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Die Schwarze Liste Der Pestizide II Chemie Die Schwarze Liste der Pestizide II Vergleichende Umwelt- und Gesundheits- bewertung von Pestizidwirkstoffen www . greenpeace . de Die Schwarze Liste der Pestizide II Spritzmittel, die prioritär ersetzt werden müssen - eine Handlungsanleitung für Industrie, Landwirtschaft, Lebensmittelhandel, Politik und Behörden in Deutschland Eine vergleichende Bewertung der Umwelt- und Gesundheitsgefährdung von weltweit eingesetzten Pestizidwirkstoffen Aktualisierung und Überarbeitung der ersten Studie vom 07.02.2008 Studie im Auftrag von Greenpeace e.V. Autoren: Wolfgang Reuter & Lars Neumeister Mitarbeit: Manfred Krautter Herausgeber: Greenpeace e.V., Hamburg V.i.S.d.P.: Manfred Santen, Greenpeace e.V., Große Elbstraße 39, 22767 Hamburg 04. Februar 2010 Die Autoren Wolfgang Reuter, ForCare, Freiburg Ist Biologe und Fachtoxikologe, und arbeitet seit Jahren in den Bereichen Chemikalienbewertung (u.a. Chlorchemie, REACh), nachhaltige Ernährung und Pestizide, zwei Jahre davon im Öko-Institut in Freiburg. Autor verschiedener Greenpeace-Veröffentlichungen (z.B. „Pestizide am Limit“). www.for- care.de Lars Neumeister, Pestizidexperte, Fürstenwerder Studierte Landschaftsnutzung & Naturschutz (Dipl.-Ing. [FH]) und Global Change Management. Er arbeitet seit 1998 fast ausschließlich zu Pestiziden, unter anderem in den USA und Asien. In dieser Zeit hat er an über 30 Publikationen als Autor bzw. Herausgeber mitgewirkt. www.pestizidexperte.de Manfred Krautter, EcoAid, Hamburg Dipl.-Ing. Chem. (FH). Selbständiger Berater für Issue Management im Bereich von Problemstoffen und für nachhaltige Entwicklung. Bis Juli 2009 Chemieexperte bei Greenpeace und Initiator der „Schwarzen Liste der Pestizide I“, 2008. www.ecoaid.de Greenpeace e.V. – Die Schwarze Liste der Pestizide II Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Zusammenfassung ............................................................................................................. 7 Bewertung der Wirkstoffe ................................................................................................................ 7 Die Bewertungskriterien .................................................................................................................. 8 Identifikation besonders gefährlicher Stoffe .................................................................................... 8 Die „Schwarze Liste“ der besonders gefährlichen Pestizide ........................................................... 8 Die „Graue Liste“: Pestizide, die nach gegenwärtig öffentlich verfügbaren Datenbanken keine besonders gefährlichen Eigenschaften aufweisen .......................................................................... 9 Die „Gelbe Liste“: Pestizide, mit ungenügender Datenbasis für eine Bewertung ........................... 9 Veränderungen gegenüber 2008 .................................................................................................. 10 Exposition ...................................................................................................................................... 10 Fazit ............................................................................................................................................... 11 2 Summary .......................................................................................................................... 12 Evaluation of substances .............................................................................................................. 12 Criteria for the assessment of substances .................................................................................... 13 Identifying highly hazardous substances ...................................................................................... 13 The Black List of highly hazardous pesticides .............................................................................. 13 The Grey List – pesticides without hazardous properties according to current publicly available databases ...................................................................................................................................... 14 The Yellow List – pesticide with unsufficient database for evaluation ........................................... 14 Exposure ....................................................................................................................................... 15 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................................... 16 3 Vorwort des Herausgebers ............................................................................................. 17 4 Publisher’s Foreword ..................................................................................................... 20 5 Einführung, Ziel der Studie ........................................................................................... 23 6 Entwicklungen seit Veröffentlichung der ersten Schwarzen Liste ............................. 25 Die Europäische Union .................................................................................................................. 25 Die Lebensmittelwirtschaft ............................................................................................................ 29 Andere Listen gefährlicher Pestizide ............................................................................................. 31 7 Auswahl der Wirkstoffe .................................................................................................. 34 8 Bewertung der Wirkstoffe .............................................................................................. 36 Anpassung der Bewertungsmethodik gegenüber der ersten Blacklist-Studie von 2008 .............. 37 Die Bewertung der Stoffeigenschaften und Wirkungen ................................................................ 37 Datenquellen ................................................................................................................................. 38 Zuweisung von Wirkungspunkten ................................................................................................. 39 Identifizierung besonders gefährlicher Wirkstoffe ......................................................................... 40 Aggregation der Wirkungspunkte .................................................................................................. 41 Expositionsbewertung ................................................................................................................... 42 Datenlücken .................................................................................................................................. 43 9 Einschränkungen des Bewertungssystems ................................................................... 44 Ergebnisse aus Tierversuchen ...................................................................................................... 45 Seite 3 Greenpeace e.V. – Die Schwarze Liste der Pestizide II Übertragung auf die Anwendungsrealität ...................................................................................... 46 Rückstandsdatenbezug ................................................................................................................. 47 Betrachtete Wirkungskategorien ................................................................................................... 47 10 Wirkungskategorien Humantoxizität ........................................................................... 48 Wirkungskategorie Akute Toxizität ................................................................................................ 48 Wirkungskategorie Akute Referenzdosis (ARfD) .......................................................................... 52 Wirkungskategorie Chronische Toxizität/Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) ....................................... 54 Wirkungskategorie Kanzerogenität ............................................................................................... 55 Wirkungskategorie Mutagenität ..................................................................................................... 59 Wirkungskategorie Reproduktionstoxizität .................................................................................... 60 Wirkungskategorie Immuntoxizität ................................................................................................ 64 Wirkungskategorie Neurotoxizität ................................................................................................. 66 Explosive Eigenschaften ............................................................................................................... 68 Ätzende Eigenschaften ................................................................................................................. 68 11 Wirkungskategorie Hormonelle Wirkung .................................................................... 69 12 Wirkungskategorie Umwelt ........................................................................................... 71 Aquatische Toxizität ....................................................................................................................... 72 Toxizität gegenüber Vögeln ........................................................................................................... 73 Toxizität gegenüber Bienen ........................................................................................................... 75 Toxizität gegenüber Regenwürmern (Eisenia spec.) ...................................................................
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