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10359092 Referans Numaralı HACETTEPE ÜNİVERSİTESİ GÜZEL SANATLAR ENSTİTÜSÜ Grafik Anasanat Dalı KÜLTÜREL ANLATILARDA AMAZON KADINI: HAREKETLİ BİR ÇİZGİ ROMAN UYGULAMASI Aylin GÜNGÖR Sanatta Yeterlik Tezi Ankara, 2020 1 KÜLTÜREL ANLATILARDA AMAZON KADINI: HAREKETLİ BİR ÇİZGİ ROMAN UYGULAMASI Danışman: Prof, N. Şule ATILGAN Yazar: Aylin GÜNGÖR ÖZ Çocuklardan yetişkinlere büyük bir kesime hitap eden çizgi romanlar, hayali bir dünyanın içinde sonsuz güçlere sahip erkek egemen ağırlıklı süper kahramanlarla yaratılmaktadır. Fakat çizgi romanlarda yaratılan kadın karakterlerin azlığı ya da nesneleştirme gibi unsurlara maruz kalarak meydana getirilmesi bu kadın karakterlerin bir popüler kültür ürününe dönüşmesini sağlamaktadır. Dünyadaki örnekler araştırıldığında özellikle çizgi romanlarda süper kahraman olarak estetik anlamda seksi ve güzel, genç kız ve kadın karakterler bulunurken, Türkiye’deki çizgi romanlarda savaşçı ve güçlü kadın imgesinin ele alındığı karakterlerden yaratılan bir çizgi roman uygulaması yer almamaktadır. Bu yüzden tezin kapsamı Türk kültüründe yer alan kadın tiplerinden yola çıkılarak “Amazon Kadınları” ile sınırlandırılmıştır. Ayrıca sanatta yeterlik tezi kapsamında oluşturulan bu uygulama yapılırken gerek çizilen illüstrasyonlarda gerekse çizgi romanın senaryosunda geleneksel bir anlayış yerine modern bir yaklaşımın ele alınmasından dolayı günümüz yeni kadın hareketlerinde yaşanan “Dördüncü Dalga Feminizmi” bağlamında tez araştırması sosyolojik bir incelemeyi de gerekli kılmıştır. Sonuç olarak bu çalışmada, kültürel anlatı mitlerinden hareketle erkek gücünün ağırlıklı olduğu ve kadının geri planda kaldığı karakterler yerine yükselen dördüncü dalga feminizminin etkisiyle güçlü, lider kadın karakterlerin yer aldığı amazon kadınlarından yola çıkarak oluşturulmuş hareketli bir çizgi roman uygulaması yaratılmıştır. Bu nedenle yaratılan hareketli çizgi roman uygulaması kuramsal olarak anlatılan bilgilere dayanarak kadın karakterlerden oluşan hareketli bir çizgi roman oluşturulmasını destekler niteliktedir. Anahtar Sözcükler: Amazon Kadınları, kültürel anlatı, çizgi roman, dördüncü dalga feminizm, hareketli çizgi roman, mobil uygulama. 2 AMAZON WOMAN IN CULTURAL NARRATIVES: A MOTION COMICS PRACTICE Supervisor: Prof, N. Şule ATILGAN Author: Aylin GÜNGÖR ABSTRACT Comics appealing to children and adults are created with male- dominated predominantly superheroes with infinite powers in an imaginary world. However, the rareness of female characters created in comics or creating them with objectification causes these female characters to become a product of popular culture. When the examples in the world are searched, it can be seen that there are aesthetically sexy and beautiful girls and women as super heroes and there is no comic practice created with characters embracing warrior and strong woman image in Turkey. For this reason, the scope of the thesis is restricted with “Amazon Women” based upon the female characters in Turkish culture. Besides, the thesis study in the context of “Fourth-Wave Feminism” occurring in today’s new feminist movements requires a sociological research due to the fact that a modern approach is addressed instead of a conventional insight in both the illustrations drawn and the scenario of the comic in the process of this practice. Consequently, a motion comic application with reference to cultural narrative myths based upon Amazon women encompassing strong female leaders is created in this study as opposed to the ones with primarily male characters and the ones keeping the female characters in the background. Therefore, this comic application is such as to support the creation of a motion comic composed of female characters with regard to the theoretical information. Keywords: Amazon women, cultural narrative, comics, fourth wave feminism, motion comics, mobile application. 3 TEŞEKKÜR Hacettepe Üniversitesi Güzel Sanatlar Enstitüsü Grafik Anasanat Dalında yürüttüğüm Sanatta Yeterlik sürecinin tüm aşamalarında yanımda olan ve bana destek veren danışmanım Prof. N. Şule Atılgan’a, Tez izleme ve savunma sürecinde değerli görüşleri ve yönlendirmeleri ile bu tezi daha iyi bir noktaya taşıyan Prof. Dr. Billur Tekkök, Doç. Banu Bulduk Türkmen ve Doç. Elif Varol Ergen, Prof. Çiğdem Demir’e Yaratıcı fikirleri ile hayatta her zaman doğru ve düzgün bir insan olmam için çabalayan babam Fuat Güngör’e, eğitim hayatım boyunca beni hep destekleyen özgür ve güçlü bir kadın olmamı sağlayan annem Adile Güngör’e, Her zaman çalışmalarının hayranı olduğum ve ilham aldığım Sevgili Nick Sousanis ve Neil Gaiman’a, Ve aşka inanan, bana ilham olan tüm kadınlara sonsuz teşekkürler… 4 Özgürlüğe, aşka ve kadınlara… 5 İÇİNDEKİLER DİZİNİ ÖZ……………………………………………………………………………………………i ABSTRACT….………………..…………………………………………………….……..ii TEŞEKKÜR.……………………………………………………………..………………..iii İTHAF SAYFASI.………………………………………………………………..………..iv İÇİNDEKİLER DİZİNİ.…………..……………………..……………………….….……..v TABLOLAR DİZİNİ…………………………………………………………..………..…ix GÖRSEL DİZİNİ..………………………………..…………………………..……..…….x GİRİŞ…………………………………………………………………………………..…23 1. BÖLÜM: KADININ KURTULUŞU……………………………………..…………27 1.1. Feminizm Kavramı………….……………………………………………..…27 1.2. Feminizmin Tarihsel Gelişimi………….………………………………..…..32 1.2.1. Birinci Feminizm Dalgası (Yaklaşık Olarak 1840-1920)..…35 1.2.2. İkinci Feminizm Dalgası (Yaklaşık Olarak 1960-1988)……37 1.2.3. Üçüncü Feminizm Dalgası (Yaklaşık olarak 1988-2010)…45 1.3. Feminist Teorinin Gelişimi…………………………….…..………….……49 1.3.1. Feminizmde Liberal Düşünce Üzerine………….……….…49 1.3.2. Feminizmde Marksist Düşünce Üzerine…….………….….50 1.3.3. Feminizmde Radikal Düşünce Üzerine……………….……52 1.3.4. Feminizmde Sosyalist Düşünce Üzerine…….…………….54 1.4. Postmodernist Feminizm..……………….…………………………….…54 1.4.1. Varoluşçu Feminizm..……..…………….……………………58 1.4.2. Fransız Feminizmi…….……….…………….……………….59 6 1.4.3. Post Feminizm……………………….……………………..59 1.5. Başlangıcından Günümüze Türkiye’de Feminist Hareket……………..64 1.5.1. Osmanlı Toplumunda Kadının Durumu.………………….66 1.5.2. Cumhuriyetin Kadınları………………….……………….…69 1.5.3.1970,1980 ve 2000’li yıllarda Türkiye’de Kadın Hareketi72 2. BÖLÜM: DÖRDÜNCÜ DALGA VE KADININ MEDYALAŞMASI..………….….77 2.1. Yükselen Dördüncü Dalga Feminizm (Yaklaşık olarak 2008-2018).…77 2.1.1. Dalga Metaforu Sorunsalı……………………………………83 2.1.2.Yeni Medya ve Yeni Dalga………..……………….……….86 2.1.3. Aktivizm ve Sosyal Medya………………………..…….…90 2.1.4. Yeni Dalga Kadınları……………………………………….110 3. BÖLÜM: ÇİZGİ ROMANDA KADININ KAHRAMANLAŞTIRILMASI……..….112 3.1. Çizgi Roman Kavramı…………………………………………..……….113 3.2. Dünya’da Çizgi Romanın Tarihi Gelişimi….………….……….….……119 3.2.1. Amerika Birleşik Devletleri……………………………….129 3.2.2. Avrupa’da Çizgi Romanın Gelişimi.…………………….135 3.2.3. Uzakdoğu………………………….………..….…….……161 3.3. Çizgi Romanlardaki Grafik Kadınlar………………………..….………163 3.3.1. Çizgi romanlarda Toplumsal Cinsiyet: Cinsiyet Temsili…164 3.4. Dördüncü Dalga Feminizm ve Çizgi Roman….…………..….………180 3.5. Çizgi Romanlardaki Bazı Feminist Süper Kahramanlar………….…186 3.5.1. Wonder Women……..……………………………….……..186 7 3.5.2. Ms. Marvel (Kmala Khan ve Carol Danvers)…………..193 3.6. Hareketli Çizgi Romanların Dönüşümü…………..………….……..…196 3.6.1. Hareketli Çizgi Roman Kitaplarında Tasarım Aşamaları201 3.7. Hareketli Çizgi Roman Kitaplarının Analizi..………………………….205 3.7.1. Çirkinler için Süt/Milk for The Ugly………………..……205 3.7.2. Grimm’sin Pamuk Prensesi/Grimm’s Snow White……211 3.7.3. Phallaina.……………………………………..……………215 4. BÖLÜM: KÜLTÜREL ANLATILARDA AMAZON KADIN MİTİ VE HAREKETLİ ÇİZGİ ROMAN UYGULAMASI.…………………………………………….………..219 4.1. Amazon Kadınları Miti…………………..………………………………221 4.1.1. Amazonlar Hakkında Mitolojide Yer Alan Bazı Hikâyeler228 4.1.2. Amazonların Türklüğü Üzerine Araştırmalar………….234 4.2. Türk Kültüründe Kadın Tipleri.………..………………………………..238 4.3. Çalışmanın Konusu………………..…..…………………………..……242 4.3.1.Konunun Özgün Değeri ve Akademik Literatüre Katkısı………………………………………………………………243 4.4. Çalışmanın Amacı………………………………………………………243 4.5. Çalışmanın Kapsamı…..……………..………………………………….245 4.6. Yöntem……………………………………………………………………246 4.7. Örneklem/Çalışma Grubu/Katılımcılar.……………………………..…246 4.8. Veri Toplama Araçları………………….………………………………..247 4.9. Tomris: Düşler Krallığı Kadınları Hareketli Çizgi Roman Uygulaması ………………………………………………………………………………….247 8 4.9.1. Sinopsis………….…………….……………………..….…250 4.9.2. Tretman………….…………………..……………………..251 4.9.3. Senaryo ve Öykü Panosu/Akış Çizelgesi Çalışmaları..254 4.9.4. Karakter Yaratma Süreci…………………………………264 4.9.5. Mekan Algısı………………………………….…………….281 4.9.6.Hareketlendirme.………………..…….…………….……..284 4.9.7. Etkileşim…………..……………………..…………………288 4.9.8. Sayfa ve İçerik Tasarımı……..……….………………….290 4.9.9. Yazılım Bileşeni…………….………….………………….308 4.9.10. Uygulama…………………..….……….……….…….….310 4.9.11. Bulgular.…………………..….….……..…………………311 SONUÇ………………………………………………………………………………….313 KAYNAKLAR………………………………………..…………………………………317 EK 1 UYGULAMA CD……………………………………………..………………….348 Etik Beyan……………………………………………………………………………..349 Orjinallik Raporu……………………………………………………………….……..350 Orjinality Report………………………………………………………………..…..…351 Yayımlama ve Fikri Mülkiyet Hakları Beyanı..……………….……………..……352 9 TABLOLAR DİZİNİ Tablo 1. TBMM milletvekili kadın erkek dağılımı………………………..…………..76 Tablo 2. Yaş gruplarına göre internet tüketimi……………………….………………87 Tablo 3. Çevrimiçi Feminizmin kadın hareketi içinde yer almasının şematik gösterimi…………………………………………………………………..…….………..92 Tablo 4. Etkileşim Şeması……………………………………………………..…….289 Tablo 5. En çok tercih edilen işletim sistemini gösteren yüzde şeması. 2019..…309 10 GÖRSEL DİZİNİ Görsel 1. Lucas Cranach. Adem and
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