DOCSLIB.ORG

Climate Change and the Importance of Empowering Citizens-Science Teachers' Beliefs About Educational Response in Nepal

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Climate Change and the Importance of Empowering Citizens-Science Teachers' Beliefs About Educational Response in Nepal Water and Environmental Studies Department of Thematic Studies Linköping University Climate change and the importance of empowering citizens-Science teachers’ beliefs about educational response in Nepal Ramesh Maharjan Master’s programme Science for Sustainable Development Master’s Thesis, 30 ECTS credits ISRN: LIU-TEMAV/MPSSD-A--13/003--SE Linköpings Universitet Water and Environmental Studies Department of Thematic Studies Linköping University Climate change and the importance of empowering citizens-Science teachers’ beliefs about educational response in Nepal Ramesh Maharjan Master’s programme Science for Sustainable Development Master’s Thesis, 30 ECTS credits Supervisor: Per Gyberg 2013 i Upphovsrätt Detta dokument hålls tillgängligt på Internet – eller dess framtida ersättare – under 25 år från publiceringsdatum under förutsättning att inga extraordinära omständigheter uppstår. Tillgång till dokumentet innebär tillstånd för var och en att läsa, ladda ner, skriva ut enstaka kopior för enskilt bruk och att använda det oförändrat för ickekommersiell forskning och för undervisning. Överföring av upphovsrätten vid en senare tidpunkt kan inte upphäva detta tillstånd. All annan användning av dokumentet kräver upphovsmannens medgivande. För att garantera äktheten, säkerheten och tillgängligheten finns lösningar av teknisk och administrativ art. Upphovsmannens ideella rätt innefattar rätt att bli nämnd som upphovsman i den omfattning som god sed kräver vid användning av dokumentet på ovan beskrivna sätt samt skydd mot att dokumentet ändras eller presenteras i sådan form eller i sådant sammanhang som är kränkande för upphovsmannens litterära eller konstnärliga anseende eller egenart. För ytterligare information om Linköping University Electronic Press se förlagets hemsida http://www.ep.liu.se/. Copyright The publishers will keep this document online on the Internet – or its possible replacement – for a period of 25 years starting from the date of publication barring exceptional circumstances. The online availability of the document implies permanent permission for anyone to read, to download, or to print out single copies for his/her own use and to use it unchanged for non- commercial research and educational purpose. Subsequent transfers of copyright cannot revoke this permission. All other uses of the document are conditional upon the consent of the copyright owner. The publisher has taken technical and administrative measures to assure authenticity, security and accessibility. According to intellectual property law the author has the right to be mentioned when his/her work is accessed as described above and to be protected against infringement. For additional information about Linköping University Electronic Press and its procedures for publication and for assurance of document integrity, please refer to its www home page: http://www.ep.liu.se/. © Ramesh Maharjan ii Abstract 1 1. Introduction 2 1.1 Significance of the study: 2 1.2 Significance of the study area: 2 1.3 Aim of the study 3 1.4 Thesis disposition 3 2. Background 4 2.1 Previous research on climate change education: 4 2.2 Education and school system in Nepal: 5 2.2.1. Pre-school education: 6 2.2.2 Primary school 6 2.2.3 Secondary school 6 2.2.4 Higher education 6 2.3 School sector reform plan (SSRP) 6 2.4 Current secondary level education in Nepal at a glance: 7 2.5 Local need based education 8 3. Theoretical framework 9 3.1 Social learning theory: 9 4. Materials and methods 11 4.1 Design of the interview guide 11 4.2 Analysis of secondary Science curriculum 11 4.3 Target population 12 4.4 Semi-structured interviews 13 4.5 Significance of the method chosen: 13 4.6 Respondents: 13 4.7 Transcription and translations 14 4.8 Thematic analysis 14 4.9 Limitation of the study 15 5. Results: 16 5.1 On perceptions of climate change: 16 5.1.1 Climate change impacts are locally observed in different sectors. 16 5.2 On importance of climate change education in the classrooms: 17 5.2.1 Knowledge is key to climate change initiatives. 17 5.3 On introduction of climate change issues in the classrooms: 18 5.3.1 Linking related topics to the climate change issues 18 5.3.2 Inquiry-based and contextual 18 iii 5.4 On learning outcomes of climate change education in the classrooms: 19 5.4.1 Awareness amongst the students in climate change issues 19 5.5 On collaboration among the teachers on climate change issues: 20 5.5.1 Informal discussion as per the need about climate change issue 20 5.6 On secondary school Science curriculum: 20 5.6.1 Need to incorporate more climate change issues in the secondary curriculum. 20 5.7 On problems, barriers or challenges: 21 5.7.1 Lack of physical facilities: 21 5.7.2 Lack of knowledge: 21 5.7.3 Curricular exclusion: 22 5.7.4 Theory-based and marks-oriented education system 22 5.7.5 Whose responsibility is it? 22 5.8 On suggestions on effective climate change education in the classrooms: 22 5.8.1 Need for teachers‘ trainings 22 5.8.2 Curricular update 22 5.8.3 Development of infrastructures 23 5.8.4 Civic sense and responsibility 23 5.8.5 Constructive approach and use of latest teaching aids 23 5.9 Summary of the main results 23 5.9.1 Perception of climate change amongst the Science teachers: 23 5.9.2 Dealing with climate change issues in the classroom 23 5.9.3 Major challenges and problems the Science teachers are facing in climate change communication 24 5.9.4 Views on exiting secondary Science curriculum 24 6. Discussion 25 6.1 Implications of the study: 27 6.2 Possible extension of the research: 27 6.3 Conclusion: 27 7. Acknowledgement 29 8. References: 30 To the teachers concerned: 33 Appendix-II 34 Interview Guides: 34 Presentation of Objectives: 34 Appendix-II Continued 35 iv Abstract Educational response to climate change is one of the measures to prepare people to combat climate change. This thesis explores the lived experiences of secondary Science teachers from Kathmandu Valley on the perception of climate change, the way they handled climate change issues in the classroom setting, the problems and challenges they came across in climate change communication in the classrooms and the relevance of existing secondary Science curriculum in relation to climate change. The thesis is built upon the study of secondary Science curriculum, relevant literature on climate change education and the interviews with secondary Science teachers, teaching Science at secondary level in different schools of Kathmandu Valley. The results showed that the teachers were convinced and concerned on the ongoing climate change and stressed on knowledge for climate change actions; they were found to introduce climate change issues contextually and relating to the topics like greenhouse effect, ozone layer depletion they teach; lack of resources, exclusion of climate change in the secondary Science curriculum, their own limited knowledge on climate change, the unpractical theory and marks oriented educational system, and shifting of the responsibilities by the students hindered effective climate change communication in the classroom settings. The findings have been discussed in relation to social learning theory and relevant literature. ___________________________________________________________________________ Key words: climate change, curriculum, Kathmandu Valley, Science, social learning theory Acronyms and abbreviations CBS: Central Bureau of Statistics CDC: Curriculum Development Centre DEO: District Education Office ECD: Early Childhood Development HPE: Health, Population and Environment IPCC: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change MOE: Ministry of Education NTB: Nepal Tourism Board OECD: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development SLC: School Leaving Certificate SSRP: School Sector Reform Programme TSC: Teachers‘ Service Commission UNESCO: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization WWF: World Wildlife Fund 1 1. Introduction 1.1 Significance of the study: Climate change is the most serious environmental threat of the 21st century (Boykoff and Boykoff, 2007). However the threat of climate change is not limited to the environment alone. According to OECD (2009), climate change seriously affects the economic and social aspects of the sustainable development. Though the global general public seem to be divided in the climate change issues, there is now growing scientific consensus in the international communities that the human-induced climate change is taking place (Oreskes, 2007). The publication of the latest report of IPCC (2007) also declares that ―warming of the climate system is unequivocal, as is now evident from observations of increases in global average air and ocean temperatures, widespread melting of snow and ice and rising global average sea level‖ (p.2). The IPCC (2007) further acknowledges that the increased concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere is the major cause of the climate change. The warnings on the severity of the impacts and vulnerabilities of climate change as projected by IPCC have drawn global attention for the various adaptation and mitigation efforts to tackle the problem of dangerous climate change. Thus effective and responsible climate change communication and education in different sectors has been stressed as one of the measures to combat climate change. While educational organizations ranging from secondary schools to universities have been thought to play important roles in result-oriented climate change communication (Nerlich, et al. 2010), UNESCO stresses on reviewing the existing
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Managing Climate Risks and Adapting to Climate Change in the Agriculture Sector in Nepal Mo Ni Tor in G a N D Ass E Ss Me T Climate Change En Ergy
    in Nepal sector agriculture change inthe adapting toclimate climate risksand Managing ISSN 2071-0992 22 ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT SERIES ENVIRONME NT [ CLIMATE CHANGE ] ENERGY MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 22 SSESSMENT A T SERIES N E M Managing GE climate risks and MANA MONITORING AND MONITORING adapting to climate change in the RCES OU agriculture sector NERGY in Nepal E L RES A Lead Author R U Ramasamy Selvaraju T Climate, Energy and Tenure Division (NRC) Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) NA Rome, Italy D With contributions by AN Krishna Raj Regmi, D.B. Singh, Rabi Singh, Janak Lal Nayava, CLIMATE CHANGE Urmila Simkhada, Chiranjibi Adhikari, Baburam Gautam, [ ] T Rishikesh Dhakal, Nirmala Pandey, Budhi Pokharel, Awadh Deo, N Narendra Rana E National Experts and Field Monitors, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) NT Kathmandu, Nepal E ONM VIR N ENVIRONM E Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Rome, 2014 The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. The views expressed in this information product are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of FAO.
    [Show full text]
  • Water Resources of Nepal in the Context of Climate Change
    Government of Nepal Water and Energy Commission Secretariat Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal WATER RESOURCES OF NEPAL IN THE CONTEXT OF CLIMATE CHANGE 2011 Water Resources of Nepal in the Context of Climate Change 2011 © Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS) All rights reserved Extract of this publication may be reproduced in any form for education or non-profi t purposes without special permission, provided the source is acknowledged. No use of this publication may be made for resale or other commercial purposes without the prior written permission of the publisher. Published by: Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS) P.O. Box 1340 Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal Website: www.wec.gov.np Email: [email protected] Fax: +977-1-4211425 Edited by: Dr. Ravi Sharma Aryal Mr. Gautam Rajkarnikar Water and Energy Commission Secretariat Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal Front cover picture : Mera Glacier Back cover picture : Tso Rolpa Lake Photo Courtesy : Mr. Om Ratna Bajracharya, Department of Hydrology and Meteorology, Ministry of Environment, Government of Nepal PRINTED WITH SUPPORT FROM WWF NEPAL Design & print : Water Communication, Ph-4460999 Water Resources of Nepal in the Context of Climate Change 2011 Government of Nepal Water and Energy Commission Secretariat Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal 2011 Water and its availability and quality will be the main pressures on, and issues for, societies and the environment under climate change. “IPCC, 2007” bringing i Acknowledgement Water Resource of Nepal in the Context of Climate Change is an attempt to show impacts of climate change on one of the important sector of life, water resource. Water is considered to be a vehicle to climate change impacts and hence needs to be handled carefully and skillfully.
    [Show full text]
  • Even the Himalayas Have Stopped Smiling
    Even the Himalayas Have Stopped Smiling CLIMATE CHANGE, POVERTY AND ADAPTATION IN NEPAL 'Even the Himalayas Have Stopped Smiling' Climate Change, Poverty and Adaptation in Nepal Disclaimer All rights reserved. This publication is copyright, but may be reproduced by any method without fee for advocacy, campaigning and teaching purposes, but not for resale. The copyright holder requests that all such use be registered with them for impact assessment purposes. For copying in any other circumstances, or for re-use in other publications, or for translation or adaptation, prior written permission must be obtained from the copyright holder, and a fee may be payable. This is an Oxfam International report. The affiliates who have contributed to it are Oxfam GB and Oxfam Hong Kong. First Published by Oxfam International in August 2009 © Oxfam International 2009 Oxfam International is a confederation of thirteen organizations working together in more than 100 countries to find lasting solutions to poverty and injustice: Oxfam America, Oxfam Australia, Oxfam-in-Belgium, Oxfam Canada, Oxfam France - Agir ici, Oxfam Germany, Oxfam GB, Oxfam Hong Kong, Intermon Oxfam, Oxfam Ireland, Oxfam New Zealand, Oxfam Novib and Oxfam Quebec. Copies of this report and more information are available at www.oxfam.org and at Country Programme Office, Nepal Jawalakhel-20, Lalitpur GPO Box 2500, Kathmandu Tel: +977-1-5530574/ 5542881 Fax: +977-1-5523197 E-mail: [email protected] Acknowledgements This report was a collaborative effort which draws on multiple sources,
    [Show full text]
  • Climate Change in the Hindu Kush-Himalayas
    Climate Change in the Hindu Kush-Himalayas The State of Current Knowledge Climate Change in the Hindu Kush-Himalayas The State of Current Knowledge Surender P. Singh Isabella Bassignana-Khadka Bhaskar Singh Karky Eklabya Sharma International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development, Kathmandu, Nepal, 2011 i Published by International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development GPO Box 3226, Kathmandu, Nepal Copyright © 2011 International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) All rights reserved. Published 2011 ISBN 978 92 9115 220 9 (printed) 978 92 9115 221 6 (electronic) LCCN 2011-312015 Printed and bound in Nepal by Hill Side Press (P) Ltd., Kathmandu, Nepal Production team Greta Pennington Rana (Consultant editor) A Beatrice Murray (Consultant editor) Andrea Perlis (Senior editor) Punam Pradhan (Layout and design) Asha Kaji Thaku (Editorial assistant) Note This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educational or non-profit purposes without special permission from the copyright holder, provided acknowledgement of the source is made. ICIMOD would appreciate receiving a copy of any publication that uses this publication as a source. No use of this publication may be made for resale or for any other commercial purpose whatsoever without prior permission in writing from ICIMOD. The views and interpretations in this publication are those of the author(s). They are not attributable to ICIMOD and do not imply the expression of any opinion concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries, or the endorsement of any product. This publication is available in electronic form at www.icimod.org/publications Citation: Singh, SP; Bassignana-Khadka, I; Karky, BS; Sharma, E (2011) Climate change in the Hindu Kush-Himalayas: The state of current knowledge.
    [Show full text]
  • Mainstreaming Climate Change Adaptation Into Sectoral Policies in Nepal: a Review
    The Geographical Journal of Nepal Vol. 12: 1-24, 2019 Central Department of Geography, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal Mainstreaming climate change adaptation into sectoral policies in Nepal: A review Pashupati Nepal Central Department of Geography, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal Email: [email protected] Abstract Nepalese people have experienced climate variability for a long time and the mitigation and adaptation responses they have made to reduce the effect of climate variability are not new phenomena for Nepal. However, mainstreaming climate change issues into sectoral policies from the government can be seen as recent activities in Nepal. Nepal has contributed negligible amount of emissions of Greenhouse Gases (GHGs) of global greenhouse gas, it is the fourth most vulnerable country in the world. In this context, this paper aims to review climate change adaptation policies in terms of sectoral integration. This paper has adopted text-mining method for information retrieval and knowledge mining and followed step-by-step approach to undertake review of policies. It concludes that National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA) in 2010 can be a milestone in sectoral adaptation of climate change issue largely because it has provided the national framework for sectoral adaptation to climate change. However, NAPA ignores the importance of structural and institutional reforms needed for mainstreaming climate change adaptation into sectoral agencies. Climate change Policy, 2011, Local Adaptation Plan of Action (LAPA) 2011, Constitution of Nepal, 2015, Local Government Operation Act (LGOA) 2017, Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act, 2017 and National REDD+ Strategy, 2018 are other prominent legislative and policy frameworks that have significant contribution in sectoral integration of climate change adaptation issues.
    [Show full text]
  • A Review of Climate Change and Its Effects in the Western Mountainous Water Basin of Nepal
    A Review of Climate Change and its Effects in the Western Mountainous Water Basin of Nepal Dr. Raghu Bir Bista, Dr. Khet Raj Dahal and Dr. Ram Prasad Dr. Raghu Bir Bista Dr. Khet Raj Dahal Ram Prasad Gyawali Gyawali Abstract : This study was conducted in the period of January 2014 to December 2015. The main objective of the study was to investigate the impact of climate change in the water basin and its catchment areas. The method was a survey of relevant literatures. Climate change is a big issue not only in developed countries but also in developing countries. The study found that the temperature is rising with 2.00 C on average per annum in western Nepal. This is relatively 3 times higher than lower temperature increase within the country and significantly higher in comparison to global trend of temperature variation. Over the last 36 years (1975-2010) in western Nepal, temperature is rising on an average of 1.2°C per annum. This is twice as compared to the global increment. This indicates more vulnerability of climate change in hills and high hills of Nepal. The average rise of temperature in Nepal is 0.06oC per year. The climate-induced disasters are; drought, severe floods, landslide, etc. They also have negative effects in agriculture in the hills and high hills of Nepal. Keywords: Climate change, vulnerability, disaster, river basin, environmental deterioration, Nepal Introduction Then, they requested United Nations to establish limate change is an emerging issue across the world. scientific intergovernmental body for further concerns. CDespite being a trans-boundary/global issue, it UN, UNEP and the World Meteorological Organization could not receive any attention until the book, The (WMO) in the framework of UNFCCC (United Nations Limits to Growth was published in 1972.
    [Show full text]
  • Download File
    Our identity Plan is an international humanitarian, child- centred development organisation without religious, political or governmental affi liation. Child sponsorship is the basic foundation of the organisation. Our vision Our vision is of a world in which all children realise their full potential in societies that respect people’s rights and dignities. Our mission Plan strives to achieve lasting improvements in the quality of life of deprived children in developing countries through a process that unites people across cultures and adds meaning and value to their lives by: enabling deprived children, their families and their communities to meet their basic needs and to increase their ability to participate in and benefi t from their societies; building relationships to increase understanding and unity among people of different cultures and countries; and promoting the rights and interests of the world’s children. Plan Nepal Nepal Country Offi ce Shree Durbar, Pulchwok, Ward No. 3, Lalitpur P. O. Box 8980, Kathmandu, Nepal Phone: +977-1-5535580/5535560 Fax: +977-1-5536431 www.plan-international.org Email: [email protected] Acknowledgements This research report was made possible with the advice and contributions of many people and organizations. Inputs were received from Action Aid Nepal (Suresh Thapa), BBC Media Action (Christian Clack), Care Nepal (Santosh Sharma), Dan Church Aid (Govinda Neupane), Equal Access (Hemant Pathak), Lutheran World Federation (Krishna Pathak, Gopal Dahal), Mercy Corps (Nabin Lammichane), Oxfam ( Prabin Man Singh), Practical Action (Gehendra Gurung, Dinanath Bhandari), Save the Children (Dhurba Devekota) United Nations Development Programme (Man Thapa) United Nations Children’s Fund (Rajendra Shakya), United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (Yadav K.
    [Show full text]
  • Assessing the Costs of Climate Change and Adaptation in South Asia
    Assessing the Costs of Climate Change and Adaptation in South Asia With a population of 1.43 billion people, one-third of whom live in poverty, the South Asia developing member countries (DMCs) of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) face the challenge of achieving and sustaining rapid economic growth to reduce poverty and attain other Millennium Development Goals in an era of accentuated risks posed by global climate change. Economic losses in key sectors, such as agriculture, energy, transport, health, water, coastal and marine, and tourism, are expected to be significant, rendering growth targets harder to achieve. This report synthesizes the results of country and sector studies on the economic costs and benefits of unilateral and regional actions on climate change in ADB’s six South Asia Asia Adaptation in South Assessing the Costs of Climate Change and DMCs, namely Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, the Maldives, Nepal, and Sri Lanka. The study takes into account the different scenarios and impacts projected across vulnerable sectors and estimates the total economic loss throughout the 21st century and amount of funding required for adaptation measures to avert such potential losses. It is envisioned to strengthen decision-making capacities and improve understanding of the economics of climate change for the countries in South Asia. About the Asian Development Bank ADB’s vision is an Asia and Pacific region free of poverty. Its mission is to help its developing member countries reduce poverty and improve the quality of life of their people. Despite the region’s many successes, it remains home to approximately two-thirds of the world’s poor: 1.6 billion people who live on less than $2 a day, with 733 million struggling on less than $1.25 a day.
    [Show full text]
  • Climate Change Instability and Gender Vulnerability in Nepal: a Case Study on the Himalayan Region Akriti Sharma [email protected]
    Clark University Clark Digital Commons International Development, Community and Master’s Papers Environment (IDCE) 5-2016 Climate Change Instability and Gender Vulnerability in Nepal: A Case Study on the Himalayan Region Akriti Sharma [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://commons.clarku.edu/idce_masters_papers Part of the Environmental Studies Commons, International and Area Studies Commons, and the Urban Studies and Planning Commons Recommended Citation Sharma, Akriti, "Climate Change Instability and Gender Vulnerability in Nepal: A Case Study on the Himalayan Region" (2016). International Development, Community and Environment (IDCE). 37. https://commons.clarku.edu/idce_masters_papers/37 This Research Paper is brought to you for free and open access by the Master’s Papers at Clark Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in International Development, Community and Environment (IDCE) by an authorized administrator of Clark Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. Climate Change Instability and Gender Vulnerability in Nepal: A Case Study on the Himalayan Region Akriti Sharma May 2016 A Masters Final Research Paper Submitted to the faculty of Clark University, Worcester, Massachusetts, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for The degree of Master of Science in the department of IDCE And Accepted on the recommendation of Jude Fernando, Chief Instructor Abstract Climate Change Instability and Gender Vulnerability in Nepal: A Case Study on the Himalayan Region Akriti Sharma For the past decade, low-income developing countries have and will continue to remain on the frontline for the consequences of human induced climate change. While climate change is expected to have universal negative impacts on the health, well-being and the livelihoods of people, it is expected to specifically affect women from low-income developing countries where poverty and gender inequality are both still very prevalent.
    [Show full text]
  • Indigenous and Local Climate Change Adaptation Practices in Nepal
    CASE STUDY: 2 Government of Nepal Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment Pilot Program for Climate Resilience Mainstreaming Climate Change Risk Management in Development ADB TA 7984: Indigenous Research INDIGENOUS AND LOCAL CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION PRACTICES IN NEPAL CASE STUDY CHAPTERS Introduction, objectives and methodology CASE STUDY I Understanding indigenous and local practices in water CASE STUDY II management for climate change adaptation in Nepal Understanding indigenous and local practices in forest and CASE STUDY III pasture management for climate change adaptation in Nepal Understanding indigenous and local practices in rural CASE STUDY IV transport infrastructure for climate change adaptation in Nepal Understanding indigenous and local practices in CASE STUDY V settlements and housing for climate change adaptation in Nepal Understanding indigenous and traditional social CASE STUDY VI institutions for climate change adaptation in Nepal ACRONYMS CASE STUDY ACAP Annapurna Conservation Area Programme ADB Asian Development Bank AGM Annual General Assembly AIPP Asia Indigenous Peoples Pact AIS Argali Irrigation System AMIS Agency Managed Irrigation System BLGIP Bhairawa Lumbini Ground Water Irrigation Project BLGWP Bhairahawa Lumbini Ground Water Project BTCB Baglung Type Chain Bridges BZMC Buffer Zone Management Council BZUG Buffer Zone User Groups CAPA Community Adaptation Programme of Action CBFM Community Based Forest Management CBNRM Community Based Natural Resource Management CBOs Community Based Organisations CBS
    [Show full text]
  • Climate Change Impact on Crop Production in Nepal
    1 Climate change impact on crop production in Nepal: Role of 2 energy in climate change 3 4 Tulsi Ram Bhual1, Sutinee Sinutok1, Saroj Gyawali2 5 6 1 Faculty of Environmental Management, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90112,Thailand 7 2 Sustainable Study and Research Institute, Kathmandu 16, Nepal 8 9 Abstract 10 11 Climate change is raising a problem globally and Nepal is a most vulnerable country. In Nepal, 12 approximately 80 per cent of population lives in rural areas and their main source of income is 13 agriculture. Crop production in Nepal is highly depends on monsoonal rainfall due to which 14 climate is a major factor. Use high volume of fossil fuels and other nonrenewable energies during 15 this world development process and fulfillment of the minimum daily requirement of every single 16 person is responsible for GHGs (Greenhouse Gases) emission in this globe. IPCC (The 17 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) declared that the Nepal is not responsible for high 18 rate of emission even though it has been facing the problem of climate change in agriculture and 19 tourism sectors. Direct and indirect impact of climate change on crop production is a serious 20 challenge for Nepali farmers however, the government of Nepal and other nongovernment 21 organizations are aware with such problem and they seems finding the best possible solutions for 22 address them. This paper reviews the causes, effects and solutions of climate change on crop 23 production in Nepal. The main concern of this review study is to find out the present and 24 potential impact of climate change on crop production and use of energy as a climate change 25 solutions.
    [Show full text]
  • Adaptation to Climate Change in Panchase Mountain Ecological Regions of Nepal
    environments Article Adaptation to Climate Change in Panchase Mountain Ecological Regions of Nepal Shankar Adhikari 1,* ID , Himlal Baral 2,3 ID and Craig Nitschke 3 ID 1 Department of Forests, Ministry of Forests and Environment, Babarmahal, Kathmandu, Nepal 2 Center for International Forestry Research, Jalan CIFOR, Situ Gede, Sindang Barang, Bogor, Barat 16115, Indonesia; [email protected] 3 School of Ecosystem and Forest Science, University of Melbourne, Richmond, VIC 3121, Australia; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +977-9847113360 Received: 22 December 2017; Accepted: 8 March 2018; Published: 13 March 2018 Abstract: Rural mountain communities in developing countries are considered particularly vulnerable to environmental change, including climate change. Forests and agriculture provide numerous ecosystem goods and services (EGS) to local communities and can help people adapt to the impacts of climate change. There is however poor documentation on the role of EGS in people’s livelihood and adaptation practices. This study in the rural Panchase Mountain Ecological Region of Nepal identifies practices being used to adapt to a changing environment through key informant interviews and focus group discussions. At the household level, livelihood diversification, changes in cropping patterns and farming practices, use of multipurpose plant species and income-generation activities were identified as adaptation strategies. Among major strategies at the community level were community forestry-based climate adaptation plans of action for forest and water resource management. Landscape-level adaptation strategies were large-scale collaborative projects and programs, such as Ecosystem-based Adaptation and Chitwan Annapurna Landscape conservation; which had implications at both the local and landscape-level.
    [Show full text]