DOCSLIB.ORG

Re-Infection and Viral Shedding

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Re-Infection and Viral Shedding // Threat Assessment Brief Reinfection with SARS-CoV-2: considerations for public health response 21 September 2020 Introduction Cases with suspected or possible reinfection with SARS-CoV-2 have been recently reported in different countries [1-4]. In many of these cases, it is uncertain if the individual’s Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) test remained positive for a long period of time following the first episode of infection or whether it represents a true reinfection. The aim of this Threat Assessment Brief is to elucidate the characteristics and frequency of confirmed SARS-CoV-2 reinfection in the literature, to summarise the findings about SARS-CoV-2 infection and antibody development, and to consider the following questions: • How can a SARS-CoV-2 reinfection be identified? • How common are SARS-CoV-2 reinfections? • What is known about the role of reinfection in onward transmission? • What do these observations mean for acquired immunity? Finally, options for public health response are proposed. Issues to be considered • Some patients with laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection have been identified to be PCR-positive over prolonged periods of time after infection and clinical recovery [5,6]. • The duration of viral RNA detection (identification of viral RNA through PCR testing in a patient) has been shown to be variable, with the detection of RNA in upper respiratory specimens shown up to 104 days after the onset of symptoms [7-9]. • Of note, patients have also been reported to have intermittent negative PCR tests, especially when the virus concentration in the sampled material becomes low or is around the detection limit of a test [4]. • It is important to note that the identification of SARS-CoV-2 RNA through PCR (i.e. viral RNA shedding) does not equate to the presence of viable, infectious virus within a patient. • Additional challenges to classifying suspected cases as ‘confirmed’ reinfections have been the absence of testing results and the lack of genetic sequencing. Confirmation is further complicated because common criteria for the identification of reinfections have not yet been established. • As described below, additional tests must be run to check for viable virus, and when considering an individual patients’ situation, test results must be interpreted in combination with additional epidemiological and clinical characteristics. Suggested citation: European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Reinfection with SARS-CoV: considerations for public health response: ECDC; 2020 © European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Stockholm, 2020. THREAT ASSESSMENT BRIEF Reinfection with SARS-CoV-2: considerations for public health response Event background Elucidating the characteristics and frequency of reinfection is crucial, as it could impact on our understanding of acquired immunity after natural infection. This section focuses on recent published or pre-print case reports from Hong Kong, Nevada, USA, Belgium, Ecuador and India that describe reinfections based on genetic sequencing as confirmation of second infections with SARS-CoV-2, following a first confirmed infection [10-14]. There are also media reports of cases in the Netherlands, Spain and several additional cases globally that are under investigation and not yet present in the literature [15-18]. Hong Kong A publication by To et al [10] reports an episode of SARS-CoV-2 infection detected in mid-August 2020, in Hong Kong, in an immunocompetent 33 year old man during routine airport screening, 142 days after the first positive PCR. The patient presented with symptoms of cough, sore throat, fever and headache for three days during the first episode and was hospitalised for isolation purposes, although his symptoms had mostly resolved upon hospitalisation. The patient was discharged two weeks later after two subsequent negative SARS-CoV-2 PCR assays on nasopharyngeal and throat swabs. During the second infection, the patient was asymptomatic and was reported to have a slightly elevated C-reactive protein, a relatively high viral load which decreased over time, and a seroconversion of SARS-CoV-2-IgG, all suggesting that the second episode was a new acute SARS-CoV-2 infection. The patient’s reinfection was differentiated from prolonged PCR positivity after the first infection through whole genome analysis. The two SARS-CoV-2 strains belonged to different clades/lineages with 24 nucleotide differences, which is a high amount given the relatively slow rate of mutation observed for SARS-CoV-2 to date. These clades match the epidemiology of the main clades circulating where the patient was likely infected (i.e. the first strain clustered with viruses from Hong Kong while the second strain clustered with viruses from Spain). Viral culture for the second episode was pending at the time of publication. Nevada, USA Tillet et al [11], report a case of a 25 year old immunocompetent male with COVID-19-like symptoms of sore throat, cough, headache and nausea who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 on 18 April 2020, 24 days post-symptom onset. The patient was isolated and his symptoms resolved nine days after testing. The patient tested negative twice in the weeks following symptom resolution and felt well until 31 May 2020, when the patient sought care for fever, headache, dizziness, cough, nausea and diarrhoea. The patient’s symptoms worsened five days later, with hypoxia and shortness of breath leading the patient to be hospitalised and to receive oxygen support. A chest x-ray performed at that time indicated viral or atypical pneumonia and RT-PCR was positive for SARS-CoV-2. Seven days post-symptom onset during the second episode the patient was reactive for IgG/IgM for SARS-CoV-2. Specimens from the first and second episodes were available and whole genome sequencing was performed. SARS-CoV-2 sequences determined from both episodes were found to cluster in the same clade, but with seven nucleotide differences between them. The authors used the substitution rate which calculates the number of mutations over a respective time period and compared the result of the difference between the two viruses, with the expected substitution rate of naturally occurring mutations in SARS-CoV-2 viruses in general over the same time period. The calculations for the difference between episode one and two resulted in a value of 83.6, which by far exceeded the currently observed naturally occurring substitution rate of 23.1, and suggested two independent infections with different viruses. Viral culture and sub-genomic RNA were not performed. Belgium Van Elslande et al [12] reported a case of reinfection in a 51 year old woman who presented with headache, fever, myalgia, cough, chest pain, dyspnoea and anosmia to her general practitioner on 9 March 2020. The patient was immunocompetent, but took a daily dose of oral corticosteroids for asthma. A nasopharyngeal swab was positive for SARS-CoV-2 with a Ct value of 25.6. The patient self-isolated at home and reported persistent symptoms for nearly five weeks. Three months (10 June 2020) after her initial symptoms, the patient presented with headache, cough, fatigue and rhinitis. Her nasopharyngeal swab was again positive for SARS-CoV-2 (Ct value 32.6). The symptoms lasted for one week and again resolved without hospitalisation. Neutralising antibodies were assessed six weeks after the second episode’s symptom onset and were present at that time (1/320). Full length genome sequencing showed 11 differences between the two episodes’ isolates, confirming infection with different strains. Viral culture was not performed, and neutralising antibodies were not assessed between the two episodes. 2 THREAT ASSESSMENT BRIEF Reinfection with SARS-CoV-2: considerations for public health response Ecuador Prado-Vivar et al [13] report a case of reinfection in a 46 year old immunocompetent male who presented on 12 May 2020 after three days of headache and drowsiness. At 11 days post-symptom onset, an oropharyngeal swab was positive for SARS-CoV-2 with a Ct value of 36.85 (ORF3a gene). The patient’s symptoms improved and a repeat PCR on 3 June 2020 was negative. In July 2020, the patient reported close contact with a relative that was later diagnosed with COVID-19. Two days following this contact, on 20 July 2020, the patient presented with symptoms including headache, fever, cough and shortness of breath. On 22 July 2020, another oropharyngeal sample tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 (no Ct values reported). Although the patient’s symptoms during the second episode were more severe than the first episode, hospitalisation was not required. Qualitative IgG/IgM was negative for IgG and positive for IgM on 16 May 2020; a test for antibodies on 18 August during the second episode was positive for IgG and IgM. Genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis showed that the infection episodes belonged to different clades with nine variant differences. Viral culture was not performed, and neutralising antibodies were not assessed between the two episodes. India Gupta et al [14] report two cases of reinfection, both in immunocompetent health workers posted in the COVID-19 unit at a tertiary hospital in India. Patient I1, a 25 year old man, was found PCR positive on 5 May 2020 (Ct: 36) during routine surveillance of health workers. He was asymptomatic but isolated as per institutional policy until he became PCR negative. He continued working thereafter and was found PCR-positive again on 17 August (Ct 16.6). The patient was again isolated and remained asymptomatic throughout the second episode. Antibody testing, neutralising antibodies and viral culture results were not reported. Sequencing of samples from both episodes was performed along with genomic analysis; the first and second episodes revealed nine variant differences. Patient I2, a 28 year old woman, was found PCR positive on 17 May 2020 (Ct: 28.16), also during routine surveillance of health workers. She was asymptomatic but isolated as per institutional policy until she became PCR negative.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Development of a Point-Of-Care Assay for HIV-1 Viral Load Using Higher Refractive Index Antibody-Coated Microbeads
    sensors Article Development of a Point-of-Care Assay for HIV-1 Viral Load Using Higher Refractive Index Antibody-Coated Microbeads Mazhar Sher 1,2, Benjamin Coleman 3, Massimo Caputi 4 and Waseem Asghar 1,2,5,* 1 Asghar-Lab, Micro and Nanotechnology in Medicine, College of Engineering and Computer Science, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA; [email protected] 2 Department of Computer & Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA 3 Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005, USA; [email protected] 4 Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA; [email protected] 5 Department of Biological Sciences (Courtesy Appointment), Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: The detection of viruses using imaging techniques is challenging because of the weak scattering of light generated by the targets of sizes in the nanometer range. The system we have developed overcomes the light scattering problems by utilizing antibody-coated microbeads of higher index of refraction that can specifically bind with viruses and increase the acceptance angle. Using the new technology, we have developed a portable, cost-effective, and field-deployable platform for the rapid quantification of HIV-1 viral load for point-of-care (POC) settings. The system combines microfluidics with a wide field of view lensless imaging technology. Highly specific antibodies are Citation: Sher, M.; Coleman, B.; functionalized to a glass slide inside a microchip to capture HIV-1 virions. The captured virions Caputi, M.; Asghar, W.
    [Show full text]
  • Real-Time Quantitative PCR for the Design of Lentiviral Vector Analytical Assays
    Gene Therapy (2005) 12, S36–S50 & 2005 Nature Publishing Group All rights reserved 0969-7128/05 $30.00 www.nature.com/gt CONFERENCE PAPER Real-time quantitative PCR for the design of lentiviral vector analytical assays C Delenda1 and C Gaillard2 1Genethon, CNRS UMR 8115, 1bis rue de l’Internationale, Evry Cedex, France; and 2GenoSafe, 1 rue Pierre Fontaine, Evry Cedex, France From the recent and emerging concerns for approving context, have been included in the effort to dress an lentiviral vector-mediated gene transfer in human clinical exhaustive list. Also, great variations have been observed applications, several analytical methods have been applied from interlaboratory results, we have tempted to compare in preclinical models to address the lentiviral vector load between them the different analytical methods that have in batches, cells or tissues. This review points out the oldest been used to consider (i) the titration of lentiviral vector generation methods (blots, RT activity, standard PCR) as batches, (ii) the absence of the susceptible emerging well as a full description of the newest real-time quantitative replicative lentiviruses or (iii) the lentiviral vector biodistribu- PCR (qPCR) applications. Combinations of primer and probe tion in the organism. sequences, which have worked in the lentiviral amplification Gene Therapy (2005) 12, S36–S50. doi:10.1038/sj.gt.3302614 Keywords: real-time PCR; lentiviral vector; standardization Introduction This review points out the major progress undertaken for the standardization of some of these technical Lentiviral-derived transfer vectors have gained increased expertises. Associated with conventional detection attention because their karyophilic properties allow their methods, techniques derived from qPCR have been use for the transduction of quiescent cells.1,2 The applied in the lentiviral vector context for the evaluation acceptance of their use in clinical settings will require of titration, RCL and biodistribution in animal models.
    [Show full text]
  • Section 2: Virology, HIV and Viral Load
    Section 2: Virology, HIV and viral load www.i-Base.info Section 2: Virology, HIV and viral load 2 2.1 Introduction to Section 2 The second section provide information about HIV as a virus. What kind of infection is HIV; what happens after you are infected and how is the virus monitored? 2.2 Aims for Section 2 After reading section 2, advocates will have a basic understanding of: • The defnition of HIV. • The difference between different causes of illness: viruses, bacteria, fungi and parasites. • Viral load in early and chronic infection and the natural history of HIV. • The impact of coinfections on viral load. • Viral load tests and their accuracy. • Viral load in relation to whether or not you are taking HIV treatment (ART). • The HIV viral life cycle. • A basic theory of resistance. • CD4 count and viral load graphs and how to superimpose them. HIV i-Base: basic training for advocates S2:18 January 2016 Section 2: Virology, HIV and viral load www.i-Base.info 2.3 Defnition of HIV HIV stands for Human Immunodefciency Virus. Human – means it is a virus that infects humans. Immunodefciency – means it reduces the immune system. Virus – means that the infection is a virus! A virus is genetic organism that can only reproduce inside cells of another living organism. Some viruses are harmless and others can cause illness. Anti-viral drugs are used to treat viral infections. Viral infections that affect people with HIV include hepatitis A, B and C, herpes 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2), cytomegalovirus (CMV), and human papilloma virus (HPV).
    [Show full text]
  • Viral Vectors for COVID-19 Vaccine Development
    viruses Review Viral Vectors for COVID-19 Vaccine Development Kenneth Lundstrom PanTherapeutics, CH1095 Lutry, Switzerland; [email protected] Abstract: Vaccine development against SARS-CoV-2 has been fierce due to the devastating COVID- 19 pandemic and has included all potential approaches for providing the global community with safe and efficient vaccine candidates in the shortest possible timeframe. Viral vectors have played a central role especially using adenovirus-based vectors. Additionally, other viral vectors based on vaccinia viruses, measles viruses, rhabdoviruses, influenza viruses and lentiviruses have been subjected to vaccine development. Self-amplifying RNA virus vectors have been utilized for lipid nanoparticle-based delivery of RNA as COVID-19 vaccines. Several adenovirus-based vaccine candidates have elicited strong immune responses in immunized animals and protection against challenges in mice and primates has been achieved. Moreover, adenovirus-based vaccine candidates have been subjected to phase I to III clinical trials. Recently, the simian adenovirus-based ChAdOx1 vector expressing the SARS-CoV-2 S spike protein was approved for use in humans in the UK. Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; vaccines; adenovirus; preclinical immunization; clinical trials; approved vaccine 1. Introduction Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has spread quickly around the world, causing the COVID-19 pandemic, which has seen more than 100 million infections, 2.15 million deaths and a severely damaged global economy [1]. The severity Citation: Lundstrom, K. Viral and spread of COVID-19 were unprecedented compared to previous coronavirus outbreaks Vectors for COVID-19 Vaccine for SARS-CoV in 2004–2005 [2] and Middle East Respiratory Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) Development.
    [Show full text]
  • Understanding Human Astrovirus from Pathogenesis to Treatment
    University of Tennessee Health Science Center UTHSC Digital Commons Theses and Dissertations (ETD) College of Graduate Health Sciences 6-2020 Understanding Human Astrovirus from Pathogenesis to Treatment Virginia Hargest University of Tennessee Health Science Center Follow this and additional works at: https://dc.uthsc.edu/dissertations Part of the Diseases Commons, Medical Sciences Commons, and the Viruses Commons Recommended Citation Hargest, Virginia (0000-0003-3883-1232), "Understanding Human Astrovirus from Pathogenesis to Treatment" (2020). Theses and Dissertations (ETD). Paper 523. http://dx.doi.org/10.21007/ etd.cghs.2020.0507. This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the College of Graduate Health Sciences at UTHSC Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations (ETD) by an authorized administrator of UTHSC Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Understanding Human Astrovirus from Pathogenesis to Treatment Abstract While human astroviruses (HAstV) were discovered nearly 45 years ago, these small positive-sense RNA viruses remain critically understudied. These studies provide fundamental new research on astrovirus pathogenesis and disruption of the gut epithelium by induction of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) following astrovirus infection. Here we characterize HAstV-induced EMT as an upregulation of SNAI1 and VIM with a down regulation of CDH1 and OCLN, loss of cell-cell junctions most notably at 18 hours post-infection (hpi), and loss of cellular polarity by 24 hpi. While active transforming growth factor- (TGF-) increases during HAstV infection, inhibition of TGF- signaling does not hinder EMT induction. However, HAstV-induced EMT does require active viral replication.
    [Show full text]
  • Reflection Paper Quality, Non-Clinical and Clinical Issues
    European Medicines Agency 1 London, 19 March 2009 2 EMEA/CHMP/GTWP/587488/2007 3 4 COMMITTEE FOR MEDICINAL PRODUCTS FOR HUMAN USE 5 (CHMP) 6 REFLECTION PAPER 7 QUALITY, NON-CLINICAL AND CLINICAL ISSUES RELATING SPECIFICALLY TO 8 RECOMBINANT ADENO-ASSOCIATED VIRAL VECTORS 9 DRAFT AGREED BY GENE THERAPY WORKING PARTY (GTWP) January 2009 PRESENTATION TO THE COMMITTEE FOR ADVANCED February 2009 THERAPIES (CAT) AND CHMP ADOPTION BY CHMP FOR RELEASE FOR CONSULTATION March 2009 END OF CONSULTATION (DEADLINE FOR COMMENTS) September 2009 10 Comments should be provided electronically in word format using this template to [email protected] 11 12 KEYWORDS Adeno-associated virus, self complementary adeno-associated virus, recombinant adeno-associated virus, production systems, quality, non-clinical, clinical, follow-up, tissue tropism, germ-line transmission, environmental risk, immunogenicity, biodistribution, shedding, animal models, persistence, reactivation. 13 7 Westferry Circus, Canary Wharf, London, E14 4HB, UK Tel. (44-20) 7418 8400 Fax (44-20) 7418 8613 E-mail: [email protected] http://www.emea.europa.eu ©EMEA 2009 Reproduction and/or distribution of this document is authorised for non commercial purposes only provided the EMEA is acknowledged 14 15 REFLECTION PAPER ON QUALITY, NON-CLINICAL AND CLINICAL ISSUES 16 RELATING SPECIFICALLY TO RECOMBINANT ADENO-ASSOCIATED VIRAL 17 VECTORS 18 19 TABLE OF CONTENTS 20 1. INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Characteristics and Timing of Initial Virus Shedding in Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2, Utah, USA Nathaniel M
    SYNOPSIS Characteristics and Timing of Initial Virus Shedding in Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2, Utah, USA Nathaniel M. Lewis, Lindsey M. Duca, Perrine Marcenac, Elizabeth A. Dietrich, Christopher J. Gregory, Victoria L. Fields, Michelle M. Banks, Jared R. Rispens, Aron Hall, Jennifer L. Harcourt, Azaibi Tamin, Sarah Willardson, Tair Kiphibane, Kimberly Christensen, Angela C. Dunn, Jacqueline E. Tate, Scott Nabity, Almea M. Matanock, Hannah L. Kirking Virus shedding in severe acute respiratory syndrome others has been documented (4–8). In addition, stud- coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) can occur before onset ies suggest that virus shedding can begin before the of symptoms; less is known about symptom progres- onset of symptoms (7,8) and extend beyond the reso- sion or infectiousness associated with initiation of viral lution of symptoms (9). However, data on the initia- shedding. We investigated household transmission in tion and progression of viral shedding in relation to 5 households with daily specimen collection for 5 con- symptom onset and infectiousness are limited. Inten- secutive days starting a median of 4 days after symptom sive early monitoring of household members through onset in index patients. Seven contacts across 2 house- serial (i.e., daily) collection of a respiratory tract spec- holds implementing no precautionary measures were in- imen for testing by real-time reverse transcription fected. Of these 7, 2 tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 by PCR (rRT-PCR), which could clarify the characteris- reverse transcription PCR on day 3 of 5. Both had mild, nonspecific symptoms for 1–3 days preceding the first tics of initial viral shedding, has rarely been imple- positive test.SARS-CoV-2 was cultured from the fourth- mented, although serial self-collection of nasal and day specimen in 1 patient and from the fourth- and fifth- saliva samples was used in a recent study (10).
    [Show full text]
  • RIVM Reprot 320001001 Effect of Administration Route On
    Report 320001001/2008 E.F.A. Brandon | B. Tiesjema | J.C.H. van Eijkeren | H.P.H. Hermsen Effect of administration route on biodistribution and shedding of replication-deficient viral vectors used in gene therapy A literature study RIVM Report 320001001/2008 Effect of administration route on biodistribution and shedding of replication-deficient viral vectors used in gene therapy A literature study E.F.A. Brandon B. Tiesjema J.C.H. van Eijkeren H.P.H. Hermsen Contact: E.F.A. Brandon Centre for Substances and Integrated Risk Assessment [email protected] This investigation has been performed by order and for the account of Office for Genetically Modified Organisms of the National Institute for Public Health and the Environment RIVM, P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, telephone: +31 – 30 – 274 91 11; telefax: +31 – 30 – 274 29 71 © RIVM 2008 Parts of this publication may be reproduced, provided acknowledgement is given to the 'National Institute for Public Health and the Environment', along with the title and year of publication. 2 RIVM report 320001001 Abstract Effect of administration route on biodistribution and shedding of replication-deficient viral vectors used in gene therapy A literature study In gene therapy, genes (heredity material) are introduced in patients to treat diseases caused by deletions or alterations in genes. With adapted viruses it is possible to direct the gene of interest to a desired place in the body. This modified virus is called a viral vector. The gene of interest can also spread, via the viral vector, to a site outside the patient.
    [Show full text]
  • HIV-1 RNA Viral Load
    HIV-1 RNA Viral Load Assay for the quantitation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) RNA in human Test description plasma from HIV-1 infected individuals For use in conjunction with clinical presentation and other laboratory markers for disease Test use prognosis and for use as an aid in monitoring the effects of antiretroviral treatment, as measured by changes in plasma HIV-1 RNA levels Virology Test department Phone: (860) 920-6662, FAX (860) 920-6661 Aptima HIV-1 Quant assay quantitates HIV-1 RNA groups M, N, and O over the range of 30 Methodology to 10,000,000 copies/mL Availability Daily, Monday-Friday Specimen 1.5 mL plasma collected in tubes containing EDTA or Acid Citrate Dextrose (ACD) requirements anticoagulants, or in Plasma Preparation Tubes (PPTs) Collection To obtain collection kit, refer to Collection Kit Ordering Information kit/container Collection Standard venipuncture instructions Whole blood can be stored at 2°C to 30°C and must be centrifuged within 24 hours of Specimen collection. Centrifuged specimen can be stored in the primary collection tube at 2°C to 8°C handling & for up to 3 days. Plasma transferred to a secondary Aptima Specimen Aliquot Tube (SAT) transport can be stored at 2°C to 8°C for up to 5 days, or <= -20°C for up to 90 days. Transport to the laboratory with an ice pack coolant. Avoid temperature extremes. Unlabeled specimens Unacceptable Specimens that have leaked or containers that have broken in transit conditions Specimens not handled, stored, or transported as described above Requisition
    [Show full text]
  • Just 2% of SARS-Cov-2−Positive Individuals Carry 90% of the Virus Circulating in Communities
    Just 2% of SARS-CoV-2−positive individuals carry 90% of the virus circulating in communities Qing Yanga,b, Tassa K. Saldia, Patrick K. Gonzalesa, Erika Lasdaa, Carolyn J. Deckerc,d, Kimngan L. Tata, Morgan R. Finka, Cole R. Hagera, Jack C. Davisa, Christopher D. Ozeroffa, Denise Muhlradc,d, Stephen K. Clarka,e, Will T. Fattora, Nicholas R. Meyersona,e, Camille L. Paigea,e, Alison R. Gilchrista,b, Arturo Barbachano-Guerreroa, Emma R. Worden-Sappera,b, Sharon S. Wua,b,f, Gloria R. Brissong, Matthew B. McQueenh, Robin D. Dowella,b,i, Leslie Leinwanda,b, Roy Parkera,c,d,1, and Sara L. Sawyera,b,1 aBioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303; bDepartment of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303; cDepartment of Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303; dHHMI, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303; eDarwin Biosciences Inc., Boulder, CO 80303; fInterdisciplinary Quantitative Biology Program, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303; gWardenburg Health Center, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303; hDepartment of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303; and iDepartment of Computer Science, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303 Edited by Peter Palese, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, and approved April 11, 2021 (received for review March 8, 2021) We analyze data from the fall 2020 pandemic response efforts at testing sites were in operation throughout the semester, offering the University of Colorado Boulder, where more than 72,500 saliva testing for any campus affiliate. At the time of saliva collection, samples were tested for severe acute respiratory syndrome coro- participants were asked to confirm that symptoms were not pre- navirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) using qRT-PCR.
    [Show full text]
  • Influenza Viral Shedding in a Prospective Cohort of HIV-Infected and Uninfected Children and Adults in 2 Provinces of South Africa, 2012–2014
    HHS Public Access Author manuscript Author ManuscriptAuthor Manuscript Author J Infect Manuscript Author Dis. Author manuscript; Manuscript Author available in PMC 2019 May 03. Published in final edited form as: J Infect Dis. 2018 September 08; 218(8): 1228–1237. doi:10.1093/infdis/jiy310. Influenza Viral Shedding in a Prospective Cohort of HIV-Infected and Uninfected Children and Adults in 2 Provinces of South Africa, 2012–2014 Claire von Mollendorf1,2, Orienka Hellferscee1,3, Ziyaad Valley-Omar1,6, Florette K. Treurnicht1, Sibongile Walaza1,2, Neil A. Martinson4, Limakatso Lebina4, Katlego Mothlaoleng4, Gethwana Mahlase7, Ebrahim Variava5,8, Adam L. Cohen9,10,a, Marietjie Venter11, Cheryl Cohen1,2, and Stefano Tempia9,10 1Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 3School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 4Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Medical Research Council Soweto Matlosana Collaborating Centre for HIV/AIDS and TB, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 5School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 6Department of Pathology, Division of Medical Virology, University of Cape Town 7Pietermaritzburg Metropolitan, KwaZulu-Natal, Atlanta, Georgia 8Department of Medicine, Klerksdorp Tshepong Hospital, North West Province, Atlanta, Georgia 9Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Pretoria, Atlanta, Georgia 10Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 11Department of Medical Virology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa Abstract Background—Prolonged shedding of influenza viruses may be associated with increased transmissibility and resistance mutation acquisition due to therapy.
    [Show full text]
  • A Simple and Robust Approach for Evaluation of Antivirals Using a Recombinant Influenza Virus Expressing Gaussia Luciferase
    viruses Article A Simple and Robust Approach for Evaluation of Antivirals Using a Recombinant Influenza Virus Expressing Gaussia Luciferase Ping Li 1, Qinghua Cui 1,2, Lin Wang 1, Xiujuan Zhao 1, Yingying Zhang 2,3, Balaji Manicassamy 4, Yong Yang 2,5, Lijun Rong 6 and Ruikun Du 1,2,* 1 College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China; [email protected] (P.L.); [email protected] (Q.C.); [email protected] (L.W.); [email protected] (X.Z.) 2 Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Antiviral Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China; [email protected] (Y.Z.); [email protected] (Y.Y.) 3 College of Traditional Chinese medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China 4 Department of Microbiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; [email protected] (B.M.) 5 Scientific Research Centre, College of Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China 6 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; [email protected] (L.R.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +86-0531-8962-8505 Received: 16 May 2018; Accepted: 11 June 2018; Published: 13 June 2018 Abstract: Influenza A virus (IAV) causes seasonal epidemics and occasional but devastating pandemics, which are major public health concerns. Because the effectiveness of seasonal vaccines is highly variable and the currently available drugs are limited in their efficacy because of the emergence of drug resistance, there is an urgent need to develop novel antivirals. In this study, we characterized a recombinant IAV-carrying Gaussia luciferase (Gluc) gene and determined its potential as a tool for evaluating therapeutics.
    [Show full text]