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Method and Meaning in Canadian Environmental History

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00_fm.qxd 2/5/08 9:00 AM Page i Method and Meaning in Canadian Environmental History EDITED BY Alan MacEachern The University of Western Ontario William J. Turkel The University of Western Ontario 00_fm.qxd 2/5/08 12:24 PM Page ii Method and Meaning in Canadian Environmental History Edited by Alan MacEachern and William J. Turkel Associate Vice President, Production Service: Interior Design: Editorial Director: ICC Macmillan Inc. Tammy Gay Evelyn Veitch Copy Editor: Cover Design: Editor-in-Chief, Karen Rolfe Dianna Little Higher Education: Anne Williams Proofreader: Cover Image: Barbara Storey Emily Carr, Scorned as Timber, Executive Editor: Beloved of the Sky, 1935, oil on Laura Macleod Indexer: canvas, 112.0 x 68.9 cm, Collection Maura Brown of the Vancouver Art Gallery, Emily Marketing Manager: Carr Trust, VAG 42.3.15. Photo: Heather Leach Production Coordinator: Ferial Suleman Trevor Mills, Vancouver Art Gallery Developmental Editor: Compositor: Heather Parker Design Director: Ken Phipps ICC Macmillan Inc. Photo Researcher/Permissions Managing Designer: Printer: Coordinator: Thomson/West Bhisham Kinha Katherine Strain Content Production Manager: Imoinda Romain COPYRIGHT © 2009 by Nelson ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of Library and Archives Canada Education Ltd. this work covered by the copyright Cataloguing in Publication herein may be reproduced, Printed and bound in the transcribed, or used in any form or Method and meaning in Canadian United States of America by any means—graphic, electronic, environmental history / edited by 123411 1009 08 or mechanical, including Alan MacEachern, William J. Turkel. For more information contact photocopying, recording, taping, Includes index. Nelson Education Ltd., Web distribution, or information 1120 Birchmount Road, Toronto, storage and retrieval systems— ISBN 978-0-17-644116-6 Ontario, M1K 5G4. Or you can visit without the written permission of the publisher. 1. Human ecology—Canada— our Internet site at History—Methodology. http://www.nelson.com For permission to use material 2. Nature—Effect of human Statistics Canada information is used from this text or product, submit beings on—Canada—History— with the permission of Statistics all requests online at Methodology. 3. Canada— Canada. Users are forbidden to copy www.cengage.com/permissions. Environmental conditions— this material and/or redisseminate Further questions about History—Methodology. the data, in an original or modified permissions can be emailed to I. MacEachern, Alan Andrew, form, for commercial purposes, [email protected] 1966- II. Turkel, William J. (William Joseph), 1967- without the expressed permissions Every effort has been made to of Statistics Canada. Information on trace ownership of all copyrighted GE160.C3M48 2008 304.20971 the availability of the wide range of material and to secure permission C2007-906804-9 data from Statistics Canada can be from copyright holders. In the obtained from Statistics Canada's event of any question arising as to ISBN-10: 0-17-644116-6 Regional Offices, its World Wide the use of any material, we will be ISBN-13: 978-0-17-644116-6 Web site at <http://www.statcan.ca>, pleased to make the necessary and its toll-free access number corrections in future printings. 1-800-263-1136. Photo Credit for Page i: Library and Archives Canada, Acc. No. 1989-593-1. 00_fm.qxd 2/5/08 9:00 AM Page iii Dedicated to 51°50'1.93" N 122°33'22.54" W and 46°10'26.32" N 63°18'20.75" W 00_fm.qxd 2/5/08 9:00 AM Page iv Contents Geographical and Temporal Coverage Chart . vi Alan MacEachern, “An Introduction, in Theory and Practice” . ix Section I: Approaching Environmental History . 1 Graeme Wynn, “Travels with George Perkins Marsh: Notes on a Journey into Environmental History” . 2 Donald Worster, “Ice, Worms, and Dirt: The Power of Nature in North American History”. 24 Section II: Reading Landscapes. 35 Peter E. Pope, “Historical Archaeology and the Maritime Cultural Landscape of the Atlantic Fishery” . 36 Carolyn Podruchny, “Writing, Ritual, and Folklore: Imagining the Cultural Geography of Voyageurs”. 55 Section III: Manipulating Scale . 75 Lyle Dick, “People and Animals in the Arctic: Mediating between Indigenous and Western Knowledge” . 76 Liza Piper, “Colloquial Meteorology” . 102 R. W. Sandwell, “History as Experiment: Microhistory and Environmental History” . 124 Section IV: Learning by Looking . 139 Colin M. Coates, “Seeing and Not Seeing: Landscape Art as a Historical Source”. 140 Catriona Mortimer-Sandilands, “Finding Emily”. 158 Section V: Finding the Nation in Nature . 181 John F. Varty, “Trust in Bread and Bologna: Promoting Prairie Wheat in the Twentieth Century”. 182 Alan MacEachern, “Lost in Shipping: Canadian National Parks and the International Donation of Wildlife” . 196 Section VI: Reading Cities . 215 Michèle Dagenais, “The Urbanization of Nature: Water Networks and Green Spaces in Montreal” . 216 Joanna Dean, “Seeing Trees, Thinking Forests: Urban Forestry at the University of Toronto in the 1960s”. 236 iv Contents NEL 00_fm.qxd 2/5/08 9:00 AM Page v Section VII: Thinking Spatially . 255 Matthew Evenden, “Mapping Cold War Canada: George Kimble’s Canadian Military Geography, 1949” . 256 Stéphane Castonguay and Diane Saint-Laurent, “Reconstructing Reforestation: Changing Land-Use Patterns along the Saint-François River in the Eastern Townships”. 273 Section VIII: Negotiating Expertise. 293 Stephen Bocking, “Nature’s Stories? Pursuing Science in Environmental History”. 294 William J. Turkel, “It Costs Something to Learn Something: Property Rights, Information Costs, and the Struggle at Fish Lake” . 311 Index . 327 NEL Contents v 00_fm.qxd 2/5/08 9:00 AM Page vi Geographical and Temporal Coverage Chart North America Canada Arctic up to 1800 Donald Worster, “Ice, Lyle Dick, “People and Worms, and Dirt: The Power Animals in the Arctic: of Nature in North American Mediating between History” (p. 24) Indigenous and Western Knowledge” (p. 74) 1800s Graeme Wynn, “Travels Lyle Dick, “People and with George Perkins Animals in the Arctic: Marsh: Notes on a Journey Mediating between into Environmental History” Indigenous and Western (p. 2) Knowledge” (p. 74) 1900s onward Graeme Wynn, “Travels Lyle Dick, “People and with George Perkins Marsh: Animals in the Arctic: Notes on a Journey into Mediating between Environmental History” Indigenous and Western (p. 2) Knowledge” (p. 74) Alan MacEachern, “Lost in Shipping: Canadian National Parks and the International Donation of Wildlife” (p. 194) Matthew Evenden, “Map- ping Cold War Canada: George Kimble’s Canadian Military Geography, 1949” (p. 254) Stephen Bocking,“Nature’s Stories? Pursuing Science in Environmental History” (p. 292) vi Geographical and Temporal Coverage Chart NEL 00_fm.qxd 2/5/08 9:00 AM Page vii Pacific Prairies Central Atlantic Carolyn Podruchny, Peter E. Pope, “Historical “Writing, Ritual, and Archaeology and the Folklore: Imagining the Maritime Cultural Land- Cultural Geography of scape of the Atlantic Voyageurs” (p. 54) Fishery” (p. 36) Colin M. Coates, “Seeing and Not Seeing: Landscape Art as a Historical Source” (p. 138) R. W. Sandwell, “History Carolyn Podruchny, Liza Piper, “Colloquial as Experiment: Microhis- “Writing, Ritual, and Meteorology” (p. 100) tory and Environmental Folklore: Imagining History” (p. 122) the Cultural Geography of Voyageurs” (p. 54) Colin M. Coates, “Seeing and Not Seeing: Landscape Art as a Historical Source” (p. 138) Catriona Mortimer- John F. Varty, “Trust in Michèle Dagenais, “The Sandilands, “Finding Bread and Bologna: Pro- Urbanization of Nature: Emily” (p. 156) moting Prairie Wheat in Water and Green Spaces the Twentieth Century” in Montreal” (p. 214) William J. Turkel, “It (p. 180) Costs Something to Learn Stéphane Castonguay Something: Property and Diane Saint- Rights, Information Laurent, “Reconstructing Costs, and the Struggle at Reforestation: Changing Fish Lake” (p. 309) Land-Use Patterns along the Saint-François River in the Eastern Townships” (p. 271) Joanna Dean, “Seeing Trees, Thinking Forests: Urban Forestry at the University of Toronto in the 1960s” (p. 234) NEL Geographical and Temporal Coverage Chart vii 00_fm.qxd 2/5/08 9:00 AM Page viii 00_fm.qxd 2/5/08 9:00 AM Page ix An Introduction, in Theory and Practice ALAN MACEACHERN First, the practice. When preparing for my Ph.D. comprehensive exams in the early 1990s, I read George Perkins Marsh’s groundbreaking 1864 book, Man and Nature, which systematically chronicled how humans have shaped the natural environment. I came across this Canadian content in a footnote: “The great fire of Miramichi in 1825, probably the most extensive and terrific conflagration recorded in authentic history, spread its ravages over nearly 6,000 square miles [15,500 sq km], chiefly of woodland, and was of such intensity that it seemed to consume the very soil itself.”1 I learned subsequently that this New Brunswick fire had also wiped out communities and killed scores, if not hundreds, of people. I took it for granted historians had written about the fire, and since I was interested in environmental topics, expected to learn a lot more about it from them. But over time I realized that historians had all but completely ignored the Miramichi Fire. That surprised me. How could a forest fire said to have burned one-fifth of New Brunswick not have had a great impact on a colony devoted to forestry? How could it not have reshaped the set- tlement, society, economy, and ecology of New Brunswick? How could it not be a topic of histor- ical interest? So in 2000, when working on my postdoc, I decided to devote one month at Library and Archives Canada to finding out as much as I possibly could about the Miramichi Fire. This meant poring over standard historical sources such as newspapers, government records, land records, diaries, correspondence, and travel accounts. Completely immersing yourself like this in historical research is the best way I know to gain a sense of a past society, a feeling for what life was like on the ground.
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