formal institutions come so A second motive had to do some level is a fundamental assumption quickly to peoples’ minds that one can with the origins of constitutional of theories of diffusion, an enduring grow weary of the oft-voiced complaint provisions. What factors lead to theoretical concern of ours. Certainly, that “formal institutions do not matter.” the adoption of one constitutional the distribution of constitutional But any misfit between de jure and de provision over another? Obviously features across time and space provides facto law is not a reason to refrain from this is an immensely important topic a key body of evidence for untangling the study of formal constitutions; rather, for institutionalists from Douglass diffusion effects. the misfit is precisely why one should North to Kathleen Thelen, as well as A third research objective concerns study them. Obviously, constitutions those in the business of understanding the implementation and enforcement “work” in some countries but not others democratization.2 Surprisingly, we have of constitutional provisions. There and some provisions will be enforced very little scientific knowledge about is a certain cynicism regarding the more than others. Just as obviously, the process of constitutional design, value of constitutions. The cynicism one cannot understand the gap between which is certainly an important example stems, in part, from the suspicion that de jure law and de facto law without an of political decision making and constitutions -- with their lofty ideals accounting of the provisions in each institution building. Indeed, Jan Elster and sometimes inscrutable language sphere. Our domain is the formal, with despairs that he is unable to identify -- are often at variance with actual absolutely no pretense to accounting even “a single book or article that political practice. The poster child of for the informal. considers the process of constitution- this problem, at least in comparative Why had someone else not built this 2. Douglass C. North, Institutions, Institutional constitutional texts, is the former Soviet dataset already, we groused five years Change, and Economic Performance (Cambridge: Union, whose written constitution has ago? Constitutions have long been Cambridge University Press, 1990); Kathleen Thelen, How Institutions Evolve: The Political Economy of Skills 3. Jan Elster, “Forces and Mechanisms in the 4. S.E. Finer, Vernon Bogdanor, and Bernard in Germany, Britain, the United States, and Japan Constitution-making Process,” Duke Law Journal 45 Rudden, Comparing Constitutions (Oxford: Oxford (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004). (2): 364. University Press, 1995).

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front and center in institutional research and continents in their analysis. We be included in the survey. We wanted and one would have thought that a certainly have, as a long chapter of our to be able to describe elements of dataset of this sort would be readily recent book attests.5 constitutions that were closely related available. After all, Aristotle had done One might also wonder when one to our own research interests and something like this two millennia ago constitution begins and when another ambitions which included, for example, for Greek city-states, and it is not as if takes its place. The structure of our judicial review, presidentialism versus constitutions have been neglected since. dataset does not depend upon this parliamentarism, methods of executive Indeed, 20th century political science decision. We record any formal change and legislative selection, federalism, was so dominated by constitutional in a constitution, no matter how large. rights, etc. However, we also wanted analysis prior to the behavioral Conceptually, however, we also identify to be able to record the inventory of revolution that for us to take up their constitutional systems within which constitutions across time and space. study now seemed to us to have a bit of one might observe within-system This required reading a large sample a retro, almost quaint, quality. But our changes as well as changes to and from of constitutions, reviewing analytical approach to constitutions, influenced systems. In our work we have classified work on constitutions, and consulting by formal work in comparative politics “constitutional events” as replacements, a large number of colleagues with and economics, is noticeably different revisions, suspensions, interim expertise across countries and areas of from what one finds in law schools and replacements, or reinstatements. This constitutional design. We thus arrived public law programs. Indeed, it has sort of historiography was a significant at a fairly comprehensive survey of been interesting to develop a census of undertaking in its own right and the the form and content of constitutions. constitutions and decode their content subject of our recent book on the A perusal of our survey instrument alongside law scholars who have spent duration of constitutional systems.6 online provides the best sense of the considerable time analyzing a much substantive range of our inquiry. smaller domain of written materials, Sampling usually from a single country. The We sample from a universe of Sources of Constitutional Texts benefits of pushing our interpretive constitutional events that includes those Thanks to the monumental efforts of lens across countries and eras are clear, from all independent states (including comparative constitutional scholars but certainly, danger lurks beyond. micro-states) that have existed for that have come before us and resources at least five years between 1789 and at our various institutions, we have Overview of the CCP Data 2006. Our list of states is drawn from acquired the constitutional texts for Conceptual Challenges Gleditsch and Ward’s census of state approximately 90% of the constitutional What is a constitution? The question births and deaths.7 We have identified events in our sample. For a large majority is, admittedly, a thorny one, but one 826 constitutional systems as well as of these texts, we have a reliable English that we can define by fiat. Our focus 2,238 amendments, 79 suspensions, translation; for others, we have either is on “big-C” constitutions, written and 63 reinstatements. Our sample translated the texts ourselves or coded and promulgated as such by their currently includes almost three fourths them from their original language. We authors. With this conceptualization of constitutional systems since 1789. have put a sample of these texts on line comes the recognition that not all that We have also identified a set of 93 for drafters at constitutionmaking.org. is constitutional is in constitutions interim constitutions. Our intention is A fair number of them, unfortunately, and not all that is in a constitution is to code the entire population. are under copyright protection by the constitutional. Certainly, major statutes publishers that assembled them. We and authoritative high court decisions Content continue to release those that we reflect the former; the regulation of A critical task before surveying determine are in the public domain. sports in the Brazilian constitution constitutions was the review and selection might reflect the latter. Nevertheless, of those attributes of constitutions to Assessing and Reporting Issues of written constitutions offer a relatively Measurement Error: Toward Shared

comparable as well as remarkably 5. Zachary Elkins, Tom Ginsburg, and James Melton, Standards discrete and public record of the The Endurance of National Constitutions (New York: That is enough about the CCP itself. intentions of institutional founders. Cambridge University Press, 2009). Our central goal in these pages is to One could, and should, wonder about 6. Ibid. reflect upon how researchers involved the meaning of constitutional promises in collecting cross-national datasets can 7. Kristian S. Gleditsch and Michael D. Ward, and the degree of conceptual stretching “Interstate System Membership: A Revised List of best resolve issues of interpretation and that is involved in travelling across eras the Independent States since 1816,” International how they can present their decisions Interactions 25 (1999): 393-413.

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to users of the data. We mean to draw entering the particulars of the case on a is a discussion of these grey-area cases, lessons from our own experience and private message board on a web portal mostly captured by a table that presents present at least one model for revealing developed for the project and accessible the interpretive problem, the solution to measurement procedures and fostering to all participants in the project. The web that problem, and the number of cases a process of user validation of the data. portal also includes the survey engine that exhibit the problem. We expect Visitors to our project site will and the repository of constitutional that these reports will be of interest notice that we have documented our documents, as well as administrative to users. However, it may be that the decisions regarding basic issues such features such as a time-sheet reporting discussion threads in which these cases as the choice of concepts, sampling, tool.8 Each day, one of the principal are adjudicated in their gory detail will historical sources, and so on. This is investigators is on duty and responds to themselves be of use to analysts. Were standard codebook fare, to be sure, any such queries (typically around five we to make the discussions available as and undoubtedly this information will per day during high season). The P.I.s’ an online resource in which users could be indispensable for secondary users judgment is then logged along with search the threads by constitution or of the data. A more vexing problem the coder’s query. Subsequent coders, by variable, users could access our concerns how to present information then, have access to this case-law interpretive decisions themselves and regarding our interpretation of the should they encounter problems with gain a better sense of the data’s validity historical material that informs our a particular variable (since all queries and reliability. coding decisions. We see this challenge are logged and tagged with variable and We see machine-mediated methods as a general one that often interferes case information). In total, there are of interpretation and adjudication, like with the use and evaluation of the data now approximately 5,000 threads on the one we employed, to be incredibly by secondary users. We are not aware the message board, with about 12,000 useful as mechanisms for archiving of any published guidance on this topic total queries, responses, and follow- interpretive decisions, which are often and, thus, our guess is that it is worth up queries from coders and P.I.s alike. at the root of any concerns about data developing. The P.I.s’ decisions, then, function quality. Ideally, users who do explore We view the enterprise of coding as precedent-setting judgments. On the data more carefully can assist in constitutions (and institutions more occasion lower courts (coders) find identifying interpretive errors as well generally) as very similar to the work of decisions problematic and request a as understanding interpretive choices. judges in a common-law legal system. review, in which case precedents can be Other projects appear to be taking So, our survey instrument, which overruled. In difficult cases, the P.I.s advantage of these methods. The authors articulates our conceptual approach, is (sometimes together with experienced involved in the promising Comparative analogous to the law to be interpreted research assistants) sit as a tribunal Law Project have developed similar and constitutional texts constitute and work out a solution to interpretive machinery to assist their interpretation the cases to be adjudicated. A coder problems (sometimes with dissenting of court cases across countries.9 attempts to apply the law (our codebook) opinions from the minority!). to these cases and renders a judgment. The utility of this mechanism for Measurement Error Often, decisions are not clear cut. Grey the project’s coders is probably obvious. As the message board demonstrates, areas of interpretation arise due to Coders can consult the case-law to assist making judgments about the meaning either a lack of conceptual clarity in our their adjudication of difficult cases of written law will be contested - and codebook or atypicality or fuzziness and, therefore, maintain consistency contested on two fronts. Coders can in the texts under consideration. across cases. However, the case-law also disagree about the meaning of the How can we resolve these issues and presents a rather useful set of documents political concepts under study (e.g., the provide guidance to other coders who for future analysts of the data who wish meaning of something like the right to grapple with analogous cases as well as to interrogate the project’s concepts assembly) or they can disagree about secondary users of the data who wonder and measures further. In the process of what a particular legal text says, for how we reached our decisions? cleaning the data in preparation for its example, about the right to assembly. Our project, whose basic structure analysis and release, the P.I.s have put We have already discussed, at least is probably not uncommon, employs together reports on many of the survey obliquely, some of the measurement the following protocol. When an questions from the instrument. One of concerns of the data, especially interpretive problem arises, a coder the principal elements of such a report the role of written constitutions in (typically a law or graduate student) 8. We are indebted to Kalev Leetaru at the Cline can forward a question to a higher court Center for Democracy and NCSA at the University 9. Clifford Carubba, Matthew Gabel, Gretchen (one of the principal investigators) by of Illinois who developed this resource for the Helmke, Andrew Martin, and Jeffrey Staton,The project. Comparative Law Project.

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understanding the larger constitutional cultural and geographic contexts. Also, when interpreting higher law, which order. That issue is one that challenges we wondered whether constitutions lends itself to important disputes the validity, or more exactly, the cross- that were translated would have more about meaning. Accordingly, we have contextual comparability of our project. error than would those read in their released the data in a form that includes Other sources of error, both systematic original language. All these issues two ancillary pieces of information for and unsystematic, are not difficult to have important implications for every value: (1) a citation to the section imagine. Our coders must have, at their constitutional law, which is intended to of the constitution that served as the command, knowledge of a large set of constrain behavior across generations source of the interpretation of a given institutional concepts. Further, they and, sometimes (in the case of question; and (2) any comments from must sift through sometimes convoluted multiethnic states), across cultures. the coders about the score given for a legal texts in order to understand We found, somewhat to our surprise, particular case. whether or not the text expresses that no evidence of cross-contextual bias. As I suggest above, the next step concept, and in what way. Mistakes Coders manifested similar levels of towards full transparency would are inevitable, but how many and of agreement in their interpretation of be to release the text of our own what sort? Assessing the degree of constitutions regardless of the era, deliberations about particular scores, error is obviously useful for evaluating geographic region, or language in which something we may do at some point. our procedures, but the exercise also the text was written. The structure of Those deliberations were never provides insight into the law more our data allows us to test a host of other meant for public consumption, but generally. Indeed, as we make clear in reliability hypotheses, having to do with I suspect that they are significantly a recent manuscript, understanding the the experience of the coder, variations less embarrassing than a trove of U.S. level of intersubjective agreement about in our process, as well as aspects of diplomatic correspondence released by the provisions of a given constitution the document under analysis such as Wikileaks. Accordingly, we may de- tells us much about the degree of its length and scope, the readability of classify and release the texts of our clarity, or interpretability, of the law the syntax (machine measured, mostly own deliberations at some point. Of in that country.10 If one agrees with by sentence and word length), and so course, any such “meta-data” projects Lon Fuller and his many followers that on. By far the most important factor distract our attention from our priority clarity is essential to the rule of law, associated with intercoder error is the of analyzing the data, which serves as then our measure of reliability might scope of the text: coders assigned to another reminder of why open-source actually mean something substantively more expansive texts will disagree at and open-deliberation policies are so – and perhaps mean something quite higher rates than will those assigned to rare. significant given the way scholars short, framework texts. We continue The end result of all of this throw around the concept of rule of law to evaluate these data and in particular, transparency is, of course, that users may these days. we plan to test a set of hypotheses write us to express their disagreement A natural measure of reliability for regarding various components of with, say, our coding of the freedom our project is intercoder agreement. the constitution (for example, rights of religion clause in the Turkish In our most complete analysis of provisions versus provisions regarding constitution or to tip us off that our intercoder reliability, we have measured the power of the executive). All of our understanding of citizenship provisions the agreement between any two coders reliability analysis will be available to in the Ecuadorian constitution missed across 120 of our questions for 426 users of the data, either as posts to our a crucial element. Or at least, we constitutional texts. Overall, coders website or as a published paper. hope that users write us about these agreed in 81 percent of the decisions things, in addition to muttering any across this sample. We wondered Towards User Validation condemnations and epithets. In this about some systematic sources of Any secondary user of cross-national way, cleaning up inevitable errors of error. For example, we imagined that data will recognize the value of measurement will become an interactive our coders would have more difficulty providing some window into the process over time. with constitutions that were written process of data collection. Towards Zachary Elkins is an associate professor of many years ago or in very different this end, our intention has been to political science at the University of Texas; Tom incorporate as much transparency into Ginsburg is professor of law at the University of Chicago; and James Melton is an assistant 10. Zachary Elkins, James Melton, Tom Ginsburg, our procedures as possible. This sort and Kalev Leetaru, “On the Interpretability of Law,” of transparency is especially useful professor at IMT Lucca, Italy. Manuscript.

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Semetko, continued

(continued from page 2) election, and found that Roosevelt had As the EU has grown from 15 countries network of scholars and students in a visibility advantage in the news by a in 1999 to 25 in 2004 and 27 in 2009 27 EU countries. The 2004 EES was margin of 3:2 in quantitative terms, but so has the transnational group of partially supported by CONNEX, an the tone of the news actually favored researchers. The EES is about electoral acronym for a network of excellence Wilkie by a margin of 2:1, illustrating participation and voting in European funded by the European Commission the independence of measures of degree Parliament elections, the evolution of under the 6th framework program. and direction of attention. This early an EU political community and party The 2009 EES, otherwise known by research was in the context of a strong system, and citizens’ perceptions of EU the acronym PIREDEU, developed an two-party system with loyal voters. Yet, political performance. infrastructure under the 7th framework even under those very stable conditions, Support from the Dutch National program that provides a way to merge some citizens’ preferences were moved Science Foundation and the University the various datasets including public by their experience of the campaign. The of Amsterdam (UvA) supported the opinion surveys, content analysis predominant effect of the campaign in first EES in which the concepts of and party and candidate data in each 1940 though was one of ‘reinforcement’ visibility and tone were applied across country.5 of preexisting partisan sympathies due all 15 countries to study campaigns, Comparisons over time and across to selective perception—a conclusion political actors and institutions in the countries on media and campaign that continued to resonate some 60 news, through a systematic content information environments can now be years later when social psychologist analysis of main evening TV news made since the 1999 EES. Thanks to Drew Westen used fMRI techniques to programs and leading newspapers in the Cees van der Eijk, now at University study how the ‘partisan brain’ processes 1999 elections. Then UvA-based Cees of Nottingham, Hermann Schmitt, political information in the run up to van der Eijk, Holli Semetko and Klaus now at the Universities of Mannheim the 2008 U.S. presidential election.2 Schoenbach along with a talented team and Manchester, and Mark Franklin, The 1940 study illustrates two of post-docs and graduate students Stefano Bartolini, Peter Mair and dimensions to assessing balance in the in cooperation with scholars across others at the European University news--visibility and valence (tone)--that Europe led the project.3 The 1999 EES Institute in Florence and the team of remain very important today. Political launched a new generation of scholars scholars supported by the PIREDEU communication research has become working on the contents, uses and 2009 project, the infrastructure was even more relevant to elections as citizens’ impacts of news and information in developed for merging the various bonds to political parties have weakened election campaigns at both the EU and datasets including party manifestos, in many established democracies while national levels.4 contextual and campaign data, media citizens in new democracies have little to A decade later, many more young content data and surveys. Training hold on to in the form of longstanding scholars are working with the recent sessions on merging the datasets were political parties. data from the media component of the given at the PIREDEU project’s The European Union (EU) Context 2009 EES led by the 1999 team members November 2010 final conference in The European Union (EU) context and Susan Banducci (Exeter), Claes de Brussels sponsored by the European national election studies in EU countries Vreese (Amsterdam), and Wouter van Commission that brought together provide a wealth of opportunities for der Brug (Amsterdam), along with a hundreds of scholars. Measurements comparison, thanks to support from of the country-specific media content national, EU and university funding 3. See, for example, Jochen Peter, Edmund Lauf can be linked to EES country-specific sources. The European Election and Holli A. Semetko “Television Coverage of the survey data to assess the relative impact 1999 European Parliamentary Elections”, Political Studies (EES) were launched with the Communication 21(2004): 415–33; Claes H. de of campaign information on turnout 1979 European Parliament elections. Vreese, Susan A. Banducci, Holli A. Semetko & and vote choice, and potential agenda- Hajo Boomgaarden, “The news coverage of the 2004 setting, priming and framing effects. European Parliamentary Election Campaign in 25 2. See Paul F. Lazarsfeld, Bernard Berelson, and countries” European Union Politics 7 (2006): 477-50. Hazel Gaudet. The People’s Choice. How the Voter Makes Up His Mind in a Presidential Campaign (New 4. Wouter van der Brug and Cees van der Eijk [eds.] York: Columbia University Press, 1948/1968); Drew European Elections and Domestic Politics: Lessons from 5. For a list of relevant publications from the EES, Westen, The Political Brain: The Role of Emotion in the Past and Scenarios for the Future (South Bend IN: see http://www.piredeu.eu/datalists/PIREDEU_ Deciding the Fate of the Nation (New York: Public University of Notre Dame Press, 2007). BIBL2.asp?Authors=&Title=&Publication_year=&- Affairs, 2008). Find=Find+Records.

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Table 1—Factor Analysis of Issue Scales Catholic Radio Maryja and readers of the broadsheet newspapers, as they are Economic Clerical Liberalism Nationalism furthest from the origin. In contrast, People SHOULD NOT look to state aid for their economic needs 0.743 0.101 Keeping unemployment low SHOULD NOT be top gov't priority 0.638 0.064 evening news viewers of both the public Farmers SHOULD NOT be subsidized from state budget 0.616 -0.103 and privately owned TV channels are The state SHOULD NOT subsidize large families 0.571 -0.064 Everyone SHOULD pay the same percentage of income as tax 0.520 0.012 close to the origin, “suggesting that The state SHOULD retain control of many enterprises -0.482 0.102 Crime should be fought in a way that DOES NOT infringe on civil rights 0.291 -0.037 television news (along with private Abortion should be BANNED 0.018 0.646 radio and the tabloids) is basically a Influx of foreign capital into Poland should be RESTRICTED 0.002 0.604 The church SHOULD have much influence on govt policy 0.143 0.533 ‘catch-all’ medium.” The government SHOULD defend national interests even at price of leaving the EU 0.009 0.445 The government SHOULD stop foreigners from trying to settle in Poland -0.220 0.432 Figure 1 provides prima facie It is NOT important to look into communist-era past of public figures 0.126 -0.238 evidence that the audiences for news Variance explained (%) 18.0 11.9 on the various TV channels in Poland Principal components extraction with Varimax rotation; loadings >abs(.3) highligted for emphasis in 2005 were not ideologically self- Source: Tworzecki and Semetko 2010, p. 164. selected, which is a first step toward Measuring Balance or Bias in the News information environment. They also establishing “a media-related political at Election Time in ‘Established’ and establish that undecided voters were learning effect.” ‘New’ Democracies directly affected by the visibility and Ultimately, the comparative content Visibility has been measured in terms of tone of information.7 data from national elections provide the proportion of time in the program Over the past decade, the analysis an opportunity to investigate whether devoted to stories in which the party or of media content, use, and effect has there is a consistent pattern in the parties were main actors, the amount been integrated into Poland’s general visibility and tone of election news of soundbite time in the news devoted election study. It has been used to content and when and how changes to spokespersons from each political study contentious debates during the occur. These data also help us to party, and the placement of the story in parliamentary and presidential election address larger questions about the the news program. Tone is represented campaigns in 2005 and 2007.8 The impact of expanding media systems as a numeric scale to assess the extent 2005 election study included a set of on the space available in the window to which the news is favorable or responses to 13 issue-related questions for political news in flagship evening unfavorable towards a political actor that were used to determine whether television news programs at election or institution. National level studies media audiences were ideologically time. have used these measures to assess self-selected.9 By factor-analyzing these the range and quality of information responses, two dimensions emerged Balance in Other National and available to citizens at election time (1) state redistribution vs. economic Regional Contexts and the potential consequences of news liberalism and (2) clerical nationalism In comparison with the context provided for political participation and citizens’ vs. secular cosmopolitanism. These by established and ‘new’ democracies, we perceptions of parties, leaders and items are displayed in Table 1. have less in the way of systematic data on 10 issues.6 Figure 1 draws upon these data to public opinion and even less on media Measures of visibility and tone are map the audiences of major news media content in transitional autocracies and also the basis of research about media in Poland in 2005. It shows that the consolidating democracies with one effects on the vote, including recently clearest ideological profiles can be found dominant party and where opposition published research on Denmark’s 2007 among the listeners of the conservative parties and reform movements have difficulty in getting their message out national election campaign in which 7. David Nicolas Hopmann, Rens Vliegenthart, Claes these data are linked to election results. de Vreese, and Erik Albaek “Effects of Election News to mobilize voters. In these national Hopmann, Vliegenthart, Vreese, and Coverage: How Visibility and Tone Influence Party and regional contexts, issues of access Choice” Political Communication 27 (Oct-Dec 2010): Albaek find a positive correlation 389-405. and balance in election campaigns and between visibility and tone in the in routine news periods are particularly 8. See Hubert Tworzecki and Holli A. Semetko important. There is considerable news and a party’s support at the polls, “Media Uses and Effects in New Democracies: The with effects primarily ascribed to the Case of Poland’s 2005 Parliamentary and Presidential variation across countries in this Elections” The International Journal of Press Politics 15 category of governance. (2010): 155-174; Radosław Markowski, 6. See, for example, Pippa Norris, John Curtice, “The Polish Elections of 2005: Pure Chaos or a David Sanders, Margaret Scammell & Holli A. Restructuring of the Party System? West European 10. Examples of well known exceptions include the Semetko, On Message: Communicating the Campaign, Politics 29 (2006): 814-832. World Values Survey, the various Barometers (Latin, (London: Sage 1999). Asian, Africa, European), and Pew and Gallup global 9.Tworzecki and Semetko:164. surveys.

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Figure 1: Media Audiences in Issue Space is far less widespread than in the other 1.0 Secular Cosmopolitanism Clerical three countries in which 9 out of 10 households have television, television 0.8 Radio Maryja news reporting was perceived as

0.6 imbalanced in the 2007 elections. This has been connected to the election’s 0.4 violent aftermath. Table 2 presents a matrix with key 0.2 Nationalism features of political and media system Public TV News characteristics in the four countries.14 0.0 Tabloids Broadsheets -1.0 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 Based on the latest available Freedom Commercial TV News Commercial Radio House rating, these countries represent -0.2 different levels of democracy ranging

-0.4 from free (Mexico) to not free (Russia), with Turkey and Kenya in between

-0.6 described as partly free. Press freedom is less variable, with Russia described -0.8 as not free and the other countries as partly free by Freedom House. -1.0 The number of journalists killed in State Redistribution Economic Liberalism the country is another indicator of Source: Tworzecki and Semetko 2010, p. 165. press freedom. The frequency of this unfortunate experience in Mexico and A coding of media content reports over time. Mexico and Turkey, for Russia sets them apart from the Kenya on campaigns in the former Soviet example, each have established teams and Turkey over the past five years. Union by Sarah Oates shows that of researchers working on national All countries shown in Table 2 have there was some variation across election studies based on survey and mixed broadcasting systems with public several Freedom House rated ‘not free’ panel data, as well as media content service and privately owned channels countries and one ‘partly free’ county in analysis of campaign news.12 Russia 11 that operate nationwide, in addition to media performance in recent elections. also has been the subject of much a number of regional and local channels Oates, based on her content analysis research with respect to media and 13 for which data were not readily of media monitoring reports from 18 politics, public opinion and elections. available. The countries vary in terms elections in Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Kenya had media monitoring and public of the number of national newspapers, Moldova and Armenia from 1993 to opinion polls, but no systematic data reflecting to some extent the variance 2001, argues that the central problem collection that enables linking them in the reported level of literacy. Mexico, lies in the lack of professionalism on to address questions about influence. Russia and Turkey stand apart from the part of the journalists. Although access to television in Kenya Kenya, in terms of literacy, internet use, Based on the extent to which 12. On Turkey, see Ali Çarkoğlu, Ersin Kalaycıoğlu, and access to television and radio. While media reporting was an issue in recent The Rising Tide of Conservatism in Turkey (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009); Ali Çarkoğlu television is a very accessible medium elections, and national trajectories and Barry Rubin, Religion and Politics in Turkey in Mexico, Russia and Turkey, reaching on the paths of democracy and (London: Routledge, 2006); Ali Çarkoğlu and Ersin Kalaycıoğlu Turkish Democracy Today: Elections, more than 90 percent of households in development, Russia, Keyna, Mexico Protest and Stability in an Islamic Society (London those countries, less than 18 percent and Turkey were compared on key and New York: I. B. Tauris, 2007). On Mexico, of households in Kenya have access media measures available from public see Chappell Lawson, Building the Fourth Estate: Democratization and the Rise of the Free Press in to television and radio use is more sources. Two of these four countries Mexico (Berkeley: University of California Press, widespread. The political systems vary are further along the path to be able to 2002); Jorge Dominguez and Chappell Lawson, Mexico’s Pivotal Democratic Election: Candidates, Voters from presidential in Kenya and Mexico study change in the context of election and the Presidential Campaign of 2000 (Palo Alto,CA: to a mixed executive form in Russia campaigns and balance in the media Stanford University Press, 2004). 13. See, for example, Ellen Propper Mickiewicz, 14. The table is reprinted from Holli A. Semetko 11. Sarah Oates, “Post-Soviet Political Television, Power and the Public in Russia, “Election campaigns, partisan balance and the news Communication” In Holli A. Semetko and Margaret (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008); media” in Pippa Norris [ed] Public Sentinel: News Scammell [eds], The Sage Handbook of Political Sarah Oates, Television, Democracy and Elections in Media and Governance Reform, (Washington, DC: Communication. Forthcoming. Russia (London: Routledge, 2006). The World Bank 2009): 163-192.

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Table 2—Political and Media System Comparisons nationally among parties, leaders and Kenya Mexico Russian Federation Turkey issues in the news during election Freedom 2008, Freedom House partly free (7) free (5) not free (11) partly free (6) campaigns; (b) linking these findings Press freedom 2008, Freedom House partly free (59) partly free (48) not free (75) partly free (49) to contextual data on media, party and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita, 1,240 10,751 10,845 8,407 Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) (US$)3 legal system development to address

Human Development Index .521 (148th) .829 (52nd) .802 (67th) .775 (84th) questions about what drives access Journalists killed and change in campaign information 2006–08 0 9 5 2 2003–05 0 6 8 0 environments; and (c) linking media Type of broadcasting system content measures to survey data from Number of terrestrial public and private nationwide 7 4 6 8 (about 300 election campaigns to identify potential channels private) sources of influence on opinions, preferences and electoral outcomes, and Type of newspaper market to address questions about the power of Number of national daily titles 5 300 250 588 agenda-setting, priming and framing Daily circulation per 1,000 92.76 91.78 in different national contexts. Last but Level of literacy 73.6 91.6 99.4 87.4 not least, research on democratization Access Internet users per 1,000 32.43 180.64 152.33 222.02 should incorporate systematic analysis Radios per 1,000 104 325 418 180 of media content outside of election Household with television (%) 16.83 92.37 97.77 96.29 campaigns to explain what drives access Political context and change in national and regional Type of executive Presidential Presidential Mixed executive Mixed executive information environments as well as Share of votes/seats of the largest party (year of 56.1 (2002) 34.6 (2006) 64.3 (2007) 46.7 (2008) election) 125 out of 210 206 out of 500 315 out of 450 341 out of 550 public perceptions of, and government responses to, local and global issues. Source: Holli A. Semetko “Election campaigns, partisan balance and the news media” in Pippa Norris [ed]

and Turkey, and the share of vote taken indicators are a small but important part Holli A. Semetko is vice provost for by the largest party in the last election of the story when it comes to explaining international affairs, director of the shows there is the least amount of stability and change in the context of Halle Institute for Global Learning, and electoral competition in Russia. election campaigns and public opinion professor of Political Science at Emory These cases show four countries at about political institutions and issues University in Atlanta. very different points with respect to in routine (non-election) periods. The addressing balance in the news about media content measures discussed here election campaigns. Russia is a ‘failed have been used with trained coders, a state in these terms, with overwhelming method also used by many well known bias in the news during the 2006 content analysis firms. There are a legislative and 2007 presidential number of software packages available campaigns. By contrast the most recent to computer-score media content. elections in Turkey in 2007 and Mexico Both approaches have advantages and in 2006 show that the mechanisms disadvantages that are dependent on are in place to study campaigns and the research questions being addressed. their effects on citizens’ attitudes and In terms of directions for future behavior. Kenya is the only one of research, a value-added project would: the four countries to have a press that (a) bring together experts and their espouses a Fourth Estate role, but the data to identify the key over-time little evidence available suggests the content measures in country-specific news coverage was imbalanced during studies, (b) remedy missing variables to the 2007 campaign and the ethnic the extent possible, and (c) merge these violence during and afterwards may into country and regional datasets. A have been more than random. larger goal would be one cross-national dataset with multiple uses including: Conclusions (a) measuring stability, change, balance Media and political system-level and bias both over-time and cross-

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Section News The Comparative Democratization Section 1988 Martin Luther King Jr. Way # 406 Email: [email protected] will present five awards for scholarly work Berkeley, CA 94704 at the 2011 APSA annual meeting in Telephone: 206-940-6497 3. Best Article Seattle, Washington: the Linz Prize for Email: [email protected] Single-authored or co-authored articles Best Dissertation, and Best Book, Best focusing directly on the subject of Article, Best Field Work, and Best Paper Maya Tudor democratization and published in 2010 are prizes. Members are strongly encouraged Department of Politics eligible. Nominations and self-nominations to submit nominations (including for University of Oxford are encouraged. Copies of the article several awards self-nominations) to the Manor Road Building should be sent by postal mail to each of the appropriate committees listed below. Manor Road committee members. Please also forward this information to OX1 3UQ, United Kingdom Deadline: March 1, 2011 colleagues and graduate students. We ask Telephone: +44 (0)1865 you to note the eligibility criteria, deadlines Email: [email protected] Committee Chair: for submissions, and materials that must Ellen Lust accompany nominations; direct any queries 2. Best Book Award Department of Political Science to the committee chairs. Given for the best book in the field of Yale University comparative democratization published in 124 Prospect Street 1. Juan Linz Prize for Best Dissertation 2010 (authored, co-authored or edited). New Haven, CT 06511 in the Comparative Study of Democracy: Copies of the nominated book should be Telephone: 203-432-3648 Given for the best dissertation in the sent to each committee member in time to Email: [email protected] Comparative Study of Democracy arrive by March 1, 2011. Books received completed and accepted in the two after this deadline cannot be considered. Committee Members: calendar years immediately prior to the Deadline: March 1, 2011 Milan Svolik APSA Annual Meeting where the award Department of Political Science will be presented (2009 or 2010 for the Committee Chair: University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 2011 Annual Meeting). The prize can be Stephan Haggard 240 CAB, 605 E. Springfield Avenue awarded to analyses of individual country Department of Political Science Champaign, IL 61820 cases as long as they are clearly cast in a University of California at San Diego Telephone: 217-419-6685 comparative perspective. A hard copy of 9500 Gilman Drive Email: [email protected] the dissertation, accompanied by a letter of La Jolla, CA 92093-0519 support from a member of the dissertation Telephone: 858-534-5781 Lucan Way committee should be sent to each member Email: [email protected] Department of Political Science of the prize selection committee. University of Toronto Deadline: March 1, 2011 Committee Members: 1265 Military Trail Steven Wilkinson Scarborough, Ontario Committee Chair: Department of Political Science Canada M1C 1A4 Stathis Kalyvas Yale University Telephone: 416-208-4764 Department of Political Science 115 Prospect St. Email: [email protected] Yale University Rosenkranz Hall, Room 235 115 Prospect Street New Haven, CT 06520-8301 4. Best Field Work: Rosenkranz Hall, Room 201 Telephone: 203-432-6220 This prize rewards dissertation students New Haven, CT 06520-8301 Email: [email protected] who conduct especially innovative and Telephone: 203-432-5386 difficult fieldwork. Scholars who are Email: [email protected] Amaney Jamal currently writing their dissertations or Department of Politics who complete their dissertations in 2010 Committee Members: Princeton University are eligible. Candidates must submit two Victor Shih 241 Corwin Hall chapters of their dissertation and a letter Department of Political Science Princeton, NJ 08544 of nomination from the chair of their Northwestern University Telephone: 609-258-7340 dissertation committee describing the field

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work. The material submitted must describe University of Toronto the field work in detail and should provide 1 Devonshire Place In September 2010, Jérôme Bachelard, one or two key insights from the evidence Toronto ON, M5S 3K7 postdoctoral research fellow at the Center collected in the field. The chapters may be Canada for the Study of Development Strategies, sent electronically or in hard copy directly Telephone: 416-978-3343 Columbia University, successfully defended to each committee member. Email: [email protected] his Ph.D. at the Graduate Institute of Deadline: March 1, 2011 International and Development Studies Committee Members: in Geneva. He has also published his first Committee Chair: Alexandre Debs article, “The Anglo-Leasing Corruption Giovanni Capoccia Department of Political Science Scandal in Kenya: the Politics of Department of Politics and International Yale University International and Domestic Pressures and Relations PO Box 208301 Counter-Pressures” in the June 2010 Review University of Oxford New Haven, CT 06520-8301 of African Political Economy, in which he OX1 4JF Oxford, United Kingdom Telephone: 203-432-3948 documents the failure of a democratically Telephone: +44 (0) 1865-276752 Email: [email protected] elected “reformist opposition leader” to curb Email: [email protected] corruption in Kenya and its implications Jennifer Gandhi for the country’s future. Committee Members: Department of Political Science Gretchen Helmke Emory University Andrew Barwig recently completed Department of Political Science 1555 Dickey Dr. his dissertation on “Ruling with Rules: University of Rochester Atlanta, GA 30322 Electoral Institutions and Authoritarian Harkness Hall 331 Telephone: 404-727-1935 Resilience in the Middle East.” His Rochester, NY 14627 Email: [email protected] article on electoral reform following the Telephone: 585-275-5236 2010 elections in Jordan, which assesses Email: [email protected] NEWS FROM MEMBERS: the quality and impact of those reforms Leslie Anderson, University of Florida enacted in Jordan following the promise of Sunila Kale Research Foundation Professor, participated King Abdullah that parliamentary elections Department of International Studies in a July 2010 Oxford Roundtable Series would be a “model for transparency, University of Washington where she presented a paper on “Poverty fairness and integrity,” was published on 6536 37th Avenue NE and Political empowerment: Local Citizen foreignpolicy.com in November 2010. Seattle, Washington 98115 Participation as a Path toward Social Justice Telephone: 206-543-4800 in Nicaragua” at the Oxford Roundtable Oksan Bayulgen, assistant professor of Email: [email protected] on Social Justice, held at Rhodes College, political science, University of Connecticut, Oxford University. published Foreign Investment and Political 5. Best Paper Award Regimes: The Oil Sector in Azerbaijan, Russia Given to the best paper on comparative Enrique Desmond Arias, associate and Norway (Cambridge University Press). democratization presented at the previous professor of political science, City Drawing on three detailed case studies of year’s APSA Convention. Papers must be University of New York, and Daniel oil rich states, as well as analysis of three nominated by panel chairs or discussants. Goldstein edited Violent Democracies in decades of statistics from 132 countries, No self nominations are permitted. Latin America (Duke University Press), the author finds that the link between Nominated papers must be sent by email to in which the authors seek to explain why, democratization and foreign direct each committee member listed below. despite the establishment of democracies investment is nonlinear. Additionally, Ms. Deadline: March 1, 2011 throughout Latin America, state- Bayulgen finds evidence that while both perpetrated human rights’ violations, police democracies and authoritarian regimes Committee Chair: corruption, and other forms of violence possess several characteristics that attract Jeffrey Kopstein persist, undermining the consolidation of FDI, states in the process of democratizing Department of Politics democracy in the region. are less attractive.

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Catherine Boone, professor of government, political science and director of the Middle Javier Corrales, professor of political University of Texas at Austin, and Norma East studies program, Brown University, science, Amherst College, published Kriger recently published “Multiparty contributed a chapter on “The Political “Venezuela: A Setback for Chavez,” in the Elections and Land Patronage: Zimbabwe Economy of Development in the Middle January 2011 Journal of Democracy, in which and Cote d’Ivoire” in the April 2010 East” to the 12th edition of The Middle he analyzes the most recent Venezuelan Commonwealth and Comparative Politics. East, published by CQ Press and edited by election results, where, despite rampant The paper addresses the phenomenon of Ellen Lust, associate professor of political gerrymandering, malaportionmant, and politicians using land rights as a patronage science, Yale University. She also will be other non-democratic tactics undertaken resource for the purpose of mobilizing editing, with Lauren Morris MacLean, by the Chavez regime, opposition parties electorates, using Zimbabwe and Cote a forthcoming special issue of Studies in were able to make a significant dent in the d’Ivoire as case studies. Comparative International Developments ruling party’s legislative majority. that will also include her articles on Mr. Corrales and Michael Penfold Archie Brown, Emeritus Professor of “Introduction: The Political Consequences published Dragon in the Tropics: Hugo Politics, Oxford University, has been of Non-State Social Welfare in the Global Chavez and the Political Economy of awarded the 2010 W.J.M. Mackenzie Prize South” and “Partisan Activism and Access Revolution in Venezuela (Brookings of the Political Studies Association of the to Welfare in Lebanon.” Institution Press), which details the rise of United Kingdom for best political science Chavez and how he used state oil wealth book of the year. The award is for Mr. Paul J. Carnegie, assistant professor of to transform a pluralistic democracy into an Brown’s The Rise and Fall of Communism political science, American University increasingly authoritarian regime. (Ecco and Vintage). The judges observed of Sharjah, published The Road from that the book is “destined to become a Authoritarianism to Democratization Zachary Elkins, associate professor central text in the analysis of communism in Indonesia (Palgrave Macmillan), in of government, University of Texas at and regime change” within academia—and which he explores aspects of ambiguity in Austin, published “Diffusion and the also beyond it, since the book is “accessible” Indonesia’s journey from authoritarianism. Constitutionalization of Europe,” in and “a really good read.” Mr. Brown was, in By showing what is out there in the field the August 2010 Comparative Political addition, one of three scholars to receive of study and threading it through the eye Studies. The article utilizes a custom the Diamond Jubilee Award for Lifetime of a local context, the book establishes that designed dataset of 19th century European Achievement in Political Studies in a tension exists between the way we frame constitutional data for the purpose of November 2010. The awards marked the democratization and the conclusions we finding empirical evidence of constitutional 60th anniversary of the founding of the arrive at and demonstrates how and why diffusion, with results that “disturb some of UK-equivalent of APSA. interpreting ambiguity matters. the classic narratives of democratization.”

Jason Brownlee, associate professor of Michael Coppedge, professor of political Omar Encarnación, professor of government, University of Texas at Austin, science, University of Notre Dame, is political studies, Bard College, published published “Unrequited Moderation: serving as chair of the APSA Task Force on “International Justice on Trail” in the Credible Commitments and State Indicators of Democracy and Governance, January 2011 Current History. The article Repression in Egypt,” in the December which will issue its report in 2011. In this examines criticisms of international justice 2010 Studies in Comparative International capacity he participated in the Appraising processes, most notably trials on charges Development, in which he introduces Media Indicators Conference at the of human rights abuses, as a hindrance to evidence from Egypt that shows that the Annenberg Public Policy Center at the democratization and peace. structural readiness of incumbents remains University of Pennsylvania in November. as consequential to regime change as In July he delivered the keynote address at John Entelis, professor and director of credible commitment by the opposition. the Congress of the Colombian Political Middle East studies, Fordham University, Mr. Brownlee is currently a visiting fellow Science Association in Barranquilla, served in December 2010 as the academic at the Woodrow Wilson International and in October he delivered an invited advisor on the Middle East and North Center for Scholars. lecture on “Measuring Democracy: A Africa to Freedom House’s 2011 Freedom Multidimensional, Tiered, and Historical in the World survey. This was his fourth Melani Cammet, associate professor of Approach,” at IMT-Lucca in Italy. consecutive year serving in that capacity.

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Jonathan Fox, professor of Latin present in Afghanistan. A preliminary considered in Latin America.” American and Latino Studies, University transcript and audio from the conference is of California, Santa Cruz, and Libby available here. Judith Kelley, associate professor of Haight edited “Subsidizing Inequality: public policy and political science, Duke Mexican Corn Policy Since NAFTA” a Carlos Gervasoni, assistant professor of University, published “Election Observers report published by the Woodrow Wilson political science and international studies, and Their Biases” in the July 2010 Journal International Center for Scholars and Universidad Torcuato Di Tella, published of Democracy, which seeks to identify CIDE as part of their Mexican Rural “Measuring Variance in Subnational and address potential shortcomings Development program. The report, along Regimes: Results from an Expert-Based of the current system for monitoring with an accompanying monograph series, Operationalization of Democracy in the election quality and fairness. Ms. Kelley is available in English and Spanish and can Argentine Provinces,” in the 2010 Journal also published “D-Minus Elections: be accessed at the project’s website. of Politics in Latin America. The article The Politics and Norms of International presents a strategy and methodological Election Observation” in the October 2009 Timothy Frye, Marshall D. Shulman design to measure the degree of democracy International Organization and, with Kiril Professor Post-Soviet Foreign Policy, in the Argentine provinces. Kolev, “Election Quality and International Columbia University, recently published Observation 1975–2004: Two New Building States and Markets after Kenneth Greene, associate professor Datasets,” which is available at http://ssrn. Communism: the Perils of Polarized of government, University of Texas at com/abstract=1694654. Democracy (Cambridge University Press), Austin, and Andy Baker published “The in which he examines “the relationship Latin American Left’s Mandate: Free- Brandon Kendhammer has been between state-building and market- Market Policies and Issue Voting in New appointed assistant professor of political building in 25 post-communist countries Democracies” in the January 2011 World science at the University of Ohio. from 1990 to 2004.” Based on cross- Politics. The article seeks new explanations national statistical analyses, surveys of for the rise of leftist governments Carl LeVan, assistant professor of business managers, and case studies from throughout Latin America over the last comparative and regional studies, Russia, Bulgaria, Poland, and Uzbekistan, decade by using a new measure of voter American University, Todd Eisenstadt, Mr. Frye demonstrates that “democracy ideology called “vote-revealed leftism.” associate professor and department chair is associated with more economic reform, Additionally, Mr. Greene served as the of government, American University, stronger state institutions, and higher social principal investigator on the “Mexico 2010 Josephine Ahikire, and Karuti Kanyinga transfers when political polarization is low.” Clientelism Survey” which was supported will lead the American Political Science by the Mellon Foundation. Association’s 2011 Africa Workshop Thomas E. Garrett, vice president for on “Representation Reconsidered: programs, International Republican Kathryn Hochstetler, CIGI Chair of Ethnic Politics and Africa’s Governance Institute, Gerard Russell, Michael Governance in the Americas and professor Institutions in Comparative Perspective,” O’Hanlon, and Vanda Felbab-Brown of political science, University of Waterloo, hosted by the Institute for Development participated in an October 18 discussion and David Samuels published “Crisis and Studies at the University of Nairobi in on “What Next for Afghanistan? A Post- Rapid Re-Equilibrium: The Consequences late July and early august. The workshop is Election Analysis” sponsored by the of Presidential Challenge and Failure the fourth in a multi-year effort supported Brookings Institution in Washington, DC. in Latin America” in the January 2011 by the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation to Mr. Garrett, an observer to all four Afghan Comparative Politics. Noting that despite encourage collaboration between political elections since 2004, discussed how certain the fact that presidential democracies scientists in the United States and Africa. other indicators concerning democratic have been much less likely to break down, Application materials and workshop development were somewhat more positive presidents still continue to confront information can be found here. and that Afghanistan is at a similar stage challenges to remaining in office for their of democratic development as he had seen full terms. The authors examine the possible Marc F. Plattner, director of the in other countries around the world in his effects of these challenges and conclude International Forum for Democratic 16 years with IRI. The other three panelists that the “challenges and falls pose no Studies at the National Endowment for spoke on the worsening security issues threat to presidential governance broadly Democracy and coeditor of the Journal of

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Democracy, will be a Visiting Fellow at St. Sybil Rhodes, professor of political science the pursuit of democracy, presenting an Antony’s College, University of Oxford and international relations, Universidad alternative theory to explain social and from January 16 – March 12, 2011. He will del CEMA, and Arus Harutyunyan political changes. be working with the European Research published “Extending Citizenship to Council’s Project on Media and Democracy Emigrants: Democratic Contestation and Jan Teorell, associate professor of political in Central and Eastern Europe. a New Global Norm,” in the September science, Lund University, and visiting 2010 International Political Science Review. scholar at the Center for European Ellen Psychas, adjunct professor of They argue for an increased link between Studies, Harvard University, published international relations, University of literature on emigrant policies and general Determinants of Democratization: Maryland, defended her dissertation on theoretical discussions of the expansion Explaining Regime Change in the World, “Building State Failure in Timor Leste: of formal citizenship on the premise that 1972–2005 (Cambridge University Press). Patterns of Political Competition at current emigrant demands for membership Using both statistical analysis and case Constraints to Private Sector Development and voting rights mirror the patterns of studies of the forces that shaped the third (1999–2006),” with distinction at the citizenship extension that were experienced wave of democratization, the book argues Johns Hopkins School of Advanced by previously excluded groups such as that both long term structural forces and and International Studies. She has women and racial minorities. short term actor centric forces played key since designed and taught courses for roles in these events. the department of government at the Graeme Robertson, assistant professor University of Maryland. of political science, University of North Gunes Murat Tezcur, assistant professor Carolina at Chapel Hill, published The of political science, Loyola University, Scott Radnitz, assistant professor of Politics of Protest in Hybrid Regimes: published Muslim Reformers in Iran international studies, University of Managing Dissent in Post-Communist and Turkey: The Paradox of Moderation Washington, published Weapons of the Russia (Cambridge University Press). (University of Texas Press), in which he Wealthy: Predatory Regimess and Elite-Led Using previously unpublished data and shows that behavioral moderation pursued Protests in Central Asia (Cornell Press), considerable fieldwork in Russia, the book by Muslim political actors may counter- which investigates the origins of mass shows how the Russian regime manages intuitively hinder democratization. He protests to demonstrate that not all mass political competition in the streets and also published “When Democratization mobilizations are as they seem, but are throughout the country. Radicalizes: The Kurdish Nationalist often instruments of elites advancing Movement in Turkey” in the November narrow self-interests. Gulnaz Sharafutdinova, assistant 2010 Journal of Peace Research. professor of political science, Miami William Reisinger, professor and University, published Political Consequences Tatu Vanhanen, professor of political department chair of political science, of Crony Capitalism inside Russia (University science, University of Helsinki, published University of Iowa, and Bryon Moraski, of Notre Dame Press), which examines “On the Evolutionary Limits of associate professor of political science, the coexistence of crony capitalism and Democratization” in the Fall 2010 The University of Florida, contributed a chapter traditionally democratic institutions in Mankind Quarterly, in which he seeks to on “Regional Changes and Changing Russia following the fall of communism. explain why persistent disparities continue Regional Relations with the Center” to The The result, according to the author, has to exist in the level and quality of democracy Politics of Sub-National Authoritarianism been a distinct pattern of political evolution found throughout various political systems in Russia, edited by Vladimir Gel’man unique to Russia. by arguing that evolved human diversity and Cameron Ross (Aldershot Ashgate). prevents greater global uniformity. The authors seek to shed light on the Doron Shultziner, visiting lecturer in less-examined sub-national features of an political science, Hebrew University Denise Walsh, assistant professor of authoritarian Russian regime seeking to of Jerusalem, published Struggling for politics and studies in women and gender, further centralize power and authority in Recognition: The Psychological Impetus for University of Virginia, published Women’s a political system where regionalism and Democratic Progress (Continuum Press), in Rights in Democratizing States: Just Debate federalism remain key elements. which he argues that the personal drive for and Gender Justice in the Public Sphere recognition is a prime motivation behind (Cambridge University Press), in which she

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argues that the quality of democracy in the public sphere shapes outcomes on women’s Conference Calendar rights legislation and may be applicable to The 2010 Melbourne Conference on “U.S. The Northeastern Political Science other rights claims as well. She tests her Democracy Promotion in the Middle East” Association held its 42nd annual meeting argument through a series of structured, was held at the University of Melbourne in Boston, Massachusetts on November focused comparisons of democratizing from October 21–22, 2010. This conference 11–13, 2010. The theme of the conference Poland, Chile, and South Africa. provided an opportunity to explore the was “Changing Politics, Changing Political record of US democracy promotion in Science.” Conference panels of potential 2010 AmericasBarometer Survey the Middle East and deliberate on shifts interest included Democratic Theory and Available: in policy following the election of Barack Comparative Politics. Further information On December 1, 2010, LAPOP announced Obama in 2009. The conference focused is available on the NPSA website. the completion and availability of the 2010 on the achievements and shortcomings AmericasBarometer survey. The dataset of the George W. Bush era in promoting The annual meeting of the Middle East contains national surveys of 26 countries democracy in the region and the Studies Association was held in San Diego, in the Americas. Information on LAPOP implications of that legacy for the Obama California on November 18–21, 2010. The and the AmericasBarometer can be found Administration. Exploring this legacy is meeting included a book exhibit and film at www.LapopSurveys.org or www. critical to understanding the framework festival as well as 26 panels on various vanderbilt.edu/lapop. LAPOP has also within which the Obama Administration topics, including “Iran: From Reform to published a regional report, “The Political operates. President Barack Obama has Protest,” “Comparing Authoritarianism Culture of Democracy, 2010: Report on promised change in the way Washington Inside and Outside Middle East,” the Americas,” that is available in both relates to the Middle East. It is still unclear “Democratization in the Middle East,” English and in Spanish at www.vanderbilt. if these policy shifts can make a difference “Democracy and Authoritarianism in the edu/lapop/ab2010.php. Country-specific in the U.S. image and further the interests Muslim World,” “Electoral Politics in the monographs for many of the countries of the United States in the Middle East. Middle East,” “Judicialized Politics or included in the 2010 AmericasBarometer More information on this conference can Politicized Judiciaries?” and “Civil Society are also available on that webpage for be found here. and Democracy Reconsidered.” A full immediate and free download. conference program can be found here. The Midwestern Association for Latin American Studies hosted its 60th annual On November 18–21, 2010, the American conference on November 4–7, 2010. Association for the Advancement of Held in St. Louis, Missouri, the meeting Slavic Studies held its 2010 convention in addressed a variety of topics in Latin Los Angeles, California. The theme of the America—including political change, convention was “War and Peace.” Through democratic processes, and justice—and also this theme, the conference explored topics included the MALAS business meeting including the reasons why societies make and a lecture at the St. Louis Committee of war and peace and the effect of war and the Council on Foreign Relations. Further peace in shaping regional societies. It information can be found here. brought together scholars interested in Eastern and Central Europe and Central On November 5–6, 2010, the Pacific Asia to engage in interdisciplinary and Coast Council of Latin American Studies comparative discussions. The conference hosted its annual conference at Pepperdine website includes additional information University in Malibu, California. The and a convention program. conference brought together scholars and students interested in Latin America from The New Zealand Political Studies across the disciplines. More information Association 2010 Conference was held about the conference can be found here. on December 2–3, 2010, at the University of Waikato in Hamilton, New Zealand.

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Conference Calendar

The conference, hosted by the University protect and promote human rights and the conference can be found here. of Waikato’s Political Science and Public rule of law. The conference aims to increase Policy department, included panels on New empirical knowledge, while also focusing New Research Zealand’s government and comparative on comparative institutionalism as a shared Journal of Democracy politics, public policy, international research perspective. More information can The January 2011 (Volume 22, no. 1) relations, and political theory. General be found here. issue of the Journal of Democracy features information about the conference can be clusters of articles on the impact of the found here. On March 16–19, 2011, the International economic crisis and Latin America, Studies Association will hold its annual as well individual studies of Arab The University of Warwick hosted the convention in Montreal, Canada. The culture, Hong Kong, Arab Islamists, “Challenging Orthodoxies: The Critical theme of this year’s meeting is “Global government power in Africa, and two Governance Studies” conference on Governance: Political Authority in essays by Nobel Peace Prize Winner December 13–14, 2010. The goal of the Transition.” Among the many featured Liu Xiaobo. The full text of selected articles and the tables of contents of conference was to bring together scholars panels are “Democracy, Development and all issues are available on the Journal’s and critical practitioners challenging Governance in the 21st Century: New website. orthodoxies and developing critical Ways of Measuring and Conceptualizing approaches to the study and practice of Democracy,” “International Organizations “The Split in Arab Culture” by Hicham governance. The conference theme was and Democracy Promotion,” and “The Ben Abdallah El Alaoui ‘challenging orthodoxies’ and participants Chinese Puzzle: Democracy vs Autocracy.” A powerful “salafist” public norm has taken were encouraged to address it in abstracts More information about the conference, root in the Arab world, becoming the main by describing a problematic orthodoxy, including a full program, can be found here. symbol of resistance to Westernization. subjecting it to critical challenge and At the same time, however, new cultural outlining new areas of inquiry and new Hosted by the University of Connecticut, forces in the private domain are promoting social practices based on the critical the 3rd annual “Graduate Student a dynamic of secularization. approach. More information can be found Conference on Democracy and here. Governance” will be held on March 25–26, The Impact of the Economic Crisis 2011. The conference’s goal is to bring I. “Why Democracies Survive” by Larry The second annual Conference on together graduate students from all fields Diamond “Democracy as an Idea and Practice” of political science as well as related fields As an analysis of recent electoral results shows, the world’s emerging democracies was held at the University of Oslo from to present research projects, exchange ideas, are weathering the global economic crisis January 13–14, 2011, and brought together and create a network of emerging democracy surprisingly well. Yet they remain under researchers from the humanities, social and governance scholars. A monetary prize an even sharper threat from their own sciences and law. The conference was will be given to the winner of the Annual failures to deliver good governance. organized with seven workshops, including Graduate Student Conference Best Paper on subjects such as “Organizational Award. More information can be found II. “From the G-8 to the G-20” by Democracy,” “Constitutional Democracy: here. Marc F. Plattner How Democratic?” “Democracy and The financial crisis did not deal a fatal Censorship,” and “Practices and Experiences On April 19–21, 2011, the Political blow to any democracies, but it did hasten of Democracy in Post-Colonial Localities.” Science Association of the UK will host its an erosion of the influence of the West. In More information can be found here. 61st annual conference on “Transforming the future, the balance of power among Politics: New Synergies” in London. competing regime types may be decided by The 2011 IPSA-ECPR Joint Conference Featured panels include “Comparing the emerging-market democracies. will be held in Sao Paulo, Brazil from Deliberative Institutions,” “Democracy February 16–19. The conference will and Governance,” “Democracy in Latin “Latin America’s Growing Security Gap” by David Pion-Berlin and Harold include panels on the role of constitutional America,” and “Democracy in Question: Trinkunas courts in the process of democratization and On Deliberation, Reason and a Democratic Striking the right balance between the degree to which courts can be used to Paradox.” More information on the

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New Research

freedom and security is hard, especially in II. “A Setback for Chávez” by Javier “New Version of the Kirkpatrick Latin America. Hybrid forces combining Corrales Doctrine in the Post-Soviet Space” by military and police elements may be the Hugo Chávez has been running a bounded Povilas Žielys best means for meeting security challenges competitive-authoritarian regime for without imperiling freedom. some time, but its ability to compete is “Democracy or Democrazy? Local now slipping. Will this tend to make it less Experiences of Democratization in “Hong Kong’s Democrats Divide” by authoritarian—or even more so? Timor-Leste” by Deborah Cummins Ngok Ma For the first time ever in the history of III. “Colombia After Uribe” by Eduardo “Malaysia: Towards a Topology of an Hong Kong, local democratic leaders and Posada-Carbó Electoral One-Party State” by Chin- Chinese officials have forged a pact on Often thought of as a “nascent” democracy, Huat Wong; James Chin; and Norani limited democratic reforms. That may Colombia actually has long-standing Othman have marked a step forward for the cause democratic institutions. In 2010, they of democracy in Hong Kong, but it has also were effective in determining who would “Beyond the Fallacy of Coup-ism: led to a sharp split in the democratic camp. succeed a highly popular, two-term Conceptualizing Civilian Control of president. the Military in Emerging Democracies” “Arab Islamists: Losing on Purpose?” by Aurel Croissant; David Kuehn; Paul by Shadi Hamid “Two Essays on China’s Quest for Chambers; and Siegfried O. Wolf In most Arab countries, Islamist groups Democracy” by Liu Xiaobo are the only ones with the popular support Imprisoned Chinese dissident Liu Xiaobo, “Dilemmas of Implementation: needed to win free and fair elections. who was awarded the 2010 Nobel Peace EU Democracy Assistance in the Yet Islamist parties have shown an Prize, is best known for his eloquent and Mediterranean” by Federica Bicchi ambivalence about, and in some cases, incisive essays. Two of them are featured even an aversion to seeking power via the here: “Can It Be That the Chinese People “The State-in-Society Approach to ballot box. Deserve Only ‘Party-Led Democracy’?” the Study of Democratization with and “Changing the Regime by Changing Examples from Japan” by Mary Alice “Building Democracy While Building Society.” Haddad Peace” by Christoph Zürcher Why are peacebuilding operations rarely Democratization “Assessing International Aid for Local able to establish postconflict democracies, The October 2010 (Volume 17, no. Governance in the Western Balkans” and are there other strategies that would 5) Democratization features articles by Paula M. Pickering yield more successes? on civil society in Central Asia, post- civil war democratization, Timor- The December 2010 (Volume 17, no. “Constraining Government Power in Leste, Malaysia, the Western Balkans, 6) Democratization is a special issue on Africa” by Migai Akech and civilian control of the military in political party assistance and features African politics is often characterized emerging democracies. articles on Georgia and Ukraine, as a realm of “informality,” but formal Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, El rules and institutions actually loom large, “Civil Society, Political Stability, Salvador and Cambodia, Morocco, and especially with regard to overweening and State Power in Central Asia: Malawi and Zambia. executive power and the reforms that may Cooperation and Contestation” by help to rein it in. Charles E. Ziegler “Promoting Party Politics in Emerging Democracies” by Peter Burnell and Latin America “Post-Civil War Democratization: André Gerrits I. “A Surge to the Center” by Michael Promotion of Democracy in Post-Civil Shifter War States, 1946–2005” by Madhav “Party Politics in Georgia and Ukraine The left-right ideological divide has begun Joshi and the Failure of Western Assistance” to narrow in Latin America as citizens by Max Bader and leaders increasingly choose a pragmatic “Undermining Cooperation: Donor- approach to politics and embrace the rules Patrons and the Failure of Political “Crossing the Line: Partisan Party of the democratic game. Conditionality” by Nikolas Emmanuel Assistance in post-Milošević Serbia” by Marlene Spoerri

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New Research

“‘Why Did They Vote for Those Guys Summit” by Carl Death “Fiscal Freedom and the Making of Again?’ Challenges and Contradictions Hong Kong’s Capitalist Society” by in the Promotion of Political “Democracy and Civil War: Citizenship Leo F. Goodstadt Moderation in Post-War Bosnia and and Peacemaking in Cõte d’Ivoire” by Herzegovina” by John W. Hulsey Abu Bakarr Bah “Judicial Autonomy in Hong Kong” by Benny Y.T. Tai “An Uneasy Symbiosis: The Impact “Crude Days Ahead? Oil and the of International Administrations Resource Curse in Sudan” by Luke A. “‘One Country, Two Systems’ and Its on Political Parties in Post-Conflict Patey Antagonists in Tibet and Taiwan” by Countries” by Maja Nenadović Ho-Fund Hung and Huei-ying Kuo “‘You’re Either with Us or Against “‘Sons of War’: Parties and Party Us’: Civil Society and Policy Making “Central-Provincial Relations amid Systems in Post-War El Salvador and in Post-Genocide Rwanda” by Paul Greater Centralization in China” By Cambodia” by Jeroen de Zeeuw Gready Lam Tao-chiu

“Problems of Party Assistance in American Political Science Review, Vol. Communist and Post-Communist Hybrid Regimes: The Case of Morocco” 104, no. 3, August 2010 Studies, Vol. 43, no. 3, September 2010 by Nicole Bolleyer and Lise Storm “International System and Technologies “Ethnic Peace, Ethnic Conflict: of Rebellion: How the End of the Cold Complexity Theory on Why the “Political Party Assistance in War Shaped Internal Conflict” by Baltic Is not the Balkans” by Walter C. Transition: The German ‘Stiftungen’ Stathis N. Kalyvas and Laia Balcells Clemens Jr. in Sub-Saharan Africa” by Kristina Weissenbach “Regime Change and Revolutionary “Lustration after Totalitarianism: Entrepreneurs” by Ethan Bueno de Poland’s Attempt to Reconcile “In Search of the Impact of International Mesquita with its Communist Past” by Matt Support for Political Parties in New Killingsworth Democracies: Malawi and Zambia “Nodding or Needling: Analyzing Compared” by Lise Rakner and Lars Delegate Responsiveness in an “Nationalism, Identity and Civil Svasand Authoritarian Parliament” by Edmund Society in Ukraine: Understanding the Malesky and Paul Schuler Orange Revolution” by Taras Kuzio “Political Party Assistance and Political Party Research: Towards a Closer Central Asian Survey, Vol. 29, no. 3, “Ethnic Competition, Radical Islam, Encounter?” by Gero Erdmann September 2010 and Challenges to Stability in the “Political Mobilization and the Republic of Dagestan” by Edward C. SELECTED JOURNAL Construction of Collective Identity in Holland and John O’Loughlin ARTICLES ON DEMOCRACY Mongolia” by David Sneath “Differential Voter Turnout in a Post- This section features selected articles “Nomadism, Identity, and the Politics communist Muslim Society: The Case on democracy that appeared in journals of Conservation” by Caroline Upton of the Kyrgyz Republic” by Benjamin received by the NED’s Democracy Darr and Vicki Hesli Resource Center, October 1, 2010– China Information, Vol. XXIV, no. 3, January 1, 2011. November 2010 Comparative Political Studies, Vol. 44, “Understanding the Autonomy of no. 1, January 2011 African Affairs, Vol. 109, no. 437, Hong Kong from Historical and “Do Migrants Improve their October 2010 Comparative Perspectives” by Ray Yep Hometowns? Remittances and Access “Elections and Democratic Transition to Public Services in Mexico, 1995– in Nigeria under the Fourth Republic” “Revisiting the Golden Era of 2000” by Claire L. Adida and Desha by J. Shola Omotola MacLehose and the Dynamics of M. Girod Social Reforms” by Ray Yep and Tai- “Troubles at the Top: South African Lok Lui “The Nature, Determinants, and Protests and the 2002 Johannesburg Consequences of Chávez’s Charisma:

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New Research

Evidence From a Study of Venezuelan Assemblies, and the Political Control Artyom Tonoyan Public Opinion” by Jennifer L. Merolla of Semipresidential Cabinets” by Petra and Elizabeth J. Zechmeister Schleiter and Edward Morgan-Jones “Struggling for Citizenship: Civic Participation and the State of Russia” “The Role of Executive Time Horizons “Modernization, Islam, or Social by Suvi Salmenniemi in State Response to AIDS in Africa” Capital: What Explains Attitudes by Kim Yi Dionne toward Democracy in the Muslim “Higher Education Reforms in the World?” by Sabri Ciftci Fight against Corruption in Georgia” “Creating a Capable Bureaucracy With by Mariam Orkodashvili Loyalists: The Internal Dynamics of Comparative Political Studies, Vol. 43, the South Korean Developmental no. 10, October 2010 East European Politics and Societies, State, 1948–1979” by Yong-Chool Ha “Do Ethnic Parties Exclude Women?” Vol. 24, no. 4, Fall 2010 and Myung-koo Kang by Stephanie S. Holmsten, Robert G. “The Issue of Genocidal Intent and Moser, and Mary C. Slosar Denial of Genocide: A Case Study Comparative Political Studies, Vol. 43, of Bosnia and Herzegovina” by Edina no. 12, December 2010 “Political Competition as an Obstacle Bećirević “Inequality and Democratization: to Judicial Independence: Evidence A Contractarian Approach” by Ben from Russia and Ukraine” by Maria “Why Was the Monarchy Not Restored Ansell and David Samuels Popova in Post-Communist Bulgaria?” by Rossen Vassilev “Incentives for Personal Votes “Why Get Technical? Corruption and and Women’s Representation in the Politics of Public Service Reform in “Minarets after Marx: Islam, Legislatures” by Frank C. Thames and the Indian States” by Jennifer L. Bussell Communist Nostalgia, and the Margaret S. Williams Common Good in Postsocialist “Corruption and Trust: Theoretical Bulgaria” by Kristen Ghodsee “Perceptions of Electoral Fairness and Considerations and Evidence from Voter Turnout” by Sarah Birch Mexico” by Stephen D. Morris and “‘Ask for Bread, not Peace’: Reactions Joseph L. Klesner of Romanian Workers and Peasants to “Cities on Fire: Social Mobilization, the Hungarian Revolution of 1956” by State Policy, and Urban Insurgency” by Current History, Vol. 109, no. 731, Johanna Granville Paul Staniland December 2010 “The Mideast after Iran Gets the “Raspberries, Tablecloths, and Critical “Citizens’ Perceptions of Government Bomb” by Bruce Riedel Thinking: Accountability Reforms in Responsiveness in Africa: Do Electoral Post-Socialist Latvia” by Liene Ozolina Systems and Ethnic Diversity Matter?” “The Rise and Fall of Political Reform by Wonbin Cho in the Arab World” by Marina Ottaway “Explaining Difficult States: The Problems of Europeanization in Serbia” Comparative Political Studies, Vol. 43, “Iraq Struggles to Govern Itself ” by by Jelena Subotić no. 11, November 2010 Daniel Serwer “Islam and Large-Scale Political Human Rights Quarterly, Vol. 32, no. Violence: Is There a Connection?” by “Fragile State: Yemen in Conflict” by 4, November 2010 M. Steven Fish, Francesca R. Jensenius, Lucas Winter “Inscribing Abortion as a Human and Katherine E. Michel Right: Significance of the Protocol on “The Paradox of Visibility: Gay in the the Rights of Women in Africa” by “Obstinate and Inefficient: Why Middle East” by Brian Whitaker Charles G. Ngwena Member States Do Not Comply with European Law” by Tanja A. Börzel, Demokratizatsiya, Vol. 18, no. 4, Fall “Mugabe’s Zimbabwe, 2000–2009: Tobias Hofmann, Diana Panke, and 2010 Massive Human Rights Violations and Carina Sprungk “Rising Armenian-Georgian Tensions the Failure to Protect” by Rhoda E. and the Possibility of a New Ethnic Howard-Hassmann “Who’s In Charge? President, Conflict in the South Caucasus” by

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“The Justice Balance: When “Authoritarian Regimes of Russia and Orbis: A Journal of World Affairs, Vol. Transitional Justice Improves Human Tatarstan: Coexistence and Subjection” 54, no. 4, Fall 2010 Rights and Democracy” by Tricia D. by V.V. Mikhailov “Soft Power in a Hard Place: China, Olsen, Leigh A. Payne, and Andrew G. Taiwan, Cross-Straight Relations and Reiter “Reopening the Wounds of History? U.S. Policy” by Jacques deLisle The Foreign Policy of the ‘Fourth’ Polish Insight Turkey, Vol. 12, no. 4, 2010 Republic” by Christopher Reeves “The Rise of Chinese Power and the “Turkey’s Role in the Middle East: Implications for the Regional Security An Outsider’s Perspective” by Volker Journal of East Asia Studies, Vol. 10, Order” by Robert S. Boss Perthes no. 3, September–December 2010 “Political Conflict Resolution and “Status and Leadership on the Korean “Constitutional Referendum: Farewell Democratic Consolidation in Indonesia: Peninsula” by David C. Kang to the ‘Old Turkey’” by Doğu Ergil The Role of the Constitutional Court” by Marcus Mietzner “Suffering What It Must? Mongolia “Democratization and Europeanization and the Power of the ‘Weak’” by Alan in Turkey after the September 12 “The Quality of Social Capital and M. Wachman Referendum” by Emiliano Alessandri Political Participation in South Korea” by Aie-Rie Lee “Is Russia Succeeding in Central Asia?” “The New Leader for the Old CHP: by Martin C. Spechler and Dina R. Kernal Kiliçdaroğlu” by Tanju Tosun Journal of Modern African Studies, Vol. Spechler 48, no. 4, December 2010 “Turkey’s Illiberal Judiciary: Cases and “Turkey’s Opening to Africa” by “National and Human Security in Sub- Decisions” by Vahap Coşkun Mehmet Ozkan Sahara Africa” by James J. Hentz

“Constitutional Court: Its Limits “Civil Society and the Consolidation “The International Criminal Court: to Shape Turkish Politics” by Cenap of Democracy in Kenya: An Analysis Time to Adjust U.S. Foreign Policy” by Cakmak and Cengiz Dinç of a Catholic Parish’s Efforts in Kibera Scott F. Zipprich Slum” by Christine Bodewes “The Armenian Community and the Pacific Affairs,Vol. 83, no. 4, December AK Party: Finding Trust under the “Youth Music and Politics in Post-War 2010 Crescent” by Vahram Ter-Matevosyan Sierra Leone” by Susan Shepler “Historical Disputes and Reconciliation in Northeast Asia: The U.S. Role” by “Turkey’s Darfur Policy: Convergences “Troubled State-Building in the Gi-Wook Shin and Differentiations from the Muslim DR Congo: The Challenge from the World” by Mehmet Özkan and Birol Margins” by Denis M. Tull “Weakness and Gambits in Philippine Akgün Foreign Policy in the Twenty-First Middle East Journal, Vol. 64, no. 4, Century” by Renato Cruz De Castro Insight Turkey, Vol. 12, no. 3, 2010 Autumn 2010 “Turkey’s Iran Policy: Between “The Rise of Politicized Shi’ite Party Politics, Vol. 16, no. 5, September Diplomacy and Sanctions” by Kadir Religiosity and the Territorial State in 2010 Üstün Iraq and Lebanon” by Yusri Hazran “Fighting the Last War: Applying the Policy Transfer Approach to Election “Unblocking Turkey’s EU Accession” “The Ayatollah’s Praetorians: The Campaigns” by Catherine Needham by Nathalie Tocci Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps and the 2009 Election Crisis” by Ali- “Assessing the Impact of Campaign Journal of Communist Studies and Rehigh-Aghsan and Peter Viggo Finance on Party System Transition Politics, Vol. 26, no. 4, Jakobsen Institutionalization” by Eric Booth and December 2010 Joseph Robbins “Network Mobilization and the “The Dynamics of Palestinian Political Origins of the Putin Coalition” by Endurance in Lebanon” by Rami “Party Platforms and Party Coalitions: Andrew Buck Siklawi The Christian Right and State-Level Republicans” by Kimberly H. Conger

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New Research

“Parties and Social Protest in Latin ‘International’ in Africa” by Marie- SELECTED NEW BOOKS ON America’s Neoliberal Era” by Moisés Emmanuelle Pommerolle DEMOCRACY Arce “Internal Dynamics, the State, and ADVANCED DEMOCRACIES Party Politics, Vol. 16, no. 6, November Recourse to External Aid: Towards a Against Reform. By John Pepall. 2010 Historical Sociology of the Peasant University of Toronto Press, 2010. 164 “The Multidimensional Nature of Party Movement in Senegal since the 1960s” pp. Competition” by Jeremy J. Albright by Marie Hrabanski American Foundations: Roles and “How Intra-Party Power Relations “Peasant Struggles in Mali: From Contributions. Edited by Helmut K. Affect the Coalition Behaviour of Defending Cotton Producers’ Interests Anheier and David C. Hammack. Political Parties” by Helene Helboe to Becoming Part of the Malian Power Brookings Institution Press, 2010. 457 Pedersen Structures” by Alexis Roy pp.

“Understanding Party Constitutions “The Politicisation of Sexuality and The CDU and the Politics of Gender in as Reponses to Specific Challenges” by Rise of Homosexual Movements in Germany: Bringing Women to the Party. Rodney Smith and Anika Gauja Post-Colonial Cameroon” by Patrick By Sarah Elise Wiliarty. Cambridge Awondo University Press, 2010. 267 pp. “A Supply-Demand Model of Party- System Institutionalization: The “Claiming Workers’ Rights in the The God Strategy: How Religion Russian Case” by Richard Rose and Democratic Republic of Congo: The Became a Political Weapon in America. William Mishler Case of the Collectif des ex-agents de By David Domke and Kevin Coe. la Gécamines” by Benjamin Rubbers Oxford University Press, 2010. 243 pp. Representation, Vol. 46, no. 4, November 2010 “West African Social Movements Joe Biden: A Life of Trial and “Electoral Administration and Voter ‘Against the High Cost of Living’: Redemption. By Jules Witcover. Turnout: Towards an International From the Economic to the Political, William Morrow, 2010. 536 pp. Public Policy Continuum” by Toby From the Global to the National” by James Bénédicte Maccatory, Makama Bawa The Litigation State: Public Regulation Oumarou and Marc Poncelet and Private Lawsuits in the United “Representation as Claims-Making: States. By Sean Farhang. Princeton Quid Responsiveness?” by Eline Severs “Sudan’s 2010 Elections: Victories, University Press, 2010. 302 pp. Boycotts and the Future of a Peace “Citizens and their Understandings Deal” by Edward Thomas Neoconservatives in U.S. Foreign Policy and Evaluations of Representation: under Ronald Reagan and George W. Introducing an Interpretive Approach World Politics, Vol. 62, no. 4, October Bush: Voices behind the Throne. By Jesús to the Study of Citizen Attitudes 2010 Velasco. Johns Hopkins University towards Politics” by Margit van Wessel “Looking Like a Winner: Candidate Press, 2010. 300 pp. Appearance and Electoral Success “Elections and the Internet: On the in New Democracies” by Chappell When Politicians Attack: Party Cohesion Difficulties of ‘Upgrading’ Elections in Lawson, Gabriel S. Lenz, Andy Baker, in the Media. By Tim Groeling. the Digital Era” by Fernando Mendez and Michael Myers Cambridge University Press, 2010. 242 pp. “The European Parliament Election “Varieties of Electioneering: Success in Bulgaria, 7 June 2009” by Lyubka Contagion and Presidential Campaigns AFRICA Savkova in Latin America” by Taylor C. Boas The Enough Moment: Fighting to End Africa’s Worst Human Rights Crimes. Review of African Political Economy, “Mobilizing Restraint: Economic By John Prendergast and Don Cheadle. Vol. 37, no. 125, September 2010 Reform and the Politics of Industrial Three Rivers Press, 2010. 294 pp. “The Extraversion of Protest: Protest in South Asia” by Emmanuel Conditions, History, and Use of the Teitelbaum Sudan: Darfur and the Failure of an

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New Research

African State. By Richard Cockett. Yale The Russian Quest for Peace and 2010. 332 pp. University Press, 2010. 320 pp. Democracy. By Metta Spencer. Constitutional Identity. By Gary Jeffrey Lexington, 2010. 340 pp. Jacobsohn. Harvard University Press, ASIA 2010. 368 pp. Finding Dollars, Sense, and Legitimacy A Tale of Two Villages: Coerced in Burma. Edited by Susan L. Modernization in the East European Constitutional Theocracy. By Ran Levenstein. Woodrow Wilson Countryside. By Alina Mungiu- Hirschl. Harvard University Press, International Center for Scholars, Pippidi. Central European University 2010. 311 pp. 2010. 163 pp. Press, 2010. 219 pp. Contesting Development: Critical Islamism and Democracy in Indonesia: The Victims Return: Survivors of the Struggles for Social Change. Edited by Piety and Pragmatism. By Masdar Gulag After Stalin. By Stephen F. Philip McMichael. Routledge, 2010. Hilmy. Institute of Southeast Asian Cohen. PublishingWorks, 2010. 216 269 pp. Studies, 2010. 319 pp. pp. The European Union and Democracy Problems of Democratisation in LATIN AMERICA AND THE Promotion: A Critical Global Indonesia: Elections, Institutions and CARIBBEAN Assessment. Edited by Richard Society. Edited by Edward Aspinall A Century of Revolution: Insurgent Youngs. Johns Hopkins University and Marcus Mietzner. Institute of and Counterinsurgent Violence During Press, 2010. 216 pp. Southeast Asian Studies, 2010. 359 pp. Latin America’s Long Cold War. Edited by Greg Grandin and Gilbert M. Joseph. Freedom for Sale: Why the World Is The Road from Authoritarianism to Duke University Press, 2010. 443 pp. Trading Democracy for Security. By Democratization in Indonesia. By Paul John Kampfner. Basic Books, 2010. 294 J. Carnegie. Palgrave Macmillian, 2010. Dismantling Democracy in Venezuela: pp. 192 pp. The Chávez Authoritarian Experiment. Global Good Samaritans: Human By Allan Brewer-Carías. Cambridge Rights as Foreign Policy. By Alison EASTERN EUROPE AND THE University Press, 2010. 418 pp. Brysk. Oxford University Press, 2009. FORMER SOVIET UNION 287 pp. The Chechen Struggle: Independence Failed Sanctions: Why the U.S. Embargo Won and Lost. By Ilyas Akhmadov and against Cuba Could Never Work. By The Go-Between: Jan Eliasson and the Miriam Lanskoy. Palgrave Macmillan, Paolo Spadoni. University Press of Styles of Mediation. By Isak Svensson 2010. 270 pp. Florida, 2010. 230 pp. and Peter Wallensteen. U.S. Institute of Peace. 160 pp. Courting Democracy in Bosnia and MIDDLE EAST Herzegovina: The Hague Tribunal’s The Digital Origins of Dictatorship and Habermas: Introduction and Analysis. Impact in a Postwar State. By Lara Democracy: Information Technology By David Ingram. Cornell University J. Nettelfield. Cambridge University and Political Islam. By Philip N. Press, 2010. 349 pp. Press, 2010. 330 pp. Howard. Oxford University Press, 2010. 285 pp. In War’s Wake: International Conflict From Old Times to New Europe: and the Fate of Liberal Democracy. The Polish Struggle for Democracy Spirit of the Phoenix: Beirut and the Edited by Elizabeth Kier and Ronald and Constitutionalism. By Agata Story of Lebanon. By Tim Llewellyn. R. Krebs. Cambridge University Press, Fijalkowski. Ashgate, 2010. 234 pp. Lawrence Hill, 2010. 268 pp. 2010. 314 pp.

Intellectuals and the Communist Idea: COMPARATIVE, A Moral Theory of Political The Search for a New Way in Czech THEORETICAL, GENERAL Reconciliation. By Colleen Murphy. Lands from 1890 to 1938. By Ladislav The Clash of Ideas in World Politics: Cambridge University Press, 2010. 214 Cabada. Translated by Zdenek Transnational Networks, States, and pp. Benedikt. Lexington, 2010. 209 pp. Regime Change, 1510–2010. By John M. Owen. Princeton University Press, The New Dynamics of Multilateralism:

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New Research

Diplomacy, International Organizations, and Global Governance. Edited by James P. Muldoon, Jr., JoAnn F. Aviel, Richard Reitano, and Earl Sullivan. Westview, 2010. 320 pp.

Persecution or Toleration: An Explication of the Locke-Proast Quarrel, 1689–1704. By Adam Wolfson. Lexington, 2010. 132 pp.

Political Islam Observed. By Frederic Volpi. Columbia University Press, 2010. 226 pp.

Post-Imperial Democracies: Ideology and Party Formation in Third Republic France, Weimar Germany, and Post- Soviet Russia. By Stephen E. Hanson. Cambridge University Press, 2010. 274 pp.

Rethinking Popular Representation. Edited by Olle Törnquist, Neil Webster, and Kristian Stokke. Palgrave Macmillan, 2009. 273 pp.

Sortition: Theory and Practice. Edited by Gil Delannoi and Oliver Dowlen. Imprint Academic, 2010. 171 pp.

A Wicked Company: The Forgotten Radicalism of the European Enlightenment. By Philipp Blom. Basic Books, 2010. 361 pp.

32 Vol. 9, No. 1 Comparative Democratization Feb. 2011

Editorial Committee

is the official newsletter of the American Political Science Association’s Comparative Democratization section. Formerly known as CompDem, it has been published three times a year (October, January, and May) by the APSA-CDNational Endowment for Democracy’s International Forum for Democratic Studies since 2003. In October 2010, the newsletter was renamed APSA-CD and expanded to include substantive articles on democracy, as well as news and notes on the latest developments in the field. The newsletter is now jointly produced and edited by faculty members of the University of Florida’s Department of Political Science and the International Forum.

The current issue of APSA-CD is available here. A complete archive of past issues is also available.

To inquire about submitting an article to APSA-CD, please contact Michael Bernhard or Melissa Aten. Editorial Committee Members Petia Kostadinova is an assistant professor of political science and associate director of the Executive Editor Center for European Studies at the University Diego Abente Brun is deputy director of the of Florida. Her research interests include International Forum for Democratic Studies at comparative politics, comparative political the National Endowment for Democracy. Prior economy, East European Politics, and the European Union. to joining the Forum, Mr. Abente served as a Her current projects fall in two main categories: the impact of professor of sociology and politics at Catholic the European Union on applicant countries and member states University in Asunción, Paraguay, where he had taught since and the role of public preferences, and media’s transmission 1994, as a senior research fellow at the Centro de Análisis of these preferences, in shaping social and economic policies y Difusión de la Economía Paraguaya, and as an associate in postcommunist countries. She frequently participates in professor of political science at Miami University from 1984 to outreach activities aimed at educating teachers, business 1992. Mr. Abente-Brun has published and edited several books leaders, or the general public about recent developments in the and his work has also appeared in numerous academic journals, European Union or its member states. including the Journal of Democracy, Comparative Politics, Journal of Latin American Studies, and Latin American Research Review. Staffan I. Lindberg is an associate professor of political science and the Center for African Studies Chair at the University of Florida. He is also the research Michael H. Bernhard is the inaugural holder director of the World Values Survey Sweden, a of the Raymond and Miriam Ehrlich Eminent research fellow at the Quality of Government Institute, and Scholar Chair in Political Science at the an associate professor of political science at the University of University of Florida. His work centers on Gothenburg in Sweden. His research focuses on state building, questions of democratization and development political clientelism, political parties, legislative-executive both globally and in the context of Europe. Among the issues relations, women’s representation, voting behavior, elections, that have figured prominently in his research agenda are the and democracy in Africa. He is the author of Democracy and role of civil society in democratization, institutional choice in Elections in Africa ( Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006) new democracies, the political economy of democratic survival, and the editor of Democratization by Elections: A New Mode of and the legacy of extreme forms of dictatorship. Transition? ( Johns Hopkins University Press, 2009).

Members Bryon Moraski is an associate professor of political Kate Baldwin is an assistant professor of political science at the science at the University of Florida. His research University of Florida and a fellow at the Center considers the politics of institutional choice, for the Study of Democratic Politics at Princeton institutional development, and the influence of short- University. She studies state-building, clientelism, term electoral incentives on long-term political trajectories. and the political economy of development with a Most of his published work focuses on the former Soviet Union regional focus on sub-Saharan Africa. Her current and includes articles in the American Journal of Political Science, research projects seek to understand the political consequences Europe-Asia Studies, Government and Opposition, the Journal of involving non-state actors, such as traditional chiefs and of Politics, and elsewhere. His 2006 book, Elections by Design: non-governmental organizations, in the provision of goods Parties and Patronage in Russia’s Regions (Northern Illinois and services. University Press), examines the origins and consequences of electoral system design at the sub-national level in the Russian Federation.

33 Vol. 9, No. 1 Comparative Democratization Feb. 2011

Editorial Committee

Conor O’Dwyer is an associate professor of Leonardo A. Villalón is the director of the Center political science at the University of Florida. His for African Studies and associate professor of political book Runaway State-Building: Patronage Politics science at the University of Florida. His research has and Democratic Development ( Johns Hopkins focused on Islam and politics and on democratization University Press, 2006) examines the relationship between in West Africa, particularly Senegal, Mali, and party-building and state-building in new democracies, looking Niger. He is the author of Islamic Society and State Power in specifically at the relationship between party competition and Senegal (Cambridge University Press, 1995) and co-editor of patronage politics in postcommunist Eastern Europe. His latest The African State at a Critical Juncture: Between Disintegration research explores how the expansion of the European Union is and Reconfiguration (Lynne Rienner, 1998) and The Fate of changing the terrain of domestic politics in the postcommunist Africa’s Democratic Experiments: Elites and Institutions (Indiana member-states, especially with regard to the protection of University Press, 2005), as well as of numerous articles and minority rights. book chapters on politics and religion in West Africa.

Benjamin Smith is an associate professor of political science at the University of Florida. His research Managing Editor focuses on separatist conflicts, regime change, and Melissa Aten-Becnel is the research and democratization. His first book, Hard Times in the conferences officer at the National Endowment Land of Plenty: Oil Politics in Iran and Indonesia, was published in for Democracy’s International Forum for 2007 by Cornell University Press, and his articles have appeared Democratic Studies and associate director of the in World Politics, the American Journal of Political Science, Network of Democracy Research Institutes. She earned an Studies in Comparative International Development, the Journal M.A. from The George Washington University’s Elliott School of International Affairs, and other journals and edited volumes. of International Affairs, where she focused on foreign policy Mr. Smith is currently working on a book exploring the long- and Central and Eastern Europe. term factors that shape the success of separatist movements.

Philip Williams is the director of the Center for Editorial Assistant Latin American Studies and a professor of political Tristan Vellinga received a B.S in political science science and Latin American Studies at the University from the University of Iowa and is now a Ph.D. of Florida. He also co-directs the Latin American student in the department of political science Immigrants in the New South project. His research interests at the University of Florida, where he studies include religion and politics, transnational migration, comparative and American politics. His interests democratization, social movements, and civil-military relations. include comparative EU studies, European enlargement, His latest book, A Place to Be: Brazilian, Guatemalan, and Mexican Turkish politics, and Turkey-EU relations. His current research Immigrants in Florida’s New Destinations, was published by focuses on the role that enlargement has on the party systems of Rutgers University Press in 2009 and his articles have appeared new and existing member states and what this means for larger in numerous academic journals, including Comparative Politics, trajectories of party competition and state development. Latin American Perspectives, Latin Studies, and the Journal of Latin American Studies.

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