TEAM 10 out of CIAM: SOFT URBANISM + NEW BRUTALISM LA SARRAZ DECLARATION (1928) 1. e idea of modern architecture includes the link between the phenomenon of architecture and the of the general economic system. 2. e idea of ‘economic e ciency’ does not imply production furnishing maximum commercial pro t, but production demanding a minimum work e ort. 3. e need for maximum economic e ciency is the inevitable result of the improvished state of the general economy. 4. e most e cient method of production is that which arises from rationalization and standardization. Rationalization and standardization act directly on working methods both in modern architecture (conception) and in the building industry (realization). 5. Rationalization and standardization react in a threefold manner: 5. Rationalization and standardization react in a threefold manner:
(a) they demand of architecture conceptions leading to simpli cation of working methods on site and in the factory; 5. Rationalization and standardization react in a threefold manner:
(a) they demand of architecture conceptions leading to simpli cation of working methods on site and in the factory;
(b) they mean for building rms a reduction in skilled labour force; they lead to the employment of less specialized labour working under the direction of highly skilled technicians; 5. Rationalization and standardization react in a threefold manner:
(a) they demand of architecture conceptions leading to simpli cation of working methods on site and in the factory;
(b) they mean for building rms a reduction in skilled labour force; they lead to the employment of less specialized labour working under the direction of highly skilled technicians;
(c) they expect from the consumer (that is to say, the customer who orders the house in which he will live) a revision of his demands in the direction of a readjustment to the new conditions of social life. Such a revision will be manifested in the reduction of certain individual needs henceforth devoid of real justi cation; the bene ts of this reduction will foster the maximum satisfaction of the needs of the greatest number, which are at present restricted. CHARTER OF ATHENS (1933) CHARTER OF ATHENS (1933) I. THE CITY IN ITS REGIONAL SETTING points 1-8
II. THE FOUR FUNCTIONS OF THE CITY A. Dwelling 9-29 B. Recreation 30-40 C. Work 41-50 D. Transportation 51-64 E. Legacy of history 65-70
III. CONCLUSIONS 71-95 FAITH IN FUNCTION? FAITH IN FUNCTION? FAITH IN PLANNING? FAITH IN FUNCTION? FAITH IN PLANNING? FAITH IN MODERNISM? It is those who are now forty years old, born around 1916 during wars and revolutions, and those unborn, now twenty- ve years old, born around 1930 during the preparation for a new war and amidst a profound economic, social, and political crisis, who thus nd themselves in the heart of the present period the only ones capable of feeling actual problems, personally, profoundly, the goals to follow, the means to reach them, the pathetic urgency of the present situation. ey are in the know. eir predecessors no longer are, they are out, they are no longer subject to the direct impact of the situation.
LE CORBUSIER 1 2 3
1.JAAP BAKEMA 2.GEORGES CANDILIS 3.SHADRACH WOODS 4 5 4.ALDO VAN EYCK 5.ALISON + PETER SMITHSON
TEAM X THE DOORN MANIFESTO (1954) 1. It is useless to consider the house except as part of a community owing to the interaction of these on each other. 2. We should not waste our time codifying the elements of the house until the other relationship has been crystallized. 3. ‘Habitat’ is concerned with the particular house in the particular type of community. 4. Communities are the same everywhere. (1) Detached house - farm. (2) Village. (3) Towns of various sorts (industrial/admin./special). (4) Cities (multi-functional). 5. ey can be shown in relationship to their environment (habitat) in the Geddes valley section. 6. Any community must be internally convenient - have ease of circulation; in consequence, whatever type of transport is available, density must increase as population increases, i.e (1) is least dense, (4) is most dense. 7. We must therefore study the dwelling and the groupings that are necessary to produce convenient communities at various points on the valley section. 8. e appropriateness of any solution may lie in the eld of architectural invention rather than social anthropology. TEAM 10 REDEFINED THE CITY AS CONTINGENT (ECOLOGICAL?). TEAM 10 REDEFINED THE CITY AS CONTINGENT (ECOLOGICAL?). TEAM 10 REDEFINED THE CITY AS BOTH FRAMED AND DEFINED BY HUMAN EVERYDAY LIFE. TEAM 10 REDEFINED THE CITY AS CONTINGENT (ECOLOGICAL?). TEAM 10 REDEFINED THE CITY AS BOTH FRAMED AND DEFINED BY HUMAN EVERYDAY LIFE. TEAM 10 REDEFINED THE CITY AS LIVING ORGANISM NOT THIS... WHICH LEADS TO THIS...
DYNAMISM OF A CYCLIST 1913 BUT THIS... THE CRITICAL TERMS FOR ARCHITECTURE / URBAN DESIGN SOFTEN: THE CRITICAL TERMS FOR ARCHITECTURE / URBAN DESIGN SOFTEN: FROM FUNCTION - USE FROM CITIZENRY - COMMUNITY FROM AUTHORITY - POWER FROM HAPPINESS - PLEASURE FROM WILL - WISH FROM DIALECTIC - TRI-ALECTIC 4 5 4.ALDO VAN EYCK 5.ALISON + PETER SMITHSON TEAM X IG BRITISH POP
POST-MODERN IMPULSES
METABOLISM MEGASTRUCTURE PARTICIPATORY URBANISM THIRD WORLD URBANISM REGIONALISM NAKED CITY STRUCTURALISM JANE JACOBS HERMAN HERTZBERGER REM KOOLHAAS MVRDV ARCHITECTURE W/O ARCHITECTS TEAM 10 SEMIOTICS
SOCIALISM UTOPIA CIAM ARCHIGRAM BRUTALISM NEW MONUMENTALITY REGIONALISM STRUCTURALISM e aim of art is no longer to reproduce the visible but to make visible.
PAUL KLEE e culture of particular form is approaching its end. e culture of determined relations has begun.
PIET MONDRIAN STRUCTURALISM IS GROUNDED IN NEW THEORIES OF SPACE AND TIME (RELATIVITY / BERGSON / EINSTEIN). STRUCTURALISM IS GROUNDED IN NEW THEORIES OF SPACE AND TIME (RELATIVITY / BERGSON / EINSTEIN).
STRUCTURALISM SEES THE WORLD AS NON-HIERARCHICAL, POLYCENTRIC, AND COHERENTLY LINKED THROUGH RECIPROCAL RELATIONS. STRUCTURALISM IS GROUNDED IN NEW THEORIES OF SPACE AND TIME (RELATIVITY / BERGSON / EINSTEIN).
STRUCTURALISM SEES THE WORLD AS NON-HIERARCHICAL, POLYCENTRIC, AND COHERENTLY LINKED THROUGH RECIPROCAL RELATIONS.
STRUCTURALISM ATTEMPTS TO RECONCILE THE SPECIFIC (PLACE) AND THE UNIVERSAL (SPACE). 1
1.JAAP BAKEMA
TEAM X
2 3
2.GEORGES CANDILIS 3.SHADRACH WOODS
TEAM X
VS.
FORM SPACE FUNCTION USE CITIZENRY COMMUNITY AUTHORITY POWER HAPPINESS PLEASURE WILL WISH DIALECTIC TRI-ALECTIC
SCIENCE MAGIC RATIONAL INFORMAL DOGMATIC CONTINGENT 4 4.ALDO VAN EYCK
TEAM X SOUGHT TO RECONCILE THREE PARADIGMS: 1) THE CLASSICAL 2) THE MODERN 3) THE ARCHAIC
4 4.ALDO VAN EYCK
TEAM X
BRUTALISM It was, in the beginning, a term of communist abuse, and it was intended to signify the normal vocabulary of Modern Architecture - at roofs, glass, exposed structure - considered as morally reprehensible deviations from “ e New Humanism,” a phrase which means something di erent in Marxist hands...
REYNER BANHAM It was, in the beginning, a term of communist abuse, and it was intended to signify the normal vocabulary of Modern Architecture - at roofs, glass, exposed structure - considered as morally reprehensible deviations from “ e New Humanism,” a phrase which means something di erent in Marxist hands...
REYNER BANHAM e term had no sooner got into public circulation than its meaning began to narrow. Among the non-Marxist grouping there was no particular unity of programme or intention, but there was a certain community of interests, a tendency to look toward Le Corbusier, and to be aware of something called Le Beton Brut...
REYNER BANHAM
5 5.ALISON + PETER SMITHSON
TEAM X
Whatever has been said about honest use of materials, most modern buildings appear to be made of whitewash or patent glazing, even when they are made of concrete or steel. Hunstanton appears to be made of glass, brick, steel and concrete, and is in fact made of glass, brick, steel and concrete.
REYNER BANHAM