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The Chesapeake Bay: a Study of Present and Future Water Quality and Its Ecological Effects Volume II: Analysis and Projection of Ecological Conditions

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W&M ScholarWorks Reports 6-1-1975 The Chesapeake Bay: A Study of Present and Future Water Quality and Its Ecological Effects Volume II: Analysis and Projection of Ecological Conditions Morris H. Roberts Jr. Virginia Institute of Marine Science Donald F. Boesch Virginia Institute of Marine Science Michael E. Bender Virginia Institute of Marine Science Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/reports Part of the Marine Biology Commons Recommended Citation Roberts, M. H., Boesch, D. F., & Bender, M. E. (1975) The Chesapeake Bay: A Study of Present and Future Water Quality and Its Ecological Effects Volume II: Analysis and Projection of Ecological Conditions. Special Reports in Applied Marine Science and Ocean Engineering (SRAMSOE) No. 91. Virginia Institute of Marine Science, William & Mary. https://doi.org/10.21220/V5RR0S This Report is brought to you for free and open access by W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Reports by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. /,j.p r======--=-===-=-====:--==--=-----=========================:::176° 7!5° 74° 73° -- _: ·-,. ., .. .,·[. ___ ._ .. :.. .i _.,...-_/ ./ 1· ,/ ...J ejection onditions _r•. \ ...... · ; -- ~-_))) , ,• .···· :....-<,··' _., ,,· -~---_ .. ....- :::·.;_; ~--=----~~-~--.-/--..--:----~~---+--------3 ., .. _. - ./ _/ , / .,::qy.. .< ,,. _,.· -~/. :.... , :., .···- .... ~t- .... ) // ,,<_[<' orri:s H. Robe ,: Jr. ,··-. '.,·, /_:/ / t Do"nald F. Boes t~/ />,... / /., ,_._< and / ,· _.,· ,-·- / ,.-··f/;__ f fc:hael E. Ben er \ ·1 {/? / ,.-: \ ·-:::?_ / \ ,' ~--., (:'} ~ / ,: /·' // ~ - )/ '._;, (_·_::~j;::;}£ "M?'-i~-¥.~---t---~---- ,i -------------=·:::.'--·:...__ . -------------+------~3 t .. -'\ ............,_:._:,)- ' ,: ,' ( (."_ 'l: I ' :~ : ; ·•• , FINAL REPORT • }. -i t.\ ,_: ._·_= _,{ ,u,·. l.&J :._(/,,-.,) TO 1' - ~--. / ~!) / ij_/ / / ~_,.-f \/ N.a.ltti:bna,{ Connn · ssion on Water Quality ct /-·-..: \hi;/ j : f\.t_ / i i, ( i,, ~ ~ !. ·,\ ' \ I\ i \ \ \ i j l ) '; --~'-;-.i ~·-t-' ---1----,---------------+---------Hrt.3 ! : / I ,' j /Vi:~g,i.nia Inst· tute of Marine Science 'i)\Gl.ou¢ester oint, Virginia 23062 ·,.\\: i I Vi: · Dr. Wil iam J. Hargis, Jr. M :{/ Director ,,::f/ / i;;j\)'_,, / .. ,,, June 1975 ·------------------+--------+*,3 0 L========76=·====:--:===-=-7-5========-::-:--:=7=4·==============73:::;:•=============::.I THE CHESAPEAKE BAY: A STUDY OF PRESENT AND FUTURE WATER QUALITY AND ITS ECOLOGICAL EFFECTS Volume II: Analysis and Projection of Ecological Conditions by Morris H. Roberts, Jr. Donald F. Boesch and Michael E. Bender Special Report No. 91 in Applied Marine Science and Ocean Engineering Virginia Institute of Marine Science Gloucester Point, Virginia 23062 William J. Hargis, Jr. Director June 1975 Final Report to National Corrnnission on Water Quality Table of Contents Page List of Figures. • • • • . • • . • • • . • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • iv List of Tables. • • . • . • . • • • • • • • . • . • . • . • • . • • • • . vi Chapter XI. Biological, Ecological and Environmental Characteristics of the Chesapeake Bay... 1 A. Introduction. • . • . • • • 1 B. Ecological Segmentation of the Bay.. 17 C. Biological Characteristics.......... 18 1. Producers. • • . • • • . • • • . • . 18 2. Zooplankton. • . • . • • . • 35 3. Benthos. • . • . • . 43 4. Finfishes and Fisheries Products........................ 60 5. Fecal Pathogens................. 78 6. Wetlands. • • . • . • 86 7. Wildlife. 97 D. Perturbations....................... 125 1. Natural.......... • . • . • • . • . 125 2. Man-induced Perturbations....... 128 E. Undisturbed Setting................. 135 F. Absence of the Act.................. 139 Literature Cited. • . 143 Chapter XII. Description of Recreational and Aes- thetic Characteristics................. 156 A. Preva!l!ng ~onditions: Capacity and L1.m1. ta t1.ons. 156 1. Bo~ti~g........................ 158 2. S!1.1DI!11.n~. 159 3. P1.cn1.ck1.ng..................... 160 4. Camping........................ 160 5. Hunting. • . • . • • • • • • • . • . • . 160 6. Fishing........................ 161 B. Factors other than Water Quality Aff~c~i~g Availability of Fac1l1t1es......................... 163 C. Recreational and Aesthetic Disamenities related to Water Qua 1 i t y • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 164 1. Feca 1 Pathogens. • • • . • • . • . 164 2. Algal and Macrophytic Scums.... 165 3. Floating Debris................ 166 4. Odor, Taste and Color. • • . • . • . 16 7 ii Page Chapter XII (Cont'd.) C. Recreational and Aesthetic Disamenities related to Water Quality (cont'd.) 5. Turbidity..................... 168 6. Aquatic Biota................. 168 7. Waterfowl and Wildlife........ 169 8. Surfactants and Foaming Materials. • . • • . • • . • . • • . • 169 Literature Cited.............. 170 Chapter XIII. Environmental Impact Assessment and Projections........................... 171 A. Ecosystem Changes Resulting from Effluent Control.................. 171 1. Introduction. • . • . • . 171 2. Primary Producers............. 173 3. Primary Consumers............. 180 4. Secondary Consumers........... 181 5. Effects on the Stinging Nettle........................ 183 6. Effects on Aquatic Birds...... 183 7. Fecal Pathogens............... 184 8. Recreational and Aesthetic Support Characteristics....... 192 B. Ecosystem Impacts Resulting from Residual Disposal................. 195 A. Air........................... 195 B. Land. • . • . 196 Literature Cited.............. 199 iii List of Figures Page Figure XI-1 Monthly variation of temperature at a station in the mid-Bay ..•........••.••.•.•.. 3 XI-2 Average! surface salinity distribution in Chesape!ake Bay during the spring months ..... 5 XI-3 Averagei surface salinity distribution in the Cheisapeake Bay during the fall months ... 6 XI-4 Longitudinal salinity distribution along axis of Chesapeake Bay during a period of high ri.ver inflow (upper panel) and low river i.nflow (lower panel) ................. 7 XI-5 Longitudinal distributions of dissolved oxygen along axis of Chesapeake Bay ...••.... 9 XI-6 Longitudinal distributions of dissolved oxygen along axis of Chesapeake Bay ......••. 10 XI-7 Surface nitrate concentrations (N03 + N02) in uppE?r Chesapeake Bay during spring and early surnrner .•.........................•...• 13 XI-8 Surface? nitrate concentrations (N03 + NOz) in uppe~r Chesapeake Bay during summer and early f:all .•....•........................... 14 XI-9 Generalized sediment distribution in the Chesape~ake Bay. • . • . 15 XI-10 The ecological zones of the Chesapeake Bay according to the Venice System ..•...••.•..•. 20 XI-11 Distribution of rooted aquatic plants in the Chesapeake Bay .••.•...•..............•..••.. 33 XI-12 Average? settled volume and total dry weight of zooplankton per cubic meter for poly­ haline Chesapeake Bay .•.............•..•.... 40 XI-13 Biomass and production of population of the dominant zooplankter Acartia tonsa in the Patuxent River estuary .............•..•..... 41 iv List of Figures (Cont'd.) Figure Page XI-14 Location of 35 studies of macrobenthos conducted in the Chesapeake Bay System •.•.•. 44 XI-15 Range of "typical" values of the diversity index H' for macrobenthos in the Chesapeake Bay s y :s t em . • . 54 XI-16 Location of major dredged channels and dredge spoil disposal sites in Chesapeake Bay. • . • . 5 9 XI-17 Location of public oyster grounds in Maryland and Virginia with the location of condemned areas superimposed ....•......•. 74 XI-18 Graphical presentation of migratory periods, egg production periods, and periods when young occupy nests for water-oriented birds found in Chesapeake Bay ..•.................. 106 XI-19 Locations of major known bird rookeries in the Chesapeake Bay ......................... 113 XI-20 Population changes in 11 duck species based on U.Sff breeding census data ...•............ 120 XI-21 Population changes for waterfowl in the Atlantic flyway states based on mid-winter cenSUSE?S • ..•••..•.••....••...•.•..•••••••••• 122 XIII-1 Projected recoverability of condemned shell­ fish growing areas in the upper Chesapeake Bay under BPT/BAT standards ................ 187 XIII-2 Projected recoverability of condemned shell­ fish growing areas in the lower Chesapeake Bay under BPT/BAT standards ............•.... 188 V List of Tables Table Page XI-1 The Venice System for classification of brackish waters and the approximately corresponding reach numbers of Chesapeake Bay's mathematical model used in this study .. ,.................................•... 19 XI-2 Dominant diatoms in lower Chesapeake Bay by seascJn . .•••.••....••..••••.••....•••••••• 21 XI-3 Dominant phytoplankters in total phyto- plankton samples, by season ................ 22 XI-4 Mean annual surface chlorophyll a (ug/1) for 7 sec tors of the lower Bay ...... ~ .......... 26 XI-5 Dominant zooplankters characteristic of estuarine zones during winter-spring and summer - jc a 11 . 37 XI-6 Studies of macrobenthos in the Chesapeake Bay sys tern. 45 XI-7 Zonation of dominant macrobenthos in the polyhaline zone............................. 50 XI-8 Dominant macrobenthos of the mesohaline zone......................................... 51 XI-9 Dominant macrobenthos of the oligohaline zone . .. .,.. 52 XI-10 Dominant macrobenthos in tidal fresh waters....................................... 53 XI-11 Landings for major fisheries products in 1971 for Chesapeake Bay waters with the ranking for the top 15 species in parentheses ....••. 62 XI-12
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    738 NOAA Technical Report NMFS SSRF-738 y^f^^ OFc, Environmental Baselines in Long Island Sound, 1972-73 R. N. Reid, A. B. Frame, and A. F. Draxler '^ ^^ATES O^ December 1979 r Marine Biological Laboratory ! LIBRARY 1 OCT 4 1992 i Woods Hole, Mass. U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Marine Fisheries Service NOAA TECHNICAL REPORTS National Marine Fisheries Service, Special Scientific Report— Fisheries The mu'i.r r.-uwnriMlilir^ "f ttif National Marine Fisheries Sen-ire 'NMFS) arp t" mnnitir and nwews the nhundance and Reofrmphic ^h raarket- -.J publisbe* 'ie* wa^T e^ta'r)li^h•.(' ir'i (urrii- re|^ir<!> >r, ^Ljcntinc investigations that document may deal with applied fishery ai.so b- I iiiinrn.aii otherwist' n' 'ie<i ' Iri :it 1 '^-^, ^er ^iTMi onmeiua; tiiLf are: 700. Expi ;inythermograph ob8er\'ations from the NMTS/ ments, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402: Stock MARAD Ship of Opportunity Program for 1973. By Steven K. Cook, June No. 003-020-00134-3. 1976, iii + 13 p.. 10 figs. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, L'.S (;ovemment Printing Omce. Washington, DC 20402; Stock No. 003- 712. Annual physical and chemical ' . cycles of Auke Bay. 017-0O.«2-5. southeastern Alaska. By Herbert E ulaa R. McLain, and Bruce L. Wing. May 1977. iii -^ 11 p.. ib figs.. 1 table. For sale by the 701 Seasonal abundance and distribution of zooplankton, fish eggs, Superintendent of Documents. U.S. Government Printing Office. Wash- and fish larvae in the eastern Gulf of .Mexico, 1972-74.
  • Appendix 1A, B, C, D, E, F

    Appendix 1A, B, C, D, E, F

    Appendix 1a, b, c, d, e, f Table of Contents Appendix 1a. Rhode Island SWAP Data Sources ....................................................................... 1 Appendix 1b. Rhode Island Species of Greatest Conservation Need .................................... 19 Appendix 1c. Regional Conservation Needs-Species of Greatest Conservation Need ....... 48 Appendix 1d. List of Rare Plants in Rhode Island .................................................................... 60 Appendix 1e: Summary of Rhode Island Vertebrate Additions and Deletions to 2005 SGCN List ....................................................................................................................................................... 75 Appendix 1f: Summary of Rhode Island Invertebrate Additions and Deletions to 2005 SGCN List ....................................................................................................................................................... 78 APPENDIX 1a: RHODE ISLAND WAP DATA SOURCES Appendix 1a. Rhode Island SWAP Data Sources This appendix lists the information sources that were researched, compiled, and reviewed in order to best determine and present the status of the full array of wildlife and its conservation in Rhode Island (Element 1). A wide diversity of literature and programs was consulted and compiled through extensive research and coordination efforts. Some of these sources are referenced in the Literature Cited section of this document, and the remaining sources are provided here as a resource for users and implementing