The American Political Science Association APSA Volume 8, No. 3 Comparative Democratization October 2010 In This Issue CD “Where Have We On the State and Prospects of Been, and Where Comparative Democratization Research Should We Go Dietrich Rueschemeyer Next?” Brown University 1 Editorial Board Note Michael Bernhard he last twenty years have seen great advances in identifying major 1 On the State and Prospects of causal factors that move forward or hinder democratization. Earlier Comparative Democratization work had offered–often under the influence of modernization Research Dietrich Rueschemeyer theory–a diffuse and multifaceted causal picture. Derived from classic 1 Comparative Democratization: T accounts of Europe’s transformation by the dual rise of capitalism and Advances in Quantitative Research the bureaucratic state, modernization theory responded after the Second World War to James A. Robinson decolonization and the spread of “new states.” It contented itself with pointing to a number 2 The Research Imperatives of Democracy Promotion of interrelated large developments rather than pinning down causal mechanisms and causal Thomas Carothers agents.1 2 The Historical Turn in Many of the recent studies converge in their view of the basic causal conditions. Advances Democratization Studies Giovanni Capoccia and Daniel and declines in democratization are primarily shaped by the balance of power among pro- Ziblatt and anti-democratic interests. If systems of inequality give overwhelming advantage to “the 19 Section News 1. Barbara Geddes, “What Do We Know about Democratization after Twenty Years?” Annual Review of Political Science 2 26 Conferences Calendar (1999): 115-44. 28 New Research (continued on page 3) 37 Editorial Committee
Comparative Democratization: From the Incoming Advances in Quantitative Research Editorial Board James A. Robinson e feel both somewhat Harvard University intimidated and he last decade has seen a striking efflorescence of the application stronglyW energized by the task the membership and section of quantitative methods and game theoretical models to the study leadership has entrusted of comparative democratization. A decade or so ago statistical us – to edit and produce work was focused on complex variants of the cross-national correlations substantive material for the T Lipset seminally emphasized in 1959. Though there were papers that newsletter of the Comparative asked many interesting questions, these methods revealed more or less the Democratization Section. same things Lipset had noted with a few minor innovations. Indeed, when asked to sum up After much discussion, we have settled on calling the what we knew about democratization 40 years later, Barbara Geddes focused squarely on the newsletter by the acronym fact that was central for Lipset -- high per-capita income was correlated with democracy. CD-APSA. We will continue Yet this empirical work was as yet uninfluenced by the “causality revolution” which hit to work with our friends at economics in the 1990s. This revolution introduced techniques for causal inference that the International Forum for are now quickly becoming standard in political science. Did the correlations of Lipset and Democratic Studies at the Geddes indicate that there is a causal relationship between income and democracy? National Endowment for (continued on page 8) (continued on page 3) Vol. 8, No. 3 Comparative Democratization Oct. 2010
Articles
The Research Imperatives of Democracy Promotion Thomas Carothers Carnegie Endowment for International Peace onsider three different meetings: (1) A group of Western diplomats and policy experts gather to review policy options relating to Iran. AfterC analyzing a series of technological issues regarding Iran’s possible acquisition of nuclear weapons, they turn to the political experts in the room and pose two urgent questions: given what those experts have learned in the past 20 years about authoritarian collapse and democratic transitions in other parts of the world, how likely is it that the current Iranian regime will collapse in the face of the Green Movement and what can be done by outside actors, including the United States government, to support the opposition without discrediting it? (2) A group of US policy makers, aid officials, private foundation representatives, and democracy activists meet in Washington to discuss strategy options for promoting democracy in Russia. They want to know why past efforts to promote democracy in Russia have fallen short, what Russia’s current democratic prospects are, and what new efforts should be undertaken to support democratic change there. (3) A newly appointed senior US foreign aid official walks into a room to meet with an assembled set of democracy promotion specialists. The purpose of the meeting is for him to learn more about the overall domain of democracy and governance assistance. His first question to the self-confident group of democracy mavens: what are the “big wins” on democracy relating to development? In other words, which investments in the democracy aid realm will produce the greatest gains on socio-economic development in the recipient countries? I have been in all three of these meetings during the past few months. They are a representative sample of the demands for research-based insight on democratization and democracy support that bubble up regularly from the policy world. The first two (continued on page 11)
The Historical Turn in Democratization Studies: A New Research Agenda for Europe and Beyond Giovanni Capoccia (below right), Oxford University Daniel Ziblatt (below left), Harvard University After lying dormant for over a decade, the study of Europe’s historical transition to democracy (1848- 1970s) is once again an active subject of research. Important controversies over historical cases of democratization have emerged, leading scholars to ask a range of questions such as: what prompted initial moves towards suffrage expansion beginning in nineteenth century Europe? What explains cross-country variation in the process of democratization after those initial openings? What explains the diverse patterns of regime outcomes in Europe between the First and Second World Wars where democracy appeared so fragile? And, what theoretical implications about the contemporary effects of electoral rules can be drawn from analyzing the electoral reforms that accompanied the rise of universal suffrage? Europe’s historical experience appears to offer a rich set of new problems and lessons for contemporary democratizers. The collective “return to history” reflects a growing appreciation among political scientists of the conclusions that can be drawn from the history of democratization and of the constraints imposed by history on the prospects of democratization. Furthermore, though history may not be a laboratory, it can help solve enduring problems of causality and endogeneity that plague standard ahistorical approaches.1 As a diverse range of scholars therefore turn to historical case studies to bolster and refine their propositions, and as methodological debates have emerged over how best to do social scientific historical research,
1. Abhijit Banerjee and. Lakshmi Iyer, “History, Institutions and Economic Performance,”American Economic Review, 95 (September 2005):1190-1213; and Jonathan Rodden, “Back to the Future? Endogenous Institutions and Comparative Politics,” in Mark Lichbach and Alan Zuckerman eds., Comparative Politics, 2nd ed., (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009). (continued on page 15)
2 Vol. 8, No. 3 Comparative Democratization Oct. 2010
Editors
From the Incoming Editorial Board, continued (continued from page 1) Democracy. We wish to express our thanks Daniel Ziblatt for their accomplishments as issues devoted to exploring to both Diego Abente and Melissa Aten- researchers of democratization and for their the tools we use to research Becnel for their continuing support of willingness to give up some of their time democratization. One will the section. They will serve respectively as this summer to share their thoughts on this be on the experimental the Executive and Managing Editors, and subject with us. turn in political science take responsibility for both the production and application to democratization, and the and distribution of the newsletter, thus Our next issue will be devoted to a other will be on conducting fieldwork under considerably simplifying our task. symposium on measuring democracy. authoritarian conditions. Several participants in APSA president We also wish to express our thanks to the Henry Brady’s Task Force on Democracy Our thanks would not be complete without section’s previous and current presidents, Audits and Governmental Indicators have mentioning the support that we have received Nancy Bermeo and Ashutosh Varshney. consented to share their thoughts with us, from our home institution, the University of They have charged us with providing including Gerardo Munck, Holli Semetko, Florida. Both our college and department you a selection of interesting and useful Pippa Norris, Zach Elkins, and Jan Teorell. have provided the resources to make this programming. Ashu has entrusted us with We express our thanks to Gerry for possible. We thus would like to thank our an initial two year term. Each issue will proposing this idea to us. Dean, Paul D’Anieri – a political scientist contain about 15,000 words of substantive who has written on democratization, and programming and will still include the We have been highly encouraged by the two successive chairs of the department, listing of events, publications, and news for response of the membership to our initial Steve Craig and Michael Martinez, for the which the newsletter is already indispensible. call for programming ideas. Between support they have provided. We add a second set of thanks to Melissa some topics we had been discussing among for this. ourselves and what you have proposed, we We look forward to working with you over have been able to plan out the full two the next two years and would appreciate The purpose of this issue is to mark our years of programming we have signed up feedback on how we are doing. And do debut with contributions from a stellar cast to produce. Thus we have two issues in please check out our new webpage at: www. of colleagues discussing what our section has the works with symposia on important ned.org/apsa-cd/Newsletter.html. accomplished intellectually and to suggest substantive topics – the study of democracy new paths for research. We tip our hats to on the sub-national level and the problem On behalf of the Editorial Committee, Dietrich Rueschemeyer, James Robinson, of building democracy in post-conflict Michael Bernhard Thomas Carothers, Giovanni Capoccia, and situations. We also have plans to publish two [email protected]
Rueschemeyer, continued (continued from page 1) perceptions and the costs of repression of investigation. These range from few” – as was the case in most large-scale and insurgence, and on changing power quantitative analyses of many countries agrarian countries of recorded history resources of the contending parties. based on rational-actor micro- – democracy is impossible. Significant Among the most important resources foundations,1 through large scale reductions of such extreme inequalities of power are the means of coercion, comparative historical work2 to focused open the chance for struggles about administrative efficiency, economic 1. Charles Boix, Democracy and Redistribution democratization. The outcomes of these capital and its mobility, cultural (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003). Daron Acemoglu and James A. Robinson, Economic struggles will be compromises reflecting hegemony, and the chances of collective Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy (Cambridge: the balance of power. Democratization organization. Cambridge University Press, 2006).. and its reversals will depend more 2. Dietrich Rueschemeyer, Evelyn Huber Stephens, specifically on changing constellations Yet the recent research comes in a and John D. Stephens, Capitalist Development and Democracy (Cambridge: Polity Press, and Chicago: of interest and advantage, on threat great variety of styles and methods Chicago University Press, 1992). Gregory Luebbert,
3 Vol. 8, No. 3 Comparative Democratization Oct. 2010
Rueschemeyer
historical reexaminations of European achievements of political science and as–against a background of what is democratization that are currently sociology during the last hundred years known and theoretically expected– underway, and to the late Charles are found not in full-fledged theories remarkable enough to give persuasive Tilly’s books on democracy,3 which but in theory frames such as Weber’s support for causal arguments based on take off from historical observations typology of bureaucratic, patrimonial, “process tracing” within a single case.8 as well as time sequences of Freedom and charismatic systems of rule. House assessments and offer intricate Rational actor models also constitute a • Fundamentally, both qualitative theoretical arguments. variety of theory frames.5 historical assessments and quantitative correlational explorations of causality The main concern of this essay is to • Subjecting a large number of cases carry a similar burden: the first have encourage mutual appreciation and to correlational analysis is a powerful to support that a causal argument learning among these methodologically tool for exploring causality. Not goes beyond mere factual sequences diverse efforts, which will help integrate infrequently, however, it is silently (avoiding the post hoc -propter hoc the substantive results, both of work taken as proving causal effects, which is fallacy), while the latter have to examine already done and of that still expected. problematic. Such quantitative analyses which causal mechanisms underlie a Given the similarity (or at least are also often less effective in matching given correlational pattern.9 compatibility) of important findings empirical evidence and theoretical and the commitment on all sides to conceptualization than comparable Rational choice-inspired quantitative realistic empirical assessments, that comparative historical research. analyses of large numbers of political seems an attainable goal. In preparation systems constitute a first set of the recent for a number of comments on recent • It is not well known that arguments publications on the main causal forces work, I begin with a few remarks on about sufficient and necessary causes driving or hindering democratization.10 what I consider some virtues as well require less numerous relevant instances At the center of their models are as some problems of different research for support. The work of Charles Ragin rational individual preferences for procedures. These brief remarks serve capitalizes on this fact in order to material welfare, aggregated as the mostly as reminders of well-known make a multifaceted causal analysis of collective interests of “the poor” and arguments rather than as attempts meaningful sets of cases possible.6 “the rich.” (This conceptual dualism is to persuade those who harbor one or in both works subsequently complicated another set of skeptical reservations. • The significance of the number by an abstract “middle”). The main of “cases” is subject to a good deal of factors they see as determinants of • Full-fledged theories as described in misunderstandings. What is decisive in constitutional outcomes include – in textbooks are extremely rare in social principle is the number of theoretically addition to these material bases – and political analysis. Whatever our relevant observations. These may be some that are intimately intertwined methodological choices, we typically sufficient within a single country, taken with varied historical constellations, have to be content with what I have as “a case;” thus, E. P. Thompson was above all political advantages and called “focused theory frames.”4 able to transform Marxian class theory disadvantages as well as assessments of Theory frames seek to assemble causal in his The Making of the English Working the inevitably open political future.11 and structural factors relevant for Class.7 clearly defined problems, but are not There are other important contributions able to specify their interrelations as • Theoretically relevant observations of rational choice-oriented work to well as the conditions and thresholds may be sufficiently numerous as well 8. Peter A. Hall, “Aligning Ontology and Methodology of their effects sufficiently to allow for 5. Terry M. Moe, “On the Scientific Status of Rational in Comparative Politics,” in James Mahoney and explanation and prediction. The major Models” American Journal of Political Science 23 Dietrich Rueschemeyer, eds., Comparative Historical (February 1979): 215-43. Analysis in the Social Sciences (Cambridge: Cambridge Liberalism, Fascism, and Social Democracy: Social Class 6. Charles C. Ragin, The Comparative Method: Moving University Press, 2003), 373-404. Alexander L. and the Political Origins of Regimes in Interwar Europe Beyond Qualitative and Quantitative Strategies George and Andrew Bennett, Case Studies and Theory (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991). Ruth Berins (Berkeley CA: University of California Press, 1987). Development in the Social Sciences (Cambridge, MA: Collier, Paths Toward Democracy: The Working Class and Charles C. Ragin, Fuzzy-Set Social Science (Chicago: MIT Press, 2005). Elites in Western Europe and South America (Cambridge: University of Chicago Press, 2000). For a recent use of 9. Note, for instance, that several recent works reject the Cambridge University Press, 1999). Fuzzy Set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA) interpretation of correlations between economic level 3. Charles Tilly, Contention and Democracy, 1650 - 2000 see Stephen K. Sanderson and Richard E. Niemeyer, and democracy as proving causation. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005). Charles “World Democratization, 1905-1995: A Cross-National 10. Boix 2003, Acemoglu and Robinson 2006. Tilly, Democracy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, Test of Modernization, Power Resource, and Diffusion 11. Thus Boix offers the following preliminary 2007). Theories” Unpublished Paper, (University of California, listing:“the extent of inequality, the degree of capital 4. Dietrich Rueschemeyer, Usable Theory: Analytic Riverside, 2010). mobility, the political resources of the classes or sectors Tools for Social and Political Research (Princeton: 7. E.P. Thompson. The Making of the English Working involved in the struggle …, and, in part, uncertainty of Princeton University Press, 2009). Class (New York: Random House, 1963). political conditions” (2003, 130).
4 Vol. 8, No. 3 Comparative Democratization Oct. 2010
Rueschemeyer the exploration of causal conditions of constitutional outcomes makes for explains advances of democratization democracy and democratization. One logical clarity. Certain arguments and breakdowns of democracy in forty- presents an interesting combination emerge in particularly sharp relief, odd countries. Many of the causal of rational action modeling and close for instance arguments on credible hypotheses employed were suggested by attention to the perceptions and commitments that make negotiation the theory frame; others were added. In interpretations of historical actors. and compromise feasible or on the end, the theory frame was in some Alexander develops a theoretical model institutions as powerful contexts for respects modified but largely affirmed. for democratic consolidation and shows steadying such commitments. Boix that such consolidation emerged in as well as Acemoglu and Robinson Comparative historical analyses are Western Europe when the political offer strong and plausible arguments not content with such ahistorical right realized that its interests were safe about the major factors shaping the characterizations of the main under democracy, safe enough to give chances of democratization and its contending groups as “the rich,” up on coercive means of repression.12 consolidation. But aggregating micro- “the poor,” and an equally abstracted models of motivation and behavior “middle.” They give greater attention to Another outstanding contribution is not unproblematic. And unless we historically shaped and cross-nationally builds on the work of Boix as well as can identify critical thresholds in the variable conditions and social Acemoglu and Robinson and examines factors identified, develop strong ideas formations that affect democratization the effect of the so-called “natural about what causes change in their and breakdowns of democracy. These resource curse.” Dunning employs interrelations, and are able to pin down determine the chances of “the many” formal modeling, large-scale statistical the views and predictions of historical to overcome their collective action work, comparative case analysis, and in- actors, we have a set of factors that problems; they decide whether pro- depth fieldwork and shows that natural are relevant for democratization and democratic or anti-democratic forces resource wealth can–due to specified its opposite but not propositions have a better chance to use existing underlying causal mechanisms–support that tell us with sufficient specificity forms of “civil society” as transmission either democracy or authoritarian when to expect successful repression, belts for their constitutional goals; they regimes.13 Distributional conflicts distributional concessions without foster or inhibit development of larger between elites and non-elites are central ceding political power, movements solidarities; they determine the specific to his analysis. toward democratization, and lasting delineations of such formations; and transitions to democracy. We have they give shape to the relations among A third contribution based on rational focused theory frames rather than full- classes and class fragments, predisposing action modeling explores one critical fledged theories of democratization. them for coalitions, remaining at a dimension of the quality of democratic distance, or rejection. They also shape rule–the sources of citizens’ information This is more easily acknowledged the differential access to, the support and knowledge. Ober, a major historian in comparative historical analyses. from, and the material advantages that of ancient Greece, uses a sophisticated In fact, Capitalist Development and different groups and class fragments can “thin” version of rational choice theory Democracy opens with a theory frame expect from the state. Such conditions to show how institutional arrangements that considers democracy as a matter of and constellations cannot be set aside as of Athenian democracy mobilized power, reflecting the balance of power negligible detail, because there is strong dispersed knowledge for local political in society, the balance of power between evidence that they are causally relevant participation.14 He is able to draw state and society, and the balance of for democratization and breakdowns of important conclusions for democratic international power as it affects the democracy. participation in complex modern country in question. The empowerment societies. of previously excluded groups– Furthermore, the motivational premises including importantly the working of “strong” rational action models, Building on rational choice micro- class–and decline in the power of centering exclusively on material gain foundations in large-scale explorations others forms the center of the analysis. and loss, may have to be supplemented of the main factors shaping Capitalist development increased the by the consideration of status and
12. Gerard Alexander, The Sources of Democratic chances of collective organization–the honor. There is a good deal of evidence Consolidation (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2002). single most important power resource that the latter can significantly shape 13. Thad Dunning, Crude Democracy: Natural Resource of “the many”—by industrialization collective preferences for democratic Wealth and Political Regimes (Cambridge: Cambridge and urbanization and, more broadly, “voice.” It seems that all the intertwined University Press, 2008). 14. Josiah Ober, Democracy and Knowledge: Innovation by changes in transportation and dimensions of Weber’s treatment and Learning in Classical Athens (Princeton: Princeton communication. And it weakened the of systemic inequality–class, status, University Press, 2008). power of large landlords. The book and power–must be given their due
5 Vol. 8, No. 3 Comparative Democratization Oct. 2010
Rueschemeyer
in analyzing the forces pushing for their work with critical examinations of uneven and greatly divergent results, democratization and its reverse. 15 the more plainly theoretical literature while the much slower rate of diffusion on democratization.16 at the end of the nineteenth and the Yet it bears emphasis that the beginning of the twentieth century fundamental conceptions of what Thomas Ertman has been engaged for was more often followed by successful drives democratization and its reverse a while in a project he called Taming democratization. He finds the main are very similar in these first two sets of the Leviathan: Building Democratic explanation for this double contrast recent studies, rational choice-inspired Nation-States in 19th and 20th Century in the larger role of parties and other quantitative research and comparative Western Europe. He examines over long politically relevant organizations: they historical work. Comparative historical time periods the effect political parties introduced more caution into the broad work just gives greater weight to the and voluntary associations have on process and were more often successful. complexities of class formation, of the chances of democratization and That each one of these reconsiderations historically shaped relations among of breakdowns of democracy in twelve of European democratization assigns a groups and classes, and of institutional European countries. Reviving concerns critical role to parties agrees remarkably structures as these emerge in of Eckstein, Lijphart, and Rokkan, he with the point that Rueschemeyer, comparative historical analysis. gives central place the interactions Stephens, and Stephens made in the among religious affiliation, party concluding revision of their theory The two approaches are also appeal, and associational patterns. frame: “political parties emerged as complementary. Inquiries into This explains, in his view, why a crucial mediating mechanism” and historically and institutionally grounded associational density was associated should be given a more distinctive role variations across countries that are with dramatically different results, in the conceptual model.18 relevant for democracy can benefit with fascism and National Socialism in from implicit and explicit modeling of Italy and Germany, but with persistent Finally, Charles Tilly has offered overriding factors. Weberian analyses democracy in eight other European shortly before his death two broad- have often shown us how constructing countries. He assigns a critical role to based theoretical explorations of a pure type on extreme assumptions strong conservative parties that engage democratization that stand somewhat can sharpen our understanding of a in open-ended electoral competition. apart from the other work considered more complex reality. In turn, there is here; but they may be interpreted as a a good chance that comparative work Daniel Ziblatt has designed an congenial framework for analytically on what seems at first just a moderate ambitious research project that oriented historical research. These books variation on a dominant theme ought pursues similar goals. He focuses build on a lifetime of work on states, to be included in any realistic theory closely on partial transitions toward contention, and inequality.19 Yet, they frame on democratization. With solid democracy in the broad phase of reflect a recent shift in Tilly’s research specification it may even bring a theory European democratization, comparing strategy from the comparative analysis frame a step closer to a fully developed especially developments in Britain of large-scale historical phenomena theory. and in Germany. Organized political to the search for specific causal parties help make democracy safe mechanisms. If repeatedly identified in The third set of studies within the for incumbent interests, reducing the different historical circumstances, these new push for explanatory analysis threat of democracy and turning the causal links can in varied combinations of democratization offers a similar emergence of democratic institutions account for more complex historical promise as the second. I have in mind into a more settled process. processes under study. several projects that explore more deeply the historical processes of Kurt Weyland has studied in a number He defines democratization as any democratization and its reversals in of published and unpublished papers “increase in conformity between Europe. Yet they are as concerned with the role of diffusion of constitutional state behavior and citizens’ expressed theoretically plausible explanation as change.17 The high incidence of demands” and avoids the conventional the other two approaches discussed so diffusion after the revolutions of the conceptualization of (procedural) far; in fact, two of these authors open nineteenth century went together with democracy in terms of free and
15. The following advice of Douglass North (1990, 111) 16. Thomas Ertman, “Democracy and Dictatorship in 18. Dietrich Rueschemeyer, Evelyn Huber Stephens, and John D. Stephens, Capitalist Development and Democracy seems germane: “There is nothing the matter with the Interwar Western Europe Revisited” World Politics 50 (Cambridge: Polity Press, and Chicago: Chicago University rational actor paradigm that could not be cured by a healthy (April 1998): 475-505. Daniel Ziblatt, “How did Europe Press, 1992), 287. awareness of the complexity of human motivation and the Democratize?” World Politics 58 (January 2006): 311-338. 19. Charles Tilly, Contention and Democracy, 1650 - 2000 problems that arise from information processing. Social 17. Kurt Weyland, “The Diffusion of Revolution: ‘1848’ (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005). Charles scientists would then understand not only why institutions in Europe and America” International Organization 63 Tilly, Democracy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, exist, but also how they influence outcomes.” (Summer 2007): 391-423. 2007).
6 Vol. 8, No. 3 Comparative Democratization Oct. 2010
Rueschemeyer comprehensive elections; responsiveness Processes of de-democratization the opposed constituencies. Clearly a of the government to electoral tend to be faster than democratizing refined rational action model writ large results; and civil rights, especially the changes. But both democratization and for broad collectivities simplifies things freedoms of speech and coalition. de-democratization often occur in the radically; but it may still be a useful Democratization is specified in same time periods. guide to the modal thrust of many different dimensions -- in civil liberties collective participants in struggles as well as in broad, equalized, and At the same time, Tilly takes one about democratization. binding consultation of the citizenry by position that challenges a fundamental the state. Tilly proposes three master assumption of the recent modeling While such centrally important hypotheses about transformations approaches. He is extremely skeptical disputes may remain open, all of leading to democratization: First the about the premise they imply, that the recent works discussed here can dissolution of restricted, non-public struggles about democratization are complement and stimulate each other. trust networks and their integration into shaped by clear and long-term collective Keeping them in dialogue holds the public politics; second, the insulation goals grounded in rationally assessed best promise for substantial advances of public politics from the features of information and expectations. This in our understanding of democracy and “durable inequality”; and third, the disagreement points to the complex democratization. reduction of varied autonomous power questions of agency and structure in centers outside or inside the state.20 explaining social and political change. I close with at least mentioning an Under each heading Tilly offers many Yet Tilly probably goes too far in emerging agenda that I could not specific and intriguing hypotheses. this skepticism. True, collective goals consider for reasons of space. If some will often be muddled because of democracies conventionally defined Two of Tilly’s master hypotheses lead complications in the self-organization leave quite a few things to be desired to further questions. The reduction of large collectivities, because of (note for example Thad Dunning’s of autonomous power centers and coalitions among collectivities with telling title Crude Democracy, 2008), the integration of trust networks divergent interests, because matters of it will be virtually impossible to into public politics may well not only status and honor may compete with avoid questions about the quality advance democratization; they may material interests in shaping collective of democracy when assessing also encourage fascist and totalitarian goals, and because of the inherent developments of democratization and politics. This possibility, articulated in difficulties of anticipating future de-democratization. In this discourse, the late Ralf Dahrendorf’s assessment opportunities and risks. However, large value judgments and assessments of post-war German democracy as collectivities, if strongly organized about how things work empirically are partially supported by transformations and coordinated, have through their inevitably intertwined. In my judgment, wrought during the Nazi-time, is just leadership longer time horizons than the solution is not to avoid value briefly acknowledged.21 What are the individuals and inchoate movements. positions but to differentiate them conditions that separate these outcomes Weyland’s analysis of contrasting sharply from factual assertions before from each other? patterns of diffusion in the last century offering composite diagnoses. and a half certainly points in this Tilly comes to empirical generalizations direction.22 Dietrich Rueschemeyer, Charles C. that largely agree with the tenets of Tillinghast Jr. Professor of International earlier theory frames; but they also Strongly organized collectivities are Studies Emeritus at Brown University, point to intriguing new patterns. likely to return again and again to coauthored with Evelyne Huber Among these claims are the following: similar interest constellations and Stephens and John Stephens Capitalist Democratization is best understood develop collective goals based on Development and Democracy (Chicago as a matter of conflict. It is often renewed assessments and insights. 1992). His most recent book is Usable the result of demands from below. After all, what is at stake are structured Theory: Analytic Tools for Social and inequalities in class, status, and power, Political Research (Princeton 2010). 20. Charles Tilly, Durable Inequality (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998). issues that affect in most complex 21. Ralf Dahrendorf, Society and Democracy in societies the central life interests of Germany (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1967). 22. Weyland, 2007.
7 Vol. 8, No. 3 Comparative Democratization Oct. 2010
Robinson
Robinson, continued (continued from page 1) These cross national correlations also though they were often explained as if literature on modernization that “the sat uncomfortably beside case-study they were about the dynamic behavior of data used refer to a set of countries at a evidence of which often denied the a country, turned out to be driven simply single point in time, while the postulated usefulness or applicability of modernization by the fact that between countries there is relationship refers to changes over a theory, instead emphasizing rather a positive correlation between income per- period of time in each of the countries ... different issues.1 Moreover, formal theory capita and measures of democracy. Within The attempt to substitute ‘horizontal’ data had yet to be applied to any aspect of the countries, however, there is no tendency referring to many countries ... for this democratization literature. There was no for a country to become more democratic ‘longitudinal data’ and still say something formal model of the link between income as its income per-capita increases (as it about causal, time-spanning processes and democracy. In some sense this is modernizes). Previous studies had not within each unit [is a] fallacy.”6 surprising since Dahl presented a seminal identified this because they pooled all of and parsimonious analytical approach the historical with the cross-national data Przeworski et al. object to O’Donnell’s to democratization based on a trade-off without distinguishing between what was study of how increasing per capita income between the “costs of toleration” and the true across nations, and what was true within in Argentina induced a coup on the “costs of repression.”2 Yet these penetrating a nation over time. These findings equally grounds that he “studied a country that insights were not developed. apply to the purportedly dynamic results turns out to be a distant outlier.”7 In fact of the influential study of Przeworski and this recent empirical work shows that Since then there has been a lot of research Limongi.5 It turns out that, for instance, the the patterns isolated by O’Donnell in on both the empirical and theoretical fronts. negative correlation between income per- the Southern Cone of Latin America are On the statistical side this involved the first capita and the propensity of a democracy actually consistent with data from both application of basic techniques of causal to experience a coup, is driven solely by the the postwar era and indeed throughout the inference using post World War II data. This between variation. In the post war data, 20th century. first meant focusing attention on the over- if the income per-capita of a democracy time variation within a country (the ‘within increases over time there is no tendency for On the formal theory front there has been variation’) rather than the cross-national the probability it will experience a coup to rapid progress not only in developing variation (the ‘between variation’) that fall. some workhorse game theoretic models of had dominated previous research. It also democratization and coups, such as those involved the use of instrumental variables These new findings suggest that there is proposed by Acemoglu and Robinson, techniques and the search for “exogenous probably no causal relationship between but also in extending these models into variation” in democracy.3 The first findings per-capita income and democracy. new areas, challenging them and rapidly from this work challenge the view that there Most likely, the positive cross-national introducing new issues.8 Though this is a causal relationship between income correlation between income and democracy literature is still in its infancy it is already per-capita and democracy.4 Existing results, is caused by the fact that factors which tend 6. Guillermo O’Donnell, Modernization and Bureaucratic Authoritarianism: Studies in South 1. See for example, Guillermo O’Donnell and to make a society prosperous also tend to American Politics (Berkeley: University of California Philippe C. Schmitter, Transitions from Authoritarian make it more democratic. These results Press, 1973). Rule: Southern Europe; Comparative Perspectives; 7. Adam Przeworski, Michael Alvarez, José A. Tentative Conclusions About Uncertain Democracies would not have surprised the many scholars Cheibub, and Fernando Limongi, Democracy and (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986). in comparative politics who long criticized Development: Political Institutions and material 2. Robert Dahl, Polyarchy: Participation and the notion of modernization. Indeed, they well-being in the world, 1950-1990 (Cambridge Opposition (New Haven: Yale University Press, University Press, New York NY., 2000): 99. 1972). support the claim of O’Donnell who noted 8. Daron Acemoglu and James A. Robinson, “Why 3. On some of the methodological issues see: Thad in his discussion of the existing empirical did the West Extend the Franchise?” Quarterly Dunning, “Improving Causal Inference: Strengths Journal of Economics 115 (2000): 1167-1199; and and Limitations of Natural Experiments,” Political James A. Robinson and Pierre Yared, “Reevaluating Daron Acemoglu and James A. Robinson, “A Theory Research Quarterly 61(June 2008): 282-293. the Modernization Hypothesis,” Journal of Monetary of Political Transitions,” American Economic Review 4. Daron Acemoglu, Simon Johnson, James Economics 56 (2009): 1043-1058. 91 (2001): 938-963; and Daron Acemoglu and James A. Robinson and Pierre Yared, “Income and 5. Adam Przeworski and Fernando Limongi, A. Robinson, Economic Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy,” American Economic Review 98 (2008): “Modernization: Theory and Facts,” World Politics Democracy (New York: Cambridge University Press, 808-842; and Daron Acemoglu, Simon Johnson, 49(1997): 155-183. 2006).
8 Vol. 8, No. 3 Comparative Democratization Oct. 2010
Robinson connecting with canonical theoretical and and the military as a perfect agent of the the nature of democratic consolidation.17 empirical work in comparative politics and elite. Though this assumption allowed for Though their specific taxonomy is probably these interactions hold much promise for theoretical progress, it obviously ignored not very useful (for instance categories the future. the fact that the military frequently such as bureaucratic authoritarian and becomes an autonomous actor. Introducing totalitarian regimes) and they do not offer An excellent illustration of the power of this into the framework clearly increases its a parsimonious theory of path dependence, these new methods to clarify theoretical explanatory power. many of the ideas they advanced seem very issues can be seen in the recent book of important and interesting. Thad Dunning.9 Prior to his work there There is now a quite rich formal theory were two views on the impact of oil on literature on precisely this topic (and An example of the fruitful interplay democratization. Terry Karl, using case an important older comparative politics between formal and empirical work can study work on Venezuela, argued that oil literature on this topic which is now being be seen in Chacón’s thesis.18 He revisited helped consolidate democracy because, rediscovered). The questions of when and the first chapter of Dahl’s Polyarchy in in essence, it gave democratic politicians why the military gets involved in politics which he argued that democracy is more resources to satisfy their constituents also illustrate the way that the empirical likely to consolidate when there has without having to raise taxes from potential and theoretical literatures interact. Until been contestation between elites prior anti-democrats.10 In contravention, Ross, the work of Geddes no attention had been to democratization. Chacón shows in a using cross-national statistical analyses, paid by quantitative scholars to different dynamic game theoretic model that if elite showed a robust negative correlation types of authoritarian regimes, except factions compete prior to the advent of between measures of oil wealth and to the extent that they were more or less mass democracy then they are less inclined democracy.11 democratic, as measured by the Polity or to oppose it. This is because they have Freedom House scales.13 Geddes made sunken costs in learning how to compete, Dunning developed a basic dynamic game a distinction between military and civilian making democracy less threatening. He theoretic model of democratization and dictatorships and showed that military also presents cross-national empirical coups and showed that both mechanisms dictatorships were more likely to collapse. evidence that shows that a greater degrees were present.12 The preponderant effect in This finding, which appears to be robust,14 of competition under authoritarianism a particular country depends on which part then stimulated more intense study of how promotes democracy. of the ‘parameter space’ it is in, i.e. on the to classify authoritarian regimes,15 as well value of other variables. Both Karl and Ross as theoretical work on the motivations for Rather than using a taxonomy of were right but in different contexts. Notably military interventions in politics.16 authoritarian regimes, Chacón relies Dunning argued that higher inequality on single characteristic – the degree intensified the mechanism identified by Work using formal theory is now also to which a regime is competitive. A Karl and he provided evidence of this in connecting with the more traditional taxonomic approach may be useful if many a panel of Latin American countries by comparative politics literature. Dunning’s characteristics covary justifying the sorting interacting inequality with measures of oil work on oil is a good example of this. of countries into a series of different “bins.” wealth. Also the work on different types of The question of which sort of approach is authoritarianism noted above is pertinent ultimately more useful is an empirical issue To illustrate the new areas into which to Linz and Stepan’s arguments about how with a lot of work yet to be done. theoretical work is moving, consider the the type of authoritarian regime influences recent literature on the role of the military 13. Barbara Geddes, Paradiogms and Sand Castles (Ann Along with the work on the military, this in politics. Acemoglu and Robinson’s earlier Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2003). work formalizing Dahl’s ideas is part of a work conceived of the elite and citizenry as 14. See Alexandre Debs, “Living by the Sword and growing interest by political scientists on Dying by the Sword’ Leadership Transitions in and out the basic antagonists in political conflict of Dictatorships,” Unpublished, (Department of Political how dictatorships work and how they stay 9. Thad Dunning, Crude Democracy (New York: Cambridge Science, Yale University, 2010). 17. Juan J. Linz and Alfred Stepan, Problems of Democratic University Press, 2007). 15. Jennifer Gandhi, Political Institutions under Dictatorship Transition and Consolidation (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins 10. Terry L. Karl, The Paradox of Plenty: Oil Booms and (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008). University Press, 1996). Petro States (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997). 16. Debs (2010); Daron Acemoglu, Davide Ticchi and 18. Mario Chacón, “A Theory of Competitive Authoritarian 11. Michael L. Ross, “Does Oil Hinder Democracy?” World Andrea Vindigni, “A Theory of Military Dictatorships,” Institutions and Democratic Transition,” Unpublished Politics 53 (2001): 325-361. American Economic Journal: Macreconomics (forthcoming, PhD Dissertation, (Department of Political Science, Yale 12. See footnote 10. 2010). University, 2010).
9 Vol. 8, No. 3 Comparative Democratization Oct. 2010
Robinson
in power, a topic which fell into relative macro-political outcomes, such as the Acemoglu and Robinson conceptualized neglect in the heady days of studying extent of democracy. The fruitfulness of political conflict as being between elites and democratic transitions. In studying these pursuing Thompson’s insights shows that citizens.22 In practice, the elite are associated issues political scientists using formal formal theorists can benefit from the work with the rich and the citizens with the theory are again able to learn from the of qualitative scholars who have studied poor. Though this association generated a larger literature on comparative politics. the processes of democratization and lot of insights, it is nevertheless obvious However, I expect a lot of feedback here, democratic consolidation that political conflicts are much more in the sense that formal theory will raise heterogeneous than this. In Sierra Leone, questions that can only be answered by Moreover, the cross-national literature was for example, the main axis of conflict is not doing new case study work. never very well designed to test behavioral between poor and rich but between the hypotheses about democratization and north and the south, both identified with All in all then there has been substantial coups. An important innovation has been particular ethnic groups, Loko, Temne and theoretical, empirical and conceptual made by Aidt and Franck in a paper Limba in the North, Mende in the South. progress in the last decade. In the next that uses roll call votes from the British As Acemoglu and Robinson pointed out, decade, there are several areas of research parliament to test hypotheses about what once conflict is structured on ethnic lines, that hold out promise. Empirically, it drove the First Reform Act in 1832.21 the comparative statics of the model tend seems unlikely to me that people will Though, such an empirical strategy has to to become ambiguous.23 For example, this continue running regressions of measures confront tricky inferential issues such as may occur with respect to inequality (this is of democracy on any variable they can the extent to which legislators vote along another potential reason for why it is hard think of on the right hand side. The work party lines, this is an important paper and to find a connection between inequality will need to become more sophisticated. there is much work to be done with similar and democratization in the cross-national The recent work by Acemoglu, Johnson, empirical strategies. data). Leaving inequality aside, there is Robinson and Yared on the limitations of a lot of work to be done in making the modernization theory suggests that we need Finally, as Dunning’s work suggests, underlying structure of conflicts richer by to formulate subtler hypotheses about what we need to frame hypotheses which are incorporating such notions as identity and forces in society jointly shape economic conditional on different contexts. Though ethnicity. This will generate models that and political development.19 This work looking at the average effects of inequality are more useful in different environments confirms insights drawn from the work of on democracy may be of interest, it is far and have the potential to generate new E.P. Thompson who claimed that the key more likely that the effects of inequality will and interesting results. At the moment innovation of the Glorious Revolution in be conditional on other variables. That these I think it is still an open question as to Britain in 1688 was the cementing of a conditional effects are important may be how to apply the techniques proposed by notion of the rule of law which particularly one of the reasons why it is actually difficult Acemoglu and Robinson in the types of limited the power of elites.20 The rule of to estimate robust effects of the impact of political environments studied by Lindberg law clearly influences economic incentives, many variables, particularly inequality, on and other scholars of African politics, i.e. but it also influences the dynamics of democracy. There is important theoretical patrimonial systems where behavior is political regimes since it plausibly makes work of this nature to be done, including conditioned by de facto rules rather than de authoritarianism less attractive for elites quite a bit of inductive work to understand jure institutions.24 while at the same time making democracy what the stylized facts of a given situation less threatening. More generally, our may be. Standard empirical methods are up A second area of great potential is empirical work suggests research on the to the task of testing such new hypotheses. further investigation of the way in which fine-grained nature of political, social, authoritarian regimes work. Though it and economic institutions can influence There are many theoretical directions that seems obvious that the movement from
19. Daron Acemoglu, Simon Johnson, James A. Robinson this research could take, but let me identify an authoritarian regime to a democracy and Pierre Yared, “Income and Democracy,” American two areas that I think are important. represents a significant redistribution of Economic Review 98 (2008): 808-842; and Daron Acemoglu, political power in society, it turns out to be Simon Johnson, James A. Robinson and Pierre Yared, 21. Toke S. Aidt and Rafael Franck, “How to Get the “Reevaluating the Modernization Hypothesis,” Journal of Snowball Rolling and Extend the Franchise: Voting 22. See footnote 9. Monetary Economics 56 (2009): 1043-1058. on the Great Reform Act of 1833,” Unpublished 23. Acemoglu and Robinson, 2006, Chapter 4, Section 4. 20. Edward P. Thompson, Whigs and Hunters: The Origin of (Department of Economics, University of 24. Staffan Lindberg, Democracy and Elections in Africa the Black Act (London: Allen Lane, 1975). Cambridge, UK., 2008). (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006).
10 Vol. 8, No. 3 Comparative Democratization Oct. 2010
Robinson much harder than anyone anticipated to with democracy.26 In a sense this literature only important to understand empirical specify exactly how this manifests itself in relates to the issue of why particular puzzles like these, but also to understand terms of policy. This issue was first raised instruments are used to redistribute income. theoretically how this influences our by a provocative paper by Gil, Mulligan For example, while the second Reform conceptions of what happens in different and Sala-i-Martin who argue that there Act of 1867 in Britain may not have led political regimes and how this influences is no observable cross-sectional difference to large increases in taxes to redistribute the derived preferences of agents about between the public policies of democracies income, it did lead to large changes in labor different regimes. and authoritarian regimes.25 Since then market institutions, such as the abolition work by Aidt and Jensen and Stasavage of the Masters and Servants Acts, which James Robinson is the David Florence Professor and Shreve has found some more puzzling clearly did redistribute income. It is not of Government at Harvard University and a facts, for example about the timing of when 26. Toke S. Aidt and Peter S. Jensen, “The Taxman faculty associate at the Weatherhead Center for particular taxes were introduced historically Tools Up: An Event History Study of the Introduction International Affairs. of the Personal Income Tax, 1815-1938,” Journal and the extent to which this was correlated of Public Economics 93 (2009): 160-175, and 25. Ricard Gil, Casey Mulligan and Xaver Sala- David Stasavage and Kenneth Sheve, “Democracy, i-Matin, “Do Democracies Have Different Public War, and Wealth: Evidence from Two Centuries of Policies than Nondemoracies?” Journal of Economic Inheritance,” Unpulished (Department of Political Perspectives 18(2004): 51-74. Science, Yale University, 2010).
Carothers, continued (continued from page 2) meetings raised questions both about light of research about successful and the domain of scholarly research on comparative political trajectories and unsuccessful electoral revolutions—with comparative democratization appears in a choices relating to democracy support some insights available about the conditions somewhat faint but basically positive light. policies and programs. The third added the under which such revolutions succeed It does supply considerable expertise on the issue of links between democracy aid and or fail and what types of outside support political paths of many specific countries socio-economic development. were most significant in contributing to and regions while identifying important them. At least some light was shed on constituent elements and patterns of From none of these three meetings did the Russia’s apparent political exceptionalism democratization. The exploration in this policy officials come away fully satisfied. based on research on differing forms of decade of hybrid regimes, for example, On Iran, they did not hear a clear consensus competitive authoritarianism, the methods has been a useful partner to the efforts on the prospects for regime survival. such regimes use to check externally- by democracy policy makers and aid Nor did they hear consensus about how sponsored democracy promotion, and the practitioners to get away from simplistic much outsiders could or should do to potentialities of local level democratic dualistic categorizations or continuums. help the Iranian opposition. On Russia, initiatives. And although the broad considerable uncertainty prevailed about question of what forms of democracy In spite of this there is need and room the likely future of the current political support best advance socio-economic for much more input with regard to issues system and no big new idea on democracy development remained resistant to simple of comparative democratization. Some promotion emerged to galvanize the room. answer, the democracy mavens offered responsibility for the relatively narrow On aid and development, no clear, broad- some insights about constituent parts of communication channel lies with policy gauged research findings were offered that the puzzle, such as the effects of governance makers and aid practitioners, who too often would lend themselves to the formulation gains on policymaking, the wider value of stay inside their own policy community of headline-style policy directives. elections, the ties between strengthened cocoon and do not make the effort to seek local level civil society development and out useful research. At the same time, Yet, in all three gatherings, some better government performance. certain basic habits in the academic domain accumulated learning surfaced; the also contribute: the tendency to frame conversations were not barren. The Viewed from the perspective of the research questions based on inward looking situation in Iran was analyzed in the Washington foreign policy community, scholarly debates rather than practical
11 Vol. 8, No. 3 Comparative Democratization Oct. 2010
Carothers
imperatives of the policy world, the lack There remains significant room for best or sometimes simply wrong. of concerted efforts by most researchers to scholarly research in almost every area of feed the results of their research directly to democracy support. The disproportion One such current fashion is the idea that the policy community rather than relying between the amount of democracy aid “the China model” is exerting a strong pull on conventional scholarly channels of being disbursed and the amount of well- in the developing world, undercutting the dissemination, and the continued pattern grounded knowledge about how well it attraction of democracy. This proposition, of writings that both in length and prose actually works and how it can be improved repeated frequently in policy circles as a style are aimed more at fellow researchers remains startlingly large. To highlight defining feature of the new context for than policy makers. just one such area, programs to strengthen democracy work, rests on little evidence to national legislatures in developing bolster it or flesh it out beyond at most some In contrast to work on the more “pure” issues countries have mushroomed in the past scattered anecdotes. It may well be true to of comparative democratization, scholarly decade. Yet the available knowledge about some degree, but how much? It cries out research on the applied policy areas of how legislatures develop over time and for some focused research. What elements democracy aid and democracy promotion what external assistance to legislatures of the rather complex, multifaceted more generally has been slower to develop, accomplishes in practice remains quite Chinese development experience are though it has increased in quantity and modest. The same could be said for aid to other countries seeking to emulate? What quality in this past decade. Such work strengthen independent media, political forms does this emulation take in actual remains often a weak sibling in the parties, labor unions, police, civil-military practice beyond convenient invocations of comparative democratization domain for relations, business communities, domestic the China model by authoritarian leaders the basic reason that the questions at issue election monitoring, judicial independence, looking to justify their repressive habits? A appear to many scholars as too specific or and a host of other areas. similarly fashionable idea about the state of too instrumental (e.g. what forms of outside global democracy that would benefit from support best contribute to helping electoral Still rather than attempt here to elaborate some careful research is the commonly commissions become more independent a specific proposed research agenda for heard argument that the global economic or how effective are efforts to improve scholars of comparative democratization crisis is doing or will do widespread gender balance in political parties?). Also interested in contributing to the policy damage to democracy around the world. hampering the development of work in domain, I wish instead to highlight certain Is that proving true? Are there important this domain is the fact that information problematic patterns of thought that are regional differences? Is it affecting specific about aid programs and specific democracy chronic in the democracy policy circles, governments or actually leading to deeper policies is elusive, with much of such patterns that call out for incisive, challenging changes in political systems? information available only through well- research as a necessary corrective. targeted, extensive interviews. The problem Magic bullets: A second pattern of of attribution is also daunting—even when Simplistic zeitgeists: The first such problematic thinking is the tendency of the it is possible to learn what democracy pattern, the most obvious and ubiquitous, aid community to embrace magic bullets at support efforts have consisted of and to is the tendency of the democracy support periodic intervals. Every few years some gain some idea of their impact, sorting community every half decade or so to area of assistance rises up rather suddenly out their place among the differing factors embrace a loose set of ideas about new as the hot new thing and comes to be seen causing political change remains difficult. trends in the state of global democracy as as the key to successful democratization The surge of recent attention to rigorous the defining zeitgeist of the international support. Since the early 1990s a series of impact evaluations based on double blind context for democracy support. Employing magic bullets have held sway at one time empirical testing represents an interesting this zeitgeist as a foundation, new policy or another—civil society development, advance but is highly labor intensive and is frameworks are built. Yet these defining ideas decentralization, anti-corruption, the rule suited to only certain kinds of policy and typically derive from loose impressions and of law, and others. Currently, the broad and aid interventions.1 guesses rather than systematic deductions often in fact somewhat amorphous concept or empirical research. They usually sound of accountability makes donor heads nod 1. Devra Moehler, “Democracy, Governance, and persuasive and thus command attention, approvingly as a crucial focus for both Randomized Development Assistance,” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science even fascination in the policy community. political and socio-economic assistance. If 628 (March 2010): 30 – 46. Still they are often only partially correct at only governments in developing countries
12 Vol. 8, No. 3 Comparative Democratization Oct. 2010
Carothers
can establish real accountability, one hears lack of awareness on the part of much of courts can be slow, and politicized. And all over, a raft of other political and socio- the donor community in Kenya about the so forth. Yet, implicitly or explicitly, the economic problems will be solved. These significant possibility of violence following democracy policy community holds to the magic bullets surge unpredictably, not the 2007 elections was striking. It caused belief that something basic, relating both always as a result of any identifiable spark, serious recriminations within some foreign to quality and likely durability of political attracting a rush of aid flows for some time ministries and aid agencies about how such systems, divides their political systems before losing their special luster and fading a blind spot could have occurred. In terms from those on the other side, i.e. in the from view. Well-targeted research is very of countries that are somewhat neglected on countries where they carry out democracy useful in helping keep magic bullets at least the US policy screen, relative to its size and promotion policies and programs. This somewhat in check and keeping donors from political significance, Indonesia receives division is a foundation for the belief of going too far down one road at the expense noticeably little scrutiny in the Washington democracy support practitioners that they of others. Critical research on the concept policy community, especially considering have a right of sorts to be trying to help of civil society development and the limited that it is an important recent case of foster democracy in other places, as well the results of much civil society assistance for relatively successful democratization, and knowledge of how to do so.4 example helped usefully temper the civil in a Muslim society to boot. Even Brazil, society romanticism that swept through the despite being much closer to Washington This outlook misses the fact that the line democracy aid community in the second than Indonesia and much more directly between “the established democracies” and half of the 1990s.2 Such research needs intertwined with US policy, is something “the new democracies” has been effaced to move adroitly to get ahead of the curve, of a blind spot in the democracy policy in important ways in recent years. The seizing quickly on magic bullets just as they community. degeneration of political parties in Italy start to emerge in order to produce research over the last 20 years leaves the country findings that can affect the arc of the magic Us and them: Another problematic with a party system afflicted with the bullets’ rise and fall. pattern of thinking within the democracy same negative features as party systems in policy domain is the persistence of “us and many struggling democracies. US election Blind spots: A third troublesome pattern them” thinking about democratization— administration is eclipsed in quality by of policy work which points to research seeing a major analytic and practical divide that of various new democracies. Former needs is the tendency of blind spots to between the state of democracy in “the communist countries in Southeastern develop in the eyes of policy makers. established democracies” and “the new Europe that have been hectored for years Given the diversity and complexity of democracies.” This latter category serves by European Commission officials about the international landscape, and the fact as an analytically shaky, overly capacious unacceptable levels of corruption look at that crises and fashionable issues attract basket holding a wide range of political Greece and wonder why they have been disproportionate amounts of attention, systems, including many countries with singled out for criticism. The proportion some important issues and places inevitably prior experience with democracy before of women in the US Congress is lower receive less attention than they deserve. prolonged periods of non-democratic rule than the average proportion of women in The rising pattern of electoral conflict in (such as Chile, Poland, and Indonesia), African legislatures.5 Low voter turnout the past decade for example, with violence semiauthoritarian countries with some in local elections is as much a problem erupting in unexpected places such as democratic forms (such as Morocco or in many parts of Europe as in Africa. Mongolia, Armenia, and Kenya, and many Ethiopia), and actual new democracies, Innovations in both national and local elections in other countries being rejected such as Mongolia and Ukraine. US (and level governance in different parts of South by losing groups, merits greater attention sometimes European) policy makers America are as effective and pathbreaking than it has received.3 More specifically, the and aid practitioners will, when pushed, 4. Freedom House took a useful step in this direction with its examination of freedom in the United States. 2. For one example of such work see Omar G. acknowledge that democracy in their own See Arch Puddington, Jason Kelly, Thomas Melia. Encarnación, The Myth of Civil Society: Social country has flaws too. Yes, our elections Today’s American: How Free? (Lanham: Rowman Capital and Democratic Consolidation in Spain and and Littlefield Publishers, 2008). Brazil (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003). are sometimes marred by administrative 5. Inter-Parliamentary Union. “Women in National 3. For a useful look at the recent pattern of close shortcomings. Our political parties suffer Parliaments.” 2010. Available at
13 Vol. 8, No. 3 Comparative Democratization Oct. 2010
Carothers
as anything comparable in Europe and the away from the sorts of teleological thinking on clan structures in parts of Central Asia, United States. that infected the democracy promotion for example, has helped open up an area of community in its earlier years. They have social organization that does not fit into It is not enough for US and other Western accepted, they would say, the fact that many the conventional democracy aid template, officials talking to counterparts in the Third Wave countries are not heading yet is fundamental to understanding developing and postcommunist worlds toward democratic consolidation but rather and engaging with political life in those about democratization to smile with false have wandered off the transition continuum societies.7 Through such illumination the modesty and note, that “of course we have into a grey zone of political heterogeneity. inclination toward democratic naturalism democratic shortcomings as well.” They And they are willing to accept the idea can be replaced with a more accurate view need to move fully beyond the conceit that a democratic recession is occurring of disparate political realities. that their political systems are qualitatively rather than the continued spread of global different than those of many countries in democracy. In short, demand from policy makers and other parts of the world and adjust their aid practitioners for research insight on own expectations, attitudes, and approaches Nevertheless the inclination toward democratization and democracy support to democracy promotion accordingly. democratic naturalism persists. Consider exists, and is in fact stronger than many for example rule-of-law assistance. Only scholars probably realize. Many important The scholarly domain can help alter this now after 25 years of rule of law assistance areas of policy practice are poorly grounded problematic outlook by getting more fully in the developing world, and still only in the most basic knowledge of what past its tendency in recent decades to treat partially, are rule-of-law programs starting works and what does not and what the the study of democratization as a field to work seriously with the traditional underlying problems and issues really are. apart from the study of democracy in “the institutions of justice that exist in many The democracy policy community feels established democracies.” Missing have non-Western societies, such as village level heavy pressure to demonstrate to the wider been studies that challenge the continuation dispute resolution methods in Africa. Such policy community and to politicians who of this divide in both practitioners’ minds institutions have long seemed obscure oversee funding precisely such a solid by highlighting the important number of and marginal to Western rule-of-law aid grounding. Moreover, a powerful set of similarities of conditions and problems providers prone to start at ministries of problematic patterns of thinking within across the divide and spotlighting areas justice, even though informal institutions the democracy policy community—toward where new democracies do better than are in some societies much more germane superficial zeitgeists about the state of many established democracies.6 to the provision of justice for ordinary global democracy, the embrace of magic citizens than the formalized, Western-style bullets, persistent blind spots, clinging to Democratic naturalism: A final institutions. If one stops to think about “us and them” views of the global political problematic cognitive habit in the it, it is remarkable that the traditional landscape, and a continued inclination to democracy community that would benefit institutions were not the starting point of believe in democratic naturalism—render from research attention is the engrained external efforts to grasp and help bolster the need for better ties between scholarly inclination toward what might be called the provision of justice in these societies research and policy practice not just “democratic naturalism,” that is to say, the rather than an area of inquiry taken up only advisable but imperative. tendency to see Western-style political after decades of work. institutions as natural and to view non- Thomas Carothers, vice president for studies at Western ones as unnatural. Of course, Thoughtful research can help loosen the the Carnegie Endowment for International Western democracy promoters would deny various strands of false naturalism that Peace, has written extensively on democracy the charge that they think in this way. They tend to tie practitioners into knots. It assistance and worked in an advisory role with are quick to argue that they have moved can illuminate non-Western political many organizations engaged in democracy aid.
6. A valuable contribution in this spirit is Desmond King, forms and processes to help Western aid Robert Lieberman, Gretchen Ritter, Laurence Whitehead, practitioners understand better what they Democratization in America: A Comparative-Historical are ignoring and how they might grapple 7. See for example Kathleen Collins. Clan Politics Analysis (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2009). and Regime Transition in Central Asia (Cambridge: with them. Research over the last decade Cambridge University Press, 2006).
14 Vol. 8, No. 3 Comparative Democratization Oct. 2010
Capoccia & Ziblatt
Capoccia and Ziblatt, continued
(continued from page 2) it is time to ask: how is historically- “backwards.”7 Rather than looking minded comparative analysis of While the long-run development of at outcomes at a single moment in democratization most effectively done?2 democracy is of interest, the long time and their relationship with their run itself is composed of a chain of contemporaneous correlates to “explain” The approach advocated in this essay episodes of institutional change that democratization, or retrospectively builds on the core insights of the deserve closer scrutiny in their own explain contemporary variations, it classical literature on the development right. The focus on these episodes, is better to go back to investigate of political regimes in Europe.3 It their causes, and their consequences, the foundational moments when shares the commitment of these works results in an approach that is more democratic institutions were actually to historical sensitivity as well as their attuned to capturing the causal created, and undertake a thorough methodological orientation towards complexity of institutional creation — analysis of the ideologies, resources, comparative historical analysis. It often overlooked in the highly-stylized and institutional legacies shaping the is, however, time to rethink the models of democratization adopted in choices of actors involved in the process predominant temporalities of their recent literature — and the impact of of institution-building. This approach analysis of European democratization, democratic institutions, once created, on uses contemporary social science as well as their main units of analysis. future political outcomes.6 This move techniques to test theories rigorously This new approach should build on highlights key empirical regularities but with an eye to the knotty set of the idea (first proposed in Almond, that would otherwise be simply factors associated with the creation Flanagan, and Mundt) that history overlooked and lays the foundations of institutions and their successive does not always move smoothly from for generating empirically robust causal endurance. period to period but instead moves via propositions. Although ambiguities crises, or sharply punctuated episodes of and complexities of democratization 2. Second, but not only in the change that have lasting consequences.4 cannot be easily ignored if the goal is European context, democratization In the latter respect, the creation, to produce a compelling account of it, is often a protracted and punctuated reform and development of democratic the correct response to this complexity “one institution-at-a-time” process institutions, rather than whole regimes, is certainly not to abandon the pursuit in which the institutional building should be the focus. Thus, to study the of empirical generalization. Instead, blocks of democracy emerged emergence of democratic regimes in we propose an empirical strategy that “asynchronically.”8 In this view, light of this “historical turn” means, we offers a tractable way of addressing democracy is metaphorically best seen argue, that the analyst must “go back” these issues systematically while as a “collage” rather than a canvas: to analyze systematically the historical providing the building blocks of a even in cases generally interpreted episodes in which democratic institutions richer but still parsimonious theoretical as wholesale regime transitions, the were created or substantially reshaped.5 account. This approach to the study of complex institutional configuration of 2. Jared Diamond and James Robinson, eds. Natural democratization can be summarized in democracies rarely emerges all at once.9 Experiments of History (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard five interrelated propositions. On the contrary, different institutions University Press, 2010); and Marcus Kreuzer, “Historical Knowledge and Quantitative Analysis: often emerge at different times, the Case of PR Adoption in Early Democracies,” 1. First, we propose the adoption often for different reasons. Thus, it American Political Science Review (May 2010) : 369-392. of an explicitly historical approach is important to narrow our analytic 3. Barrington Moore, The Social Origins of to causality. Following both classical 7. See e.g. Marc Bloch, The Historian’s Craft (New Democracy and Dictatorship (Boston: Beacon Press, analyses and recent insights in the York: Knopf., 1954 [1949]); Paul Pierson, Politics in 1966); Gregory Luebbert, Liberalism, Fascism, and Time (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2004). Social Democracy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, institutionalist literature, history 8. Daniel Ziblatt “How did Europe Democratize?” 1991). should be read “forward” and not World Politics 58 (January 2006): 311-338. 4. Gabriel Almond Scott C. Flanagan, and Robert J. 9. Nancy Bermeo, “Interests, Inequality and Illusion Mundt, Crisis, Choices and Change (Boston: Little, possible but narrowly failed. See Capoccia and in the Choice for Fair Elections,” Comparative Brown, 1973). Ziblatt, ibid. 943-944. Political Studies, 43 (August/September 2010): 5. This includes the cases in which reform was 6. Capoccia and Ziblatt, passim. 1119-1147.
15 Vol. 8, No. 3 Comparative Democratization Oct. 2010
Capoccia & Ziblatt
look from the whole regime to a more among other things, that conflicts helps us rethink how democracies are detailed analysis of the emergence of over democratic institutions do not created and develop over the long- the discrete democratic institutions occur “sealed-off” from each other, run. Democratization is a long-term that together define the content of merely reflecting domestic conditions process that can usefully be thought political regimes.10 at the time: instead, past experiences of as a chain of big and small events, of successful or failed democratization not always moving unidirectionally 3. Since democracy as a whole (from other countries as well as within towards “full” democracy. In Europe, protractedly emerges one institution- the same country) arm democracy’s democratic institutions developed over at-a-time, a powerful research strategy opponents and proponents with the long-run at discrete but decisive in the study of democratization is to competing causal narratives or “lessons” moments, the most significant of which reconstruct the political fault lines from the past, thus significantly shaping were the transformational events that structuring democratization by the their behavior. characterized the famous “turning analysis of key episodes of institutional points” of 1848, 1918, 1945, and 1989.13 change. This strategy has several 4. Fourth, by adopting this A periodization scheme that exclusively advantages. To begin with, it allows an distinctive approach, it is possible relied on such well-known “switch accurate reconstruction of what actors to move beyond a singular emphasis points” would however be potentially were actually fighting about, turning the on class or socio-economic variables misleading. Indeed, if the analytical researcher’s attention to new variables as the drivers of democratization to focus is shifted from the whole regime that were previously overlooked, and instead highlight that multiple lines to single democratic institutions, bringing the politics of institutional of conflict motivate and shape actors “smaller” episodes of democratization change more directly and explicitly into participating in the crucial bargains or then sit at the center of analysis as the study of democratic development.11 struggles that give rise to democratic potentially important critical junctures Furthermore, it allows a more nuanced institutions. When one “goes back and for specific institutions, leaving appreciation of the inducements and looks” at the conflicts that shape the open the possibility that democratic constraints shaping political agency at creation of democratic institutions, reforms may stall or become subject these key moments.12 Finally, it shows, religious, ethnic and ideological to retrenchment. These junctures are 10. To those who insist that after singular threshold moments divisions generally play an important often crucial to causal accounts of the of democratic “transition,” (e.g. post 1989), “democracy” is achieved wholesale, we note the growing practice of role alongside socio-economic factors rise of democracy as a whole: friction combining elections with authoritarianism despite the — and often they are the crucial or complementarity between different presence of democratic constitutions (e.g. Steven Levitsky and Lucan Way “The Rise of Competitive Authoritarianism,” determinants. If these factors have institutional arenas, or the different Journal of Democracy 13, no. 2 (April 2002): 51-65; not “been there” in previous studies of timing in their development, may have and Daniel Ziblatt “Shaping Democratic Practice and the European democratization, it is because important consequences for democracy Causes of Electoral Fraud: The Case of Nineteenth Century Germany” American Political Science Review 103 (January we have not looked closely enough. In as such, generating different types 2009): 1-21.). It is thus crucial to focus on single democratic this respect, it is necessary to start re- of democracy and different levels of institutions and the long-run development of democratic 14 regimes. While some recent cases such as the post-1989 thinking the autonomous role played by regime stability. east European democratic transitions might be viewed as political parties as key actors in shaping instances “wholesale changes,” some accounts do emphasize democracy’s emergence during crucial * * * how important democratic institutions continue to be object of piecemeal reforms even after the “transition” has formally episodes. Often, theories of how and concluded. See Jon Elster, Claus Offe, and Ulrich Preuss, why parties behave when it comes to The approach outlined above offers Institutional Design in Postcommunist Societies: Rebuilding the Ship at Sea (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, democratization are simply theories of methodological guidance to analyses 1998). See also Bermeo, ibid. social class and interest redeployed to of democratization inspired by the 11. James Mahoney and Kathleen Thelen, eds. Explaining explain party behavior. “historical turn”, and it provides us Institutional Change (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010). an alternative way of thinking about 12. Giovanni Capoccia and Daniel Kelemen “The Study of 5. Finally, recasting the study of 13. William Sewell, “Three Temporalities: Toward an Critical Junctures: Theory, Narrative and Counterfactuals Eventful Sociology,” in Terrence. Macdonald, ed. The in Historical Institutionalism,” World Politics 59 (April democratization in terms of episodes Historical Turn in the Human Sciences (Ann Arbor: The 2007): 341-369; Stephen Skowronek and Matthew Glassman in which democratic institutions University of Michigan Press, 1996): 245-278. “Introduction,” in Stephen Skowronek and Matthew emerged historically and were reformed 14. Karen Orren and Stephen Skowronek, The Search for Glassman eds., Formative Acts: American Politics in the American Political Development (Cambridge: Cambridge Making (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2007): 1-12. UP, 2004).
16 Vol. 8, No. 3 Comparative Democratization Oct. 2010
Capoccia & Ziblatt
how democracy emerged. But does it Second, a major theme that emerges too explains the actions of political generate useful and original insights from this approach is the role of ideas actors. into why stable democracies emerged in and ideational transfer in molding Europe in the way they did? In a recent democratic institutions, in interaction Generally speaking, the social issue of Comparative Political Studies with the existing institutional and constituencies of European political (August/September 2010) that we co- structural conditions. Approaches parties do not always neatly overlap edited, three major themes that suggest focusing on the power of material with economically-defined social a major rethinking of traditional ways interests to explain the emergence of groups. In several European party of approaching the subject of European democratic institutions generally assume systems, for example, both the “left” democratization were highlighted. that individual or collective actors, if and the “right” are represented by similarly placed vis-à-vis the market, multiple parties, a circumstance that First, rather than an exclusive focus on have similar preferences over which has historically opened up manifold socioeconomic drivers of democratic institutional arrangements best foster possibilities for strategic coalitions change, recent scholarship suggests their “objectively defined” material over specific institutional reforms that the importance of non-class factors, interests. With few exceptions, earlier do not just replicate class divisions. including above all religion, church- accounts of European democratization Moreover, European political parties state conflict, and ethnicity as key have treated cases and episodes of have historically proved quite flexible dynamics shaping democratization democratization as if they were largely and proactive in reshaping their social in Europe and elsewhere.15 When sealed off from each other. By contrast, constituencies to adapt to social change. focusing on episodes rather than this new research emphasizes that in As a consequence, party ideologies, sweeping trajectories, it becomes the European context, in struggles over conflicts and alliances within and important to reconstruct as accurately the reform of democratic institutions, between parties, and the relationship of as possible the ways in which key ideas generally play an important parties with interest groups are likely political actors interpreted their world role through dynamics of spatial and to generate independent incentives for and how such interpretations impacted temporal diffusion, which are often institutional reform that are at least as their decision-making. Hence, in crucial in shaping what is perceived as important as those deriving directly addition to socioeconomic divisions, our desirable and feasible.17 from socio-economic divisions in the attention turns to the types of factors electorate. beyond class that Stein Rokkan long Third, the historical turn highlights the ago identified as crucial for European largely underappreciated autonomous Parties, therefore, are crucial actors political development: religion and role that political parties play as crucial whose autonomous impact on ethnic divisions.16 But by focusing on actors on the democratization stage. A democratic outcomes needs to be episodes, we make the full range of focus on episodes shows that decision- examined more closely. First, party Rokkan’s insights more empirically makers are constrained and enabled ideology might be crucial in aggregating tractable, and make clear how factors to an important extent by the logic of the potentially contrasting “material” such as ethnicity and religion might within- and between-party competition interests of socio-economic groups; be activated along with socioeconomic and coalitions, rather than exclusively even in the case of class parties, their divisions in moments of political by the influence of social classes or ideological set-up can define class conflict over democratic institutions. income groups. And yet, our theories of interests differently.18 Second, the democratization to date remain largely political influence of different groups theories that explain the preferences does not mechanically reflect their 15. Andrew Gould, Origins of Liberal Dominance (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1999); Stathis Kalyvas, and strategies of social classes and structural position in the economy. For The Rise of Christian Democracy in Europe (Ithaca: Cornell interests, with the assumption that this example, while intra-party conflicts University Press, 1996); Jason Wittenberg, Crucibles of Political Loyalty (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 17. Kurt Weyland, “The Diffusion of Regime Contention over an institutional reform may at 2006); and Jeffrey Kopstein and Jason Wittenberg, “Beyond in European Democratization, 1830-1940,” Comparative times be due to divisions within a party’s Dictatorship and Democracy,” Comparative Political Studies Political Studies 43, (August/September 2010): 1148-1176; 43 (August/September 2010): 1089-1118. and Zachary Elkins, “Diffusion and the Constitutionalization 18. Stephen Hanson, “The Founding of the French Third 16. Stein Rokkan, Citizens, Elections, Parties (Oslo: of Europe,” Comparative Political Studies 43, (August/ Republic,” Comparative Political Studies, 43 (August/ Universitetsforlaget, 1970). September 2010): 969-999. September 2010): 1023-1058.
17 Vol. 8, No. 3 Comparative Democratization Oct. 2010
Capoccia & Ziblatt
constituency along socio-economic which the often interrelated conflicts links these episodes together into long- lines, very often the promotion of new over party ideology, the pursuit of run patterns? Analyses of institutional institutional reforms may be due to the power within party organizations, the change in political economies have strategic pursuit of power by a faction dynamics of competition within party started to develop fully this insight.23 within a party.19 In such circumstances, systems, and the interface of parties In the study of democratization, rather than intra-party splits reflecting and their supporting interest groups the outcomes of earlier episodes social divisions, it is faction leaders shape the struggle over democratic of institutional change constitute who mobilize different identities institutions. important antecedents of later political within the party’s electorate to pursue struggles, empowering certain political their power strategy, and legitimize it In conclusion, the historical turn we actors, disadvantaging others, and by appealing to electors.20 Third, in advocated here suggests the contours providing important narratives to both most cases when parties or intra-party of a wide-ranging research agenda not along the way. factions negotiate and clash over the only for studying Europe’s past, but reform of democratic institutions, they also for making sense of the difficult, More broadly, despite its normative also negotiate and clash about their incomplete and often protracted coherence, these insights suggest power relations with one another in process by which democratic political democracy is more often the result the context of the broader party system. institutions are created today, and of “crooked lines” than of linear and In this context, democratic outcomes often remain vulnerable to dynamics sweeping changes.24 Democratization may be determined by the short-term of competitive authoritarianism, in Europe was neither the inexorable electoral and power prospects of these or democratic backsliding.22 outgrowth of economic modernization, actors, more than their willingness This approach conceptualizes nor the “best fit” for a newly dominant to cater to the long-term interests of democratization as an inherently long- socio-economic class. Rather, it was socio-economic constituencies. Fourth run chain of linked episodes of struggles the result of intense domestic conflicts and finally, parties’ relationships with and negotiations over institutional along different lines of cleavage, was interest groups may also have an change. It is often in these ex post characterized by setbacks and cases in autonomous influence on democratic less visible moments that the political which democratic reforms were “near reforms, as they do on parties’ stances institutions of democracy are created misses,” and was shaped by transnational on all issues.21 For example, when and reshaped. This conceptualization impulses, intellectual exchanges, and a narrow interest group (e.g. clergy, has two main consequences for future momentous events that had an impact landowners, industrialists, etc.) gains research. On the one hand, a focus on that traveled across national boundaries key leverage within a single political episodes of struggle over institutional in a fashion that we often myopically party, its impact on democratic change should supplement the imagine is distinctive to our own age. outcomes for a country as a whole can normally dominant concerns about Furthermore, political parties were not be magnified out of proportion to their either single “transition” thresholds, or simple intermediaries between social position in the economy. broad trajectories of democratization pressures and institutional outcomes, spanning several centuries. We propose but “prime movers” of democratization For these reasons, future research on here a potentially powerful research itself. By challenging conventional European democratization would strategy to allow scholars to test and images of democratization, this approach benefit from moving away from a nearly generate competing explanations “on will not only contribute to a more exclusive focus on how socio-economic the ground” in key moments of decision, nuanced and accurate understanding conflict broadly construed translates where broad macro-factors “play of European democratization, but also into politics to also consider the way in themselves out” in tandem with more provide a research strategy for coming 19. Angelo Panebianco, Political Parties: conjunctural determinants. On the to empirical terms with this core feature Organization and Power, (Cambridge: Cambridge other hand, scholars need to ask: what 23. Peter Hall, “Historical Institutionalism in University Press, 1988). Rationalist and Sociological Perspective,” in James 20. Kanchan Chandra, Why Ethnic Parties Succeed 22. Larry Diamond, The Spirit of Democracy Mahoney and Kathleen Thelen eds., Explaining (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007). (New York: Times Books, 2008) ; and Steven Institutional Change (Cambridge: Cambridge 21. David Karol, Party Position Change in American Levitsky and Lucan Way “The Rise of Competitive University Press, 2010) : 204-223. Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, Authoritarianism,” Journal of Democracy 13 (April 24. Geoff Eley, A Crooked Line (Ann Arbor: 2009). 2002): 51-65. University of Michigan Press, 2005).
18 Vol. 8, No. 3 Comparative Democratization Oct. 2010
Capoccia & Ziblatt
of our political reality, both in the past Harvard’s Center for European Studies. the analysis of political institutions. or in the present. Daniel Ziblatt is Paul Sack Associate Giovanni Capoccia is professor of Professor of Political Economy in the comparative politics at the University of department of government at Harvard Oxford. His research interests focus on University and a faculty associate of democratization, European politics and
Section News 2011 APSA Annual Meeting: Melani thanked everyone for support of the section on democratization much like the Cammett (Brown University), our section’s and attendance of the meeting. Comparative Politics newsletter APSA- program chair for the 2011 annual meeting, CP has done in the field of comparative will soon begin reviewing all the paper and OLD BUSINESS politics, among other things being assigned panel proposals submitted by the December New Officers: The Chair welcomes in graduate seminars. 15 deadline. We look forward to learning incoming officers, Dan Slater as Vice-Chair of her decisions next spring, and to seeing and Henry Hale as Secretary, and thanks Treasurer’s Report: Treasurer Juliet many of you at the 2011 meeting in San outgoing Vice-Chair Leslie Anderson and Johnson reports that the state of the Francisco. Secretary Jose Antonio Cheibub for their section is strong. She notes that after outstanding service. He also thanks Melissa budgeted expenditures, the section will Report on the 2010 APSA Meeting: The Aten-Becnel for organizing the election. have about $2000 left over that can be used Comparative Democratization Section for supporting graduate students or other sponsored or cosponsored twenty-eight Newsletter: Varshney thanks Michael purposes that might be discussed. She panels at the 2010 APSA annual meeting in Bernhard for agreeing to serve as editor thanks the NED for contributing to the Washington, D.C. For a listing, visit www. of a newly fortified newsletter that will section’s reception. apsanet.org/mtgs/program_2010/division. now include substantive articles on cfm?division=D044. Papers presented at democratization. Membership Report: The Chair reports the meeting are available here. that section membership is robust, the 7th Bernhard then speaks, noting that he largest APSA section (the Comparative The Section’s annual business meeting and is managing the effort together with a Politics section is the largest). He pledges reception were held on Thursday evening, team of collaborators at the University to continue to campaign for new members. September 2. Highlights of the meeting of Florida and that the relationship with included the installation of new officers; the National Endowment for Democracy Other Matters: The Chair conveys a the awarding of prizes for the Juan Linz will continue. The first issue will address question from Scott Mainwaring, chair Prize for Best Dissertation in Comparative the question of “where we have been and of the CD Section’s Best Paper Award Study of Democracy, and for the best book, where we are going” over the last 20–30 committee, on whether this committee article, field work, and paper presented years. The second issue will focus on issues should in the future restrict the award to at last year’s convention. For complete related to measuring democracy. Other papers formally sponsored by the CD details see the minutes prepared by section ideas for future issues that have been voiced section as was done following previous Secretary Henry Hale of The George include sub-national democracy, post- practice this year, or whether it should Washington University. conflict democracy, the experimental turn widen the award’s scope to include any in research, and fieldwork under adverse paper on comparative democratization. Minutes of the Annual Business Meeting, conditions. The Chair reports that Mainwaring, who September 2, 2010: could not attend the meeting due to flight Welcome to the Meeting: Section Chair Varshney notes that the idea is that delays, is in favor of expanding the scope Ashutosh Varshney (Brown University) this will shape scholarly discussion of the award. The motion meets general
19 Vol. 8, No. 3 Comparative Democratization Oct. 2010
Section News
agreement, with no one voicing opposition. Winners: focuses on a comparison of plurality and The Chair, hearing concurrence with the Agustina Giraudy’s dissertation breaks proportional representation (PR) systems, proposal, says he will instruct next year’s with the traditional focus of democracy following scholars such as Lijphart and committee to change the norm. studies on national level developments Horowitz in asking which of these systems and tackles the question, What impact do best addresses the challenges of multiethnic Varshney opens a discussion of how to use democratic national authorities have on democracy. Beginning with a series of the $2000 that the Treasurer reported was sub-national democratization? Giraudy models that generate hypotheses about available and proposes that it might be used addresses this question in the context of the effects of rule change on ethnic party to bring more graduate students into the Mexico and Argentina using a variety formation and ethnic voting under different section. This is supported by many in the of methods and comparisons. The two assumptions about ethnic demography and room. countries are compared; a quantitative geographic configurations of party support, analysis of Mexico’s 32 states and Liaras tracks the effects of institutional Larry Diamond announces that Henry Argentina’s 24 provinces is conducted change in Turkey, Sri Lanka, N. Ireland, and Tom, who as editorial director of Johns using a new subnational dataset; and a Guyana -- the universe of states that have Hopkins University Press has probably qualitative comparison of two Mexican introduced more proportional electoral published more on democracy than any states and of two Argentine provinces, systems as a way to mitigate longstanding other editorial director of a major press, has relying on extensive fieldwork and communal conflict. He finds that in these stepped down. Diamond requests that the numerous interviews, is carried out. The cases, theories predicting that greater CD section acknowledge his role, perhaps results validate the turn to subnational level proportionality will produce more cross- in a letter of commendation. Marc Plattner analysis and are discouraging: national-level ethnic voting or cooperation-promoting seconds, and the Chair promises to write democratization is not always associated patterns of party fragmentation do not pan such a letter. with subnational-level democratization. out. In many critical respects, voting and Rather, democratic national authorities party patterns have remained constant The Chair thanks Melissa Aten-Becnel, frequently have both an incentive to shore despite attempts at electoral engineering Diego Abente, and the NED for their up nondemocratic subnational authorities meant to change them. The analysis precious contributions to the section. —inasmuch as these actors can assist in the is based on a reconstruction of voting building of political coalitions—and the patterns at the level of constituencies and NEW BUSINESS means to extract their support—a variety of districts over time, as well as on archival Section Awards: fiscal and partisan instruments. Moreover, and interview research in each of the four Juan Linz Dissertation Award: Agustina nondemocratic subnational authorities countries. Liaras concludes that other Giraudy “Subnational Undemocratic have the capacity to resist efforts of institutional factors, such as citizenship Regime Continuity After Democratization: national authorities to transform politics at restrictions (in Sri Lanka), and more Argentina and Mexico in Comparative the subnational level. This is an ambitious diffuse political factors, such as the majority Perspective” (UNC Chapel Hill) and dissertation that breathes new air into the group's willingness to engage minorities Evangelos (Evan) Liaras “Ballot Box and study of democratization and that makes and on what terms (in Turkey), seem to Tinderbox: Can Electoral Engineering an exemplary use of the multiple methods play preponderant roles in shaping the Save Multiethnic Democracy?” (MIT) that are available to students of comparative outcomes of interest. The electoral system were the cowinners of the 2010 Juan Linz politics. It also has important implications itself is not the decisive factor. As Roger Dissertation Award. for public policy, raising questions about Peterson wrote, Evan's dissertation "has the wisdom of the standard call for greater the potential to truly change the way both This year’s award committee included decentralization of power. political scientists and policymakers think Catherine Boone (University of Texas, about the role of electoral institutions and Austin) (chair), Gerardo Luis Munck Evangelos Liaras's dissertation addresses the chances of mitigating conflict through (University of Southern California), and one of the central issues in Political Science: institutional design. Daniel Ziblatt (Harvard University) How can we design institutions, specifically electoral institutions, to dampen ethnic Best Book Award: Zachary Elkins Committee’s Remarks on the Award conflict and promote democracy? He (University of Texas, Austin), Tom Ginsburg
20 Vol. 8, No. 3 Comparative Democratization Oct. 2010
Section News
(University of Chicago), and James Melton Crackdowns, and Quiescence: Communal powerful role that emotive appeals to (IMT Institute for Advanced Studies) won Elites and Democratic Mobilization in nationalist and religious solidarities play be the Best Book Award for their work Southeast Asia” by Dan Slater American in driving mass urban protest. The piece on The Endurance of National Constitutions Journal of Sociology ( July 2009) won the is masterful in its analysis and critique of (Cambridge University Press). 2010 Best Article Award. prior literature on the role of social forces in democratization. Its presentation of a This year’s award committee members This year’s award committee members cultural analysis of contentious politics is included Anna Grzymala-Busse (Chair) included Evan S. Lieberman (Chair) insightful and an important correction to (University of Michigan), Jacques Bertrand (Princeton University), Eva Bellin (Hunter excessive focus on class actors and material (University of Toronto), and Thad Dunning College), and Steven Levitsky (Harvard factors in driving democratization. The (Yale University). University). piece is notable for its ambition to identify the way history systematically structures Committee’s Remarks on the Award Committee’s Remarks on the Award elite “autonomy and salience” – the keys Winner: Winner: to mobilizing religious and nationalist The Endurance of National Constitutions asks Daniel Ziblatt’s “Shaping Democratic opposition to authoritarian regimes. a critical puzzle in the study of democratic Practice and the Causes of Electoral Fraud” Overall, “Revolution, Crackdowns, and institutions and democratization: why do makes new and important contributions Quiesence” is outstanding for its theoretical some constitutions persist, while others fail on both the empirical and the theoretical ambition, its elegant presentation, as well as to survive? The authors offer a compelling fronts. The article employs an innovative its historical grounding in the Southeast new explanation that focuses on the empirical strategy to demonstrate the Asian context. specificity, inclusiveness, and flexibility causal link between inequality and of constitutional design. The dataset is electoral fraud in Imperial Germany Best Field Work Award: Alejandra particularly impressive, based on the (1871-1912). Ziblatt’s use of original data Armesto (University of Notre Dame) collection of constitutional texts stretching to demonstrate a statistical relationship won the Best Field Work Award for her back more than 200 years. It provides a rich between land inequality and the incidence dissertation on “Territorial Control and comparative assessment of the longevity of of fraud is itself a major contribution. In Particularistic Spending on Local Public constitutions, their scope and specificity, as particular, the committee found that the Goods.” well as trends in constitutional innovations. article’s strength lies in its exploration of The manipulation and presentation of this causal mechanisms, and its demonstration Award committee members included data offer an unprecedented insight into that local elite capture of state electoral Melani Cammett (chair) (Brown the nature of constitutions over time. By administration, rather than traditional or University), Fotini Christia (Massachusetts emphasizing the importance of design “private” landlord control over peasants, Institute of Technology), and Alexandra over environmental factors, the book was the primary source of fraud. More Scacco (Columbia University). convincingly shows that constitutions have broadly, the article shows that conservative qualities and durability that survive and elites may defend their interests not only by Committee’s Remarks on the Award sometimes shape institutional change. This avoiding or overthrowing democracy, but Winner: is a work of real scope and ambition, and it also via a range of practices within a context The committee is delighted to announce that blazes important new trails as it (explicitly) of formal democratic rule. the recipient of the 2010 Best Dissertation leaves some important questions for future Fieldwork Award is Maria Alejandra theoretical and empirical work. In “Revolution, Crackdowns, and Armesto (Ph.D., University of Notre Dame, Quiesence” Dan Slater highlights the 2010). Her innovative dissertation, titled Best Article Award: Daniel Ziblatt’s importance of non-material factors in “Territorial Control and Particularistic (Harvard University) “Shaping Democratic mobilizing the high-risk collective action Spending on Local Public Goods in Practice and the Causes of Electoral that is often key to spelling the collapse Argentina and Mexico,” interrogates the Fraud: The Case of Nineteenth-Century of authoritarian regimes. Employing political logic of allocating local public Germany” American Political Science comparative historical analysis in seven goods in four Argentine provinces and four Review (February 2009) and Dan Slater’s Southeast Asian countries, “Revolution, Mexican states. The central finding is that (University of Chicago) “Revolutions, Crackdowns, and Quiescence” traces the governors provide different kinds of public
21 Vol. 8, No. 3 Comparative Democratization Oct. 2010
Section News
goods, which vary according to whether Armesto’s dissertation generates important to contribute substantive essays that enact they are distributed to single households insights about the politics of public goods the kind of “historic turn” that they have in in specific communities or to areas that provision. For example, her work suggests mind – as has now come to fruition in a the cut across diverse communities, to different that different public goods may be used by August-September 2010 special issue of regions. Governors base their decisions on the same political actors in different ways, Comparative Political Studies. Specifically, their expected political gains and losses in implying that a focus on a single good Capoccia and Ziblatt challenge their particular electoral districts, taking into can bias inferences about the behavior readers and their contributors to rethink account whether mayors are loyal or in the of government officials and agencies. the centrality of class in democratization opposition and whether they are weak or An interesting and nuanced argument processes, to recognize patterns of ideational strong. Where a public good is contained combined with a rigorous set of empirical diffusion and “iconic events” that influence within a given community, the governor tests – both of her own argument and of the demand for democracy, and to consider can use her discretionary power to decide alternative explanations in the literature the uneven and episodic character of regime whether to grant or withhold the good; in – make Armesto’s dissertation richly change in historical time. Perhaps most areas where the good crosses boundaries, deserving of the best fieldwork prize excitingly, the authors draw provocative governors cannot prevent local mayors of the APSA section on Comparative parallels between the unevenness of from claiming credit for some of the good. Democratization. democratic development in 19th-century European cases and the evolution of diverse The committee was impressed by the Best Paper Award: Giovanni Capoccia “hybrid regimes” in the wake of the Third sheer breadth and depth of the empirical (Oxford University) and Daniel Ziblatt Wave. Anyone hoping to theorize the evidence that Armesto gathered to support (Harvard University) won the Best Paper world’s First Wave of democratization in her findings. Armesto collected data on a Award for their work on “The Historic light of the Third Wave, or vice versa, will wide range of outcome variables, including Turn in Democratization Studies: A New both need to engage Capoccia and Ziblatt’s seven local public goods whose provision Research Program and Evidence from essay, and benefit from doing so. Since are the responsibility of Mexican states Europe.” this essay more than any other struck the and Argentine provinces. This in itself is a committee members as a “must-read” and significant contribution given that even the This year’s award committee included “must-assign” contribution in the years best studies of clientelism often lack external Scott Mainwaring (chair) (University of to come, we unanimously agreed that it validity because they tend to highlight only Notre Dame), Henry Hale (The George deserved the distinction of Best Paper. one form of particularistic spending at a Washington University), and Dan Slater time. In addition to her comprehensive (University of Chicago). NEWS FROM MEMBERS dataset on spending on local public goods, Holger Albrecht, assistant professor of Armesto conducted an original survey Committee’s Remarks on the Award political science, American University in of subnational legislators (n = 164), in- Winner: Cairo, edited Contentious Politics in the depth interviews (n = approximately 150), The award committee is pleased to Middle East: Political Opposition under and gathered supplementary evidence award the Best Paper in Comparative Authoritarianism (University of Florida from relevant archival sources such as Democratization to “The Historic Turn Press, 2010), in which contributors government reports and newspapers. in Democratization Studies: A New examine how civil society and oppositional Armesto’s thorough data collection efforts Research Program and Evidence from forces emerge and are manifested in are complemented by careful attention to Europe,” by Giovanni Capoccia and Daniel nondemocratic states across the Middle case selection: She selected research sites Ziblatt. This manuscript impressively and East. The essays offer a comparative in a way that permitted variation on key thoughtfully lays the groundwork for a perspective and “demonstrate that not all variables central to rival explanations and genuinely new research agenda on one of opposition forces propose the overthrow of on her own main predictors of interest. Her comparative politics’ oldest research topics: authority and point out the various forms dissertation chapters describe this variation European democratization. Beyond merely opposition takes in societies that leave little systematically and in a way that was helpful identifying or proposing such a new agenda, room for political activism. for readers not familiar with her Latin Capoccia and Ziblatt have used their essay American cases. as an occasion and opportunity to gather Michele Penner Angrist, associate a number of leading scholars in the field professor of political science, Union
22 Vol. 8, No. 3 Comparative Democratization Oct. 2010
Section News
College, published an edited volume on Posusney also published “Labor Standards volume that evaluates the degree to Politics & Society in the Contemporary and Labor Flexibility in the Middle East: which developments during the Zapatero Middle East (Lynne Rienner Press, 2010) Freer Trade and Freer Unions” in the government (2004-8) amount to a second that includes eight thematic chapters Summer 2010 Studies in Comparative transition that alters or revisits policies, that introduce the subject and explore the International Development, in which the institutional arrangements and political region-wide dynamics of governments and authors examine “how two, potentially strategies that were established during oppositions, international politics, political opposing trends—pressure to adhere Spain’s transition to democracy in the mid economy, civil society, religion and politics, to international labor standards and 1970s. It includes chapters on domestic and identity politics, and gender and family movement toward greater labor market foreign policy developments; party politics; issues. Case studies covered in the volume flexibility—have affected labor market unions and immigration; territorial politics; include Algeria, Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Israel, characteristics in the Middle East.” and the legislative dynamics of the minority Jordan, Kuwait, the Palestinian Authority, government. Saudi Arabia, Syria, Turkey, and the UAE. Roman David, lecturer in politics in the school of geography, politics, and Agustina Giraduy, who received her PhD Mayling Birney recently joined the sociology, Newcastle University, published in political science at the University of London School of Economic as a U.K. “Transitions to Clean Government: North Carolina at Chapel Hill, published Lecturer (associate professor) in the Amnesty as Anticorruption Measure” in “The Politics of Subnational Undemocratic department of international development. the September 2010 Australian Journal Regime Reproduction in Argentina and She also holds affiliations with the LSE of Political Science, in which he views Mexico” in a special issue of the Journal of government department and Asia research “transition to clean government as a Politics in Latin America on “Subnational centre. conceptual parallel to democratization Authoritarianism and Democratization in and anti-corruption measures as instances Latin America.” Dexter Boniface, associate professor of of transitional justice.” He argues that political science and Weddell Chair of the “measures that lead to clean government Mihaiela R. Gugiu, assistant professor Americas, Rollins College, and Ilan Alon differ from measures that contribute to of political science, Central Michigan published “Is Hong Kong Democratizing” its maintenance” and that “amnesty may University, published “The Politics of in the July/August 2010 Asian Survey. The play a crucial role in establishing clean Corruption: Political Will and the Rule authors argue that the transition to Chinese government, if it inspires a change in of Law in Post-Communist Romania” in authority has not undermined democratic political culture.” the September 2010 Journal of Communist governance in Hong Kong and that voice Studies and Transition Politics, in which she and accountability have improved since the John P. Entelis, professor of political analyzes the impact of the European Union handover and conclude with a discussion of science and director of the Middle East pressure, electoral pressure, and domestic the implications of their findings for China, Studies program, Fordham University, leadership on the political will to combat Taiwan, and cross-strait relations. contributed a chapter on the “Republic of corruption in the Romanian judiciary. Tunisia” to The Government and Politics of Melani Cammett, associate professor of the Middle East and North Africa, edited Mary Alice Haddad, assistant professor political science, Brown University, and by David E. Long, Bernard Reich, and of government, Wesleyan University, Sukriti Issar published “Bricks and Mortar Mark Gasiorowski (Westview Press, published “A New State-in-Society Clientelism: The Political Geography of 2010). His book review of Beyond Terror Approach to Democratization with Welfare in Lebanon” in the July 2010 and Martyrdom: The Future of the Middle Examples from Japan” in the October 2010 World Politics. The authors compare the East also appeared in the March 2010 Democratization, in which she examines welfare programs of the predominantly International History Review. how “an undemocratic country create[s] Sunni Muslim Future Movement and the democratic institutions and transform[s] Shiite Muslim Hezbollah in Lebanon to Bonnie N. Field, assistant professor its polity in such a way that democratic determine how such organizations serve the of global studies, Bentley University, values and practices become integral parts social welfare of “out-group” communities. published Spain’s ‘Second Transition’? The of its political culture” by using Japan as a Socialist Government of José Luis Rodríguez case study. Ms. Cammett and Marsha Pripstein Zapatero (Routledge, 2010), an edited Ms. Haddad will also be a US-Japan
23 Vol. 8, No. 3 Comparative Democratization Oct. 2010
Section News
Network for the Future Fellow for the issues surrounding “managed relocation,” published “Are Swing Voters Instruments next two years. The Maureen and Mike a controversial strategy that aims to save of Democracy or Farmers of Clientelism? Mansfield Foundation and the Japan biodiversity from global climate change Evidence from Ghana” (coauthored Foundation are jointly sponsoring the by purposefully transporting individual with Keith R. Weghorst) as a Quality of program to bring together a small group organisms to areas where a species has Government Institute Working Paper. of scholars for multiple meetings in not previously occurred but is expected to Mr. Lindberg was the team leader of the Washington, D.C., Montana, and Tokyo survive as climate changes. Afrobarometer project, round 4, on behalf to meet with top policy makers. She is also Ms. Javeline and Vanessa Baird also of the Swedish International Development spending the year on an Abe Fellowship published “The Effects of National and Agency from July to September 2010. researching a new project on environmental Local Funding on Judicial Performance: politics and civic participation in East Asia. Perceptions of Russia’s Lawyers” in the Juan L. Linz, Sterling Professor Emeritus June 2010 Law and Society Review. of Political and Social Sciences, Yale Henry Hale, associate professor of political University, has been awarded the 2010 science and international affairs, The Maria Koinova, assistant professor of European Amalfi Prize for Sociology and George Washington University, published international relations and transnationalism Social Sciences. The Prize was established “The Uses of Divided Power” in the July at the University of Amsterdam, published in 1987 at the initiative of the Italian 2010 Journal of Democracy, in which he “Diasporas and Sucessionist Conflicts: The Association of Sociology and is awarded shows how Ukraine’s divided-power Mobilization of the Armenian, Albanian, annually at a conference by an international constitution preserved democracy straight and Chechen Diasporas” in Ethnic and jury. Among earlier laureats are Norbert through the 2010 presidential election, even Racial Studies, published online on July 6, Elias, M. Rainer Lepsius and Wolfgang though it did so by balancing corruption 2010. She also published “Can Conflict- J. Mommsen, Charles Tilly, Raymond opportunities rather than by actually being Generated Diasporas Be Moderate Boudon, Francois Furet, Niklas Luhmann, obeyed. Actors During Episodes of Contested Alain Touraine, and Richard Sennett. Sovereignty? Lebanese and Albanian Mr. Hale and Timothy J. Colton published Diasporas Compared,” in the Review of Kelly McMann was promoted to associate “Russians and the Putin-Medvedev International Studies that was published professor of political science at Case ‘Tandemocracy’: A Survey-Based Portrait online on July 15, 2010. Western Reserve University, effective July of the 2007-8 Election Season” in the Ms. Koinova also contributed a 1, 2010. March/April 2010 Problems of Post- chapter on “Diasporas and International Communism. Mr. Hale spent the summer Politics: Utilizing the Universalistic Creed Doron Shultziner, visiting lecturer in in Abkhazia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, and of Liberalism for Particularistic and political science, Hebrew University Moldova working on his manuscript, Nationalist Purposes” to Diasporas and of Jerusalem, published Struggling for tentatively titled Great Expectations: The Transnationalism: Concepts: Theories, and Recognition: The Psychological Impetus for Politics of Regime Change in Eurasia. Methods, edited by Rainer Bauboech and Democratic Progress (Continuum Press, Thomas Faist and published by Amsterdam 2010), in which he “posits that the drive for Debra Javeline, associate professor of University Press. personal recognition is a prime motivation political science, University of Notre behind the pursuit of democracy.” He Dame, was awarded a National Science Staffan Lindberg was promoted to presents a theory that underscores “the Foundation grant along with colleagues in associate professor (with tenure) at the drive for positive self-esteem and status biology, computer sciences, and law for a University of Florida in June 2010, and the aversion of negative self-esteem project on “Building and Studying a Virtual where he is on leave for the 2010/2011 and subordination” and underscores how Organization for Adaptation to Climate academic year. He is also research director this pursuit because an impetus for action. Change.” Ms. Javeline is leading the survey for the World Values Survey-Sweden at research component of the project, with the the University of Gothenburg, where he Dan Slater has been promoted to tenured first survey investigating how the world’s was also appointed associate professor associate professor of political science top environmental biologists assess the of political science and research fellow at at the University of Chicago. His book scientific, ethnical, economic, and legal the Quality of Government Institute. He monograph, Ordering Power: Contentious
24 Vol. 8, No. 3 Comparative Democratization Oct. 2010
Section News
Politics and Authoritarian Leviathans five-month, residential program offers a in Southeast Asia, was published in Leonardo A. Villalón, director of the collegial environment for fellows to reflect August in the Cambridge Studies in Center for African Studies, University of on their experiences; conduct research and Comparative Politics series by Cambridge Florida, published “From Argument to writing; consider best practices and lessons University Press. He also coauthored Negotiation: Constructing Democracies learned; engage with counterparts in the an article with Erica Simmons on in Muslim West Africa” in the July 2010 United States: and develop professional causal-historical methodology in the Comparative Politics, in which he examines relationships within a global network of July 2010 Comparative Political Studies, how “the democratic question is framed democracy advocates. entitled “Informative Regress: Critical and discussed” in religious contexts by Antecedents in Comparative Politics.” studying three West African countries: The program is intended primarily to His July 2009 American Journal of Sociology Senegal, Mali, and Niger. support practitioners, scholars, and article on “Revolutions, Crackdowns, Mr. Villalón and Daniel A. Smith journalists from developing and aspiring and Quiescence: Communal Elites and received a $650,000 two-year grant from democracies; distinguished scholars from Democratic Mobilizations in Southeast the U.S. Department of State’s Division of established democracies may also apply. A Asia” has received Best Article recognition Educational and Cultural Affair’s “Trans- working knowledge of English is required. from three organized sections: comparative Saharan Professionals Program” to conduct All fellows receive a monthly stipend, health democratization and qualitative and a series of seminars and exchanges on issues insurance, travel assistance, and research multi-method research from APSA, and of elections and democracy and involving support. The program does not fund the comparative-historical section of the scholars and practitioners from the US as professional training, fieldwork, or students American Sociological Association. well as six Francophone Sahelian countries: working towards a degree. The program will Senegal, Mali, Niger, Burkina Fasco, host two five-month fellowship sessions Alexei Trochev, Jerome Hall Postdoctoral Mauritania, and Chad. in 2011–2012: October 1, 2011–February Fellow at the Indiana University Maurer 28, 2012 (Fall 2011) and March 1–July 31, School of Law, published “Meddling Mark Ungar, associate professor of political 2012 (Spring 2012). More information and with Justice: Competitive Politics, science, Brooklyn College, published application instructions are available here. Impunity, and Distrusted Courts in Post- Policing Democracy: Overcoming Obstacles Flyers in English, French, Arabic, Chinese, Orange Ukraine” in the Spring 2010 to Citizen Security in Latin America ( Johns Farsi, Spanish, Russian, and Portuguese Demokratizatsiya, in which he argues that Hopkins University Press, 2010), in which are also available. Applications are due by “the increasing fragmentation of power in he uses case studies from Argentina, Bolivia, Monday, November 1, 2010. today’s Ukraine goes hand-in-hand with and Honduras to review areas needing judicial disempowerment — dependent reform: criminal law, policing, investigation, Data from the 2010 Round of the courts regularly provide important benefits trial practices, and incarceration. AmericasBarometer Available on to rival elites.” December 1: PROFESSIONAL ANNOUNCEMENTS The 2010 round of the AmericasBarometer Maya Tudor, post-doctoral research Call for Applications: Reagan-Fascell carried out by the Latin American fellow at the Oxford Centre for the Study Democracy Fellowships in Washington, Public Opinion Project (LAPOP) is now of Inequality and Democracy, won the D.C.: complete, and the data will be released American Political Science Association’s The Reagan-Fascell Democracy Fellows to all subscribing institutions and made 2010 Gabriel A. Almond Award for the Program at the International Forum for available for on-line analysis on December best dissertation in the field of comparative Democratic Studies (IFDS, U.S.) invites 1, 2010. In this round, 16 countries were politics for her dissertation on “Twin Births, applications for fellowships in 2011–2012. included, covering all independent nations Divergent Democracies: The Social and The program enables democracy activists, in mainland North, Central, and South Institutional Origins of Regime Outcomes practitioners, scholars, and journalists America, as well as several countries in in India and Pakistan.” Her dissertation from around the world to deepen their the Caribbean (adding for the first time also received an Honorable Mention for understanding of democracy and enhance in the AmericasBarometer Suriname APSA’s 2010 Walter Burnham Award for their ability to promote democratic change. and Trinidad & Tobago). Over 40,000 the best dissertation in politics and history. Dedicated to international exchange, this interviews were conducted and many
25 Vol. 8, No. 3 Comparative Democratization Oct. 2010
Conference Calendar
Conference Calendar The Association of Chinese Political and global politics and the emergence in Post-Communist Europe and Studies held its 23rd Annual Meeting of alternatives to the Washington Eurasia,” and “The Political Economy and International Symposium on Consensus model. Papers included and Legitimacy of Democracy.” More the theme of “China in Search of “The Changing Relations between information about the conference is Sustainable Development, Social Hong Kong and Mainland China available are here. Harmony, and Soft Power” on July 30– since 1997,” “DPRK, in the Box but August 1, 2010, at Endicott College Not Solved,” “China’s ‘Soft Balancing’ From September 9–11, 2010, the near Boston, Massachusetts. Over against the U.S.,” “The Conceptions Standing Group on International 50 scholars from the United States, of Democracy of the District Relations (SGIR) of the European mainland China, Australia, Belgium, Councilors and its Implications to the Consortium for Political Research Canada, France, Germany, India, Democratization of Hong Kong,” and held the Pan-European International Russia, United Kingdom, Taiwan, “International Structure and China’s Relations Conference in Stockholm, Hong Kong, and Macau attended the Energy Security.” More information Sweden. Peter Gourevitch, Professor three-day event. The meeting’s more about the conference is available here. of Political Science at the University than a dozen panels covered topics such of San Diego, and Ambassador Jan as the Chinese Model, civil society, The third European Consortium for Eliasson, Senior Visiting Scholar at corruption and good governance, Political Research graduate conference the United States Institute of Peace, political support and legitimacy, was held at Dublin City University in delivered keynote addresses. Panels political and economic reform, Ireland on August 30–September 1, included “Spaces of Global Capital: political economy, public policies, 2010. The ECPR Graduate Conference Territoriality, Markets, and Democratic social harmony, China’s relations with was organized into thematic sections Politics,” “Challenges of Democracy the world, and Soft Power. Papers with 4–10 panels each, in addition to Promotion: Do All Good Things included “The Politics of Voluntary roundtables, symposia, and a plenary Go Together?” and “Democratic Expansion of Rights in Authoritarian lecture. It was structured as a forum for Governance and International Regimes,” “A Comparative Analysis graduate students to present their work Institutions.” Papers included “A of Civil Society in Mainland China, in front of a large audience, develop Means to Operationalize Democratic Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan,” their ideas, and build academic dialog. Legitimacy,” “Civil Society Strategies “Nationalism, Democratization, and More information about the conference to Democratize,” “Benchmarking Sino-Korean Relations,” “Beyond the is available here. Global Governance,” and “Democracy Global Financial Crisis: The Chinese Promotion, Empowerment & Self- Discourse on Social Democracy,” and The American Political Science Determination.” The conference “Free Speech in China: Past and Present Association held its 2010 annual website provides more information, [and Future?].” Further information meeting and exhibition on September including a program and papers and a complete list of topics can be 2–5, 2010, in Washington, DC. In light presented. accessed here. of the recent financial crisis, the theme of the conference was “The Politics of The Department of Government From August 23–24, 2010, the Hong Hard Times: Citizens, Nations, and the and the Institute for Electoral Kong Political Science Association International System under Economic Research at the University of Essex hosted a conference on “Politics in Flux: Stress.” Comparative Democratization in Britain hosted the 2010 Elections, Challenges and Opportunities in the panels included “Decentralization, Public Opinion and Parties Annual Asian Century” at the City University Local Government, and Democratic Conference (EPOP) from September of Hong Kong. The conference Institution Building,” “The Challenges 10–12, 2010. The Elections, Public addressed questions relevant to the of Fair Elections in New Democracies,” Opinion and Parties section is the study of democratization, including the “Islam, Civil Society, and Democracy,” largest specialist group of the Political impact of China and India on regional “Russia and the Politics of Reform Studies Association of the UK.
26 Vol. 8, No. 3 Comparative Democratization Oct. 2010
Conference Calendar
Papers presented included “Dissecting information on this conference can be the Middle East,” “Democracy and Partisanship,” “Democratization and found here. Authoritarianism in the Muslim the Illegalization of Political Parties World,” “Electoral Politics in the in Europe,” “Money, Media, and TheMidwestern Association for Latin Middle East,” “Judicialized Politics Momentum,” “Party Fragmentation in American Studies will host its 60th or Politicized Judiciaries?” and “Civil Brazil,” and “When Do Social Norms annual conference from November Society and Democracy Reconsidered.” Increase Turnout?” More information 4–7, 2010. Held in St. Louis, Missouri, A full conference program and is available here. the meeting will address a variety of information on registration, travel, and topics in Latin America—including accommodations can be found here. The 2010 Conference of theAustralian political change, democratic processes, Political Studies Association was and justice—and will also include On November 18–21, 2010, the held at the University of Melbourne the MALAS business meeting and American Association for the from September 27–29, 2010. The a lecture at the St. Louis Committee Advancement of Slavic Studies conference on “Connected Globe: of the Council on Foreign Relations. will hold its 2010 convention in Los Conflicting Worlds” brought together Further information and registration Angeles, California. The theme of nationally and internationally forms can be found here. the convention is “War and Peace.” renowned researchers, recent graduates, Through this theme, the conference practitioners, policymakers, and On November 5–6, 2010, the Pacific will explore topics including the students for discussion. More than Coast Council of Latin American reasons why societies make war and 300 delegates and 230 presenters Studies will host its annual conference peace and the effect of war and peace in participated. More information about at Pepperdine University in Malibu, shaping regional societies. It will bring the conference is available here. California. The conference brings together scholars interested in Eastern together scholars and students and Central Europe and Central The 2010 Melbourne Conference interested in Latin America from across Asia to engage in interdisciplinary on U.S. Democracy Promotion in the disciplines. More information about and comparative discussions. The the Middle East will be held at the the conference can be found here. conference website includes additional University of Melbourne from October information, online registration, and a 21–22, 2010. This conference provides The Northeastern Political Science convention schedule. an opportunity to explore the record Association will hold its 42nd annual of US democracy promotion in the meeting in Boston, Massachusetts The New Zealand Political Studies Middle East and deliberate on shifts in on November 11–13, 2010. The Association 2010 Conference will be policy following the election of Barack theme of the conference is “Changing held on December 2–3, 2010, at the Obama in 2009. The conference will Politics, Changing Political Science.” University of Waikato in Hamilton, especially focus on the achievements Conference panels of potential interest New Zealand. The conference, hosted and shortcomings of the George W. include Democratic Theory and by the University of Waikato’s Political Bush era in promoting democracy in Comparative Politics. Information on Science and Public Policy department, the region and the implications of that submissions, registration, and travel are will include panels on New Zealand legacy for the Obama Administration. available on the NPSA website. government and comparative Exploring this legacy is critical to politics, public policy, international understanding the framework within The annual meeting of theMiddle East relations, and political theory. General which the Obama Administration Studies Association will be held in San information about the conference can operates. President Barack Obama Diego, California on November 18–21, be found here. has promised change in the way 2010. The meeting includes a book Washington relates to the Middle East. exhibit and film festival as well as 26 The University of Warwick will It is still unclear if these policy shifts panels on various topics, including “Iran: host the “Challenging Orthodoxies: can make a difference in the U.S. image From Reform to Protest,” “Comparing The Critical Governance Studies” and further the interests of the United Authoritarianism Inside and Outside conference on December 13–14, States in the Middle East. More Middle East,” “Democratization in 2010. The goal of the conference is to
27 Vol. 8, No. 3 Comparative Democratization Oct. 2010
Conference Calendar
bring together scholars and critical approach. Abstract submissions are humanities, social sciences and law. practitioners challenging orthodoxies accepted until 31st October. Proposals The conference is organized with and developing critical approaches to for panels and streams following these seven workshops, including on subjects the study and practice of governance. guidelines are also welcome. More such as “Organizational Democracy,” The conference theme is ‘challenging information can be found here. “Constitutional Democracy: How orthodoxies’ and participants are Democratic?” “Democracy and encouraged to address it in abstracts The second annual Conference on Censorship,” and “Practices and by describing a problematic orthodoxy, Democracy as an Idea and Practice Experiences of Democracy in Post- subjecting it to critical challenge and will be held at the University of Oslo Colonial Localities.” More information outlining new areas of inquiry and new from January 13–14, 2011 and will can be found here. social practices based on the critical bring together researchers from the
New Research NEW RESEARCH essential reforms are in place. The Internet, mobile phones, and other Journal of Democracy forms of “liberation technology” enable The July 2010 (Volume 21, no. 3) issue II. “Iraq: A Vote Against Sectarianism” citizens to express opinions, mobilize of the Journal of Democracy features by Adeed Dawisha protests, and expand the horizons of clusters of articles on Afghanistan Although many Iraqi parties continue to be freedom. Autocratic governments are and Iraq and Ukraine, as well as organized along religious or ethnic lines, also learning to master these technologies, individual pieces on the democratic both the tone and the results of the 2010 however. Ultimately, the contest between instinct, liberation technology, Chile, parliamentary election campaign show democrats and autocrats will depend the Democratic Republic of Congo, that most Iraqi voters prefer a broader not just on technology, but on political and election observers. The full text national agenda over narrow sectarian organization and strategy. of selected articles and the tables of appeals. contents of all issues are available on Ukraine the Journal’s website. III. “Lessons from Afghanistan and I. “The Uses of Divided Power” by Iraq” by Zalmay Khalilzad Henry E. Hale “The Democratic Instinct in the After almost ten years of complex and The 2010 presidential election shows 21st Century” by Susilo Bambang costly efforts to build democracy in these that Ukraine is both a surprisingly stable Yudhoyono two countries, where do things stand? electoral democracy and a disturbingly Democratization is never easy, smooth, What lay behind the critical choices that corrupt one. The corruption, moreover, or linear, but as Indonesia’s experience in shaped events in these places, and what are may have a lot to do with the stability. building a multiparty and multiethnic their current prospects for success? democracy shows, it can succeed even II. “The Role of Regionalism” by under difficult and initially unpromising “The Rise of ‘State-Nations’” by Alfred Gwendolyn Sasse conditions. Stepan, Juan J. Linz, and Yogendra Although Ukraine’s regional divisions are Yadav often thought to be detrimental to state- Afghanistan and Iraq Must every state be a nation and every building and democratization, they have I. “Afghanistan: An Election Gone nation a state? Or should we look instead in fact been a source of strength and helped Awry” by Scott Worden to the example of countries such as India, prevent tilts to the political extremes. The 2009 vote for the presidency and local where one state holds together a congeries of councils was marred by fraud, provoking a “national” groups and cultures in a single “Chile: Are the Parties Over?” by Juan political crisis and casting a deep shadow and wisely conceived federal republic? Pablo Luna and Rodrigo Mardones over upcoming parliamentary elections. For the first time since the fall of The Afghan experience calls into question “Liberation Technology” by Larry Pinochet, the Chilean right has come to whether voting should occur before other Diamond power via free elections. The long-ruling
28 Vol. 8, No. 3 Comparative Democratization Oct. 2010
New Research center-left coalition leaves behind many economic disparities fueling a drift toward Africa’” by Steven Radelet achievements, but also disturbing signs of populism. A group of countries in sub-Saharan Africa a weakened party system. are showing they can sustain economic Democracy Support and growth, reduce poverty, and achieve better “Political Attitudes in the Muslim Development Aid governance at the same time. World” by Ephraim Yuchtman-Ya’ar I. “The Elusive Synthesis” by Thomas and Yasmin Alkalay Carothers The Meanings of Democracy A new look at the World Values Survey The lines between the development-aid I. “Introduction” by Larry Diamond data reveals how the Muslim world’s and democracy-aid communities have been religious context affects individual blurring, in terms of both organizational II. “Anchoring the “D-Word” in Africa” Muslims’ attitudes toward democracy. boundaries and activities on the ground, by Michael Bratton but the convergence is far from complete. Efforts to do comparative research on “In Praise of Václav Havel” by Jacques political attitudes have been complicated Rupnik II. “The Case for Principled by varying understandings of “democracy.” A tribute to Václav Havel, Czech Agnosticism” by Brian Levy The Afrobarometer is exploring new playwright and former dissident, who The development community now agrees techniques to overcome this difficulty. became not only president but the symbol with the democracy community that of the “velvet revolutions.” politics matters, but the two communities III. “Solving an Asian Puzzle” by Yun- still differ in their understanding of what han Chu and Min-hua Huang “The Mirage of Democracy in the drives changes in institutions. Over the years, the Asian Barometer DRC” by Mvemba Phezo Dizolele Survey has yielded some surprising results. Despite its historic 2006 elections, the III. “Getting Convergence Right” by A new typological analysis helps to make Democratic Republic of Congo still Kenneth Wollack and K. Scott Hubli sense of them. lacks competent governance, leaving its Development specialists and democracy- democratic promise unfulfilled. support experts should recognize—and IV. “The Shadow of Confucianism” by maximize—each other’s relative strengths Tianjian Shi and Jie Lu “Election Observers and Their Biases” and comparative advantages. How can Chinese claim strongly to support by Judith Kelley both democracy and their authoritarian Why do election monitors sometimes “Liberation vs. Control: The Future of regime? The answer may lie in a Confucian issue contradictory statements or endorse Cyberspace” by Ronald Deibert and concept of democracy. flawed elections? The answers are not Rafal Rohozinski always straightforward; in some cases, the Are technologies giving greater voice to V. “What Arabs Think” by Fares Braizat monitors’ good intentions may undermine democratic activists in authoritarian Arabs express a clear preference for their credibility. societies, or more powerful tools to their democracy, which they define in ways oppressors? similar to citizens elsewhere in the world. But their authoritarian regimes are not The October 2010 (Volume 21, no. “The Upsurge of Religion in China” by listening. 4) issue of the Journal of Democracy Richard Madsen features clusters of articles on Religion in various forms is burgeoning “African Elections as Vehicles for democracy support and development in the PRC today, and the ruling Chinese Change” by Nic Cheeseman aid and meanings of democracy, as Communist Party cannot decide what to Since the return of multipartism in sub- well as individual pieces on the African make of it—or do about it. Saharan Africa, open-seat elections have elections, the Philippines, China, and been the most likely to yield opposition Yemen. The full text of selected articles “Yemen’s Multiple Crises” by April victories, suggesting that term limits may and the tables of contents of all issues Longley Alley significantly contribute to democratic are available on the Journal’s website. Yemen today finds itself gripped by a set consolidation. of crises that threatens its very unity as a “Latin America: Democracy with country. Only a turn toward democratic “Reformism vs. Populism in the Development” by Alejandro Toledo dialogue offers a way out. Philippines” by Mark R. Thompson Latin America’s hard-won democratic In May 2010, Benigno Aquino III bested gains must be defended by addressing the “Success Stories from ‘Emerging a crowded field to win the presidency.
29 Vol. 8, No. 3 Comparative Democratization Oct. 2010
New Research
The election, which was remarkably clean History’” by Graham Harrison and orderly, gave a clear victory to the “Ethnic Party Bans in Africa: An reformist narrative that has long vied Introduction” by Matthijs Bogaards, “Spirits and Social Reconstruction with populism in the Philippines. Matthias Basedau, and Christof after Mass Violence: Rethinking Hartmann Transitional Justice” by Erin Baines Democratization “Party Bans in Africa: An Empirical “International Justice and The March 2010 (Volume 17, no. 2) Overview” by Anika Moroff Reconciliation in Namibia: The ICC Democratization is a special issue on Submission and Public Memory” by “Democracy and Violence and features “Understanding Variations in Party Sabine Höhn articles on the United Kingdom, Peru, Bans in Africa” by Christof Hartmann Egypt, Morocco, Latin America, and Jorg Kemmerzell American Political Science Review, Vol. Hamas, and Hizbullah. 104, no. 2, May 2010 “An Effective Measure of Institutional “Direct Democracy and Local Public “Democracy and Violence: A Engineering? Ethnic Party Bans in Goods: Evidence from a Field Theoretical Overview” by John Africa” by Anika Moroff and Matthias Experiment in Indonesia” by Benjamin Schwarzmantel Basedau A. Olken
“Liberal Democratic Politics as a Form “Why There Is No Party Ban in the “Estimating the Electoral Effects of of Violence” by Maureen Ramsay South African Constitution” by Jorg Voter Turnout” by Thomas G Hansford Kemmerzell and Brad T. Gomez “A Contest to Democracy? How the UK Has Responded to the Current “Political Party Bans in Rwanda 1994– Central Asian Survey, Vol. 29, no. 2, Terrorist Threat” by Raffaello Pantucci 2003: Three Narratives of Justification” June 2010 by Peter Niesen “Integrating Domestic Politics and “Hearts and Minds and Votes: The Foreign Policy Making: The Cases of Role of Democratic Participation “Ethnic Party Bans and Institutional Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan” by Luca in Countering Terrorism” by Rachel Engineering in Nigeria” by Matthijs Anceschi Briggs Bogaards “The Foreign Policy of Uzbekistan: “Perverse State Formation and “Comparing Ethnic Party Regulation Sources, Objectives and Outcomes: Securitized Democracy in Latin in East Africa” by Anika Moroff 1991–2009” by Dina Rome Spechler America” by Jenny Pearce and Martin C. Spechler “Senegal’s Party System: The Limits “Revisiting ‘Democracy in the Country of Formal Regulation” by Christof “State Engagement with Non-State and at Home’ in Peru” by Jelke Boesten Hartmann Justice: How the Experience in Kyrgyzstan Can Reinforce the Need “Bullets over Ballots: Islamist Groups, SELECTED JOURNAL for Legitimacy in Afghanistan” by the State and Electoral Violence in ARTICLES ON DEMOCRACY David E. Merrell Egypt and Morocco” by Hendrik Kraetzschmar and Francesco Cavatorta This section features selected articles “Post-Conflict Tajikistan. The Politics on democracy that appeared in journals of Peacebuilding and the Emergence “Reframing Resistance and Democracy: received by the NED’s Democracy of Legitimate Order” by John Narratives from Hamas and Hizbullah” Resource Center, June 1–October 1, Heathershaw by Larbi Sadiki 2010. Communist and Post-Communist Democratization African Affairs: The Journal of the Royal Studies, Vol. 43, no. 2, June 2010 African Society, Vol. 109, no. 436, July “Dealing with the Communist Past: Its The August 2010 (Volume 17, no. 4) 2010 Role in the Disintegration of the Czech Democratization is a special issue on “The Africanization of Poverty: A Civic Forum and in the Emergence “Ethnic Party Bans in Africa.” Retrospective on ‘Make Poverty of the Civic Democratic Party” by
30 Vol. 8, No. 3 Comparative Democratization Oct. 2010
New Research
Lubomír Kopeček and Jason Wittenberg Soviet Democratization, Vol. 18, no. 3, Summer 2010 “The Europeanization of Social “Interests, Inequality, and Illusion in “Viktor Yanukovych’s First 100 Days: Movements in the Czech Republic: the Choice for Fair Elections” by Nancy Back to the Past, But what’s the Rush?” The EU and Local Women’s Groups” by Bermeo by Taras Kuzio Ondřej Císař and Kateřina Vráblíková “The Diffusion of Regime Contention “Reflections on Negotiation and Comparative Political Studies, Vol. 43, in European Democratization, 1830– Mediation: The Frozen Conflicts and no. 7, July 2010 1940” by Kurt Wayland European Security” by William H. Hill “The Political Economy of Authoritarian Single-Party Dominance” by Kenneth Comparative Political Studies, Vol. 43, East European Politics and Societies, F. Greene no. 10, October 2010 Vol. 24, no. 3, Summer 2010 “Do Ethnic Parties Exclude Women?” “Minor Nation: The Alternative “Class, Status, and Party: The Changing by Stephanie S. Holmsten, Robert G. Modes of Belarusian Nationalism” by Face of Political Islam in Turkey and Moser, and Mary C. Slosar Alexander Peshái Egypt” by Sebnem Gumuscu “Political Competition as an Obstacle Foreign Affairs, Vol. 89, no. 4, July/ The Legitimacy Puzzle in Latin America: to Judicial Independence: Evidence August 2010 Political Support and Democracy in from Russia and Ukraine” by Maria “Fear and Loathing in Nairobi” by John Eight Nations by J.A. Booth and M.A. Popova Githongo Seligson. Reviewed by Abbey Steele “Why Get Technical? Corruption and “Mugabe Über Alles” by Robert I. Democracy at Risk: How Terrorist Threats the Politics of Public Service Reform in Rotberg Affect the Public by J.L. Merolla and the Indian States” by Jennifer L. Bussell E.J. Zechmeister. Reviewed by John P. “Prisoners of the Caucasus” by Charles Moran “Corruption and Trust: Theoretical King and Rajan Menon Considerations and Evidence from The Quality of Democracy in Eastern Mexico” by Stephen D. Morris and “Defining Success in Afghanistan” by Europe: Public Preferences and Policy Joseph L. Klesner Stephen Biddle, Fotini Christia, and J. Reforms by A. Roberts. Reviewed by Alexander Thier Dagmar Radin Demokratizatsiya: The Journal of Post- Soviet Democratization, Vol. 18, no. 2, “Castrocare in Crisis” by Laurie Garrett Comparative Political Studies, Vol. 43, Spring 2010 no. 8/9 August–September 2010 “Ukrainian Blues” by Alexander J. “Open Borders, Closed Minds— Motyl “Diffusion and Constitutionalization Russia’s Changing Migration Policies: of Europe” by Zachary Elkins Liberalization or Xenophobia?” by Human Rights Quarterly, Vol. 32, no. Caress Schenk 3, August 2010 “The Great Reform Act of 1832 and “The Rights of Religious Associations British Democratization” by Thomas “Meddling with Justice: Competitive to External Relations: A Comparative Ertman Politics, Impunity, and Distrusted Study of the OSCE and the Council of Courts in Post-Orange Ukraine” by Europe” by Sylvie Langlaude “Reading History Forward: The Origins Alexei Trochev of Electoral Systems in European “Legal Mobilizations for Human Democracies” by Amel Ahmed “The End of the Lithuanian Political Rights Protection in North Korea: ‘Patriarch’s’ Era: From Rise to Decline Furthering Discourse or Discord?” by “Beyond Dictatorship or Democracy: and Legacies Left Behind” by Ausra Patricia Goedde Rethinking National Minority Park Inclusion and Regime Type in Interwar “The Human Rights Ombudsman in Eastern Europe” by Jeffrey S. Kopstein Demokratizatsiya: The Journal of Post- Russia: The Evolution of Horizontal
31 Vol. 8, No. 3 Comparative Democratization Oct. 2010
New Research
Authority” by Emma Gilligan Issues and Domestic Violence in Russia: What is to be Done, by Whom “Abuse of Powers of Impeachment in “Diffusion Across Political Systems: and How?” by Mary Buckley Nigeria” by Mamman Lawan The Global Spread of National Human Rights Institutions” by Thomas Pegram Journal of East Asian Studies, Vol. 10, The Middle East Journal,Vol. 64, no. 3, no. 2, May – August 2010 Summer 2010 International Political Science Review, “The Decline of Particularism in “The Rules of the Game: Unpacking Vol. 31, no. 2, March 2010 Japanese Politics” by Gregory W. Noble Patronage Politics in Yemen” by April “Measuring Effective Democracy” by Longley Alley Carl Henrik Knutsen “Do Asian Values Exist? Empirical Tests of the Four Dimensions of Asian “The Rentier State and National Oil “Adaptation to Democracy among Values” by So Young Kim Companies: An Economic and Political Immigrants in Australia” by Antoine Perspective” by Donald L. Losman Bilodeau, Ian McAllister and Mebs Journal of Modern African Studies, Vol. Kanji 48, no.1, March 2010 Orbis: A Journal of World Affairs, Vol. “We Are Citizens too: the Politics of 54, no. 3, Summer 2010 “The Ethnic Dimension of Religious Citizenship in Independent Ghana” by “The 2009 Elections and Iran’s Extremism and Terrorism in Central Ousman Kobo Changing Political Landscape” by Asia” by Mariya Y. Omelicheva Mehran Kamrava “The Successful Ghana Election of “The Uneven Reach of Decentralization: 2008: A Convenient Myth?” by Heinz Pacific Affairs,Vol. 83, no. 2, June 2010 a Case Study among Indigenous Jockers, Dirk Kohnert, and Paul Nugent “Autonomy for Southern Thailand: Peoples in the Bolivian Amazon” by Thinking the Unthinkable?” by Duncan Victor Reyes-Garcia, Vincent Vadez, “What Accountability Pressures Do McCargo Jorge Aragon, Tomas Huanca and MPs in Africa Face and How Do They Pamela Jagger Respond? Evidence from Ghana” by Pacific Affairs, Vol. 83, no. 3, Staffan I. Lindberg September 2010 Journal of Communist Studies and “The Ascendance of Bureacratic Islam Transition Politics, Vol. 26, no. 3, “Bilateral Donors and Aid and the Secularization of the Sharia in September 2010 Conditionality in Post-Conflict Malaysia” by Maznah Mohamad “Gender Mainstreaming in Post- Peacebuilding: The Case of Soviet Ukraine: Application and Mozambique” by Carrie Manning and “Anticipating an Oil Boom: The Applicability” by Olena Hankivsky and Monica Malbrough ‘Resource Curse’ Thesis in the Play of Anastasiya Salnykova Cambodian Politics” by Andrew Cock Journal of Modern African Studies, Vol. “The Politics of Corruption: Political 48, no. 2, June 2010 Party Politics, Vol. 16, no. 4, July 2010 Will and Rule of Law in Post- “Power-Sharing in Comparative “Measuring Parties’ Ideological Communist Romania” by Mihaiela Perspective: The Dynamics of ‘Unity Positions with Manifesto Data: A Ristei Government’ in Kenya and Zimbabwe” Critical Evaluation of the Competing by Nic Cheeseman and Blessing-Miles Methods” by Elias Dinas and Kostas “The Party Isn’t Over: An Analysis of Tendi Gemenis the Communist Party in the Czech Republic” by Jiří Lach, James T. “‘The Kenyans We Don’t Want’: Popular “Party Aggregation in India: A State LaPlant, Jim Peterson, and David Hill Thought Over Constitutional Review Level Analysis” by Rekha Diwakar in Kenya” by Stephanie Diepeveen “Politicians Versus Intellectuals in the “Unemployment, Partisan Issue Lustration Debates in Transitional “Fairy Godfathers and Magical Ownership, and Vote Switching: Latvia” by Ieva Zake Elections: Understanding the 2003 Evidence from South Korea” by Hyeok Electoral Crisis in Anambra State, Yong Kwon “The Politics Surrounding Gender Nigeria” by Leena Hoffman
32 Vol. 8, No. 3 Comparative Democratization Oct. 2010
New Research
“Euroscepticism and the Emergence of Postwar United States. By William The Disappearing Center: Engaged Political Parties in Poland” by Radoslaw J.M. Claggett and Byron E. Shafer. Citizens, Polarization, and American Markowski and Joshua A. Tucker Cambridge University Press, 2010. 295 Democracy. By Alan I. Abramowitz. pp. Yale University Press, 2010. 208 pp. Beyond the Nation State: Parties in the Era of European Integration by David Bad for Democracy: How the Presidency In the Shadow of FDR: From Hanley. Reviewed by Simon Lightfoot Undermines the Power of the People. Harry Truman to Barack Obama. By Dana D. Nelson. University of By William Edward Leuchtenburg. Party Systems in Post-Soviet Countries: Minnesota Press, 2010. 272 pp. Cornell University Press, 2009. 434 pp. A Comparative Study of Political Institutionalization in the Baltic States, Britishness: Perspectives on the British It Still Takes a Candidate: Why Women Russia and Ukraine by Andrey A. Question. Edited by Andrew Gamble Don’t Run for Office. By Jennifer L. Meleshevich. Reviewed by Allan Sikk and Tony Wright. Wiley-Blackwell, Lawless and Richard L. Fox. Cambridge 2009. 184 pp. University Press, 2010. 256 pp. Review of African Political Economy, Vol. 37, no. 124, June 2010 Campaigning to the New American The Myth of Voter Fraud. By Lorraine “Fake Capitalism? The Dynamics of Electorate: Advertising to Latino C. Minnite. Cornell University Press, Neoliberal Moral Restructuring and Voters. By Marisa Abrajano. Stanford 2010. 298 pp. Pseudo-Development: the Case of University Press, 2010. 198 pp. Uganda” by Jörg Wiegratz The New Citizenship: Unconventional The Civic Foundations of Fascism in Politics, Activism, and Service. 4th “Sudan’s Uncivil War: the Global- Europe: Italy, Spain, and Romania, edition. By Craig A Rimmerman. Historical Constitution of Political 1870–1945. By Dylan Riley. Johns Westview, 2010. 240 pp. Violence” by Allison J. Ayers Hopkins University Press, 2010. 280 pp. New Faces, New Voices: The Hispanic “South Africa – the ANC’s Difficult Electorate in America. By Marisa A. Allies” by Martin Plaut A Community of Europeans? Abrajano and R. Michael Alvarez. Transnational Identities and Public Princeton University Press, 2010. 232 “A Contest of Visions: Ethiopia’s Spheres. By Thomas Risse-Kappen. pp. 2010 Election” by Kwesi Sansculotte- Cornell University Press, 2010. 287 pp. Greenidge The Politics of Citizenship in Europe. Congress in Context. By John Haskell. By Marc Morjé Howard. Cambridge World Politics, Vol. 62, no. 3, July 2010 Westview, 2010. 440 pp. University Press, 2009. 256 pp. “Bricks and Mortar Clientelism: Sectarianism and the Logics of Welfare Constituent Moments: Enacting the A Presidency in Peril: The Inside Story Allocation in Lebanon” by Melani People in Postrevolutionary America. of Obama’s Promise, Wall Street’s Cammett and Sukriti Issar By Jason A. Frank. Duke University Power, and the Struggle to Control Our Press, 2010. 360 pp. Economic Future. By Robert Kuttner. “How Do Crises Lead to Change? Chelsea Green, 2010. 332 pp. Liberalizing Capital Controls in the Contesting Community: The Limits Early Years of New Order Indonesia” and Potential of Local Organizing. By AFRICA by Jeffrey M. Chwieroth James DeFilippis, Robert Fisher, and Decentralisation in Africa: A Pathway Eric Shragge. Rutgers University Press, out of Poverty and Conflict? Edited 2010. 210 pp. by Gordan Crawford and Christof SELECTED NEW BOOKS ON Hartmann. Amsterdam University DEMOCRACY Democracy Distorted: Wealth, Influence Press, 2008. 260 pp. and Democratic Politics. By Jacob ADVANCED DEMOCRACIES Rowbottom. Cambridge University Democracy and the Rise of Women’s The American Public Mind: The Issues Press, 2010. 257 pp. Movements in Sub-Saharan Africa. By Structure of Mass Politics in the Kathleen M. Fallon. Johns Hopkins
33 Vol. 8, No. 3 Comparative Democratization Oct. 2010
New Research
University Press, 2008. 168 pp. Promoting Democracy and Human Wendy Hunter. Cambridge University Rights in Russia. By Sinikukka Saari. Press, 2010. 216 pp. ASIA Routledge, 2009. 192 pp. The Beijing Consensus: How China’s Learning to Salsa: New Steps in U.S.- Authoritarian Model Will Dominate Red to Green: Environmental Activism Cuba Relations. By Vicki Huddleston the Twenty-First Century. By Stefan in Post-Soviet Russia. By Laura A. and Carlos Pascual. Brookings A. Halper. Basic Books, 2010. 312 pp. Henry. Princeton University Press, Institution Press, 2010. 176 pp. 2009. 296 pp. Challenges to Democracy in India. Market, State, and Society in Edited by Rajesh M. Basrur. Oxford Regime Change in the Yugoslav Successor Contemporary Latin America. Edited University Press, 2009. 300 pp. States: Divergent Paths toward a New by William C. Smith and Laura Europe. By Mieczyslaw P. Boduszyñski. Gomez-Mera. Wiley-Blackwell, 2010. China in the 21st Century: What Johns Hopkins University Press, 2010. 400 pp. Everyone Needs to Know. By Jeffrey N. 360 pp. Wasserstrom. Oxford University Press, Mexico’s Democratic Challenges: 2010. 192 pp. Slovakia on the Road to Independence: Politics, Government, and Society. An American Diplomat’s Eyewitness Edited by Andrew Selee and Jacqueline Defiant Failed State: The North Korean Account. By Paul Hacker. Pennsylvania Peschard. Woodrow Wilson Center Threat to International Security. By State University Press, 2010. 240 pp. Press and Stanford University Press, Bruce E. Bechtol, Jr. Potomac Books, 2010. 326 pp. 2010. 288 pp. Twilight of Impunity: The War Crimes Trial of Slobodan Miloseviæ. By Judith The Sources of Democratic Islamism and Democracy in India: The Armatta. Duke University Press, 2010. Responsiveness in Mexico. By Matthew Transformation of Jamaat-e-Islami. 560 pp. R. Cleary. University of Notre Dame By Irfan Ahmad. Princeton University Press, 2010. 256 pp. Press, 2009. 328 pp. Vladimir Putin and Russian Statecraft. By Allen C. Lynch. Potomac Books, The Tyranny of Opinion: Honor in the Vietnam: Rising Dragon. By Bill 2010. 176 pp. Construction of the Mexican Public Hayton. Yale University Press, 2010. Sphere. By Pablo Piccato. Duke 272 pp. LATIN AMERICA AND THE University Press, 2010. 400 pp. CARIBBEAN EASTERN EUROPE AND THE Corruption and Politics in Latin Unfinished Revolution: Daniel Ortega FORMER SOVIET UNION America: National and Regional and Nicaragua’s Struggle for Liberation. Building States and Markets After Dynamics. Edited by Charles Blake By Kenneth Earl Morris. Lawrence Communism: The Perils of Polarized and Stephen Morris. Lynne Rienner, Hill, 2010. 304 pp. Democracy. By Timothy Frye. 2010. 286 pp. Cambridge University Press, 2010. 296 Violent Democracies in Latin America. pp. El Salvador in the Aftermath of Peace: Edited by Enrique Desmond Arias and Crime, Uncertainty, and the Transition Daniel M. Goldstein. Duke University Equality and Revolution: Women’s to Democracy. By Ellen Moodie. Press, 2010. 336 pp. Rights in the Russian Empire, 1905– University of Pennsylvania Press, 2010. 1917. By Rochelle Goldberg Ruthchild. 344 pp. Who Can Stop the Drums? Urban Social University of Pittsburgh Press, 2010. Movements in Chávez’s Venezuela. By 376 pp. Latin America: Its Problems and Its Sujatha Fernandes. Duke University Promise. 5th edition. Edited by Jan Press, 2010. 336 pp. The Origins of Modern Polish Knippers Black. Westview, 2010. 656 Democracy. Edited by M.B.B. pp. Biskupski, James S. Pula, and Piotr J. MIDDLE EAST Wrobel. Ohio University Press, 2010. Leftist Governments in Latin America: Building State and Security in 351 pp. Successes and Shortcomings. Edited by Afghanistan. Edited by Wolfgang Kurt Weyland, Raúl L. Madrid, and Danspeckgruber with Robert P.
34 Vol. 8, No. 3 Comparative Democratization Oct. 2010
New Research
Finn. Liechtenstein Institute on Self- Edited by Michael B. Smith, Rebecca Princeton University Press, 2010. 273 Determination at Princeton University, S. Nowacek, and Jeffrey L. Bernstein. pp. 2010. 324 pp. Indiana University Press, 2010. 240 pp. Dilemmas of Democratic Consolidation: The Contemporary Middle East: A Competitive Authoritarianism: Hybrid A Game-Theory Approach. By Jay Westview Reader. 2nd edition. Edited Regimes After the Cold War. By Steven Ulfelder. FirstForumPress, 2010. 177 by Karl Yambert. Westview, 2010. 448 Levitsky and Lucan A. Way. Cambridge pp. pp. University Press, 2010. 520 pp. Exploring Civil Society: Political and Democracy in Modern Iran: Islam, Contending with Terrorism: Roots, Cultural Contexts. By Marlies Glasius, Culture, and Political Change. By Ali Strategies, and Responses. Edited by David Lewis, and Hakan Seckinelgin. Mirsepassi. New York University Press, Michael E. Brown, Owen R. Coté Jr., Routledge, 2010. 224 pp. 2010. 219 pp. Sean M. Lynn-Jones, and Steven E. Miller. MIT Press, 2010. 418 pp. The Eyes of the People: Democracy in Faith and Power: Religion and Politics an Age of Spectatorship. By Jeffrey E. in the Middle East. By Bernard Lewis. Democracy and Moral Conflict. Green. Oxford University Press, 2009. Oxford University Press, 2010. 240 pp. By Robert B. Talisse. Cambridge 296 pp. University Press, 2009. 216 pp. The Government and Politics of the Framing the State in Times of Middle East and North Africa. 6th Democracy and the Limits of Self- Transition: Case Studies in Constitution edition. Edited by David E. Long, Government. By Adam Przeworski. Making. Edited by Laurel E. Miller. Bernard Reich, and Mark Gasiorowski. Cambridge University Press, 2010. 216 U.S. Institute of Peace Press, 2010. 712 Westview, 2010. 576 pp. pp. pp.
The Sadat Lectures: Words and Images Democracy in the South: Participation, Freedom of Association. Edited by on Peace, 1997–2008. Edited by Shibley the State, and the People. Edited by Ellen Frankel Paul, Fred D. Miller Jr., Telhami. U.S. Institute of Peace Press, Brendan Howe, Vesselin Popovski, and Jeffrey Paul. Cambridge University 2010. 130 pp. and Mark Notaras. United Nations Press, 2009. 336 pp. University Press, 2010. 233 pp. The Three Circles of War: Understanding From the Ground Up: Improving the Dynamics of Conflict in Iraq. By Democracy Under Scrutiny: Elites, Government Performance Heather S. Gregg, Hy S. Rothstein, and Citizens, Cultures. By Ursula J. van with Independent Monitoring John Arquilla. Potomac Books, 2010. Beek. Barbara Budrich Publishers, Organizations. By Stephen Kosack, 259 pp. 2010. 334 pp. Courtney Tolmie, and Charles C. Griffin. Brookings Institution Press, Toughing It Out in Afghanistan. Democracy within Parties: Candidate 2010. 118 pp. By Michael O’Hanlon and Hassina Selection Methods and Their Political Sherjan. Brookings Institution Press, Consequences. By Reuven Y. Hazan Hobbes. By Bernard Gert. Polity, 2010. 2010. 164 pp. and Gideon Rahat. Oxford University 183 pp. Press, 2010. 212 pp. Iran in Latin America—Threat or “Axis COMPARATIVE, The Deportation Regime: Sovereignty, of Annoyance”? Edited by Cynthia THEORETICAL, GENERAL Space, and the Freedom of Movement. Arnson, Haleh Esfandiari, and Adam American Negotiating Behavior: Edited by Nicholas De Genova and Stubits. Woodrow Wilson International Wheeler Dealers, Legal Eagles, Bullies, Nathalie Peutz. Duke University Press, Center for Scholars, 2010. 118 pp. and Preachers. By Richard H. Solomon 2010. 520 pp. and Nigel Quinney. U.S. Institute of The Legal Foundations of Inequality: Peace Press, 2010. 376 pp. The Diffusion of Military Power: Causes Constitutionalism in the Americas, and Consequences for International 1776–1860. By Roberto Gargarella. Citizenship Across the Curriculum. Politics. By Michael C. Horowitz. Cambridge University Press, 2010. 273
35 Vol. 8, No. 3 Comparative Democratization Oct. 2010
New Research
pp. and Paul Smoke. Lynne Rienner, 2010. 250 pp. Private Security Companies and Leviathan: Or the Matter, Form, Private Military Companies: A & Power of a Common-Wealth The Military Transition: Democratic Comparative and Economical Analysis. Ecclesiastical and Civil. By Thomas Reform of the Armed Forces. By Narcís By Joery Matthys. Maklu, 2010. 208 pp. Hobbes. Edited by Ian Shapiro. Yale Serra. Translated by Peter Bush. University Press, 2010. 608 pp. Cambridge University Press, 2010. 270 Religion and Politics in Europe, the pp. Middle East and North Africa. Edited Liberalism: Its Achievements and by Jeffrey Haynes. Routledge, 2009. Failures. By Kazuo Seiyama. Trans Neoliberalism, Accountability, and 272 pp. Pacific, 2010. 259 pp. Reform Failures in Emerging Markets: Eastern Europe, Russia, Argentina, and The Right to Rule: How States Win Linking Citizens and Parties: How Chile in Comparative Perspective. By and Lose Legitimacy. By Bruce Gilley. Electoral Systems Matter for Political Luigi Manzetti. Pennsylvania State Columbia University Press, 2009. 336 Representation. By Lawrence Ezrow. University Press, 2010. 264 pp. pp. Oxford University Press, 2010. 182 pp. The Politics of Electoral Reform: Vital Democracy: A Theory of Democracy Making Decentralization Work: Changing the Rules of Democracy. By in Action. By Frank Hendriks. Oxford Democracy, Development, and Security. Alan Renwick. Cambridge University University Press, 2010. 239 pp. Edited by Ed Connerley, Kent Eaton, Press, 2010. 326 pp.
36 Vol. 8, No. 3 Comparative Democratization Oct. 2010
Editorial Committee
is the official newsletter of the American Political Science Association’s Comparative Democratization section. Formerly known as CompDem, it has been published three times a year (October, January, and May) by the APSA-CDNational Endowment for Democracy’s International Forum for Democratic Studies since 2003. In October 2010, the newsletter was renamed APSA-CD and expanded to include substantive articles on democracy, as well as news and notes on the latest developments in the field. The newsletter is now jointly produced and edited by faculty members of the University of Florida’s Department of Political Science and the International Forum.
The current issue of APSA-CD is available here. A complete archive of past issues is also available.
To inquire about submitting an article to APSA-CD, please contact Michael Bernhard or Melissa Aten. Editorial Committee Members Petia Kostadinova is an assistant professor of political science and associate director of the Executive Editor Center for European Studies at the University Diego Abente Brun is deputy director of the of Florida. Her research interests include International Forum for Democratic Studies at comparative politics, comparative political the National Endowment for Democracy. Prior economy, East European Politics, and the European Union. to joining the Forum, Mr. Abente served as a Her current projects fall in two main categories: the impact of professor of sociology and politics at Catholic the European Union on applicant countries and member states University in Asunción, Paraguay, where he had taught since and the role of public preferences, and media’s transmission 1994, as a senior research fellow at the Centro de Análisis of these preferences, in shaping social and economic policies y Difusión de la Economía Paraguaya, and as an associate in postcommunist countries. She frequently participates in professor of political science at Miami University from 1984 to outreach activities aimed at educating teachers, business 1992. Mr. Abente-Brun has published and edited several books leaders, or the general public about recent developments in the and his work has also appeared in numerous academic journals, European Union or its member states. including the Journal of Democracy, Comparative Politics, Journal of Latin American Studies, and Latin American Research Review. Staffan I. Lindberg is an associate professor of political science and the Center for African Studies Chair at the University of Florida. He is also the research Michael H. Bernhard is the inaugural holder director of the World Values Survey Sweden, a of the Raymond and Miriam Ehrlich Eminent research fellow at the Quality of Government Institute, and Scholar Chair in Political Science at the an associate professor of political science at the University of University of Florida. His work centers on Gothenburg in Sweden. His research focuses on state building, questions of democratization and development political clientelism, political parties, legislative-executive both globally and in the context of Europe. Among the issues relations, women’s representation, voting behavior, elections, that have figured prominently in his research agenda are the and democracy in Africa. He is the author of Democracy and role of civil society in democratization, institutional choice in Elections in Africa ( Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006) new democracies, the political economy of democratic survival, and the editor of Democratization by Elections: A New Mode of and the legacy of extreme forms of dictatorship. Transition? ( Johns Hopkins University Press, 2009).
Members Bryon Moraski is an associate professor of political Kate Baldwin is an assistant professor of political science at the science at the University of Florida. His research University of Florida and a fellow at the Center considers the politics of institutional choice, for the Study of Democratic Politics at Princeton institutional development, and the influence of short- University. She studies state-building, clientelism, term electoral incentives on long-term political trajectories. and the political economy of development with a Most of his published work focuses on the former Soviet Union regional focus on sub-Saharan Africa. Her current and includes articles in the American Journal of Political Science, research projects seek to understand the political consequences Europe-Asia Studies, Government and Opposition, the Journal of involving non-state actors, such as traditional chiefs and of Politics, and elsewhere. His 2006 book, Elections by Design: non-governmental organizations, in the provision of goods Parties and Patronage in Russia’s Regions (Northern Illinois and services. University Press), examines the origins and consequences of electoral system design at the sub-national level in the Russian Federation.
37 Vol. 8, No. 3 Comparative Democratization Oct. 2010
Editorial Committee
Conor O’Dwyer is an associate professor of Leonardo A. Villalón is the director of the Center political science at the University of Florida. His for African Studies and associate professor of political book Runaway State-Building: Patronage Politics science at the University of Florida. His research has and Democratic Development ( Johns Hopkins focused on Islam and politics and on democratization University Press, 2006) examines the relationship between in West Africa, particularly Senegal, Mali, and party-building and state-building in new democracies, looking Niger. He is the author of Islamic Society and State Power in specifically at the relationship between party competition and Senegal (Cambridge University Press, 1995) and co-editor of patronage politics in postcommunist Eastern Europe. His latest The African State at a Critical Juncture: Between Disintegration research explores how the expansion of the European Union is and Reconfiguration (Lynne Rienner, 1998) and The Fate of changing the terrain of domestic politics in the postcommunist Africa’s Democratic Experiments: Elites and Institutions (Indiana member-states, especially with regard to the protection of University Press, 2005), as well as of numerous articles and minority rights. book chapters on politics and religion in West Africa.
Benjamin Smith is an associate professor of political science at the University of Florida. His research Managing Editor focuses on separatist conflicts, regime change, and Melissa Aten-Becnel is the research and democratization. His first book, Hard Times in the conferences officer at the National Endowment Land of Plenty: Oil Politics in Iran and Indonesia, was published in for Democracy’s International Forum for 2007 by Cornell University Press, and his articles have appeared Democratic Studies and associate director of the in World Politics, the American Journal of Political Science, Network of Democracy Research Institutes. She earned an Studies in Comparative International Development, the Journal M.A. from The George Washington University’s Elliott School of International Affairs, and other journals and edited volumes. of International Affairs, where she focused on foreign policy Mr. Smith is currently working on a book exploring the long- and Central and Eastern Europe. term factors that shape the success of separatist movements.
Philip Williams is the director of the Center for Editorial Assistant Latin American Studies and a professor of political Tristan Vellinga received a B.S in political science science and Latin American Studies at the University from the University of Iowa and is now a Ph.D. of Florida. He also co-directs the Latin American student in the department of political science Immigrants in the New South project. His research interests at the University of Florida, where he studies include religion and politics, transnational migration, comparative and American politics. His interests democratization, social movements, and civil-military relations. include comparative EU studies, European enlargement, His latest book, A Place to Be: Brazilian, Guatemalan, and Mexican Turkish politics, and Turkey-EU relations. His current research Immigrants in Florida’s New Destinations, was published by focuses on the role that enlargement has on the party systems of Rutgers University Press in 2009 and his articles have appeared new and existing member states and what this means for larger in numerous academic journals, including Comparative Politics, trajectories of party competition and state development. Latin American Perspectives, Latin Studies, and the Journal of Latin American Studies.
APSA
TheCD International Forum for Democratic Studies 1025 F Street, NW, 8th Floor Washington, DC 20004
38