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Appendices Appendix 1 APPENDICES APPENDIX 1. SOURCES AND METHODS FOR THE SETTLEMENT MAP The median figures represented on the map refer to total agricultural population. The discrimination of agricultural and non-agricultural population is available in the local detail of the census materials only from Hungary and Eastern Germany. In all other countries, the medians for total rural population have been reduced proportionately to the ratio between rural and agricultural population. This procedure risks to some extent to over-estimate the size of agricultural villages, but this is largely compensated by the fact that agglomera­ tions of an urban character, where the majority of the population belongs to non-agricultural occupations, are not included in the area for which the com­ putation is made. The "agrotowns" in some Southern areas are on the other hand included among the agricultural settlement. The results thus obtained are, of course, reliable mainly in their broad features, and details should be read with caution. For the calculations here presented, administrative subdivisions have been followed. For reasons obvious in connection with a survey like this one, the administrative units are generally on the provincial level, and sometimes even larger subdivisions have had to be accepted as basis. It has not been possible to make the distribution to correspond with homogeneous geographical regions. Contrasts occurring at short distances are therefore largely hidden. In many instances it might have been desirable to calculate more fractiles, e.g. quartiles. In regions where the settlement consists of a combination of large rural centers and scattered farms, the median values may represent a size of village which is of rare occurrence. It would however not have been possible to represent further detail on map. Whether the median size of village is in practice frequent or not, the median size at any rate represents the average situation as regards the distance factor and related factors. In the following, details of methods used and results found are given for each country, listed in alphabetical order. ALBANIA. A population census was taken in 1930 but never published {cf South-Eastern Europe. A political and economic suroey, ed. by The Royal Institute of International Affairs, London 1939). M. Urban, Die Siedlungen Sudalbaniens {Ohringen 1938), has analyzed the data of this census with regard to the southern half of the country. There were in this part 1,636 localities, out of which 300 had less than 100 inhabitants each, 1,063 had between 100 and 500, 208 between 500 and 1,000, 60 between 1,000 and 5,000, and 5 over 5,000 inhabitants. If the latter five are reckoned as urban settlement, then the median among the rest will fall close to 500. But according to the quoted author, pp 95 sqq and 107, many of these localities were not nucleated but were districts with scattered settlement. It is therefore certain that the median should have been below 400. On the other hand, the part played by nucleated villages in many parts of the area makes it unlikely that the median were under 200. The category 200--400 was therefore inserted on the map. The analogy with neighbouring parts of Greece and Yugoslavia allowed the same category to be interpolated for the northern part of Albania as well. SOURCES AND METHODS FOR THE SETTLEMENT MAP 357 The low quotient of agricultural land per man working in agriculture indicates that the Albanian villages cannot be very large, as measured in cultivated area. When rough grazings and waste mountain land are included, some of them may cover a considerable area. AusTRIA. The main sources are the Volksztthlungsergebnisse 1951 (Wien 1952), and Verwaltungsatlas auf statistischer Grundlage (Wien 1952). Medians were calculated for each of some 80 "politische Bezirke". In the following, indication is given of the maxima and Ininima between which these medians range in each of the "Bundesllinder". To these are added calculated values for the extension of village territories, both in all land put to agricultural use and in arable land. It has also seemed interesting to add the figures for average size of "ortschaften" according to the population census of 1900 (Die Ergebnisse der Volksztthlung vom 31 Dezember 1900 ... Wien 1902-03, H. 2). Although the concept is different and also includes the towns, a certain resemblance can be traced with the medians from 1950. Median of village size in 1950 Average size of Bundesland uOrtschaft'' in In agricultural 1 In land put to 1 1900 population agricultural use In arable land Niederiisterreich • 125- 450 51»-1,500 300-1,100 765 Oberiisterreich • • Under 100 300 Under 100 133 Steiermark • • . I 150- 400 51»-1,200 300- 800 354 Kiirnten 100- 150 700 300 128 Salzburg •••• 100- 200 800-2,000 400-1,000 255 Tirol, Vorar1berg 100- 400 1,200-7,000 700-2,500 427 Burgenland . • 350-1,150 . 800-1,700 51»-1,200 .. Cf also A. Klaar, "Die Siedlungslandschaften Niederoaterreichs", Aujbau (Wien) 1949, pp 178-188. BELGIUM. The main source used is the 1931 population census, Recensement general au 31 decembre 1931, T. 1 and 5. The census gives data only for communi­ ties, not for individual settlements. Approximate medians for size of village have been calculated by combining the census data with the indications on the general character of the settlement in each region contained in M. A. Lefevre, L'habitat rural en Belgique (Liege 1926). Medians of village size Province in agricultural in agricultural in total area population area (hectares) (hectares) Antwerpen ••• 300 400 900 Brabant..••. 300 400 600 West-Vlaanderen. Under 100 Under 100 About 100 Oost-Vlaanderen • Under 100 Under 100 About 100 Hainaut•.. 100 300 450 Li~ge •••• 100 300 550 Limburg 300 450 900 Luxembourg 125 475 900 Namur ••• 100 450 900 The area figures are based on the 1950 census of agriculture, Recensement general de l'agriculture 1950, in the preliminary results issued in November 1950, and Annuaire de statistique 72, 1952. 358 APPENDIX 1 BuLGARIA. The main source is the Recensement de la population 1934 (Sofia 1935). Total rural population was about 4.8 million and the agricultural popula­ tion about 4.4 million. The medians for rural population could thus be reduced by about one-tenth to approach medians for agricultural population. For the then existing seven districts (oblast), the following medians were found. Burgaz. 1,000 SoJia .•.• 950 Vratza 2,200 Stara-Zagora 950 Plovdiv 1,550 Shumen ..• 1,350 Pleven 1,400 For southern Dobrudsha, recent census returns are lacking. For this area, therefore, the same category was adopted, by interpolation, as in the sur­ rounding regions of both Bulgaria and Rumania. On the map, also the districts of Sofia and Stara-Zagora are represented by the category 1000-2000, because they are so close to it that it seemed safer to adopt only one representation for the whole of Bulgaria except Vratza. According to the statistical yearbooks from the early forties, the quotient of agricultural land was very close to 1 hectare per person of the agricultural population. The size of median villages may thus be assumed to be of a similar magnitude in hectares as in inhabitants. Interesting information on a somewhat earlier stage of development can be drawn from the Statistique de la propriete fonciere pendant l'annee 1908, Vol. 2, (Sofiia 1920). Already then, most of the Bulgarian villages included more than 50 holdings and many had more than 100 or even 200 holdings, and thousands of hectares of cultivated land. Small hamlets are also registered separately but were of small importance. CzECHOSLOVAKIA. The main source for population data has been the census of 1930, Recensement de la population de la republique tchecoslovaque, effectue le 1er decembre 1930, T. 1, (Prague 1934), 2:2 (Ibid. 1935). For the Western provinces, medians drawn from this source can be compared to average size of "Ortschaft" in the Austrian census of 1900, as in Austria. Area figures were taken from the statistical yearbook of Czechoslovakia for the year 1938. Median of Total village Arable land Average size of Part of the country agricultural area corre­ per village, ''Ortschaft" population sponding Id. 1900 thereto ~emia • • • • • • • ·I 285 850 430 500 Moravia..Silesia . • . • • 420 1,100 600 600 Slovakia . • . • • • 725 1,875 700 For the country as a whole, the result has had to be generalized on these main parts only. For Slovakia, it can be checked on the basis of small districts, from two sources. One is the Lettikon obcJ Slovenskoj republiky (Bratislava 1942), the other the Recensement de la population, de la propiete fonciere et du ckeptel, en 1938, dans la zone Nord recouvree ... (Publications statistiques hongroises, N.S., Vol. 108, Budapest 1939). The result obtained from these two sources, with a somewhat different procedure, gave essentially the same picture of the settlement structure and one which is well in accordance with the generalization for the whole of Slovakia that was found according to the first source used for the entire republic. See also A. Proke§, "Ueberkommene Siedlungsformen", Die sozialokonomische Struktur der Landwirlsckaft in der Tscheckoslowakei, red. V. Brdllk (Berlin 1938), pp 53-86. DENMARK. The well known fact that Danish agricultural settlement in modem time has essentially the form of isolated farmsteads can easily be studied on the ordnance survey map. Cf also, for instance, K. Skovgaard, in FAO Agricultural Studies, 11 (Rome 1950), p. 50. SOURCES AND METHODS FOR THE SETTLEMENT MAP 359 EsTONIA. As well as in the other Baltic countries, agricultural settlement in Estonia became to a great extent re-grouped into isolated farmsteads in connection with the land reform in the twenties. Even so, the background was one of relatively scattered settlement, as in the neighbouring Russian district of Pskov.
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