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Investigation of Biological Activities and Secondary Metabolites of Hydnum Repandum Acetone Extract

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Investigation of Biological Activities and Secondary Metabolites of Hydnum Repandum Acetone Extract FARMACIA, 2019, Vol. 67, 1 https://doi.org/10.31925/farmacia.2019.1.24 ORIGINAL ARTICLE INVESTIGATION OF BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES AND SECONDARY METABOLITES OF HYDNUM REPANDUM ACETONE EXTRACT JOVANA TUBIĆ 1, DARKO GRUJIČIĆ 1, MARINA RADOVIĆ JAKOVLJEVIĆ 1, BRANISLAV RANKOVIĆ 1, MARIJANA KOSANIĆ 1, TATJANA STANOJKOVIĆ 2, ANDRIJA ĆIRIĆ 1, OLIVERA MILOŠEVIĆ-DJORDJEVIĆ 1,3* 1University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Science, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia 2Institute of Oncology and Radiology of Serbia, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia 3University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Medical Sciences, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia *corresponding author: [email protected] Manuscript received: May 2018 Abstract This study aimed to evaluate the biological activities and polyphenolic contents of the acetone extract of H. repandum mushroom. Polyphenolic compounds were evaluated by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The antioxidant activity was assessed by radical scavenging activity assays and reducing power. The antimicrobial activity was established based on the values of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) using microdilution method. Cytotoxic activity was determined by 3-4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT). The genotoxic and antimutagenic activities were tested using cytokinesis block micronucleus (CBMN) assay on human peripheral blood lymphocytes in vitro. Among the determined polyphenolic compounds, ferulic acid and quercetin were mostly found. The extract showed high free radical scavenging activity, while the reducing power was less emphasized and concentration-dependent. The MIC fluctuated in a range of 0.009-10 mg/mL. The cytotoxic activity (based on IC50) ranged from 116.5 to 158.33 µg/mL, when HeLa cells were the most sensitive. The highest tested concentrations of the extract showed significant genotoxic activity, while against mitomycin C, the extract caused protective activity. The results indicated that H. repandum acetone extract contained secondary metabolites which showed biological activities such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, cytotoxic, genotoxic and protective against chemotherapeutics, indicating that their inclusion in nutrition could be of great importance in the prevention and treatment of various pathological conditions. Rezumat Acest studiu a urmărit evaluarea activităților biologice și conținutul polifenolic al extractului acetonic din ciuperci din specia H. repandum. Compușii polifenolici au fost evaluați prin cromatografie de lichide de înaltă performanță (HPLC). Activitatea antioxidantă a fost evaluată prin testele specifice. Activitatea antimicrobiană a fost stabilită pe baza valorilor concentrației inhibitorii minime (MIC) utilizând metoda microdiluției. Activitatea citotoxică a fost determinată cu ajutorul bromurii de 3- 4,5-dimetiltiazol-2-il-2,5-difeniltetrazoliu (MTT). Activitățile genotoxice și antimutagene au fost testate in vitro pe limfocite din sânge periferic. Printre compușii polifenolici determinați s-au regăsit predominant acid ferulic și quercetină. Extractul a demonstrat o activitate mai puternică de neutralizarea a radicalilor liberi. MIC a fluctuat în intervalul 0,009-10 mg/mL. Activitatea citotoxică (pe baza IC50) a variat de la 116,5 până la 158,33 µg/mL. Cele mai mari concentrații testate ale extractului au prezentat o activitate genotoxică semnificativă, în timp ce extractul de mitomicină C a prezentat o activitate protectoare. Rezultatele au arătat că extractul acetonic al H. repandum conține metaboliți secundari care au prezentat activități biologice antioxidante, antimicrobiene, citotoxice, genotoxice și protectoare împotriva chimioterapicelor, indicând faptul că includerea lor în nutriție ar putea avea o mare importanță în prevenirea și tratamentul diferitelor afecțiuni patologice. Keywords: Hydnum repandum, antioxidant activity, antimicrobial activity, cytotoxic activity, genotoxic, antimutagenic activity Introduction vitamins, iron, zinc, sodium, minerals, terpenes, etc., with various biological activities [3]. Ever since the time of ancient civilizations, such as Polyphenols are the widest group of bioactive China, Japan, Europe, Mesoamerica and Africa, the substances, composed of phenolic acids, medicinal properties of mushrooms have been used flavonoids, hydroxybenzoic acids, lignans, tannins, for the benefit of humans as food and medicine [1]. stilbenes and oxidized polyphenols, obtained from Moreover, in the recent years, the interest in the fruit bodies and the mycelium [4]. consumption of mushrooms has increased because Hydnum repandum L. (popularly known as sweet of their nutritional composition. In addition to that, tooth or wood hedgehog) is an edible and medicinal mushrooms are a significant source of natural mushroom belonging to the Hydnaceae family [5]. biologically-active substances [2]. Studies have confirmed that H. repandum possesses Mushrooms contain different secondary metabolites antioxidant [6] and antimicrobial [7] activities. such as polyphenols, peptides, polysaccharides, 174 FARMACIA, 2019, Vol. 67, 1 Repandiol isolated from H. repandum showed mL of the test sample (62.5, 125, 250, 500 and potent cytotoxic activity against various cancer 1000 µg/mL) were placed in cuvettes. The mixture cells [8]. was shaken and allowed to stand at room Available literature contains very few data about temperature for 30 min. DPPH solution is initially the biological activities of this species. Thus, the violet in color which fades when antioxidants aim of this study was to determine the polyphenolic donate hydrogen. The change in color is monitored compounds, the antioxidant, antimicrobial, spectrophotometrically (Bibby Scientific Limited, cytotoxic, genotoxic and antimutagenic activities of Stone, UK) at 517 nm against methanol as blank. the mushroom H. repandum acetone extract. Ascorbic acid was used as a positive control. The DPPH radical concentration was calculated using Materials and Methods the following equation: DPPH scavenging ability (%) = [(A0 - A1) / A0] × 100, where A0 is the Collection and identification of the fungal sample absorbance of the negative control (2 mL of The fungal sample of H. repandum was collected in methanol solution of DPPH radical + 1 mL of 5% Kragujevac, Serbia, in September in 2015. The DMSO) and A1 is the absorbance of reaction demonstration sample is preserved in the facilities mixture or standard. For both extract and ascorbic of the Department of Biology and Ecology of acid, the IC values (the concentration required for Kragujevac, Faculty of Science. The identification 50 50% inhibition of DPPH radical) were determined. of the mushroom was conducted using standard Superoxide anion radical scavenging activity methods [5]. The superoxide anion radical scavenging activity of Preparation of the extract the sample was detected according to the method of Finely dry ground thalli of the examined Nishimiki et al. [11] Briefly, 0.1 mL of test sample mushrooms were extracted with acetone in a (62.5, 125, 250, 500 and 1000 µg/mL) was mixed Soxhlet extractor. The extract was filtered and then with 1 mL nitroblue tetrazolium solution (156 µM concentrated under reduced pressure in a rotary in 0.1 M phosphate buffer, pH 7.4) and 1 mL evaporator. The dry extract was stored at –18°C nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) until it was used in the tests. The extract was solution (468 µM in 0.1 M phosphate buffer, pH dissolved in 5% dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) for 7.4). The reaction started by adding 100 µL of the experiments. DMSO was dissolved in sterile phenazine methosulphate (PMS) solution (60 µM in distilled water to the desired concentration. The 0.1 M phosphate buffer, pH 7.4). The mixture was final concentration of DMSO solvent never incubated at room temperature for 5 min, and the exceeded 0.5% [9]. absorbance was measured spectrophotometrically at High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) 560 nm (Jenway, UK) against the blank sample Chromatographic analysis was performed using a (phosphate buffer). Ascorbic acid was used as Shimadzu HPLC system (Shimadzu, Duisburg, positive control. The inhibition percentage of Germany), consisting of a G1312A binary pump, a superoxide anion generation was calculated using 7725i manual injector and a G1379A degasser. the following formula: Superoxide anion Separations of the analyses were achieved on a scavenging ability (%) = [(A0 - A1) / A0] × 100, Luna C18 reversed - phase column (250 mm × 4.6 mm where A0 is the absorbance of the negative control I.D., 5 µm, Phenomenex) connected with an (consisting of all the reaction agents except the Analytical KJ0-4282 C18 guard cartridge system extract) and A1 is the absorbance of reaction for HPLC (Phenomenex, Torrance, CA, USA). The mixture or standard. For both the extract and mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile (A) and 0.1% ascorbic acid, IC values were determined. formic acid aqueous solution (B) using the 50 Reducing power following gradient elution program for separation: The reducing power of the samples was determined 0–5 min, 5% (A); 5–30 min, 5–60% (A); 30– according to the method described by Oyaizu [12]. 32 min, 60–90% (A); 32–35 min, 90% (A), 35– One milliliter of the test samples (62.5, 125, 250, 36 min, 90–5% (A); 36–40 min, 5% (A). The 500 and 1000 µg/mL) was mixed with 2.5 mL of column temperature was maintained at 30°C, the phosphate buffer (2.5 mL, 0.2 mol/L, pH 6.6) and flow rate was 1.0 mL/min and the injection volume potassium ferricyanide (2.5 mL, 1%). The mixtures was 20 µL. The developed HPLC-DAD method were incubated
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