DOCSLIB.ORG

Ecology of Oceanic Coccolithophores. I. Nutritional Preferences of the Two Stages in the Life Cycle of Coccolithus Braarudii and Calcidiscus Leptoporus

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Ecology of Oceanic Coccolithophores. I. Nutritional Preferences of the Two Stages in the Life Cycle of Coccolithus Braarudii and Calcidiscus Leptoporus AQUATIC MICROBIAL ECOLOGY Vol. 44: 291–301, 2006 Published October 10 Aquat Microb Ecol Ecology of oceanic coccolithophores. I. Nutritional preferences of the two stages in the life cycle of Coccolithus braarudii and Calcidiscus leptoporus Aude Houdan, Ian Probert, Céline Zatylny, Benoît Véron*, Chantal Billard Laboratoire de Biologie et Biotechnologies Marines, Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, Esplanade de la Paix, 14032 Caen Cedex, France ABSTRACT: Coccolithus braarudii and Calcidiscus leptoporus are 2 coccolithophores (Prymnesio- phyceae: Haptophyta) known to possess a complex heteromorphic life cycle, with alternation between a motile holococcolith-bearing haploid stage and a non-motile heterococcolith-bearing diploid stage. The ecological implications of this type of life cycle in coccolithophores are currently poorly known. The nutritional preferences of each stage of both species, and their growth response to conditions of turbulence were investigated by varying their growth conditions. Of the different cul- ture media tested, only the synthetic seawater medium did not support the growth of both stages of C. braarudii and C. leptoporus. With natural seawater-based media, the growth rate of the haploid phase of both coccolithophores was stimulated by the addition of soil extract (K/2: 0.23 ± 0.02 d–1 and K/2 with soil extract 0.35 ± 0.01 d–1 for the C. braarudii haploid stage), while the diploid phase was not, indicating that the motile stage is capable of utilizing compounds present in soil extract or ingest- ing bacteria that are activated in enriched media. The addition of sodium acetate to the medium also stimulated the haploid phase of C. braarudii, and further experiments using labeled bacteria demon- strated the capacity for phagotrophy of this motile stage. The effect of nutrient concentrations on the growth rates of both species was evaluated, showing clear differences between the 2 phases of the life cycle, with higher growth rates for the diploid stage in nutrient-rich media (K/2: 0.34 ± 0.04 d–1, K/25: 0.29 ± 0.01 d–1, K/100: 0.16 ± 0.01 d–1 for the haploid stage of C. leptoporus). Responses of the 2 phases of both coccolithophores to physical turbulence were also different, with a haploid flagellate stage sensitive to mixing and a more resistant non-motile diploid stage. The results of these experi- ments strongly indicate that each morphological stage of C. braarudii and C. leptoporus corresponds to a different ecological niche, the motile haploid stage exploiting a more stable oligotrophic niche than the diploid non-motile stage, in accordance with field observations. The 2-dimensional phyto- plankton niche space model of Margalef (1978; Oceanol Acta 1:493–509), defined by nutrients and turbulence, was amended to integrate this hypothesis. KEY WORDS: Coccolithophore · Ecology · Life cycle · Nutrient · Turbulence · Heterotrophy Resale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisher INTRODUCTION therein). They play a key role in the global cycles of carbon (production of calcified scales) and sulfur (pro- Coccolithophores are considered 1 of the 3 main duction of dimethyl sulfide, see review by Malin & marine eukaryotic phytoplankton groups in terms of Steinke 2004). Coccolithophores are present in all natural abundance, along with diatoms and dinoflagel- oceans, with the highest biodiversity in temperate and lates. These groups are responsible for the bulk of the subtropical zones (Okada & McIntyre 1979). These cal- export flux of organic matter to the ocean interior and cified haptophytes are generally associated with sediments (see Falkowski et al. 2004 and references oceanic and oligotrophic waters, even if some species *Corresponding author. Email: [email protected] © Inter-Research 2006 · www.int-res.com 292 Aquat Microb Ecol 44: 291–301, 2006 appear to be ubiquitous and some restricted to coastal Price et al. (1998), Cachão & Moita (2000), Renaud & zones. Certain coccolithophores are known to form Klaas (2001), Beaufort & Heussner (2001) and Renaud extensive blooms in the ocean, such as Emiliania hux- et al. (2002). leyi, the most cosmopolitan species in present day In our laboratory, clonal cultures of both phases of oceans (see Paasche 2001 and references therein), and the life cycle of Coccolithus braarudii and Calcidiscus Coccolithus pelagicus (Tarran et al. 2001). The latter leptoporus (the heterococcolith phase associated with taxon was recently revised, and now is subdivided into Crystallolithus rigidus), among other species, have Coccolithus pelagicus (Wallich) Schiller and Cocco- been established (Houdan et al. 2004). We have con- lithus braarudii (Gaarder) Baumann, Cachao, Young et ducted a series of experiments in order to compare the Geisen (Sáez et al. 2003). Hereafter, Coccolithus autecology of the different phases within the cocco- pelagicus s.l. will be used in a collective sense when lithophore life cycle. Responses to a suite of environ- precise definition of the organism studied is difficult mental parameters have been studied, and this paper (the morphological variation between the 2 Cocco- focuses on experiments designed to determine the lithus species is very low). Preliminary results on the relative nutritional preferences of each life-cycle biogeography of the 2 species composing C. pelagicus phase, with a complementary study of the effect of s.l. show that C. pelagicus s.s. has an arctic or sub- turbulence. arctic distribution, while C. braarudii inhabits temper- ate waters and upwelling regimes (Geisen et al. 2002, Parente et al. 2004). MATERIALS AND METHODS The discovery by Parke & Adams (1960) some 40 yr ago of a potential complex life cycle for Coccolithus Strains and culture conditions. The original (non- was unexpected. Traditional coccolithophore taxon- axenic) cultures of the species studied were obtained omy had been based on coccolith morphology; cocco- from the ALGOBANK–Caen culture collection at lithophores produce 2 very different types of calcified the University of Caen Basse-Normandie, France scales, i.e. heterococcoliths (formed of complex calcite (Table 1). The cultures were clonal, 1 cell in the hete- crystal units of variable shape) and holococcoliths rococcolith-bearing phase having been isolated from a (formed of numerous minute euhedral crystallites) (for mixed sample with a micropipette. Following phase a review see Young et al. 2003). Parke & Adams (1960) change in culture, pure cultures of each phase (i.e. showed that the heterococcolithophore C. braarudii (as only 1 life-cycle phase present) were established by C. pelagicus in Parke & Adams 1960) and the holococ- isolating 1 cell of each phase from the mixed-phase colithophore Crystallolithus braarudii (as Cr. hyalinus) culture using the same method. The first phase change were, in fact, a single species linked in a heteromor- in cultures occurred for both species during the spring phic life cycle. Using flow cytometric techniques, following their isolation, in May 1999 for Coccolithus Houdan et al. (2004) recently confirmed this life cycle braarudii and in April 2001 for Calcidiscus leptoporus. and established that these 2 distinct stages have differ- The stock cultures were maintained in sterile, single- ent ploidy levels, the non-motile heterococcolitho- use polystyrene culture flasks (Iwaki), in filter-steril- phore being diploid (2N), while the motile holococco- ized enriched seawater K/2 (without Tris buffer) lithophore is haploid (N). This type of life cycle linking medium (modified from Keller et al. 1987; Table 2) at a heterococcolithophore with a holococcolithophore 17°C. Daylight fluorescent tubes provided an ir- was also demonstrated for Calcidiscus leptoporus radiance level of 25 µmol photons m–2 s–1 measured (Murray et Blackman) Loeblich et Tappan (Houdan et with a 4π quantum radiometer photometer (LiCor), al. 2004), Coronosphaera mediterranea (Lohmann) with a photoperiod of 16:18 h light:dark. All experi- Gaarder (Houdan et al. 2004), was confirmed for Emil- ments were performed under the temperature and iania huxleyi (Houdan et al. 2004) and was established light conditions described above and with triplicate for Calyptrosphaera sphaeroidea (Noel et al. 2004), cultures. The seawater used as the base for the and is probably widespread in oceanic coccol- medium was collected from surface waters of the Eng- ithophores (Billard & Inouye 2004, Jordan et al. 2004). lish Channel, approximately 5 km from the Normandy Although sometimes placed in different families, C. coast, and aged for 2 or 3 mo before utilization, as gen- braarudii (Coccolithaceae) and C. leptoporus (Cal- erally recommended for the cultivation of microalgae. cidiscaceae) are closely related morphologically and The batch cultures were conducted in triplicate, and genetically (Edvardsen et al. 2000, Sáez et al. 2004), experiments were initiated following an acclimatiza- and both are temperate coccolithophores (Sáez et al. tion period of 4 transfers (duration approximately 2003). However, their ecology is still poorly under- 3 wk), as recommended by Brand & Guillard (1981), for stood, despite investigations into their distribution and each environmental condition tested. Growth was ecological strategies through surveys such as those of monitored daily (at the same hour of the day) by man- Houdan et al.: Ecology of oceanic coccolithophores 293 ual counting using a Malassez counting slide and/or Nutrient concentration experiments and experi- fluorometric measurement of in vivo chlorophyll
Load more

Recommended publications
  • University of Oklahoma
    UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA GRADUATE COLLEGE MACRONUTRIENTS SHAPE MICROBIAL COMMUNITIES, GENE EXPRESSION AND PROTEIN EVOLUTION A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE FACULTY in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY By JOSHUA THOMAS COOPER Norman, Oklahoma 2017 MACRONUTRIENTS SHAPE MICROBIAL COMMUNITIES, GENE EXPRESSION AND PROTEIN EVOLUTION A DISSERTATION APPROVED FOR THE DEPARTMENT OF MICROBIOLOGY AND PLANT BIOLOGY BY ______________________________ Dr. Boris Wawrik, Chair ______________________________ Dr. J. Phil Gibson ______________________________ Dr. Anne K. Dunn ______________________________ Dr. John Paul Masly ______________________________ Dr. K. David Hambright ii © Copyright by JOSHUA THOMAS COOPER 2017 All Rights Reserved. iii Acknowledgments I would like to thank my two advisors Dr. Boris Wawrik and Dr. J. Phil Gibson for helping me become a better scientist and better educator. I would also like to thank my committee members Dr. Anne K. Dunn, Dr. K. David Hambright, and Dr. J.P. Masly for providing valuable inputs that lead me to carefully consider my research questions. I would also like to thank Dr. J.P. Masly for the opportunity to coauthor a book chapter on the speciation of diatoms. It is still such a privilege that you believed in me and my crazy diatom ideas to form a concise chapter in addition to learn your style of writing has been a benefit to my professional development. I’m also thankful for my first undergraduate research mentor, Dr. Miriam Steinitz-Kannan, now retired from Northern Kentucky University, who was the first to show the amazing wonders of pond scum. Who knew that studying diatoms and algae as an undergraduate would lead me all the way to a Ph.D.
    [Show full text]
  • An Explanation for the 18O Excess in Noelaerhabdaceae Coccolith Calcite
    Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 189 (2016) 132–142 www.elsevier.com/locate/gca An explanation for the 18O excess in Noelaerhabdaceae coccolith calcite M. Hermoso a,⇑, F. Minoletti b,c, G. Aloisi d,e, M. Bonifacie f, H.L.O. McClelland a,1, N. Labourdette b,c, P. Renforth g, C. Chaduteau f, R.E.M. Rickaby a a University of Oxford – Department of Earth Sciences, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3AN, United Kingdom b Sorbonne Universite´s, UPMC Universite´ Paris 06 – Institut de Sciences de la Terre de Paris (ISTeP), 4 Place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France c CNRS – UMR 7193 ISTeP, 4 Place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France d Sorbonne Universite´s, UPMC Universite´ Paris 06 – UMR 7159 LOCEAN, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France e CNRS – UMR 7159 LOCEAN, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France f Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cite´, Universite´ Paris-Diderot, UMR CNRS 7154, 1 rue Jussieu, 75238 Paris Cedex, France g Cardiff University – School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, Parks Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, United Kingdom Received 10 November 2015; accepted in revised form 11 June 2016; available online 18 June 2016 Abstract Coccoliths have dominated the sedimentary archive in the pelagic environment since the Jurassic. The biominerals pro- duced by the coccolithophores are ideally placed to infer sea surface temperatures from their oxygen isotopic composition, as calcification in this photosynthetic algal group only occurs in the sunlit surface waters. In the present study, we dissect the isotopic mechanisms contributing to the ‘‘vital effect”, which overprints the oceanic temperatures recorded in coccolith calcite.
    [Show full text]
  • The Plankton Lifeform Extraction Tool: a Digital Tool to Increase The
    Discussions https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2021-171 Earth System Preprint. Discussion started: 21 July 2021 Science c Author(s) 2021. CC BY 4.0 License. Open Access Open Data The Plankton Lifeform Extraction Tool: A digital tool to increase the discoverability and usability of plankton time-series data Clare Ostle1*, Kevin Paxman1, Carolyn A. Graves2, Mathew Arnold1, Felipe Artigas3, Angus Atkinson4, Anaïs Aubert5, Malcolm Baptie6, Beth Bear7, Jacob Bedford8, Michael Best9, Eileen 5 Bresnan10, Rachel Brittain1, Derek Broughton1, Alexandre Budria5,11, Kathryn Cook12, Michelle Devlin7, George Graham1, Nick Halliday1, Pierre Hélaouët1, Marie Johansen13, David G. Johns1, Dan Lear1, Margarita Machairopoulou10, April McKinney14, Adam Mellor14, Alex Milligan7, Sophie Pitois7, Isabelle Rombouts5, Cordula Scherer15, Paul Tett16, Claire Widdicombe4, and Abigail McQuatters-Gollop8 1 10 The Marine Biological Association (MBA), The Laboratory, Citadel Hill, Plymouth, PL1 2PB, UK. 2 Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquacu∑lture Science (Cefas), Weymouth, UK. 3 Université du Littoral Côte d’Opale, Université de Lille, CNRS UMR 8187 LOG, Laboratoire d’Océanologie et de Géosciences, Wimereux, France. 4 Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, Plymouth, PL1 3DH, UK. 5 15 Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle (MNHN), CRESCO, 38 UMS Patrinat, Dinard, France. 6 Scottish Environment Protection Agency, Angus Smith Building, Maxim 6, Parklands Avenue, Eurocentral, Holytown, North Lanarkshire ML1 4WQ, UK. 7 Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Lowestoft, UK. 8 Marine Conservation Research Group, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK. 9 20 The Environment Agency, Kingfisher House, Goldhay Way, Peterborough, PE4 6HL, UK. 10 Marine Scotland Science, Marine Laboratory, 375 Victoria Road, Aberdeen, AB11 9DB, UK.
    [Show full text]
  • Aquatic Species Program Review Proceedings of the March 1985 Principal Investigators Meeting
    NOTICE This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by the United States Government. Neither the United States nor the United States Department of Energy, nor any of their employees, nor any of their contractors, subcontractors, or their employees, makes any warranty, expressed or implied, or assumes any legai liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Printed in the United States of America Available from: National Technical Information Service U.S. Departmenr of Commerce 5285 Port Royal Road Springfield, VA 221 61 Price: Microfiche A01 Printed Copy A1 6 Codes are ~sedfor pricing ail publications. The code is determined by the number of pages in the publication. lnformation pertaining to the pricing codes can be found in the current issue of the following publications, which are generally available in most tibraries; Energy Research Abstracts. (ERA); Government Reports Announcements and Index (GRA and I); Scientific and Technical Abstract Reports (STAR;; and publication. NTIS-PR-360 available from NT1S at the above address. SER IICP-231-2700 UC Category: 61c DE85Ol2137 Aquatic Species Program Review Proceedings of the March 1985 Principal Investigators Meeting 20 - 21 March 1985 Golden, CO June 1985 Prepared under Task No. 4513.10 FTP No. 513 Solar Energy Research Institute A Division of Midwest Research Institute 1617 Cole Boulevard Golden, Colorado 80401 Prepared for the U.S. Department of Energy Contract No. DE-AC02-83CH10093 PREFACE This volume contains progress reports presented by the Aquatic Species Program subcontractors and SERl researchers at the SERl Aquatic Species Review held at SERI, March 20 and 2 1, 1985.
    [Show full text]
  • Literature Review of the Microalga Prymnesium Parvum and Its Associated Toxicity
    Literature Review of the Microalga Prymnesium parvum and its Associated Toxicity Sean Watson, Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, August 2001 Introduction Recent large-scale fish kills associated with the golden-alga, Prymnesium parvum, have imposed monetary and ecological losses on the state of Texas. This phytoflagellate has been implicated in fish kills around the world since the 1930’s (Reichenbach-Klinke 1973). Kills due to P. parvum blooms are normally accompanied by water with a golden-yellow coloration that foams in riffles (Rhodes and Hubbs 1992). The factors responsible for the appearance of toxic P. parvum blooms have yet to be determined. The purpose of this paper is to present a review of the work by those around the globe whom have worked with Prymnesium parvum in an attempt to better understand the biology and ecology of this organism as well as its associated toxicity. I will concentrate on the relevant biology important in the ecology and identification of this organism, its occurrence, nutritional requirements, factors governing its toxicity, and methods used to control toxic blooms with which it is associated. Background Biology and Diagnostic Features Prymnesium parvum is a microalga in the class Prymnesiophyceae, order Prymnesiales and family Prymnesiaceae, and is a common member of the marine phytoplankton (Bold and Wynne 1985, Larsen 1999, Lee 1980). It is a uninucleate, unicellular flagellate with an ellipsoid or narrowly oval cell shape (Lee 1980, Prescott 1968). Green, Hibberd and Pienaar (1982) reported that the cells range from 8-11 micrometers long and 4-6 micrometers wide. The authors also noted that the cells are PWD RP T3200-1158 (8/01) 2 Lit.
    [Show full text]
  • PRYMNESIUM FAVEOLATUM SP. NOV. (PRYMNESIOPHYCEAE), a NEW TOXIC SPECIES from the MEDITERRANEAN SEA J Fresnel, I
    PRYMNESIUM FAVEOLATUM SP. NOV. (PRYMNESIOPHYCEAE), A NEW TOXIC SPECIES FROM THE MEDITERRANEAN SEA J Fresnel, I. Probert, C. Billard To cite this version: J Fresnel, I. Probert, C. Billard. PRYMNESIUM FAVEOLATUM SP. NOV. (PRYMNESIO- PHYCEAE), A NEW TOXIC SPECIES FROM THE MEDITERRANEAN SEA. Vie et Milieu / Life & Environment, Observatoire Océanologique - Laboratoire Arago, 2001, pp.89-97. hal-03192104 HAL Id: hal-03192104 https://hal.sorbonne-universite.fr/hal-03192104 Submitted on 7 Apr 2021 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. VIE ET MILIEU, 2001, 51 (1-2) : 89-97 PRYMNESIUM FAVEOLATUM SP. NOV. (PRYMNESIOPHYCEAE), A NEW TOXIC SPECIES FROM THE MEDITERRANEAN SEA /. FRESNEL, I. PROBERT, C. BILLARD Laboratoire de Biologie et Biotechnologies Marines, Université de Caen, Esplanade de la Paix, 14032 Caen Cedex, France PRYMNESIUM FAVEOLATUM SP. NOV. ABSTRACT. - A new marine species of Prymnesium is described based on cultu- PRYMNESIOPHYCEAE red material originating from a sublittoral sample collected on the eastern French SCALES Mediterranean coast. Prymnesium faveolatum sp. nov. exhibits typical generic cha- ULTRASTRUCTURE TOXICITY racters in terms of cell morphometry, swimming mode and organelle arrangement. MEDITERRANEAN Organic body scales, présent in several proximal layers, have a narrow inflexed rim and are ornamented with a variably developed cross.
    [Show full text]
  • Emerging Interaction Patterns in the Emiliania Huxleyi-Ehv System
    viruses Article Emerging Interaction Patterns in the Emiliania huxleyi-EhV System Eliana Ruiz 1,*, Monique Oosterhof 1,2, Ruth-Anne Sandaa 1, Aud Larsen 1,3 and António Pagarete 1 1 Department of Biology, University of Bergen, Bergen 5006, Norway; [email protected] (R.-A.S.); [email protected] (A.P.) 2 NRL for fish, Shellfish and Crustacean Diseases, Central Veterinary Institute of Wageningen UR, Lelystad 8221 RA, The Nederlands; [email protected] 3 Uni Research Environment, Nygårdsgaten 112, Bergen 5008, Norway; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +47-5558-8194 Academic Editors: Mathias Middelboe and Corina Brussaard Received: 30 January 2017; Accepted: 16 March 2017; Published: 22 March 2017 Abstract: Viruses are thought to be fundamental in driving microbial diversity in the oceanic planktonic realm. That role and associated emerging infection patterns remain particularly elusive for eukaryotic phytoplankton and their viruses. Here we used a vast number of strains from the model system Emiliania huxleyi/Emiliania huxleyi Virus to quantify parameters such as growth rate (µ), resistance (R), and viral production (Vp) capacities. Algal and viral abundances were monitored by flow cytometry during 72-h incubation experiments. The results pointed out higher viral production capacity in generalist EhV strains, and the virus-host infection network showed a strong co-evolution pattern between E. huxleyi and EhV populations. The existence of a trade-off between resistance and growth capacities was not confirmed. Keywords: Phycodnaviridae; Coccolithovirus; Coccolithophore; Haptophyta; Killing-the-winner; cost of resistance; infectivity trade-offs; algae virus; marine viral ecology; viral-host interactions 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Integrative Taxonomy of the Pavlovophyceae (Haptophyta): a Reassessment
    Protist, Vol. 162, 738–761, November 2011 http://www.elsevier.de/protis Published online date 28 June 2011 ORIGINAL PAPER Integrative Taxonomy of the Pavlovophyceae (Haptophyta): A Reassessment El Mahdi Bendifa,b,1, Ian Proberta,2, Annie Hervéc, Chantal Billardb, Didier Gouxd, Christophe Lelongb, Jean-Paul Cadoretc, and Benoît Vérona,b,3 aUniversité de Caen Basse-Normandie, Algobank-Caen, IFR 146, 14032 Caen, France bUniversité de Caen Basse-Normandie, UMR 100 PE2 M - IFREMER, 14032 Caen, France cIFREMER, Laboratoire de Physiologie et Biotechnologie des Algues, rue de l’Ile d’Yeu, BP21105, 44311 Nantes, France dUniversité de Caen Basse-Normandie, Centre de Microscopie Appliquée à la Biologie, IFR 146, 14032 Caen, France Submitted October 18, 2010; Accepted March 15, 2011 Monitoring Editor: Barry S. C. Leadbeater. The Pavlovophyceae (Haptophyta) contains four genera (Pavlova, Diacronema, Exanthemachrysis and Rebecca) and only thirteen characterised species, several of which are important in ecological and eco- nomic contexts. We have constructed molecular phylogenies inferred from sequencing of ribosomal gene markers with comprehensive coverage of the described diversity, using type strains when avail- able, together with additional cultured strains. The morphology and ultrastructure of 12 of the described species was also re-examined and the pigment signatures of many culture strains were determined. The molecular analysis revealed that sequences of all described species differed, although those of Pavlova gyrans and P. pinguis were nearly identical, these potentially forming a single cryptic species complex. Four well-delineated genetic clades were identified, one of which included species of both Pavlova and Diacronema. Unique combinations of morphological/ultrastructural characters were iden- tified for each of these clades.
    [Show full text]
  • The Morphology of Chrysochromulina Rotalis Sp. Nov. (Prymnesiophyceae, Haptophyta), Isolated from the Skagerrak
    The morphology of Chrysochromulina rotalis sp. nov. (Prymnesiophyceae, Haptophyta), isolated from the Skagerrak Wenche Eikrem & Jahn Throndsen Eikrem W, Throndsen J. 1999. The morphology of Chrysochromulina rotalis sp. nov. (Prymnesiophyceae, SARSIA Haptophyta), isolated from the Skagerrak. Sarsia 84:445-449. Chrysochromulina rotalis sp. nov. was isolated from surface water in the Skagerrak (58°11'N, 09°06'E) using the serial dilution culture method. The cells are saddle shaped with the appendages inserted subapically on the ventral side of the cell. The coiling haptonema measures 2-4 times the length of the flagella when extended. The cells contain two golden brown chloroplasts. The periplast is cov- ered by two types of scale with dimorphic scale faces. The scales constituting the outer layer bear a short spine supported by four struts, the inner layer scales lack protrusions. Wenche Eikrem & Jahn Throndsen, University of Oslo, Department of Biology, Section for Marine Botany, PO Box 1069 Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway. E-mail: [email protected] – [email protected] Keywords: Morphology; Chrysochromulina; Prymnesiophyceae; Haptophyta. INTRODUCTION mally described Chrysochromulina species (e.g. Green & Leadbeater 1972; Hällfors & Niemi 1974; Estep & The haptophyte genus Chrysochromulina Lackey has a al. 1984; Hällfors & Thomsen 1985; Moestrup & worldwide distribution and more than 50 species have Thomsen 1986; Kawachi & Inouye 1993). been described, 38 of them have been reported from The cells of the Chrysochromulina species have two Scandinavian waters (e.g. Throndsen 1969; Leadbeater golden brown chloroplasts, two flagella, a haptonema 1972a, 1972b; Espeland & Throndsen 1986; and a scale covered periplast. The cells may vary in Kuylenstierna & Karlson 1997; Eikrem & al.
    [Show full text]
  • A 15 Million-Year Long Record of Phenotypic Evolution in the Heavily Calcified Coccolithophore Helicosphaera and Its Biogeochemical Implications
    A 15 million-year long record of phenotypic evolution in the heavily calcified coccolithophore Helicosphaera and its biogeochemical implications 5 Luka Šupraha1, a, Jorijntje Henderiks1, 2 1 Department of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University, Villavägen 16, SE-752 36 Uppsala, Sweden. 2 Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1066 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway. a Present address: Section for Aquatic Biology and Toxicology (AQUA), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, P.O. 10 Box 1066 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway Correspondence to: Luka Šupraha ([email protected]) Abstract. The biogeochemical impact of coccolithophores is defined by their overall abundance in the oceans, but also by a wide range in physiological traits such as cell size, degree of calcification and carbon production rates between different species. Species’ “sensitivity” to environmental forcing has been suggested to relate to their cellular PIC:POC ratio and other 15 physiological constraints. Understanding both the short and longer-term adaptive strategies of different coccolithophore lineages, and how these in turn shape the biogeochemical role of the group, is therefore crucial for modeling the ongoing changes in the global carbon cycle. Here we present data on the phenotypic evolution of a large and heavily-calcified genus Helicosphaera (order Zygodiscales) over the past 15 million years (Ma), at two deep-sea drill sites from the tropical Indian Ocean and temperate South Atlantic. The modern species Helicosphaera carteri, which displays eco-physiological adaptations 20 in modern strains, was used to benchmark the use of its coccolith morphology as a physiological proxy in the fossil record.
    [Show full text]
  • An Explanation for the 18O Excess in Noelaerhabdaceae Coccolith Calcite
    Heriot-Watt University Research Gateway An explanation for the 18O excess in Noelaerhabdaceae coccolith calcite Citation for published version: Hermoso, M, Minoletti, F, Aloisi, G, Bonifacie, M, McClelland,18 HLO, Labourdette, N, Renforth, P, Chaduteau, C & Rickaby, REM 2016, 'An explanation for the O excess in Noelaerhabdaceae coccolith calcite', Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, vol. 189, pp. 132-142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2016.06.016 Digital Object Identifier (DOI): 10.1016/j.gca.2016.06.016 Link: Link to publication record in Heriot-Watt Research Portal Document Version: Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Published In: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta Publisher Rights Statement: © 2016 The Authors. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) General rights Copyright for the publications made accessible via Heriot-Watt Research Portal is retained by the author(s) and / or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing these publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Take down policy Heriot-Watt University has made every reasonable effort to ensure that the content in Heriot-Watt Research Portal complies with UK legislation. If you believe that the public display of this file breaches copyright please contact [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 01. Oct. 2021 Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 189 (2016) 132–142 www.elsevier.com/locate/gca An explanation for the 18O excess in Noelaerhabdaceae coccolith calcite M.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Coccolithophore Cell Biology: Chalking up Progress 1 2 Authors: 3
    1 Coccolithophore cell biology: chalking up progress 2 3 Authors: 4 *Alison R. Taylor ([email protected]) 5 Department of Biology and Marine Biology, University of North Carolina 6 Wilmington, North Carolina, 28403, USA 7 8 Colin Brownlee ([email protected]) 9 The Marine Biological Association, The Laboratory, Citadel Hill, Plymouth, PL1 2PB, 10 UK. 11 and 12 School of Ocean and Earth Sciences, University of Southampton, National 13 Oceanography Centre, Southampton SO14 3ZH, UK. 14 15 Glen Wheeler ([email protected]) 16 The Marine Biological Association, The Laboratory, Citadel Hill, Plymouth, PL12PB, 17 UK 18 19 *author for correspondence 20 21 22 23 Keywords: Calcification, dimethylsulfoniopropionate, Emiliania, haptophyte, 24 mixotrophy, vesicle, virus. 25 26 1 1 Table of Contents 2 1.0 Introduction to coccolithophores 3 2.0 Evolution of coccolithophores 4 3.0 Cell biology, lifecycle and ecological niches 5 3.1 Life cycle transitions 6 3.2 Mixotrophy 7 4.0 Biotic interactions 8 4.1 Bacteria 9 4.2 Viruses 10 5.0 Coccolithophore metabolism and physiological diversity 11 5.1 Carbon metabolism 12 5.2 Osmoprotectants 13 6.0 Recent insights into functional roles of calcification 14 6.1 Defense from pathogens and grazers 15 6.2 Modulation of diffusion boundary layer 16 6.3 Modulating the light field and energy balance 17 7.0 Opening the ‘black box’ of vital effects in coccolithophores 18 8.0 Calcification mechanism 19 8.1 Ultrastructure and role of intracellular membranes 20 8.2 Role of organic components in calcification 21 8.2.1 Coccolith associated polysaccharide 22 8.2.2 Coccolith associated proteins 23 8.3 Ion transport 24 8.4 The problem of protons 25 8.5 New paradigms for calcification 26 9.0 Coccolithophore distribution, diversity and adaptation 27 10.0 Concluding remarks 28 2 1 Abstract 2 Coccolithophores occupy a special position within the marine phytoplankton due to 3 their production of intricate calcite scales, or coccoliths.
    [Show full text]