Pdf What They Actually Do Is Related to Their Perception of Risk

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Pdf What They Actually Do Is Related to Their Perception of Risk Peer-Reviewed Journal Tracking and Analyzing Disease Trends pages 1195–1340 EDITOR-IN-CHIEF D. Peter Drotman Managing Senior Editor EDITORIAL BOARD Polyxeni Potter, Atlanta, Georgia, USA Dennis Alexander, Addlestone Surrey, United Kingdom Senior Associate Editor Barry J. Beaty, Ft. Collins, Colorado, USA Brian W.J. Mahy, Atlanta, Georgia, USA Ermias Belay, Atlanta, GA, USA Martin J. Blaser, New York, New York, USA Associate Editors Christopher Braden, Atlanta, GA, USA Paul Arguin, Atlanta, Georgia, USA Carolyn Bridges, Atlanta, GA, USA Charles Ben Beard, Ft. Collins, Colorado, USA Arturo Casadevall, New York, New York, USA David Bell, Atlanta, Georgia, USA Kenneth C. Castro, Atlanta, Georgia, USA Corrie Brown, Athens, Georgia, USA Thomas Cleary, Houston, Texas, USA Charles H. Calisher, Ft. Collins, Colorado, USA Anne DeGroot, Providence, Rhode Island, USA Michel Drancourt, Marseille, France Vincent Deubel, Shanghai, China Paul V. Effl er, Perth, Australia Ed Eitzen, Washington, DC, USA David Freedman, Birmingham, AL, USA Daniel Feikin, Baltimore, MD, USA Peter Gerner-Smidt, Atlanta, GA, USA Kathleen Gensheimer, Cambridge, MA, USA K. Mills McNeill, Kampala, Uganda Duane J. Gubler, Singapore Nina Marano, Atlanta, Georgia, USA Richard L. Guerrant, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA Martin I. Meltzer, Atlanta, Georgia, USA Stephen Hadler, Atlanta, GA, USA David Morens, Bethesda, Maryland, USA Scott Halstead, Arlington, Virginia, USA J. Glenn Morris, Gainesville, Florida, USA David L. Heymann, London, UK Patrice Nordmann, Paris, France Charles King, Cleveland, Ohio, USA Tanja Popovic, Atlanta, Georgia, USA Keith Klugman, Atlanta, Georgia, USA Didier Raoult, Marseille, France Takeshi Kurata, Tokyo, Japan Pierre Rollin, Atlanta, Georgia, USA S.K. Lam, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Dixie E. Snider, Atlanta, Georgia, USA Bruce R. Levin, Atlanta, Georgia, USA Frank Sorvillo, Los Angeles, California, USA Myron Levine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA David Walker, Galveston, Texas, USA Stuart Levy, Boston, Massachusetts, USA David Warnock, Atlanta, Georgia, USA John S. MacKenzie, Perth, Australia J. Todd Weber, Stockholm, Sweden Marian McDonald, Atlanta, Georgia, USA Henrik C. Wegener, Copenhagen, Denmark John E. McGowan, Jr., Atlanta, Georgia, USA Founding Editor Tom Marrie, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada Joseph E. McDade, Rome, Georgia, USA Philip P. Mortimer, London, United Kingdom Fred A. Murphy, Galveston, Texas, USA Copy Editors Barbara E. Murray, Houston, Texas, USA Karen Foster, Thomas Gryczan, Nancy Mannikko, Beverly Merritt, P. Keith Murray, Geelong, Australia Carol Snarey, P. Lynne Stockton Stephen M. Ostroff, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, USA Production David H. Persing, Seattle, Washington, USA Carrie Huntington, Ann Jordan, Carole Liston, Shannon O’Connor, Richard Platt, Boston, Massachusetts, USA Reginald Tucker Gabriel Rabinovich, Buenos Aires, Argentina Mario Raviglione, Geneva, Switzerland Editorial Assistant David Relman, Palo Alto, California, USA Susanne Justice Ronald M. Rosenberg, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA www.cdc.gov/eid Connie Schmaljohn, Frederick, Maryland, USA Emerging Infectious Diseases Tom Schwan, Hamilton, Montana, USA Emerging Infectious Diseases is published monthly by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Mailstop D61, Atlanta, GA 30333, Ira Schwartz, Valhalla, New York, USA USA. Telephone 404-639-1960, fax 404-639-1954, email [email protected]. Tom Shinnick, Atlanta, Georgia, USA Bonnie Smoak, Bethesda, Maryland, USA The opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not neces- Rosemary Soave, New York, New York, USA sarily refl ect the opinions of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention or the institutions with which the authors are affi liated. P. Frederick Sparling, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA All material published in Emerging Infectious Diseases is in the public do- Robert Swanepoel, Johannesburg, South Africa main and may be used and reprinted without special permission; proper citation, Phillip Tarr, St. Louis, Missouri, USA however, is required. Timothy Tucker, Cape Town, South Africa Use of trade names is for identifi cation only and does not imply endorsement Elaine Tuomanen, Memphis, Tennessee, USA by the Public Health Service or by the U.S. Department of Health and Human John Ward, Atlanta, Georgia, USA Services. Mary E. Wilson, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA ∞ Emerging Infectious Diseases is printed on acid-free paper that meets the requirements of ANSI/NISO 239.48-1992 (Permanence of Paper) Emerging Infectious Diseases • www.cdc.gov/eid • Vol. 16, No. 8, August 2010 August 2010 On the Cover Corynebacterium pseudodiphtheriticum Vincent van Gogh (1853–1890) in Cystic Fibrosis Patients, France ...........1231 Terrace of a Café at Night F. Bittar et al. (Place du Forum) Respiratory tract colonization with these bacteria (c. 18 September 1888) may be common in this population. Oil on canvas (80.7 cm × 65.3 cm) White-Nose Syndrome Fungus Courtesy of Kröller-Müller Museum, Otterlo, the Netherlands in Bats, Europe ...........................................1237 G. Wibbelt et al. About the Cover p. 1335 Unlike bats in North America, bats in Europe are not killed by this fungus. Scavenging Ducks and Transmission Perspective of Highly Pathogenic Avian Infl uenza, Hantavirus Infections in Humans Indonesia .....................................................1244 and Animals, China .................................... 1195 J. Henning et al. Y.-Z. Zhang et al. These ducks may be a source of infection for Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome is a serious chickens and humans. public health problem in China. West Nile Virus Range Expansion Synopsis into British Columbia .................................1251 D. Roth et al. p. 1238 Elevated temperatures and mosquito abundance Clostridium diffi cile Bacteremia, may contribute. Taiwan ..........................................................1204 N.-Y. Lee et al. Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Surveillance, C. diffi cile bacteremia, although uncommon, is New York, New York, April–July 2009 .......1259 associated with severe illness and death. S. Balter et al. Health departments need the capacity to rapidly Research expand and modify surveillance. Responses to Pandemic (H1N1) 2009, Australia ............................................ 1211 K. Eastwood et al. p. 1273 Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Viral Load, Perception affects compliance with public health Disease Severity, and Virus Shedding control measures. in Children ...................................................1265 C.-C. Li et al. Bat Coronaviruses and Experimental Younger children may require a longer isolation Infection of Bats, the Philippines ..............1217 period and more aggressive treatment. S. Watanabe et al. Virus-infected fruit bats showed no clinical signs. Historical Review Multiyear Surveillance for Avian Pearl Kendrick, Grace Eldering, Infl uenza Virus in Waterfowl from and the Pertussis Vaccine .........................1273 Wintering Grounds, Texas Coast ..............1224 C.G. Shapiro-Shapin P.J. Ferro et al. State health department laboratories are crucial to Surveillance can assess prevalence of transmission public health research. from wild animals to humans. Emerging Infectious Diseases • www.cdc.gov/eid • Vol. 16, No. 8, August 2010 Dispatches 1279 Duck Hunters’ Perceptions of Risk for August 2010 Avian Infl uenza, Georgia H. Dishman et al. 1319 Eye-Opening Approach to Norovirus 1282 Amblyomma imitator Ticks as Vectors Surveillance of Rickettsia rickettsii, Mexico K.A. Oliveira et al. 1321 Possible Recurrent Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Infection, Israel 1285 Bat Rabies in Massachusetts, 1985–2009 1323 Novel Chlamydia-like Organisms as X. Wang et al. Cause of Bovine Abortion, UK 1289 Lyme Borreliosis, Po River Valley, Italy 1324 West Nile Virus Knowledge among D. Pistone et al. Hispanics, San Diego County, California, 2006 1292 Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Surveillance in Marginalized Populations, Tijuana, 1326 Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever in Mexico Man, Republic of Georgia, 2009 T.C. Rodwell et al. 1328 Mycobacterium avium subsp. p. 1296 1296 Novel Mycobacterium tuberculosis hominissuis Infection in Horses Complex Pathogen, M. mungi 1330 Lethal Necrotizing Pneumonia Caused K.A. Alexander et al. by an ST398 Staphylococcus aureus 1300 Quarantine Methods and Prevention Strain of Secondary Outbreak of Pandemic 1331 Not-So-Novel Michigan Rabbit (H1N1) 2009 Calicivirus (response) C.-Y. Chu et al. 1333 Leptospira Serovar as Prognostic 1303 Picornavirus Salivirus/Klassevirus in Factor (response) Children with Diarrhea, China T. Shan et al. 1306 Human Rickettsia heilongjiangensis Book Review Infection, Japan p. 1327 S. Ando et al. 1334 The Dictionary of Virology, 4th Edition 1309 Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Vaccination and Class Suspensions After Outbreaks, Taiwan About the Cover P.-R. Hsueh et al. 1335 Not from the Stars Do I My Judgment 1312 Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Virus and Down Pluck Syndrome Patients Etymologia R. Pérez-Padilla et al. 1278 Bordetella pertussis 1315 Effects of School Closure during Pandemic (H1N1) 2009, Pennsylvania T.L. Gift et al. Conference Summary One Health Approach to Infl uenza: Letters Assessment of Critical Issues and Options www.cdc.gov/EID/content/16/8/e1.htm 1318 Imported Human Rabies, the Philippines and Finland, 2007 Search past issues of EID at www.cdc.gov/eid Emerging Infectious Diseases • www.cdc.gov/eid • Vol. 16, No. 8, August 2010 Hantavirus Infections in Humans and Animals, China Yong-Zhen Zhang, Yang Zou, Zhen F. Fu, and Alexander Plyusnin Hemorrhagic
Recommended publications
  • Spatial and Temporal Dynamics of Rabies Virus Variants in Big Brown Bat Populations Across Canada: Footprints of an Emerging Zoonosis
    Molecular Ecology (2010) 19, 2120–2136 doi: 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2010.04630.x Spatial and temporal dynamics of rabies virus variants in big brown bat populations across Canada: footprints of an emerging zoonosis SUSAN A. NADIN-DAVIS,* YUQIN FENG,* DELPHINE MOUSSE,† ALEXANDER I. WANDELER* and STE´ PHANE ARIS-BROSOU†‡ *Centre of Expertise for Rabies, Ottawa Laboratory (Fallowfield), Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, †Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, ‡Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Abstract Phylogenetic analysis of a collection of rabies viruses that currently circulate in Canadian big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus) identified five distinct lineages which have emerged from a common ancestor that existed over 400 years ago. Four of these lineages are regionally restricted in their range while the fifth lineage, comprising two-thirds of all specimens, has emerged in recent times and exhibits a recent demographic expansion with rapid spread across the Canadian range of its host. Four of these viral lineages are shown to circulate in the US. To explore the role of the big brown bat host in dissemination of these viral variants, the population structure of this species was explored using both mitochondrial DNA and nuclear microsatellite markers. These data suggest the existence of three subpopulations distributed in British Columbia, mid- western Canada (Alberta and Saskatchewan) and eastern Canada (Quebec and Ontario), respectively. We suggest that these three bat subpopulations may differ by their level of female phylopatry, which in turn affects the spread of rabies viruses. We discuss how this bat population structure has affected the historical spread of rabies virus variants across the country and the potential impact of these events on public health concerns regarding rabies.
    [Show full text]
  • A Persistently Infecting Coronavirus in Hibernating Myotis Lucifugus, the North American Little Brown Bat
    RESEARCH ARTICLE Subudhi et al., Journal of General Virology 2017;98:2297–2309 DOI 10.1099/jgv.0.000898 A persistently infecting coronavirus in hibernating Myotis lucifugus, the North American little brown bat Sonu Subudhi,1 Noreen Rapin,1 Trent K. Bollinger,2 Janet E. Hill,1 Michael E. Donaldson,3 Christina M. Davy,3 Lisa Warnecke,4 James M. Turner,4 Christopher J. Kyle,3 Craig K. R. Willis4 and Vikram Misra1,* Abstract Bats are important reservoir hosts for emerging viruses, including coronaviruses that cause diseases in people. Although there have been several studies on the pathogenesis of coronaviruses in humans and surrogate animals, there is little information on the interactions of these viruses with their natural bat hosts. We detected a coronavirus in the intestines of 53/174 hibernating little brown bats (Myotis lucifugus), as well as in the lungs of some of these individuals. Interestingly, the presence of the virus was not accompanied by overt inflammation. Viral RNA amplified from little brown bats in this study appeared to be from two distinct clades. The sequences in clade 1 were very similar to the archived sequence derived from little brown bats and the sequences from clade 2 were more closely related to the archived sequence from big brown bats. This suggests that two closely related coronaviruses may circulate in little brown bats. Sequence variation among coronavirus detected from individual bats suggested that infection occurred prior to hibernation, and that the virus persisted for up to 4 months of hibernation in the laboratory. Based on the sequence of its genome, the coronavirus was placed in the Alphacoronavirus genus, along with some human coronaviruses, bat viruses and the porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus.
    [Show full text]
  • Viral Diversity Among Different Bat Species That Share a Common Habitatᰔ Eric F
    JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY, Dec. 2010, p. 13004–13018 Vol. 84, No. 24 0022-538X/10/$12.00 doi:10.1128/JVI.01255-10 Copyright © 2010, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. Metagenomic Analysis of the Viromes of Three North American Bat Species: Viral Diversity among Different Bat Species That Share a Common Habitatᰔ Eric F. Donaldson,1†* Aimee N. Haskew,2 J. Edward Gates,2† Jeremy Huynh,1 Clea J. Moore,3 and Matthew B. Frieman4† Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 275991; University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Appalachian Laboratory, Frostburg, Maryland 215322; Department of Biological Sciences, Oakwood University, Huntsville, Alabama 358963; and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland at Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland 212014 Received 11 June 2010/Accepted 24 September 2010 Effective prediction of future viral zoonoses requires an in-depth understanding of the heterologous viral population in key animal species that will likely serve as reservoir hosts or intermediates during the next viral epidemic. The importance of bats as natural hosts for several important viral zoonoses, including Ebola, Marburg, Nipah, Hendra, and rabies viruses and severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (SARS-CoV), has been established; however, the large viral population diversity (virome) of bats has been partially deter- mined for only a few of the ϳ1,200 bat species. To assess the virome of North American bats, we collected fecal, oral, urine, and tissue samples from individual bats captured at an abandoned railroad tunnel in Maryland that is cohabitated by 7 to 10 different bat species. Here, we present preliminary characterization of the virome of three common North American bat species, including big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus), tricolored bats (Perimyotis subflavus), and little brown myotis (Myotis lucifugus).
    [Show full text]
  • Current Affairs Quiz July 2020
    Current Affairs Quiz 2020 Current Affairs Quiz July 2020 1. With which of the following Foundation Ministry of Agriculture of India has signed a contract for spraying atomized pesticide? A. Aerialair B. Aero360 C. M/s Micron D. Martian Way Corporation Explanation: Anticipating Locust attack, Ministry of Agriculture signed a contract with M/s Micron, UK to modify two Mi-17 Helicopters for spraying atomized pesticide to arrest Locust breeding in May 2020. Read the Article Click Here 2. When the National Charted Accountants Day is celebrated? A. 1st June B. 1st July C. 1st August D. 1st September Explanation: National Charted Accountants Day is celebrated on July 1 every year to commemorate the finding of the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India (ICAI) by the parliament of India in 1949. Read the Article Click Here 3. Recently, which of the following govt scheme has been extended for a further five months till November-end for distributing free foodgrains to the poor by PM? A. PM Jeevan Jyoti Bima Yojana B. PM Vaya Vandana Yojana C. PM Jan Dhan Yojana D. PM Garib Kalyan Anna Yojana Explanation: Prime Minister of India Narendra Modi has extended PM Garib Kalyan Anna Yojana for a further five months till November-end for distributing free foodgrains to the poor. The government will Report Errors in the PDF – [email protected] ©All Rights Reserved by Gkseries.com Current Affairs Quiz 2020 keep providing free foodgrains to the poor section of the society due to the increased need during the festivals. Read the Article Click Here 4.
    [Show full text]
  • Understanding Human Astrovirus from Pathogenesis to Treatment
    University of Tennessee Health Science Center UTHSC Digital Commons Theses and Dissertations (ETD) College of Graduate Health Sciences 6-2020 Understanding Human Astrovirus from Pathogenesis to Treatment Virginia Hargest University of Tennessee Health Science Center Follow this and additional works at: https://dc.uthsc.edu/dissertations Part of the Diseases Commons, Medical Sciences Commons, and the Viruses Commons Recommended Citation Hargest, Virginia (0000-0003-3883-1232), "Understanding Human Astrovirus from Pathogenesis to Treatment" (2020). Theses and Dissertations (ETD). Paper 523. http://dx.doi.org/10.21007/ etd.cghs.2020.0507. This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the College of Graduate Health Sciences at UTHSC Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations (ETD) by an authorized administrator of UTHSC Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Understanding Human Astrovirus from Pathogenesis to Treatment Abstract While human astroviruses (HAstV) were discovered nearly 45 years ago, these small positive-sense RNA viruses remain critically understudied. These studies provide fundamental new research on astrovirus pathogenesis and disruption of the gut epithelium by induction of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) following astrovirus infection. Here we characterize HAstV-induced EMT as an upregulation of SNAI1 and VIM with a down regulation of CDH1 and OCLN, loss of cell-cell junctions most notably at 18 hours post-infection (hpi), and loss of cellular polarity by 24 hpi. While active transforming growth factor- (TGF-) increases during HAstV infection, inhibition of TGF- signaling does not hinder EMT induction. However, HAstV-induced EMT does require active viral replication.
    [Show full text]
  • Reflection Paper Quality, Non-Clinical and Clinical Issues
    European Medicines Agency 1 London, 19 March 2009 2 EMEA/CHMP/GTWP/587488/2007 3 4 COMMITTEE FOR MEDICINAL PRODUCTS FOR HUMAN USE 5 (CHMP) 6 REFLECTION PAPER 7 QUALITY, NON-CLINICAL AND CLINICAL ISSUES RELATING SPECIFICALLY TO 8 RECOMBINANT ADENO-ASSOCIATED VIRAL VECTORS 9 DRAFT AGREED BY GENE THERAPY WORKING PARTY (GTWP) January 2009 PRESENTATION TO THE COMMITTEE FOR ADVANCED February 2009 THERAPIES (CAT) AND CHMP ADOPTION BY CHMP FOR RELEASE FOR CONSULTATION March 2009 END OF CONSULTATION (DEADLINE FOR COMMENTS) September 2009 10 Comments should be provided electronically in word format using this template to [email protected] 11 12 KEYWORDS Adeno-associated virus, self complementary adeno-associated virus, recombinant adeno-associated virus, production systems, quality, non-clinical, clinical, follow-up, tissue tropism, germ-line transmission, environmental risk, immunogenicity, biodistribution, shedding, animal models, persistence, reactivation. 13 7 Westferry Circus, Canary Wharf, London, E14 4HB, UK Tel. (44-20) 7418 8400 Fax (44-20) 7418 8613 E-mail: [email protected] http://www.emea.europa.eu ©EMEA 2009 Reproduction and/or distribution of this document is authorised for non commercial purposes only provided the EMEA is acknowledged 14 15 REFLECTION PAPER ON QUALITY, NON-CLINICAL AND CLINICAL ISSUES 16 RELATING SPECIFICALLY TO RECOMBINANT ADENO-ASSOCIATED VIRAL 17 VECTORS 18 19 TABLE OF CONTENTS 20 1. INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Characteristics and Timing of Initial Virus Shedding in Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2, Utah, USA Nathaniel M
    SYNOPSIS Characteristics and Timing of Initial Virus Shedding in Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2, Utah, USA Nathaniel M. Lewis, Lindsey M. Duca, Perrine Marcenac, Elizabeth A. Dietrich, Christopher J. Gregory, Victoria L. Fields, Michelle M. Banks, Jared R. Rispens, Aron Hall, Jennifer L. Harcourt, Azaibi Tamin, Sarah Willardson, Tair Kiphibane, Kimberly Christensen, Angela C. Dunn, Jacqueline E. Tate, Scott Nabity, Almea M. Matanock, Hannah L. Kirking Virus shedding in severe acute respiratory syndrome others has been documented (4–8). In addition, stud- coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) can occur before onset ies suggest that virus shedding can begin before the of symptoms; less is known about symptom progres- onset of symptoms (7,8) and extend beyond the reso- sion or infectiousness associated with initiation of viral lution of symptoms (9). However, data on the initia- shedding. We investigated household transmission in tion and progression of viral shedding in relation to 5 households with daily specimen collection for 5 con- symptom onset and infectiousness are limited. Inten- secutive days starting a median of 4 days after symptom sive early monitoring of household members through onset in index patients. Seven contacts across 2 house- serial (i.e., daily) collection of a respiratory tract spec- holds implementing no precautionary measures were in- imen for testing by real-time reverse transcription fected. Of these 7, 2 tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 by PCR (rRT-PCR), which could clarify the characteris- reverse transcription PCR on day 3 of 5. Both had mild, nonspecific symptoms for 1–3 days preceding the first tics of initial viral shedding, has rarely been imple- positive test.SARS-CoV-2 was cultured from the fourth- mented, although serial self-collection of nasal and day specimen in 1 patient and from the fourth- and fifth- saliva samples was used in a recent study (10).
    [Show full text]
  • RIVM Reprot 320001001 Effect of Administration Route On
    Report 320001001/2008 E.F.A. Brandon | B. Tiesjema | J.C.H. van Eijkeren | H.P.H. Hermsen Effect of administration route on biodistribution and shedding of replication-deficient viral vectors used in gene therapy A literature study RIVM Report 320001001/2008 Effect of administration route on biodistribution and shedding of replication-deficient viral vectors used in gene therapy A literature study E.F.A. Brandon B. Tiesjema J.C.H. van Eijkeren H.P.H. Hermsen Contact: E.F.A. Brandon Centre for Substances and Integrated Risk Assessment [email protected] This investigation has been performed by order and for the account of Office for Genetically Modified Organisms of the National Institute for Public Health and the Environment RIVM, P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, telephone: +31 – 30 – 274 91 11; telefax: +31 – 30 – 274 29 71 © RIVM 2008 Parts of this publication may be reproduced, provided acknowledgement is given to the 'National Institute for Public Health and the Environment', along with the title and year of publication. 2 RIVM report 320001001 Abstract Effect of administration route on biodistribution and shedding of replication-deficient viral vectors used in gene therapy A literature study In gene therapy, genes (heredity material) are introduced in patients to treat diseases caused by deletions or alterations in genes. With adapted viruses it is possible to direct the gene of interest to a desired place in the body. This modified virus is called a viral vector. The gene of interest can also spread, via the viral vector, to a site outside the patient.
    [Show full text]
  • Re-Infection and Viral Shedding
    // Threat Assessment Brief Reinfection with SARS-CoV-2: considerations for public health response 21 September 2020 Introduction Cases with suspected or possible reinfection with SARS-CoV-2 have been recently reported in different countries [1-4]. In many of these cases, it is uncertain if the individual’s Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) test remained positive for a long period of time following the first episode of infection or whether it represents a true reinfection. The aim of this Threat Assessment Brief is to elucidate the characteristics and frequency of confirmed SARS-CoV-2 reinfection in the literature, to summarise the findings about SARS-CoV-2 infection and antibody development, and to consider the following questions: • How can a SARS-CoV-2 reinfection be identified? • How common are SARS-CoV-2 reinfections? • What is known about the role of reinfection in onward transmission? • What do these observations mean for acquired immunity? Finally, options for public health response are proposed. Issues to be considered • Some patients with laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection have been identified to be PCR-positive over prolonged periods of time after infection and clinical recovery [5,6]. • The duration of viral RNA detection (identification of viral RNA through PCR testing in a patient) has been shown to be variable, with the detection of RNA in upper respiratory specimens shown up to 104 days after the onset of symptoms [7-9]. • Of note, patients have also been reported to have intermittent negative PCR tests, especially when the virus concentration in the sampled material becomes low or is around the detection limit of a test [4].
    [Show full text]
  • En Este Número
    Boletín Científico No. 18 (1-10 julio/2021) EN ESTE NÚMERO VacCiencia es una publicación dirigida a Resumen de candidatos vacu- investigadores y especialistas dedicados a nales contra la COVID-19 ba- la vacunología y temas afines, con el ob- sadas en la plataforma de sub- jetivo de serle útil. Usted puede realizar unidad proteica en desarrollo a sugerencias sobre los contenidos y de es- nivel mundial. (segunda parte) ta forma crear una retroalimentación Artículos científicos más que nos permita acercarnos más a sus recientes de Medline sobre necesidades de información. vacunas. Patentes más recientes en Patentscope sobre vacunas. Patentes más recientes en USPTO sobre vacunas. 1| Copyright © 2020. Todos los derechos reservados | INSTITUTO FINLAY DE VACUNAS Resumen de vacunas contra la COVID-19 basadas en la plataforma de subunidad proteica en desarrollo a nivel mundial (segunda parte) Las vacunas de subunidades antigénicas son aquellas en las que solamente se utilizan los fragmentos específicos (llamados «subunidades antigénicas») del virus o la bacteria que es indispensable que el sistema inmunitario reconozca. Las subunidades antigénicas suelen ser proteínas o hidratos de carbono. La mayoría de las vacunas que figuran en los calendarios de vacunación infantil son de este tipo y protegen a las personas de enfermedades como la tos ferina, el tétanos, la difteria y la meningitis meningocócica. Este tipo de vacunas solo incluye las partes del microorganismo que mejor estimulan al sistema inmunitario. En el caso de las desarrolladas contra la COVID-19 contienen generalmente, la proteína S o fragmentos de la misma como el Dominio de Unión al Receptor (RBD, por sus siglas en inglés).
    [Show full text]
  • Vaccines and Therapeutics Against Hantaviruses
    fmicb-10-02989 January 28, 2020 Time: 16:47 # 1 REVIEW published: 30 January 2020 doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02989 Vaccines and Therapeutics Against Hantaviruses Rongrong Liu1†, Hongwei Ma1†, Jiayi Shu2,3, Qiang Zhang4, Mingwei Han5, Ziyu Liu1, Xia Jin2*, Fanglin Zhang1* and Xingan Wu1* 1 Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China, 2 Scientific Research Center, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministry of Education & Health, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China, 3 Viral Disease and Vaccine Translational Research Unit, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China, 4 School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China, 5 Cadet Brigade, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China Hantaviruses (HVs) are rodent-transmitted viruses that can cause hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS) in the Americas and hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) in Eurasia. Together, these viruses have annually caused approximately 200,000 human infections worldwide in recent years, with a case fatality rate of 5–15% for HFRS and up to 40% for HCPS. There is currently no effective Edited by: Lu Lu, treatment available for either HFRS or HCPS. Only whole virus inactivated vaccines Fudan University, China against HTNV or SEOV are licensed for use in the Republic of Korea and China, but Reviewed by: the protective efficacies of these vaccines are uncertain. To a large extent, the immune Gong Cheng, correlates of protection against hantavirus are not known. In this review, we summarized Tsinghua University, China Wei Hou, the epidemiology, virology, and pathogenesis of four HFRS-causing viruses, HTNV, Wuhan University, China SEOV, PUUV, and DOBV, and two HCPS-causing viruses, ANDV and SNV, and then *Correspondence: discussed the existing knowledge on vaccines and therapeutics against these diseases.
    [Show full text]
  • Book Coronaviruses
    Coronaviruses Edited by Jean-Marc Sabatier Institute of NeuroPhysiopathology Marseille, Cedex France BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS LTD. End User License Agreement (for non-institutional, personal use) This is an agreement between you and Bentham Science Publishers Ltd. Please read this License Agreement carefully before using the ebook/echapter/ejournal (“Work”). Your use of the Work constitutes your agreement to the terms and conditions set forth in this License Agreement. If you do not agree to these terms and conditions then you should not use the Work. Bentham Science Publishers agrees to grant you a non-exclusive, non-transferable limited license to use the Work subject to and in accordance with the following terms and conditions. This License Agreement is for non-library, personal use only. For a library / institutional / multi user license in respect of the Work, please contact: [email protected]. Usage Rules: 1. All rights reserved: The Work is 1. the subject of copyright and Bentham Science Publishers either owns the Work (and the copyright in it) or is licensed to distribute the Work. You shall not copy, reproduce, modify, remove, delete, augment, add to, publish, transmit, sell, resell, create derivative works from, or in any way exploit the Work or make the Work available for others to do any of the same, in any form or by any means, in whole or in part, in each case without the prior written permission of Bentham Science Publishers, unless stated otherwise in this License Agreement. 2. You may download a copy of the Work on one occasion to one personal computer (including tablet, laptop, desktop, or other such devices).
    [Show full text]