. ~ ng1neer THE PROFESSIONAL BULLETIN FOR ARMY ENGINEERS Headquarters. Df!partmenl of the Army PB 5-89-1/2
THE ENGINEER REGIMENT
July 1989
Approved for public release; distribution Is llmlted. Personal Viewpoint
Promoting Self-development by Rita Price
A re you a "have" or a "have evaluates a student's portfolio, roll in an auto mechanic or painting not?" This may nol make sense which lists all experiential life course, perhaps one related to a lo you, but let me explain. A "have" credits plus any previous course hobby. A "fun" course can get a sol is a person who decides that school work, and then determines what dier back in the mainstream of the ing is important and seeks oppor courses need to be completed. The school routine. It may eliminate LUnities to get an education. As you student is awarded a degree after some anxtet1es associated with may have guessed, a "have not" is the required credits are completed. taking more traditional courses. someone who decides, for various Job experiences are an example of The object is to get back into the reasons, that school is a real drag. experiential life credits-what swing of attending courses and to At best it is boring, tedious, and cer you've been doing on the job plus start interacting with other students. tainly something to be avoided. I other relevant work. It may be pos Make the initial going back to want to tell you about some rather sible lo complete all required work school experience enjoyable and painless ways to get ahead of the with testing and such nontraditional concentrate on taking one mole hiU education game. If this sparks your means as classroom satellite videos. at a time. You need not climb the interest, read on. The point is, many military mem whole mountain al once. Tt is my contention that we in the bers may not know they have The Army wants to develop suc military are not living up to our full experiences that can qualify for col cess-orienled soldiers, people with potential in assisting soldiers who lege crcdils. Il may serve as an in high self-esteem wbo remain viable have difficulty meeting civilian edu centive to the "have not's" if they for promotions. Army leaders must cation goals. You may recognize the knew some college credits were al take an active role in assisting sol type: The soldier who talks about ready under their bell diers who experience "heart burn" going to school but bas a million Education centers have many test when attending civilian schools. reasons why be can't attend. Promo ing instruments, such as inlercst Many Army Icade.rs do this now, tion boards use civilian education as inventories and aptitude tests, co others do nol. This might indude a discriminator for advancement, help soldiers develop an education having a counselor come to your sec but even that may not be enough to strategy. There is no cost to the sol tion to discuss opportunities at the get these soldiers to enroll. The dier for these services. In addition, education center, or stressing the "have not's" are torn between doing counselors will assist individuals importance of educational credits to what they feel tbcy should and feel grappling with such problems as everyone in your unit. ings or beliefs that they simply can't where Lo start, how to study, or how Soldiers who fmd educaLion a dis attend school. get back into Lhe swing of things. lasLeful and stressful experience, Some soldiers may not know that College correspondence courses and who avoid allending classes, Army education centers, staffed are available. However, these cour may miss some important gates in with trained counselors, have infor ses require a studenl's dedication their careers. Leadership al all mation LhaL can benefit anyone who and motivation lo successfully com levels must make a conscious cffort wants to obtain schooling. These plete the work. For returning lo assist subordinates who may be centers arc on most military installa students, the lack of a traditional experiencing education hurdles. tions and offer a full range of infor classroom instructor and the lack of They must support all attempts at mation on schooling, from prehigh interaction with other students may improving their subordinates' educa school to masters levels. be stumbling blocks. There is no tion levels and encourage self Many education options are avail support group to offer encourage developmcnl. After aU, don't we all able. Por example, did you know ment if the going gets rough. want to be a "have?" that a bachelors degree can be These are a few of the opportun earned without setting foot in a con ities available to miUtary personnel. Rita Price is the Deputy Chief, En ventional classroom? This is pos If you identify with the "bave gineer Personnel Proponem Office al sible through the New York not's" and want Lo return to school, Fort Leonard Wood. Sl1e is a Ph.D. Regents' Degree Program, a fully ac I suggest first taking a course just candidate in higher education and is credited, nontraditional degree for enjoyment. Try something that's a major in the Missouri Army Nation granting institution. Their staff not involved with the three R's. En al Guard. . pay Eng1neer Volume 19 PB 5-89-1/2
UNITED STATES ARMY ENGINEER CENTER AND FEATURES FORT LEONARD WOOD 8 Training and Readiness: Challenges for Army Engineers by GEN Carl E. Vuono 12 Infantry Combined Arms Doctrine Across The Airland COMMANDER/COMMANDANT Battlefield MG Daniel A. Schroeder by MG Michael F. Spigelmire 15 Implementing FM 25-100: Training the Force by COL James H. Simms and MAJ Robert Crear MANAGING EDITOR 18 German Combat Engineer Support in the Combined Arms Catherine Eubanks Battle DESIGNERS byLTC Klaus Wilke Beatrice McDonald 22 The NCO Corps Moves Forward Jennifer C. Bolyard by CPT Robert B. Carroll 25 Providing Power in War and Peace by Alexandra K. Stakhiv By Order of the Secretary of the Atmy: 29 A Place Created Especially for Engineers by MAJ Richard T. Auk/and CARL E. VUONO 32 The Eagle that Looks Like a Duck General, United States Army by Robert K. Combs Chief of Staff 34 Evolution of the Engineer Regiment by Dr. Larry Roberts Official: 36 Overseeing Engineer Career Management Fields by SFC Donald Eelman and SFC Jose Guzman WILLIAM J. MEEHAN II Brigadier General, United States Army 38 The Soviet Engineer in TacUcal Operations The Adjutant General byLTC Roger J. Somerville 43 Risk Management by Dean Johnson
About the cover The spirit and heritage of the new En gineer Regiment is exemplified by the gathering of unit flags at the 1989 En gineer Commanders' Conference at DEPARTMENTS Fort Leonard Wood. Inside Front Cover: Personal Viewpoint Photo by LTC George Woodbury 2 Clear the Way 46 Lessons Learned 3 Bridge the Gap 49 Past in Review 4 Engineer Update Special thanks to TASC personnel for their support.
ENGINEER QSSN 0046-19890) Is prepared quarterly by lhe U.S. Army Engineer CONTENT Is nol copjliighled. Material may be reprinted If credll ·Is given to EN· School, ATTN: ATSE·TOM·P, Fort Leonard Wood, MO 65473-6850. Sooond Class GINEER and the author. poste,go Is paid al Fort Leonard WOO Engineer 1 CLEAR THE WAY by MG Daniel R. Schroeder Commandant, U.S. Army Engineer School "Resolved, that the engineers in the service of the School. The challenges for Army engineers presented United States shall be formed into a corps, and by GEN Vuono are described In this issue beginning styled in the 'Corps of Engineers;' and shall take rank on page 8. Infantry's contributions to the Airland Bat and enjoy the same rights, and prMieges with the tlefield are explained by MG Spigelmlre (page 12). other troops on continental establishment. " John 0. Marsh, Jr,, received the Regimental As Continental Congress sociation's Inaugural gold de Fleury Medal at the March 11 , 1779 conference. This medal will be presented annually to (Ford Journals of the Continental Congress, an Individual who exemplifies boldness, courage, and 13:305-06) commitment to a strong national defense. The medal traces its origins to October 1, 1n9 . The Congress of As we continue to modernize and evolve the the United States recognized and· created the medal Alrland Battle-Future (ALB-F) concept, we should tor Captain Francois de Fleury, a French engineer, for pause to reflect on our heritage as engineers. The for his heroic actions during the recapture of Stony Point, mation of our regiment is the focus of this issue of the New York, on July 15, 1779. ENGINEER Professional Bulletin. The colors of the En In addition to the gold de Fleury medal, the gineer Regiment pictured on the cover represent the Regimental Association also awards silver and bronze historic lineage of the Corps of Engineers. medals. Award of the silver ls approved by the Chief Our regiment originated on June 16, 1775 when the of Engineers after nomination through the Comman Continental Congress authorized a Chief Engineer dant, U.S. Army Engineer School. The sliver order and two assistants for the fledgling Continental Army. may be awarded to one who has rendered outstand Predating the Declaration of independence, the regi ing service to, or support of, the regiment The bronze ment became instrumental in the success of the na must be approved by a member of the regiment in tion in both war and peace. the grade of colonel currently in command, a com With 214 years of rich heritage, an Engineer mander of a divisional engineer battalion, or a Regimental Association was needed to foster the tradi lieutenant colonel district commander. It may be tions of our corps. This year, with the move of the En given to members or nonmembers of the regiment gineer School, the Regimental Association established (military or civilian) who have rendered significant ser its headquarters at Fort Leonard Wood . vice to or support of an element of the regiment. The purpose of the association is to promote the For additional information about the association or Corps of Engineers Regiment, with special attention awards, contact COL John M. Morgan, President, En to the role of the Army engineer in ground warfare. It gineer Regimental Association, P.O. Box 634. Fort will foster and preserve the history, traditions, and Leonard Wood, Missouri 65473. solidarity of Army engineers. The association will spon The Regimental Dinner is now the forum for present sor a professional recognition program, offer ing the SAME-sponsored Sturgis and ltschner academic scholarships, and serve as an authoritative Awards. The Sturgis Medal is presented annually to source of historical information. an active duty enlisted soldier for outstanding con The association is a nonprofit organization. Its mem tributions to military troop construction and/or base bers are serving or retired personnel from any com maintenance through demonstrated technical and ponent of the Army, cadets of military schools and leadership ability. This year's recipient was Staff Ser ROTC programs, and civilians who subscribe to the geant Paul D. Weber, Company A. 79th Engineer Bat purposes of the association. talion (Heavy). The Regimental Association kicked Into high gear The ltschner Award, named for Lieutenant General during the Engineer Commanders' Conference and Emerson C. ltschner, the 39th Chief of Engineers, is first annual Regimental Dinner, held at Fort Leonard presented to the most outstanding engineer company Wood on May 5-7. Conference highlights included ad of the Active Army, Army Reserve, and Army National dresses by John 0. Marsh, Jr.• Secretary of the Army, Guard. Lieutenant General ltschner and Lieutenant GEN Carl E. Vuono, Army Chief of Staff, and MG General Henry J. Hatch, the Chief of Engineers, Michael Spigelmire. Commandant of the Infantry presented this year's awards to Company A. 65th 2 Engineer by CSM Rudolf F. Voigt, Command Sergeant Major (Ret.), U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Noncommissioned officers (NCOs) have con often by trial and error. But, they learned and then did tributed immensely to the Corps of Engineers and the them right thereafter. Our NCOs have been instrumen U.S. Army over the past 214 years. I felt pleasure and tal in all military construction and in every active U.S. pride when the Army leadership announced the 1989 Army theater in the world. Today our NCOs are active Army theme, "The Year of the NCO." in every MACOM, no matter where the location. It is unfortunate that historians have captured little We have some unique groups of NCOs in USAGE. of the NCO corps over the last two centuries. Little or Construction inspectors perform their vital quality as nothing is written about the engineer NCO, as indi surance work at many remote locations throughout cated by Arnold Fisch, Jr., in his draft paper titled the world. They oversee multimillion-dollar projects "Backbone of the Army: A History of the Noncommis and ensure quality construction for the Army and sioned Officer Corps." Mr. Fisch mentions many others. Power generation specialists maintain nontactl branches of the Army in his paper. but includes noth cal power plants and support the DEHs around the ing about the Corps of Engineers. However. the globe. They provide power to major headquarters sacrifices and hardships endured by the "Backbone" during exercises in the Middle and Far East and in of the Army have not been in vain. Their contributions Central and South America. They also provide backup have been recognized from the beginning, in 1ng by power to many friendly nations in the Caribbean and Baron Von Steuben, and by many great leaders since Pacific. Our dedicated personnel NCOs maintain then. military records and provide an important link be NCOs have played a vital role in the U.S. Army tween the civilian workforce and the military person Corps of Engineers (USACE). They have always been nel system. Logistics. maintenance, and iaw enforce the cornerstone for construction and combat engineer ment NCOs. and Intelligence and cartographic ing, allowing officers to do the planning while they ac specialists, provide outstanding support functions to complished any given task with engineer soldiers. the Corps of Engineers. World War ll, often called the "Engineer War," and Our NCOs are not Beetle Bailey characters but well Vietnam saw more engineers on the battJefield than educated professionals. Many have college degrees soldiers from any other single branch. related to their specialties. Today's NCOs are leaders, NCOs in USAGE often have been called upon to trainers. and role models who contribute immensely perform as platoon leaders. They do a commendable to the success of the Army. job In this role and then fade back Into the ranks when an officer takes command again. The per CSM Rudolf F. Voigt was Command Sergeant formers. the technical and tactical experts in the field, Major, USAGE, from 1984 until his retirement in June have always been the NCOs in the Corps of En 1989. During his 33 years of service, CSM Voigt gineers. Our NCOs learned their jobs on the ground, served in every leadership position in the NCO Corps. Clear the Way (continued) regiment's Involvement In the action for which it was Engineer Battalion (Active Army); Company C, 391st named. The intent Is to heighten warfighting focus Engineer Battalion (C) (Army Reserve) ; and the 200th and develop pride in new and old soldiers. Engineer Company (Assault Float Bridge). 137th En The Engineer Regiment has received new life. The gineer Battalion (Army National Guard). Regimental Association is off to a good start, but we Visitors and Initial entry training soldiers at Fort need the help of all Army engineers and their friends Leonard Wood will get a dose of regimental history. to make It a viable organization. By pulling together, Training areas (TA) and facilities are being renamed we can make it a dynamic, useful. and proud or for battles and campaigns. For example, TA 250, the ganization that serves our soldiers. our units, and the Float Bridge Training Area, will become the Remagen Army. The history of our regiment and this great na Training Area. During instruction at each site, students tion are woven together in peace and war. We must will receive a brief history presentation concerning the preserve our history and instruct an awareness of it. Engineer 3 EngineerMupdate -SCHOOL NEWS- Directorate of Training and Doctrine (DOTO) Safety Flash! All 12F soldiers will learn how to to fight" publications exemplify our continuing effort prepare an M9 ACE for swimming while going to enhance engineer training in the combined arms through AIT at Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri. context However, no M9 ACE swimming will take place until ARTEPs 5-145-MTP, 5-145-11-MTP, and 5-145-31 a training facility can be established for this task. We MTP, dated 17 February 1989, are now available. recommend that no M9 ACEs be used in water untll These books cover the following units: HHC, En personnel have received adequate training. gineer Combat Battalion, Heavy Division. TOE 5-145L; HHC, Engineer Battalion, (Combat) (Corps), ARNG/USAR Engineer Update. The Reserve TOE 5-35H; HHC, Engineer Battalion, (Combat) Component Engineer Refresher Course Catalog for (Corps) (Mech), TOE 5-45H; HHC, Engineer Combat FY 1990 fs scheduled for distrf bution in July 1989. Battalion, Infantry Division, (National Guard). TOE Courses offered for the period October through 5-155H, HHC Engineer Combat Battalion, December 1989 will be conducted at Fort Belvoir, Heavy/Light Infantry Division (21D) , TOE 5-165L; and and those ottered from January to May 1990 will be the following companies and their platoons: En conducted at Fort Leonard Wood. For additional in gineer Company, Engineer Combat Battalion, Heavy formation, contact Cathy Holland at AV 581-4263 or Division, TOE 5-145L; Engineer Company, Engineer (314) 368-4263. Battalion, (Combat) (Corps). TOE 5-35H; Engineer Phase 1 of EOAC, the Company Command Company, Engineer Battalion, (Combat) (Corps) Module, will be held at Fort Leonard Wood from (Mech), TOE 5-45H; Engineer Company, En November through December 1989. Engineer gineer Combat Battalion, Infantry Division. (National School resident instructors will present the training. Guard), TOE 5-155H; Engineer Company, Engineer Active Guard/Reserve link-senior RC advisors to Combat Battalion, Heavy/Light Infantry Division, the Engineer School and Center are: (210), TOE 5-165L; Engineer Company, Heavy Separate Brigade, TOE 5-143L; Engineer Company Fort Belvoir-COL Joseph Shoff (USAA), AV Armored Cavalry Regiment, TOE 5-108H. 354-4434 or (703} 664-4434. These ARTEPS will assist in Mission Essential Fort Leonard Wood-COL Lloyd Vienneau Task List (METL) development and execution of FM (USAA) , AV 581-3181 or (314) 368-3181 ; and LTC 25-100 (see this issue of ENGINEER, page 15). Their Charles Doll (ARNG), AV 581-1174 or (314) 368-1174. value In strengthening the engineer's role in battle cannot be overemphasized. Engineer Hotline. Need an answer to an engineer The MTPs supersede AATEP 5-145, dated ing question to complete your mission, finish course 29 December 1980, but they do not supersede work, or just settle an argument? Call the Engineer ARTEP 5-35 entirely. ARTEP 5-35 addresses the en Hotline, now located at Fort Leonard Wood. and get gineer combat support equipment company (CSE) a timely response from the experts at the Engineer and its platoons. The CSE company and platoons Center and School. Call AV 581-3365. will be covered in the ARTEP 5-415 series MTPs, which are scheduled for fielding in 1990. Until then, Engineer ARTEP Mission Training Plans. Mis CSE units should continue to use the AATEP 5-35. sion Training Plans (MTPs) rorm the basis for a high POC ls CPT Long or Russ Hinkle, AV 581-7456 or ly trained, combat ready engineer force. These "how (314) 368- 7456. 4 Engineer EngineerMupdate -SCHOOL NEWS- Directorate of Military Engineering (DME) Engineer Officer Advance course (EOAC). The blasting caps and fixed links of time fuse. When a EOAC Division of DME will be closed starting 4 soldier finds a mine during a breach, he lights the December 1989 during the move to Fort Leonard time fuse (pop) and sets the charge next to it Wood from Fort Belvoir. Instruction will resume with (drop). Although any manual breach Is inherently class 1-90 on 29 January 1990. Six classes are dangerous, this procedure creates unnecessary scheduled for FY 1990. In conjunction with the risks: move, the number of team leader positions will be • It is obviously dangerous to carry demolitions expanded to twenty. POC for the transition of EOAC primed with blasting caps. is LTC Bohn, AV 354-4539 or (314) 368-4539. • The detonation of one individually primed charge Warning: Transport of Primed Charges may displace a charge placed next to another Prohibited. Observations at NTC and JRTC have mine. shown that units are transporting charges or firing • Individually primed charges are subject to misfire, systems primed with blasting caps. This practice vio creating a hazard and potential time delay that lates demolition safety procedures and is prohibited. could jeopardize the mission. Attach blasting caps to charges or firing systems • Once a charge is initiated, the soldier in the only immediately before detonation. minefield has no choice but to continue to move, We recommend using detonating cord to even if taken under fire. preprime charges because most charges primed in • A soldier who becomes a casualty In the this manner can be transported safely. For example, minefield after a charge in initiated, probably can it is acceptable to transport a bangaiore that Is not be evacuated before the charge detonates. primed with eight wraps of detonating cord. Two in itiation systems that contain the blasting caps can The line main method avoids these risks. This be attached to the running end of the detonation method is similar to the pop and drop method, but cord when the bangalore is positioned at the blast the individual demolition charges are primed with ing site. detonation (det) cord Instead of blasting caps. Like the pop and drop method, a soldier places the "Pop and Drop" Minefield Breaching Techni primed demolition next to a mine. Then he ties the que. Field observations indicate many units use the det cord lead to a det cord line main, which is run pop and drop method as their primary mine reduc the length of the lane. When the charges are ready tion technique when creating assault lanes in for detonation, only the line main Is primed and fired. minefields. We recommend the pop and drop The line main method may be slower and require method be used only as a last resort because it is more soldiers than the pop and drop method, but more dangerous to soldiers than the equally suc with practice It can be as successful. We recom cessful line main method. mend that it be your primary mine reduction techni The pop and drop method is unique in that the que. POC is MAJ Ross. AV 354~6901 or (703) blocks of explosives are Individually preprimed with 664-6901 . Ellgineer 5 Engineerin'update -SCHOOL NEWS- Directorate of Combat Developments (DCD) ESSAYONS. The ESSAYONS Program provides needed Improvements in existing engineer systems. the U.S. Army Engineer Center with a simplified Not every proposal is accepted, but all are thorough process for correcting shortcomings and deficien ly staffed before a final decision Is made. Changes cies in engineer doctrine, materiel, force structure, begin with the soldier, and ESSAYONS is the first and training. ESSAYONS is designed to solicit step to making those changes. Please send your ES recommendations for concept or system changes SAYONS proposals to: Commandant, U.S. Army En from the engineer community. Since September gineer School ATTN: ATSE-CDT, Fort Leonard 1988, ESSAYONS has received several proposals Wood, MO 65473-6620. POC is SFC Gay, {314) from engineer soldiers. Some of them reflect 368-2386 or AV 581 -2386. Directorate of Topographic Engineering (DTE) Terrabase Instruction for EOAC. The Directorate The Survey Instrument Maintainer course at De of Topographic Engineering, In conjunction with the fense Mapping School (DMS) is a reality. Graduates Directorate of Combined Arms, has initiated Ter are awarded an ASI of C7. The computer literacy rabase instruction in the Engineer Officer Advanced functional course, another OMS service, has been Course. This exercise introduces students to Ter endorsed by the Air Force and Marine Corps. It rabase, a tool for terrain analysts. The training provides instruction on the use of personal com provides analysts with a way to integrate a wide puters and standardized programs for survey com variety of terrain data using a personal computer puting and computer-generated drafting. TRADOC with flexible on-screen images. Hard-copy products acceptance of this course will Increase the produc enhance the commander's ability to make battlefield tivity of topographic survey squads and address the decisions. training Imbalance of the skill level 2 MOS holders. The system can create line-of-sight profiles, which enable the user to assess weapon, radar. and radio MOS 820 Publications. Future training publica placement It computes cross-country maps using tions will reflect printing fund reductions. For LA.NDSAT data and performs climate and weather example, literature describing the use of new equip related tasks. The software program displays three ment and systems will be produced by the respec dimentional representations of the terrain. The tive manufacturers. Army correspondence subcour TerraBase software was written at the Department of ses and Technical Extension Courses will be Geography and Computer Science, U.S. Military revised, when necessary, by issuing changes to ex Academy. POC is CPT John Soussounis, AV isting publications. The old stand-alone Training 581-6266 or (314) 368-6266. Manuals (TMs) will be phased out. We anticipate that they will be replaced by FM 5-232, scheduled MOS 820 (Topographic Surveyor). MOS 820 for distribution In FY 1990; two college texts on sur will change significantly in the next several years. veying that are in the TSS Van library; and a new Some of the changes are due to Airland Battle text, "The Surveying Handbook," edited by Brinker Future doctrine and revised scope and duties of the and Minnick. The commercial publications, if ap MOS. Topographic surveyors will share site informa proved, will be issued to survey squads in FY 1990. tion collection tasks that were formerly the sole The "Soldier's Manual and Trainers Guide" will be responsibility of the Terrain Analysists, MOS 810. revised through a series of changes to the current The loss of the Survey Warrant Officer, MOS 2158, edition starting in FY 1991 . POC is SFC Konstan, AV will bring new responsibilties to E-7 MOS holders. 581-6266 or (314) 368-6266. 6 E11gmeer EngineerirTupdate -SCHOOL NEWS- Directorate of Engineer Branch Safety (DEBS) Engineer Branch Safety C.A.R.E. Alert! The En - Demolition Training gineer Branch Safety office is using a new world - Engineer Equipment Operator Safety Integration wide safety alert system on an experimental basis - Fast Water Bridge and Boat Training until final approval for It is received. The system - Mine Warfare Training provides engineer units with immediate Information - M9 ACE Operator and Supervisor Training about accidents and incidents where real or poten Send us your thoughts on safety issues for FY tial safety problems exist. 1990. Write to: Directorate of Engineer Branch Safety, ATIN: ATZT-S. Fort Leonard Wood, MO Engineer Branch Safety Issues -FY 1989. The 65473-5000. This is your chance to be heard! For Commandant has identified the top safety issues to more Information, call Tom Moran at AV 581-7174 or be worked in FY 1989: (314) 368-7174. Directorate of Combined Arms (DCA) Transition Update. DCA will continue to teach interactive video disk and are converting all terrain tactics to the officer basic and advanced courses at exercises to Fort Leonard Wood's terrain. Special Fort Belvoir until December 1989. Classes will texts recently published include: The FASCAM Hand resume at Fort Leonard Wood in January 1990. We book, E-Force Combat Operations, Engineer Stan continue to update our instruction methods. Ter dard Command Posts, Tactical Tasks - A Primer for rabase, a computer-based terrain analysis system, is Captains, Engineer Planning in the Combined Arms used for terrain analysis instruction. Commercial Team, Survivability of the Company Battle Position, video tapes. produced by Chris Donnelly for Janes, and How to Defend with an Engineer Platoon. If you are being used for training on Soviet tactics and need a copy, write to: USAES, ATIN: ATSE-BCA-T, operations. We also are developing a river crossing Fort Belvoir, VA 22060-5341 . -REGIMENTAL NEWS- Engineer Regimental Association Activities. Beginning in July, a regimental affiliation certifi Recent initiatives will increase the Engineer Regi cate and color print of the engineer regimental crest ment's visibility within the Corps of Engineers. The will be presented to newly graduated corps mem Chief of Military History is preparing an Inventory bers. These awards will be presented at or just and identifying the colors of inactivated engineer before the graduation ceremonies for newly commis regiments, currently held by the Institute of Heraldry. sioned officers, warrant officers, and advanced In Our intent is to assume responsibility for these dividual training graduates. Certiticates tor personnel colors and display them in the Hall of the Regiment presently on active duty will be available to those at Lincoln Hall (the new schoolhouse) and at impor who request them. For additional Information, call tant regimental functions. the Engineer Personnel Proponent Office, AV 581-2266 or (314) 386-2266 Engineer 7 ~-"""'U',...__ ' . . . - ~ •' /I I • I U/1,1 II'~ ~r ,~J! 'GEJ!~,r;fi. VuoJo 1(~ vv' ':i. ' hroughoul its prpud.. history, the that j~ capable Of Carrying 0Ur ~t~ I ~ "1g,.: roads in Honduras. Finally, en T Army Corps o~..Efngincers has strategi~ f~Jl.- "anywl1ere, anytime. J gineer units, forward deployed in 1 envision '· ~r Army as a straLegic Korea, Europe, and Panam'~, ~end a • , stayed trained a~d1;:~\l ~~ ·~~~Jepce to 1 A/ perform demanCl'ing1 'w"tniyy.€ com force because it is vital lo America's me~sa¥e of unmistakable~lpl,e~foa11 bat engineer missions. ln preparing security and is essential to our na comm1lmen). lo ~o/ ;tlefo\J~~ of fur those missions, engineer leaders tional mil.itary strategy in both ,,~~c~ and J1~~003'fby our nat!o~/ have used ingenuity and innovation peace and war. The Army ac pre~1yr s~regic fdtce. lo develop a greater battlefield complishes roles that 011/y the Anny capability and to ensure that all can perform. Only the Army can Maintaining a Trained and members of Lhe combined arms defend U.S. vital interests in sus Ready Army team are at the right place, al the tained land combat wherever those As a strategic force, the Army right fone, with the right amow1l of interests are threatened. Only the must be prepared for an instan combat power. Engineers have com Army has the elements of combat taneous transition from peace ro plemented readiness for combat en power and support able to conduct war. Our Army is trained and ready gineer missions wiLh operalional ex contingency operations or support to make that transition should we perience in military construction friendly nations' land fo(ces around ever be called upon to 8 Engineer :.:._ Lhe wide variety of crises, conrft. ' f._ "' silualions,quirements Lhatand contfouallypeaw Clcdged members of the combined This means finding the most cffi how Lo fight with a doctrine that arms team, Lo shape the Army of cicnl and responsive ways Lo struc ma.ximizes our combat capability. the future. ture forces to meet a formidable Today, units in our Army continual- A trained and ready Army must enemy on the baltlefield. The ly seek Lo achieve full combat power aJso mainrain an appropriate mix of second challenge is to keep the by synchronizing all elements of the heavy, light, and special operations force structure appropriate for combined arms team with a widely forces in our structure. They will evolving doctrine. As docLrinaJ chan accepted how-to-fight doctrine, Air- provide the necessary diversity of ges occur, revisc Engineer 9 Louisiana National Guard engineers install culvert for a road project in Panama. Such missions provide engineers with dynamic training opportunities and give high visibility to our commitment to allied nations. Another pnonty for staying with needed capabilities now. We integrating our modernization ef trained and ready is to continue to will also protect our investment by forts across all functional areas. The improve our combat capability by making product improvements on second challenge is to maintain a developing and fielding the most current systems to keep them effec balance between the pace of equip capable organizations and warfight tive as contributions to our combat ment modernization, the develop ing systems. Our apprnacb to mod capability. In the long-term, we will ment of key technologies, and field ernization is to ensure adequate continue to field the most modern ing of systems that make the funding for capabililics needed systems and replace systems that no greatest contribution to our war today while setting aside sufficient longer are effective or capable of fighting readiness. That may mean resources for research and develop surviving on the battlefield. Finally, fielding in smaller numbers. We ment for capabilities needed tomor we will continue to endeavor to must keep a long-term perspective row. Our efforts are guided by an shape our future combat capability while improving our near-term ca equipment modernization strategy with research and development on pability. The third challenge in mod with functional area modernization new systems that will greatly add to ernization is to keep the modern plans. They include a comprehen our combat power. ization plans currenc so that they sive, forward-thinking approach to The first challenge in modern uphold discipline in our drive lo managing the technology base for ization is to develop the require shape the future. the greatest long-term return on our ments necessary to improve combat Another priority for staying resource investments. These plans capability. This challenge involves a trained and ready as an Army is lo address both near-term and long close relationship between combat continue Lo emphasize training of term modernization. and materiel developers in the soldiers, units, and leaders. Perhaps In the near-term, we will continue generation of requirements. It also the most significant achievement acquisition of current systems that calls for the active involvement of during 1988, the Year of Training, provide our highest priority units combat and materiel developers in was a renewed commitment to the JO Engineer The 902nd Engineer Company directs M-1 tanks across a bridge they constructed during REFORGER 87. Training soldiers and units as a combined arms team, under realistic conditions, will maximize our combat capabilities. combined arms team approach in tactically and technically competent, We nave such leaders today, but we training. I see evidence of this stress fundamentals, enforce stan must not rest on our laurels. Our everywhere-in our forward-de dards, and set the example. The challenge is lo maintain Lhis qualita ployed and CONUS-based units, Army wants all leaders to keep their tive edge by continuing to develop and in our service schools. J espe integrity beyond reproach and to outstanding young men and women cially note this trend at the combat never overlook a breach of ethics in to lead the Army and the Corps of training centers, where synchro Lheir subordinates. We also waol Engineers into the 21st Century. nized combat power is reinforced to leaders-from sergeant to general Today's trained and ready Army is our leaders. Commanders arc re officer-who care for soldiers and a tribute to the dedication and self peatedly convinced of the enormous their families. Leaders in our Army less service of engineer leaders, past value of engineer support in battle, must treat soldiers and their and presenl, who used their in and they continue to learn that families with the dignity and respect genuity and resourcefulness to serve single-capability solutions have Lhey deserve. their Army and their country. As tragic consequences. There is no The day-to-day leadership of non part of the combined arms team, place on any battlefield, in peace or commissioned officers provides an Army engineers have always sought in war, for an operation that does appropriate balance between con to increase tactical mobility by sur not make full use of every asset cern for soldier welfare and enforce mounting obstacles on the bat available to the commander. The ment of standards in training and tlefield in ways that greaCly increase training challenge is to continue discipline. lo recognition of their agility in our combal capability. En providing for our soldiers, units, success in fulfilling Lhe role of gineers will be key to surmounting and leaders the tough, realistic train leader in our Army, Secretary obstacles, of whatever form, that the ing they expect. Our duty is lo train Marsh and I have designated 1989 Army will encounter in the future. soldiers and units as a combined as the Year of the Noncommis We face challenges in maintain arms team on the most difficult sioned Officer. Nowhere is the im ing a trained and ready Army. We tasks, under realistic conditions, portance of Lhe noncommissioned always have and always will. Wbnt and to high standards. High training officer more apparent Lhan in the will sustain us in the combined arms standards save lives, in peace and Corps of Engineers, where ser team is the spirit of excellence war. Standards for tomorrow's geants must lead their soldiers in found in the Army Corps of En Army will be set by the soldiers, the performance of Herculean gineers, which answers every chal units, and leaders we train today. tasks, often in remote locations. lenge with Essayons-"Let Us Try." The final priorily for staying Our Army is committed to provid trained and ready as an Army is to ing all leaders the education, ex GEN Carl E. Vuono assumed his remain committed to developing the perience, and opportunities to current duties as Anny Chief of Staff most outstanding leaders the world develop an ability for melding sol i11 June 1987. He previously served as has ever known in a lighting force. diers with doctrine and equipment Commanding Genera~ Training and Our Army needs leaders who are to influence the course of the battle. Doctrine Conmtand. E11gi11ea 1I / ·I'/ ~~. the cotJ?S conunander with a~ cated cbtnRany, and they provide ··-, the division c'Omman 12 Engineer Infantry Combined Arms Doctrine Across The Airland Battlefield by MG Michael F. Spigelmjre FM 7-85, published by the Infantry School in June 1987, provides doctrine for Ranger units. An example of infantry use in deep operations occurred during last year's Reforger exercise, Cer tain ChaJlenge. The lst Baualion, 87th Infantry, 10t11 Mountain Division was attached to the 2d Ar mored Calvary Regiment as part of a heavy-light operation scenario. During one phase of lh.e exercise, the 1--87 Infantry was laske.d to deploy quickly and conduct raids on enemy logistic sites and to sever lines of communication of lhe V Corps' main attack. The action was an unqualified success and proved the effectiveness of heavy-light operations. Skillful employmenl of LRS, Ranger, and other infantry, and skill ful use of IPB, assist senior com manders in the.ir abiliry Lo influence tleep operations. We get closer to home wlien tran sitioning to close operations. By dcfinitio°' close operations bear the ultimate burden of Yiclory or tlefcal. The measure of success of deep and rear operations is their eventual im pact on close operations. DocLrioe is currently published (71 series) or being updated (7 series) to provide Lactical concepts and techniques for mounled and dismounled infantry units-squad through brigade. ln ad Rangers conduct a patrolling mission through a Georgia swamp. diLion, these manuals empbasi7.e the Ranger operations are an integral part of the Airland Battle. Engineer 13 What wins the close battle? While opinions vary, the combat training centers have shown us that successful reconnaissance, security, and counter-reconnaissance are fundamental cornerstones of battlefield success. irnporcancc or combined arms Initiatives such as the recent NTC decisive moment. Units assigned to operations. White Paper on task force this llllssion must be properly con What wins the close battle? synchronization problems and the stituted and led to ensure they are While opinions vary, the combat Tactical Commanders' Develop integrated properly. training centers have shown us that ment Course (TCDC), heing in Rear operations have been successful reconnaissance, security, stituted by Fort Leavenworth to described as acuviues at a.ny and counter-reconnaissance are fun teach precommand course fun echelon that are Lo the rear of cle damental cornerstones of bauleficld damental task force operalions, are ments in contact. They are designed success. Yet, units have problems positive steps to overcome this to assure freedom of maneuver and planning and executing these criti problem area. continuity or operations, including cal tasks. We recently instituted a combat conlinuity of sustainment, com I propose some recommended system checklist at the lnfantry mand, and control. Doctrinally, rear solutions: School. The checklist incorporates area installatjons that do not con key elements of the banle operating tribute immediate or continuous • Integrate fPB, reconnaissance, systems in a detailed, logical man support to tactical operations arc ex and surveillance in planning and ner. It organizes a leader's syn pected to defend themselves against executing offensive anti defensive chroni1.aLion thought process, which all but the grcaccst threats during operations. in turn facilitates synchronizalion it the critical periods of the battle. • Structure our institutional cour self. This, coupled with teaching These threats, such as Soviet air ses to instill tenacity and aggres combat systems integration and borne forces or Spc7natz personnel, siveness during a reconnaissance. synchronization in our 10AC and can be: countered effectively and • Ensure there are sufficient opcn PCC classes, arc positive st~ps that quickly by properly placed infantry rngs in our super scout-Ranger will assist task force commanders in forces. Course-to train students proper this important area. rn summary, infantry units are ly in field applications of recon lnfaa1ry leaders and commanders capable and nexible forces. They naissance and security. need to understand the critical are available for decisive engage • Examine equipment and materiel contribution of artillery (lire sup ments throughout the depth of the issues for a possible hybrid con porc/ADA), logistics (CSS), intel baltlelicld lo assist in winning the figuration of the cavalry lighting ligence, chemical (NBC), and en combined arms battle. vehicle (M3) and the high gineers (mobility- countermobility mobility multipurpose wheeled survivability). We arc relearning the MG Micltad F. Spigclmire is rlze vehicle (HMMWV). importance of obstacles, fighting Commanding General of Fon Bcn Synchronization is another linch positions, and other combat en 1ti11g a11d tlze United States Anny 111 pin to successful close operations. gineering skills. fa11try Center, Fon Benning. Georgia. Our doc1rioe slresses synchroniza The lase critical element Lo Lhe He has a masters degree i11 iJltema tion as a key element lo victory in close battle is a proper under 1io11al relations from Georgetown future bauJes. Yet lhere are indica standing and use of reserve forces. University and is a graduace of rhe tions that task force commanders The reserve forces and potential U.S. Anny Command and General have problems effectively synchro missions must be clearly designated Staff College and tlze U.S. Anny War nizing their part of the close baule. and availablt: for commitment at the College. 14 Engineer IMPLEMENTING ~~ FM 25-100:--= __ Training The Force by COL James H. Simms and MAJ Robert Crear "This article by COL James H. Simms , from the En our efforts to tasks needed to accomplish the unit's gineer School's Directorate of Training and Doctrine, wartime mission. Those tasks are defined in a Mission and MAJ Robert Crear, 1st Engineer Brigade, Essential Task List (METL). provides an excellent sample for Implementing METL development begins at the top. The com FM 25- 100, 'Training and Force' at the unit level. It mander at each level should prove useful to commanders from brigade to .,.. Determines a METL based on war plans and exter platoon levels." nal directives; MG Daniel R. Shroeder .,.. Selects, from the ARTEP mission training plan (MTP), tasks that support the given missions; In his chronology of World War II, Hugh M. Cole .,.. Ensures the METL supports and complements the described the difficulty experienced by the 95th METL of the next higher headquarters (HQ) and the Division In its battle for the West Wall during Decem maneuver element he supports; ber 1944. German pillboxes and bunkers abounded, .,.. Briefs the next higher commander, who approves and the fighting to drive the enemy from those posi the METL tions was Intense. "The American engineers distinguished themselves Examples of typical unit METLs. from battalion in both the 90th and 95th Division zones during this through squad levels, are shown below. Note that bunker fighting. On 7 December the 95th Division After each Is fully integrated with the unit's higher head Action Report pays special tribute to the work of the quarters. 320th Engineer Combat Battalion. Enemy participants In these engagements agree in recognizing the ENGINEER BATTALION 'bunker knack' of what they call the American 'special METL DEVELOPMENT troops.' The bazooka was particularly valuable in this The divisional englneer battalion commander kind of fighting, despite Its high percentage of misfires. develops a METL from three primary sources: Bazooka training had been neglected in the United States, and the 95th Division was forced to give such .,.. Wartime missions and external directives. For ex training immediately in the rear of the forward lines." ample: (The Lorraine Campaign, by Hugh M. Cole, 1950) "At C-day, H-hour, 64th Engr Bn deploys by air and This is just one example of an unforeseen training sea, occupies assigned assembly areas, and or need. There are countless cases in the history of war. ganizes for combat. On order. conducts mobility And each had a cost operations in support of 1st Bde, 54th Inf Div, offen FM 25- 100, Training the Force, is the Army's most sive operations." important training manual. It describes a process that .,.. The next higher HQ METL For example: helps us foresee what we will do in war and identifies "Conduct offensive operations." unit and individual training requirements. The process .,.. The supported unit's METL. For example: is "battle focus." The battle focus concept is simple: "Destroy an enemy force by conducting a rapid and Identify things that a unit must do in war, and then decisive attack." train to do them. But, how does one start? We start by recognizing an obvious fact: Units can Information from these sources is analyzed, and not train to proficiency on everything. We must limit then the battalion commander selects a METL from his Engineer 15 ARTEP. For example, he may select the followlng from mander, who approves the METL The company METL ARTEP 5-145-MTP: then becomes the basis for task development by platoons in the company. 5-1-0002 Prepare an Engineer Estimate (Bn) 5-1-0003 Prepare an Engineer Annex (Bn) PLATOON TASK DEVELOPMENT 5-1-0007 Prepare an Operations Plan/Order Each platoon leader applies the same process to 5-1 -0008 Conduct Combat Operations develop training tasks. Information sources include: \J \l lill> Wartime missions and directives: "1st Pit, B Co, 64th Engr Bn operates in direct sup 5-1-0027 Perform Engineer Battlefield Assessment port of Mech Tearn Charlle and conducts mobility (Bn) operations in support of offensive maneuvers." \J lill> The next higher HO's METL: \J 5-2-0014 Conduct Breaching Operations (Extract 5-1-1000 Conduct Logistic Operations from B Co METL, ARTEP 5-145-31 -MTP) lill> The supported unit's METL: Next, the battalion's METL is coordinated with the 17-2-0326 Assault an Enemy Position (Mounted) 1st Brigade and is approved by the division com (Extract from Mech Team Charlie METL, ARTEP mander. It then becomes the basis for METL develop 71-1-MTP) ment by subordinate companies within the battalion. The platoon leader develops a task list from those in ENGINEER COMPANY METL ARTEP 5-145- 11 -MTP. A platoon's list might include DEVELOPMENT the following tasks: The company commander prepares the unit's METL 5-3-0043 Reduce Obstacles In the same manner as the battalion commander. Infor 5-3-0044 Support the Attack on Fortified Positions mation sources include 5-3-0103 Conduct an In-Stride Breach of a ..,. Wartime missions and external directives: Minefield "Co B, 64th Engineer Bn operates In direct support 5-3-0705 Construct Combat Roads(T'ralls of TF Mech. 1st Bde, 54th Div and conducts 5-4-0105 Improve a Vehicle Lane through a mobility operations in support of offensive opera Minefield tions." 5-4-011 oMark a Minefield lill> The next higher HQ's METL: 5-4-0115 Conduct Minesweep Operations 5-1-0008 Control Combat Operations (Extract from 5-4-0603 Prepare Expedient Fords 64th Engr Bn METL. ARTEP 5-145-MTP) After this list Is coordinated with the supported unit ..,. The supported unit's METL: and approved by the company commander, it is used 7-1 -3007 Assault (Extract from TF Mech METL, to develop squad tasks. ARTEP 71 -2-MTP) DEVELOPMENT OF SQUAD The company commander compiles the unit's METL TASKS from tasks in ARTEP 5-145-31 -MTP. For example: The platoon leader and platoon sergeant use ARTEP 5-145-11 -MTP to identify squad and individual Selected B Company's METL tasks that support those in the platoon's task list. For example, they identify the following squad tasks to 5-2-01 11 Conduct Minefield Clearing Operations support platoon task 5-3-0103, Conduct an In-Stride 5-2-0113 Conduct Self-Extraction from Remotely Breach of a Minefield: Delivered Mines 5-2-0114 Conduct Breaching Operations 5-4-0105 Improve a Vehicle Lane through a 5-2-0600 Conduct River Crossing Operations Minefield 5-2-0603 Prepare Expedient Fords {Co) 5-4-011 oMark a Minefield 5-3-0705 Construct Combat Roads(T'ralls 5-4-0115 Conduct Minesweep Operations 5-4-0009 Employ the AVLB 5-4-0011 Employ the CEV They also identify the Soldier Training Publication (STP) individual task summaries that support the The company commander coordinates the METL squad tasks above. In this example, the following with TF Mech and briefs the engineer battallon corn tasks are identified: 16 Engineer Skill Level 4 INTEGRATION OF BATTLE 051-192-4052 Direct Minefield Clearing Operations DRILLS 051-195-4007 Determine Logistical Requirements Battle drills provide an effective bridge between col for Wire Entanglements lective METL tasks and supporting individual tasks at 051-195-4050 Prepare Engineer Estimates the squad level. For example, the following battle drills Skill Level 3 from ARTEP 5-145-Drill provide training for squad task 051 -192-3050 Direct a Mine Sweeping Team 5-4-0115, Conduct Minesweep Operations. and the 051 -195-3003 Direct Construction of Wire En supporting Individual tasks: tanglements IJli- Clear a Footpath Through an Obstacle With a Ban galore Torpedo, and Skill Level 2 051 -193-2030 Clear Misfires IJli- Breach a Minefield With Hand-emplaced Explosives. Skill Level 1 These and other drills are an excellent means of 051-192-1021 Locate Mines by Visual Means achieving individual and small unit battle competen 051 -192-1022 Locate Mines by Probing cies in METL tasks. 051 -192-1023 Locate Mines Using the AN/PSS-11 Mine Detector CONTINUOUS CYCLE 051 -192-1040 Locate Mines Using Non-Metallic Mine Detectors Battle focus is a continuous process: An assess 051 -193-1001 Use and Maintain Demolltlon Equip ment results in a plan, which ls implemented. The train ing results are assessed, adjustments are planned and ment 051 -193-1002 Construct a Nonelectric Initiat executed. and the process continues. Leaders at all ing/Detonating System levels take charge throughout the process. They ac e, 051-193-1003 Prime Explosives Nonelectrically cept the responsibility, hold each other accountabl 051 -193-1004 Construct an Electrlc Initiate and ensure execution to standards. Ing/Detonating Assembly If battle focus is successful, perhaps there will be no 051 -193-1005 Prime Explosives Electrically more bazooka incidents like that described at lhe 051 -193-1007 Prime Explosives with Detonating beginning of this article. Instead, there will be succes ses similar to that experienced by General Winfield Cord Scott's soldiers during the War of 1812. 051 -193-1011 Install Dual Firing Systems What kind of success? Read FM 25-1 and find out. 051 -193-1013 Neutralize Booby Traps oo 051-195-1004 Install Pickets, Make Barbed Wire Notes: ARTEP 5-145-MTP (Headquarters and Head Ties, and Install Concertina quarters Company, Engineer Battalion, Heavy This step completes the METL development Division/Corps), ARTEP 5-145-31 -MTP (Engineer Com process. The company commander, in concert with pany, Heavy Division/Corps/Armored Cavalry Regi the first sergeant, platoon leaders, and platoon ser ment), and ARTEP 5-145-11 -MTP (Combat Engineer geants, now prepare the company's training program. Platoon, Heavy Division/Corps/Armored Cavalry Regi ment), dated February 1989, were distributed in April. THE COMPANY TRAINING ARTEP 5-145-Drlll was distributed as a coordinating PROGRAMS draft in April 1989. Final print and distribution Is programmed for October 1989. After the METL and supporting individual tasks are compiled, the next critical step is to assess unit and in COL James H. Simms assumed command of the dividual proficiencies in these tasks. The near-term, 937th Engineer Group, Fort Riley, In July 1989. His pre short-range, and long-range training plans are based vious assignment was Deputy Director, DOTO, on this assessment, as discussed in FM 25-100. USAES, Fort Belvoir. COL Simms holds an M.S. in en Company training plans must be coordinated with gineering management from the University of Missouri those of the supported maneuver unit and other Rolla and is a graduate of the National War College. "slice" elements. Successful combined arms training will result if plans are carefully linked. MAJ Robert Crear Is the Operations and Training Of The battalion commander's role in preparing the ficer of the 1st Engineer Brigade at Fort Leonard company training program is Important. He approves Wood. He holds a B.S. degree in mathematics from the plans and-even more critically- works lo protect Jackson State University, Mississippi, and is a the integrity of the company plans. graduate of the Command and General Staff College. Engineer 17 Engineer he Combin Battle by LTC Klaus Wilke The Bundeswehr (Federal Armed territory of the Federal Republic. eludes countermobiliry operations Forces of Germany) exists to This is achieved through a joint that pull combal lroops ouc to make safeguard peace and is a prereq defensive effort with allies near them avai.lablc for operations in u isitc for a policy of delente. The the border (forward defense). areas where decisive battles arc Bundeswehr, which provides the big foughL Engineer support in these Bundeswehr army field forces arc gest conlingent of conventional areas cannot be strong enough. assigned by NATO and are or NATO troops in Europe, has three Tbe first critical task of engineers ganized into three corps, including Lasks: is 10 effectively support the combat 12 divisions and 36 brigades. Ger troops' early efforts to paralyze the • In peacetime, togclher with al man engineers :'.Ire an organic part enemy's mobility. At the same time, lied Lroops, it works to deter an of the Army. Their primary mission they must preserve the mobility of c.ncmy Crom threatcuing or using is counlcrmobilily, followc ORGANIZATION FIELD ARMY Brigade Armored engineer D company Division LJ 1 Engineer battalion Corps LJ Englnee< command 11 ~ I I 4 Engine« battalions mi 1 Amphibious engineer ty±fj battalion 2 Floating pontoon battalions 18 Engineer ~ temiln-orlented obslactes and barriers - sUua1lon-orlcn1od obstacles and barriers operatio.os. Because slate-of-Lhe-arL post. ll is used to direct countcr oriented barriers force the enemy mine sensor devices make breacrung mobilily operations aL Lhal Jevd. into an early deployment and slow operations increasingly clifficalt, "Terrain management" describes down Lhe rapid introduction of more reliance is placc Engineer 19 obstacles are supplemented wilh on the surface. After a laid life of tween obstacles rapidly. The system situation-oriented barriers. 40 days, the mine neutralizes itself can temporarily close areas ear To enhance Lhe effectiveness of and indicates its position. marked for friendly movements that these measures (tbe combination of Minelaying system 85 is best used must be clear of obstacles before or situation and terrain-oriented tar in preplanned, terrain-oriented after a given point of time. gets), artillery unics deliver scat countermobility operations. It is The off-route antitank mine terable minefields with multiple used to prevent enemy forces from closes an equipment gap in mine rocket launchers. They are target breaking through areas where no warfare. It permits rapid blocking of orientcd in front of friendly units movements of friendly armored roads and lanes without che need and on the flanks, even in areas oc units are expected. Minefields of for extensive preparations. lt can cupied by the enemy. Their purpose this type provide the backbone of close gaps between obstacles and is to prevent the rapid introduction the countermobility system. lanes, reinforce minefields, and of fresh enemy forces. SKORPJON, a scalterable mine deny the enemy use of crossing Thus, terrain-oriented, situation system, complements the mechani sites. Well suited also for combat in oriented, and target-oriented ob cal minelaying system 85. 1l is in built-up and wooded areas, the off stacles are combined to form one tended mainly for situation-oriented route antitank mine is laid by hand. interlocking system. barrier operations. SKORPION is It has switch-on/switch-off capa Barrier planning is not used only bilities and can launch a projectile to determine the locations of main 40m. This antitank mine has a countermobility efforts. ll must also lifotime of 40 days and can be impose restrictfons, such as vehicle To be successful, the relifted and reused. lanes and obstacle-Cree areas. If it is engineer commander All German combat engineer true that a battle is always won companies primarily engaged in during its offensive phase, then Lhe mast be involved in the countermobility operacions are locations of obstacle-free areas may planning and equipped with minelaying system have a greater impact on operation decision-making process 85. Armored engineer companies al freedom than any decis1on regard and engineer companies organic to ing the concentration of counter at the tactical command divisional engineer battalions hold, mobility efforts. post. a1> additional equipment, the SKOR Barrier operations contribute sig PION mine launching system and nificantly lo battle success if they large numbers of off-route antitank arc properly conducted, adapted to mines. This equipment enables com operational planning requirements, used lo lay extensive minefields panies 10 sustain counlermobility and Ocxibly directed. To be success near combat forces with little man operations for several combat days ful, the engineer commander must power effort and within a few without ordering addiLional mines. be involved in the planning and minutes. For example, one SKOR These minefield capabilities decision-making process al the tacti PION system can lay a minestrip provide several advantages: cal command post. lbat is 1000 meters (m) long and • They are emplaced mechanically To execute these barrier opera 80m wide in 10 minutes. and can be used to close large tions, German engineers are The scatterable antitank mine, terrain sectors rapidly. equipped with sophisticated equip ATI, is a shaped charge mjne with • Minefields need no longer be ment, including the minelaying sys an electronic fuse that detonates backed up by natural obstacles. lern 85, SKORPJON, and off-route across the enlire widlb of a passing Any type of terrain can bt: closed. antitank mines. vehicle. A choice of one lo six pos • Mine systems can be mixed with Minelaying system 85 replaces sible detonation times (between 3 other types of antitank weapons the first generation of conventional and 96 hours) allows the major com in situation-oriented joint en antitank mines. This mine system mander 10 determine the Jife of a deavors. By mixing systems, we has a full widlh action hollow barrier in accordance with the lacti increase cornbac power, disen charge mine that can be laid either cal mission. cumber the combat Lroops, and mechanically or by hand. The mine The scatcerable mine system complicate enemy attempts at has a magnelk fuse, which senses provides direct support to combat neutralization. when a vehicle passes over it. It bas units engaged in delaying opera • They considerably enhance the an anti-lifting and a blast-resistant tions, particularly when disengaging capability to concentrate counter device. The mine-layer emplaces or in defensive operations in the mobility efforts, lo reinforce Lhe antitank mine automatically, depth of the defensive area. Tl can countermobility forces, and build either by burying il or by laying it protect flanks and close gaps be couniermobility reserves. 20 Engineer In summary, areas Lhal must be kept obstacle-free for Lhe movemenl of friendly forces can now be planned more generously and still be dosed rapidly, even temporarily, and be ~ituation oriented. German cngini;ers can now effec tively reinforce I.he anli1ank defense in Lhe combined arms battle. They can now provide rapid, flexible responses to ongoing tactical silua lions in beuer coordination with I.he movements of friendly forces. This equipment will, for the first time, enable engineers Lo operate in paral lel, in terms of time and space, with Lhe combat troops on the batLlefield. LTC Klaus Wilke is lhe Gcnnan Liaison Officer at the U.S. Anny En gineer Sclrool, Fort Leonard Wood. Previous assignmenr.s include Bac talio11 Commander for the !30th Am phibious Engineer Battalio11 aJ Min den, North-Rhine Westphalia, XO for the 3rd Engineer Battalion at Stade, Lower Saxsony, and commander for the 170th Armored Engineer Com pany at Luebeck, Schlwswi~ Holstein. LTC Wilke graduated from 1. Minelayer system 3. Off-route antitank mine the Gem1a11 Army Officers School 2. AT2 (antitank mine) 4. SKORPION scatterable mine system and the Germon Engineer School. Engineer 21 THE NCO CORPS by CPT Robert B. Carroll ook at whal has happened On Lhe night of 7 January, 1944, to our NCOs! The NCO SGT Specker advanced up the L corps has recently under slope of Mount Parchia, Italy, with gone a remarkable transformation. his company. After returning from a Today's NCOs have more ability reconnaissance mission, SGT Speck than ever before, as shown by their cr reported that an enemy machine improved tactical competence and gun nest and several well placed the sense of confidence displayed in snipers were directly in their path, the licld. During this "Year of the awaiting the company. The sergeant NCO," I am compelled to notice made his way up the mountain to and pay tribute to our NCOs, the place a machine gun and a box of backbone of the Army. The stature, ammunition near the enemy's posi strength, and stability of the fu tu re tion. He was observed by the enemy Army wiU continue lO depend on and wounded. Allhough so seriously the quality of our NCOs. hurl he could noL walk, SGT Speck As an engineer, Tcall attention to er dragged himself over the jagged SGT Joe C. Speck.er. His name was edges of rock and rough rerrain given to Fort Leonard Wood's bar until he reached a posilion where racks complex in honor of his gal be seL up the machine gun. His ac lantry beyond Lhe call o[ duty. curate firing silenced the enemy Squad members emplace triple strand concertina during a battalion field exercise on Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri. 22 Engineer MOVES FORWARD machine guu ue~l, and the resl of panics and onicers command them. Courses (PLDC) and Basic Non the snipers were forced to retire. Most of the personnel problems J commissioned Officer's Course SGT Specker's actions enabled his confronled as a platoon leader had (BNCOC). PLDC and BNCOC en platoon to obtain their objective, aJJ but disappeared. sure that each career field is lactical but he was found dead al his gun. Today, NCOs lead by example, ly and technically compclent. History is rcpJe1e with similar and competition among NCOs To improve leadership, the En heroic actions by NCOs. within a unit is high. Their leader gineer School implemented com When I was a platoon leader in ship includes a sense of caring for mon leadership training (CLT) ioto 1981, T heard that the NCO corps soldiers that continues around the both the BNCOC and Advanced lacked lhc competence they former clock. Their knowledge and job Noncommissioned Officer's Course ly possessed. l heard these rumors, skills have improved because Lhey (ANCOC). CLT ensures that NCOs yel I saw NCOs adjusting to rapidly continually seek more military and across the Army are competent i:ind chnnging standard~. Alcohol abuse civilian education. For example, in confident in leadership skills and and the use of marijuana and other my unit NCOs recently planned and management techniques. CLT was illegal drugs were problems in my executed u week-long field training developed for U1e NCO corps by platoon, although these problems exercise (FfX) at the baualion level the NCO corps. The U.S. Array Ser were not exclusive to NCOs. The to test common soldier skills. geants Major Academy (USASMA) Army's overweight program was What caused Lbis transformation? dcvelopetl Phase I, and the En new at the company level. The mini Much can be attributed lo a change gineer School "branch flavored" mum General Technical (GT) score in our society and command training in Phase TI . for rccnHstmcnt was beginning to philosophies. Society now places Engineer branch navoring was rise, and the Army PbysicaJ Fitness more emphasis on wellness and a During this "Year of the NCO," I am compelled to notice and pay tribute to our NCOs, the backbone of the Army. Engineer 23 continuous operations performance, communicaLions, battlefield supply, NCO history, route recon.nai.-;sance, minefieldsi\\ire obstacles, and com puter literacy. To improve tactical competence with hands-on practice, initial entry training (IET) was integrated with the BNCOC courses during fTXs. The combat arms tactical exerci!>e (CATEX) integrates 128 BNCOC students '"ilh 128, l2C, and 12F JET soldiers. The combat heavy ex ercise ( CHEX) integrates 51 H and C>2N BNCOC with IET soldiers in both the 51 career managcmcnt field (CMF) and 62 CMF. A future goal, which may be im plemented in the 19 CPT Rnbrrt B. Ca"oll i~ attig11ed to the Directorate of Tra111i11g 011d Docln11c, U.S. Am1y E11g111ecr f\clwol. Fon Leonard Wood He has a degree m forestry from Nortlr Carolina State Unfrcrsity. Providing Power in War and Peace hat do Johnston Island, deployments for peacetime uses and Guam Island, and the exercises. Prime power production W Kwajalein Atoll have in specialists {MOS 52E) are trained common besides being islands lo at the Center to accomplish this mis cated in the West Pacific? They are sion. They operate, maintain, and All In locations where the U.S. Army En repair prime power equipment and gineering and Housing Supporl deploy with ic for real-life require Center (the Center) bas recently ments and major field training exer responded to requests for power as cises, such as Bright Star, Gallant a Day's sistance. Each request required Eagle, Reforger, and Fuertes working wilb a differcnL agency or Caminos (Honduras). service to provide temporary power Within the Center, the field Work while new equipment was being in detachments are the key operational stalled or old equipment repaired element, and their mainstay is the and overhauled. prime power produclion specialist. by Alexandra K Stakhiv A field operating activity of lhe Six detachments work in tandem U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, the with the Center's Directorale of Center manages the Army's prime Prime Power and Emergency power program and power engineer Operations. Located all over the ing support capabilities. One of the world, the detachments consist of Center's major responsibilities is to prime power teams and head acquire and manage an inventory of quarters teams. prime power generators and to The Center maintains two barges, provide military personnel lo ex the Impedance and the Weber, ecute the program. whlcb can put out steady power at Whenever prime power equip 30 and 22 megawatts (MW), respec ment i.c; needed, Lhe Center coor tively. Although somewhat slow dinates with the U.S. Army Troop moving, these barges have a major Support Command (TROSCOM) strategic significance and deserve lo have a power plant released from special mention. In wartime, their storage and sent to the proper loca power capabiliti~s could help re tion. By ship, rail, or air, the Center constitute power supplies for can deliver virtually anywhere in the strategic facilities such as those lo world. cated in the Panama Canal Another responsibility of the Most of the time, however, the Center is to maintain readiness for barges arc loaned by the Army to mobilization and war, while coor the Stale Department. They assist in dinating and managing power plant carrying out United States Agency Engineer 25 The Impedance, built in 1943 to for International Dcvelopmcnl never lurncd down within DOD. assist in the war effort, Is the (USAID) nalion-building functions However, the Army's needs have older of the two base station by helping third world counLrics. priority, followed by those of otht.:r plants operated by the Center. It The training provided Lo people in services, am.I 1hcn. mher govern can put out 30 MW of steady these countries, incident to barge ment agendes. power, which is enough power operations, helps them prepare for Three recent example~ of lht: for a small city of about 12,500 operating their own future power Center's activitic~ have soldiers people. plants while the barges provide from Detachment TV, staLioncc.l in electrical power. I Iawaii and Korea, fulfilling re The Weber served m the quests from three DOD agencies in Dominican Republic for 10 years. thret: areas of the West Paciuc. Currently undergoing an overhaul al Within the space of a few month~. the U.S. Navy Ship Repair Facility, they helped the U.S. Army, Navy, Subic Bay, in the Philippines, she and Air Force lo maintain their will head for Guam in early 1990. supply of electrical power in these The Impedance is still providing isolaled locations. II was not easy. power lo Lhe Dominican Republic, In June 1988, the Center received as she has since 1986. a t"equcst from the Army a1 rn peacetime, the Center deploys Kwajalcin Atoll for rower assis power plants Lo meet prepositioning tance. As part of an upgrade of the requirements of uni!ictl and electrical rower distribution system, specified commands. The CcnLer chey net:ded to replace a primary supports installation Army direc distribucion circuit al the atoll. No torates of engineering and housing power would be available Lo the oc (DEH), Army major commands, cupants while the circuiL feeding a other Departmcnl of Defense 136-unit family housing area and (DOD) agencies. ancl occasionally. other critical faciliLics was being oLhcr counlries with valid needs or replaced. The aLt)Jl lacked the Lype as emergency loans. As far as lhe of generators 11eedcd Lo provide Center is concerned, a valid need is power on a secondary line. 26 E11gi11eer The Center sent three 750 Two 4.5 MW power plants were kilowatt (KW) Fermonl generators sent to Guam from Oakland, to the Kwajalein Atoll, and Detach California. While the Air Poree ment IV provided the personnel. prepared the site to Army specifica SFC Michael Mercer headed the tions, personnel from Detachment team, and they quickly connected IV shipped the tools and equipment Lhe units lo the distribution system. needed to install the plants, A fivc Tbe generators provided power for man team, led by SFC Robert Hud two weeks while the new electrical dJeston, was dispatched LO the is power distribution system was in land. The team first installed and stalled. The generators were then tested the plants and then trained removed and shipped back to the Air Force and ciVI1ian personnel to United Stales. "It was a good mis operate and maintain Lhem. sion," sajd SFC Mercer. "The Pleased with the mission, SFC power stayed on and most people Huddleston stated lhal "The Air "The Air Force worked did not even notice that something Force worked well with us, provid well with us, providing different was happening." ing excellent support and coordina Another mission involved the is tion. They helped us modify and excellent support and l.and of Guam, where some of the make required parts for the power coordination." electrical power is provided by the plants and were willing to help io Navy Public Works Center. The any way they could." The Air Force Navy needed to overhaul two of its Later presented SFC Huddleston power plants, and the remaining and his men with the Air Force power plants could not provide Achievement medal for their assis enough electrical power for the is tance. land. Anderson Air Force Base, lo Almost as soon as the new plants cated on Guam, could not accept were in place at Guam, an emergen rolling, three-hour-on and three cy occurred al Johnston Island. This hour-off electrical power rationing. island is the site of a chemical Concerned about the adverse im agent disposal system operated by pact on soldier morale and the the Defense Nuclear Agency base's mission, the Air Force per (DNA). The site's major function is sonnel contacted Lhe Center. to demilitarize chemical agents. SFC Richard L. Ford (left) and SSG William Worrell SSG Robert Baker makes inner connections to the (right) install a turbo charger at Kwajelain Atoll. power plant at Anderson Air Force Base on Guam. E11gi11eer 27 Congress mandates the activity, sonnet were trained lo operate and Chief Warrant Officer Michael which requires reliable power. maintain them, the Fermonl gener Slobojan, Commander of Detach The power plants on Johnston Is ators used in the first phase were menl IV, has several new projects in land were 25 years old and subject shipped back to Fort Bclvoir. SFC the wings. One that recently cleared co severe mechanical problems, Simmons and his crew returned to through lhe State Department in resulting in frequent power outages. their home stations for a well volves the island of Ponape, The generators simply could not deserved rest. However, they had to Federated States of Micronesia. "l provide enough power. The DNA remain available on short notice, in have enough work on my desk to estimated that each day their chemi case anything went wrong. The team keep another 25 men busy for lhc cal agent disposal system did nol also remained responsible for in next year," says CWO Slobojan. "Be operate cost them $100,000. specting all units annually to ensure tween Johnston Island, Kwajalein In July 1988, within two days of proper maintenance and perform Atoll, Guam, Hawaii, Korea, and all receiving lhe request for standby ance. the islands in the Pacific Basin, we power assistance, the Cenler air SFC Simmons described lhe ex do a lot of good for a lot of people. shipped six 750 KW Fermont gener perience as satisfying but very tiring. Maybe they don't see it, but we ators from Fort Belvoir, Virginia. "We worked from 6 July to the end know it, and it makes us proud to Detachment IV again provided the of October without any Lime off. We be part of the Center and its mis personnel By September, the team, had Lo be on line providing power sion. And best of all, we become a under lhe leadership of SFC Ralph for the island every day. It was better Lrained resource for the Simmons, had provided more than Lough, but then that is what we are Army when we are needed." 1,000,000 KW hours of power lo the here for. Providing power may not So what do Ponape Island, island. The team worked three sound too exciting, buc, believe me, Kwajalein Atoll, Guam, and shifts per day without any relief. it can be. Both people and equip Johnston lsland have in common? The Fermonl generators, the first ment require electricity. That is They are the latest additions to a phase of the Center's plan, were a what we provide and that is what list that grows as the Center's prime short-term solution. As soon as two they need." power specialists continue to pro 4.5 MW power plants could be over Day after day, month after vide power in war and in peace. hauled and shipped lo Johnston Is month, the detachments from the land from the United Stales, the Center provide power all over the Alexa11dra K Stakhiv is a technical second phase began. The team, world, fron1 Korea to Europe. Their writer/editor for the U.S. Anny En again led by SFC Simmons, was ex mission in peace closely parallels gineeri11g a11d Housing Support panded with personnel from detach their mission in war. There are no Center. She holds a Bachelor ofArts ment headquarters. training exercises merely for lhe degree in English from the City Col After the 4.5 MW power plants sake of training, and no extra days lege of rhe City U11frersity of New were installed and the island's per- off. York. In the foreground are four of the six Fermont generators used during the first phase of the Center's support to Johnston Island. 28 £11gi11eer PLACE CREATED be North Dakota Army on individual soldiers and their unit. National Guard En With courseware and guidance gineer School pro\idcs provided by the Engineer School at T ou1s1andiog qualific.a Fort Leonard Wood, 1be North tion training for combat engineer!'. Dakota Army National Guard im The terrain of Camp (128) and bridge crewmen (12C) plemented a complete program of Successful future bdlUes will be 12B and 12C training. As a n:-;ull, a Grafton South is similar determined by superior leadership validated and approved MOS qual to the steppes of and technical sldlls. Formal schools ification program is now conducted for military occupational skill for reassigned and prior service Europe, where many (MOS) qualilication and MOS· personnel at Camp Grafton. Com experts believe the specific phases of noncommi!iSioncd prehensive Phase n courses com olficer education help ensure this plcte the NCOES basic and ad major defense of Europe proficiency. vanced programs. will be staged. H eadquarter:-, Sixth U.S. Anny, The 12B and 12C courses con recognized the impact of the new ducted at Camp Grafton are noocommi~ioned officers' educa designed to fully qualify a soldier in tion system (NCOES) requirements 15 days. This eliminates the need to by A-fAJ Richard T. Aukland Engineer 29 bat support boat, MK2. Students learn proper preventive main tenance checks and services (PMCS) procedures and launching and retrieving techniques. Then they operate the boats in Devils Lake. Cold weather training and sur vival courses are also available at Camp Grafton. A full complement of cold weather equipment, includ ing, skis, ahkio sleds, arctic tents, stoves, snowmobiles, and winter camouflage clothing are available. Engineer training during cold weather operations offers unique challenges. Operating heavy equip ment, bridging, minefield construc tion, and other engineer tasks lake on a new perspective, and soldiers must Jearn how to perform their mis sion and survive in a cold weather environmenL Winter temperatures often drop to 30 degrees below zero, and 20 lo 30 inches of snow are common. The terrain of Camp Grafton South is similar to the step pes of Europe, where many experts believe the major defense of Europe will be staged. Thus, units have an excellent opporLunjty to train in conditions similar to those where cold weather combat opera tions may be conducted. The school is located al Camp Engineer installing overhead anchorage system for M4T6 float bridge. Gilbert C. Grafton, near Devils Lake, North Dakota. The facilities use valuable inactive duty Lraining jeclives. They actually construcl lhe and training areas arc superb. A (IDT) weekend assemblies lo ac various bridges and lake turns on new armory and classroom complex complish qualification. The pro Lhc different crews. They learn crew were constructed in 1985, and an all gram offers continuity to the train functions and responsibilities and weatber, battalion-sized barracks ing, which enhances I.he relention of proper construction methods. Dur and dining facility were completed learning objectives. ing reconnaissance training, stu in 1986. Breaching Soviet minefields, dents recon nearby roads and A large cantonment and support demolitions, land navigation, ob bridges, make calculations, and use area at Camp Grafton offers 1500 stacles, bridging, fieJd fortifications, terrain analysis cechniques. Knowl acres of maneuver space. Camp and reconnaissance are some of the edge gained from classes and Cield Grafton South bas an additional instruction blocks in which students training is used to develop a target 8000 acres where battalion-sized receive training. Bridging includes folder. Breaching an emplaced units practice such space intensive training for M4T6, Bailey, timber Soviet minefield that contains inert I.raining as obstacles, field fortifica trestle, Light tactical raft (LTR), and Soviet wood mines and live-fire tions, Lank ditches, and minefield medium girder bridges (MGB). demolitions adds realism to I.he construction. Training days are Jong and bard, training. The State of North Dakoca and yet rewarding. In addition to class Al Camp Grafton, training for lhe National Guard spent cnucb room work, students use a hands-on 12C soldiers includes the jet time, energy, and resources de approach to accomplish learning ob powered, bridge erection U.S. com veloping Camp Grafton as a 30 Engineer Engineers construct a Bailey Bridge at Camp Grafton, where temperatures can drop to 30 degrees below zero. premiere engineer training facility. received by students will be carried In addition, the North Dakota back to their home units. This exper Military Academy has developed an tise will foster more detailed and in extensive cadre of experienced and novative training programs and en· highly motivated instructors. Many bance unit readiness lhroughout the of them receive refresher training at reserve structure. Units have an excellent Fort Leonard Wood to stay current Individuals and units interested in on engineer doctrine. learning more about the school and opportunity to train in Engineers will piay a vital role on the trajning facilities at Camp Graf conditions similar to the next battlefield. Maneuver com ton should contact the North manders are conudent that they can Dakota Plan.._, Operaiions, and those where cold rely on engineer expertise to Training Officer, COL Jerome A. weather combat opera provide tbe "combat multiplier" Marschke, at AV 344-51461 commer necessary to successfully engage a cial (701) 224-5146. Or, call MAJ tions may be conducted. force superior in number. As Major Richard T. Aukland, Academy Harold Coyle. an armor officer, Training and Operations, al AV slated in his book, Team Ya!lkee, "If 344-5226, ext. 411, commercial (701) used correctly before the battle, a 662-2171, CXL. 411.. platoon of engineers with heavy equipment can be more valuable MAJ Richard T. Auk/and is the than a company of tanks." Operations Officer for tlie Nonh The North Dakota Army Nation Dakota Military Academy. He is a al Guard Engineer School is dedi graduate of tire Command and cated lo provide the best training General Staff Collel!,e a11d has a possible lo ensure combat readi masters degree in educarion ad ness. The training and methodology 111i11istratio11. Engineer 31 []he 'Eagle that .Cooks .Cike a 'Duck hy Robert K Combs In the fall of 1898, as the New York. This young enThe line "Here's lo the Flag U.S. Am1y was recovering from gineer, who would retire years Oying up on the hill" referred to tbe it~ Spanish-American War later as BG Sherwood A. American flag that flew in front of adventures, a young engineer Cheney, authored the toast the Post Headquarters, which was officer sat in the officers mess below. situated on a prominenl hill at Wil at Willets Point, Long Island, lets Point The line "And here's to the Castle~ of Silver we wear" referred to the engineer insignia. Prior to 1924 the insignia was silver, not gold. The references to "the bird nying over door" and "the Eagle that looks like a Duck" referred to a relief carving of the crest taken from the seal of the Corps of Engineers. The crest consisted of an eagle mounted above a banner and in scribed with 1he engineer motto "ESSA YONS." Surrounding the eagle and bann~r wa.~ a wreath of oak and laurel branches, oak sym bolizing strength and Jaurcl sym bofodng accomplishmenl. They were mounted on a large wooden plaque that hung above the door to the main dining room in the Willets Point officers mess. The "Eagle that looks like a health anb Duck" hung in the officers mess of the Engineer School al Willets Poinl from some time after 1866 until just after the tum of the cen· tury. Wil h the transfer of the En gineer School from Willets Point to Washington Barracks (now Fort McNair) in 1901, the eagle moved to the Washington Barracks Of ficers Club When the Engineer School moved to Camp A. A. 32 E11gi11ecr Humphreys (now Forl Belvoir) in reads "REPAJRED BY SGT School tradition, the eagle will be 1918, the eagle plaque was bung in KRAUS - PVT RAKER, APRIL hung in the new Regimental Room Harri~ Hall, Lhe original officer~ 1938. OTJ IER REPAlRS UN in the L .S. Army Engineer club. In 1935 Mackenzie Hall was NONE" (sic). Another discovery Museum. The eagle will ~mcc again built as the "new.. club, and the was the name STENDER carved watch over Engineer School ac eagle moved to the second noor into the upper edge of the eagle's Li,ities, as she has since before BG Ca!>! le Room. She hung there, high olive branch. Presumably be was the Cheney ignominiously referred to ab~wc: the fireplace, on the south original art i!\t. her in his toast as "the Eagle that wall until 1988. When the Engineer Old repairs were re-repaired looks like a Duck." School moved to Fort Leonard When the smoke stained varnish Wood last year, the eagle came west was removed, the original brilliant Robert K Combs, curator of the U.S. for the firsr Lime in her long history colors were revealed, which over Anny Ettgmeer Museum a1 Fort The eagle was in dismal condition the years had discolored lo a dingy Leonard Wood, 1\!fissouri, is a when she arrived al the U.S. Army brown Four missing arrows were graduate of Sa11 Fra11cisco State Engineer Museum, Fore Leonard replaced in the eagles talons, and Um1·ersity. fie has an M.A. in Wood Mr. Donald fisher, al the finalJy the cnure backing and frame, museology /mm John F Kenned) Training Aids Support Center remnants of Kraus and Raker's University. Mr. Combs has worked (TASC), was given the task of n: 1938 rcs1<>ration, were replaced. with the Smitlrso11ia11 lnstitulio11, tire storing the bird and the plaque. Afler undergoing this extensive San Francisco Fine Arts M11se1Lms, During the restoration, a hand· conservation aod treatment pro and tire Presidio An71y Museum i11 written paper lag was found on the gram co restore the original gran Sa11 Francisco before commg to Fort reverse side of the plaque. The tag deur lo this piece of Engineer Leollilrd Wood in 1982. Engmeer 33 EVOLUTION OF THE ENGINEER REGIMENT by Dr. Lany Robe1ts Jn February 1986, the Corps of the Declaration of Independence. in battle during the cstablishmcnt or Engineers joined Lbc Army Congress escablished the Corps of attack of fortifications. Both relied Regimental Syslem. A short time Engineers four years lacer. on mathematics and the sciences as before, General Wickham, Ch.ief of Trained engineers were scarce in their base educational disciplines. Staff of the Army, had approved the the colonies. The first Chief En These similarities prompted Con organization of the engineer regi gineer, Richard Gridley, was a gress to place the two branches in ment to include the entire Corps of former British officer with con the same corps for a short lime Engineers. This may be a new idea siderable experience. In addition. after the Revolution. Lieutenanc for young soldiers today, but the many French officers, using the Colonel Stephen Rochcfonraine was regimental system and the hiscory of training and experience they had the Commandant of the Corps of America's military engineers arc gained in Europe, served as en Anillerists and Engineers from 1795 older than the nation iLSelf. gineers in the Continental Army. to 1798. His successor, Henry Bur National governments and mon In establishing tl1e "Corps," Con beck, commanded the corps until archs have organized their armies gress used tbe Lenn in its most basic the two branches separated in 1802. into regiments for centuries. In facl, form. The corps, as a tactical unit, In the following 34 Engineer projects lhat opened the American was an expansion of the Corps-the Now, 25 years later, the Army is West ro settlement and improved engineer baualions were expanded again advancing the regimental transportalion and commerce. lo regiments. During World War I, idea. The reasons are basically the When the Civil War erupted in Army engineers in Europe handled same as those prompting CARS. 1861, the Regular Army engineer es everything from harbor construction The regiment today e.xjsts to pro tablishment was enlarged. Congress to combat duties in the trenches. mote combat effectiveness. ll pro increased the number of engineer Their experiences generaUy set the vides an opportunity for afliliation, companies to three and formed pattern for the second world con enhances the developIUenl of loyally them into a battalion. Regiment fiict two decades later. and commitment, and fosters an ex sized engineer unils existed mainly World War If brought significant tended sense of belonging. The regi in lhe volunleer and militia units change to the engineer force struc ment improves unit esprit and in formed by chc states. Much of the ture. Tbe War DcpanmenL estab stitutionalizes the warfighting ethos. engineer work done during the Civil lished, deactivated, and re-estab lnitiaJly, the Am1y's new regimen War was performed by lished all manner of units. By the tal system was tied to the Cohesion these citizen soldiers. end of the war, the fighting Army Operations Readiness and Training For example, a had one engineer battalion in direct (COHORT) program as part of rhe Michigan regiment of support of each division and New Manning System. The link LO "engineers and mech several engineer batlalions, COHORT has been broken, and anics" supported Union some organized the regiments are now independent. forces during the battle into groups, Membership in a regiment is no of Chickamauga. The in longer tied lo assignments. Union forces also had In developing the regiments, lhe services of a Mis branches were given several souri Pioneer Brigade du options. They could estab ring the same campaign. Hsh one regiment for the Pioneer troops usually whole branch, runction were organized with the ally structured organiza infantry, bul they per tions. or regional regi formed basic engineer ments. Most or the com duties. bat am1s decided to or Between the Civil War ganize several regiments. and World War I, the en The leadership of the gineer establishment Corps o( Engineers, remained comparatively believing that tl1c prin small. Engineers con ciple traditions of the en general tinued to work on coastal gineers were al the bat support. This pat fortiGcations and civil talion and wiLh the Corps, tern bas remained relatively works projects, such as decided on a single regiment. constant until today. However, the harbors, rivers, and Today, every soldier who wears idea of "the regiment" never died. roads. Congress ex the castles of the engineers can be In 1957, the Secretary of the panded I he Corps in 1901, and con come a member of the regiment. Jn Anny approved the Combat Arms verted each company of the en the single regiment are the customs, Regimental System (CARS). The gineer ballalion lo individual bat traditions, and heritage or countless purpose of CARS was Lo improve talions. For the Army as a whole, thousands of engineers who have the efficiency and morale of our the battalion and regiment were the come before us. The history of the fighting forces by stimulating pride principal tactical organizations. In Corps or Engineers, which spans in the unit to which soldiers fact, prior lO 1912, the Army did two centuries, is now the history of belonged. The past achievements of not have a tactical division. Years of rhe Engineer Regimenl. that unit and its traditions were the existence at small, scattered frontier basis for that pride. The CARS ap garrisons prevented the service Dr. Larry Roberts is the historian for proach atlempted to perpetuate the from developing a divisional struc the U.S. Anny Engineer School and heritage of the regiment primarily lurc until the eve of World Warl. Cemer, Fort Leo11ard Wood, MO. He for the combat arms. even though In 1916, fearing involvement in received a Ph.D. i11 history from the battle group and banalion had Lhe European connict, Congress al South Dakota State Unil'ersity i11 replaced the regiments as the basic tered lhc size and composition of 1981. tactical units. lhe U.S. Army. Among Lhei.r actions Engineer 35 Overseeing engineer career management jie[ds The force is now at its lowest level since 1950. by SFC Donald Eelman and SFC Jose Guzman The Army's continuing force 81 (Topographic Engineering). By Classification Structure (MOCS) ae reduction means tlial a limited en definition, each CMF is Lo consist Lion. listed force must be structured to of a manageable grouping of related CMF 51, the mosL diverse en support au mission requirements. Military Occupational Specialties gineer field, contains 19 MOSs, Al the same lime, we must provide (MOS) and provide a visible and which are divided into subfields lhe soldier adequate career progres logical progression, from the enlry • Technical Engineering sion from entry level to sergeant level soldier to grade E9. • Power Engineering major. The force is now al its lowest Congressional and Department of • Vertical Construction Engineer level since 1950. Defense (DOD) constraints present ing The Engineer Personnel Pro challenges for EPPO in providing a • Horizontal Construction En ponent Office (EPPO) oversees viable, logical, and adequate career gineering engineer career fields. Our recom progression for engine(;r soldiers. • Specialty Engineering (FirefighL mendations create initiatives that ul Such constraints include budget and ing, Diving) timately affect engineer soldiers. manpower lim.italiuns. For example, EPPO's areas of responsibility, out Congress has mandated 1.hal E9s The career goal for soldiers in lined in AR 600-3, include must not excce 36 Engineer '\"-_S_1£1_·___n ific· _a__nt ____actions---~-- The EPPO has recently com 1987, the Engineer School analyzed position titles. They <1ccou11t for pleted some actions and is currently the MOS 52G mission requirements positions in MOS 51Z that are not working on others that will affect in the Active and Reserve Com addressed in AR 611-201. It does soldiers in CMF 51. ponents (AC/RC). Findings showed not increase the number of that the MOS was becoming grade authorizations for MOS 51Z. Revisions infeasible; there was no progression • MOS OOB (Diver) has been lo senior grades. By FY 1990, MOS • Actions arc underway to im revised. The Office of the Deputy 52G authorizations in the AC would prove our well drilling capabilities Chief of Staff for Personnel be reduced to 18 positions. (ASI C3). A proposal was sub (ODCSPER) has approved a The Engineer School made a mitted to SSCNCR to disassociate change to retain senior enlisted proposal to transfer duties and MOS 62.J (General Construction diving expertise. This change pro responsibilities from MOS 52G in Equipment Operator) skill level one vides Army divers with career the AC to MOS 52E by way of an soldiers with ASI C3. The U.S. progression to master sergeant ASL MOS 52G will be retained in Navy Training Center, Port (MOS OOB50). Five positions were the RC to maintain adequate Hueneme, California, conducts the created from MOS 51Z authoriza mobilization capabiliucs. The well drilling training, and only tions. Improvements in Engineer 37 the oviet ng1neer• in tactical operations by L TC Roger J. Somerville 171is article appeared i11 rile trained to do to enable his ma advance. The principles of Soviel Ja11uary 1989 issue of Red 171msc neuver arms comrades to close with reconnaissance are aggressiveness, Scar, U.S. Forces Command, and engage our forces in the next continuity, t..imeliness, reliability and OPFOR, Fort. lnvin, CA. Reprinted conflict. accuracy. The reconnaissance re wirJ1 pem1issio1J. To fully understand the Soviet sources in the motorized rifle and combat engineer, one must read tank division's combat engineer bat No discussion of Lactical Soviet Soviet military history, which is talion are the engineer experts in combat operations is comple.le with beyond the scope of this article. this area. They will be used in recon out addressing the myriad of com However, by understanding how he detachments Crom division to ba[ and combat support roles is organi7.ed for combat, we will see regimental levels lo assist in ac played by all t..he elemenls of the how we can defeat him. This does complishing these principles. force. While. armor and infantry for not mean you will be seeing wiring The Engineer Reconnaissance ces often take the center stage in diagrams and miscellaneous or Platoon (IRD) is a separate unit of Soviet grounc.1 operations, artillery, gani7.ational charts for the rest of the divisional combat engineer bat NBC, engineer and a greaL number this discussion. Rather, we will take talion, under the command of aa ex of suppor1 capabilities will certainly a look at some of the component or perienced oflicer. The platoon is influence the outcome. Some even ganizations of Soviet combat en transported on the battlefield in say it is these other capabilities gineers, what they do, and why they BRDM scout cars or BTR 50/60 ar which give rhe maneuver arms the are parl of the picture. This "under mored personnel carriers. Engineer opportunity to do battle in che first stand his organization" approach recon patrols can also operate in place, and none more so than Lhe will enable you to anticipate, iden helicopters, on motorcycles, or on combat engineers. Th.is article will tify, and neutralize lhe combat en foot. They are equipped with ob cover Ihe Soviet engineer and his gineer forces and prevent them servation and range determination contribution to the ballle. We will from accomplishing their missions. see how critical hi.c; mobility, countcrmobility, a:nd survivability ENGINEER RECONNAJSSANCE support can be, and how we must PLATOON deal with him to reduce his effective ness. For jusl as certainly as the sun The Soviets are acutely aware of will rise tomorrow morning, the the need for engineer intelligence to Soviet engineer will do aU he is assist in maintaining a rapid rate of 38 E11gi11eer devices, equipment for reconnoiter This engineer reconnaissance menl. Al the secured objective the ing mixed minefields, measuring provides information lo I.he regimcn POZ will reinforce the existing cables and tapes for reconnoitering taJ commander about assembly obstacles and place new obstacles water obstacles, writing equipment, areas, detours around obslaclcs1 to help defeat any counterallack. and other sapper Lools. lo the and warning of minefields and The composition of a POZ depends Soviet divisions, the engineer recon craters. The patrol carries the equjp on the combat situation, troops platoon could be deployed with the menl required to lind obstacles and available, and is organized by order division recon battalion, as squads mark their location or bypasses. of the combined arms commander. with parts of t.be recon battalion, They can provide breachjng assets The engineer elements in a division with any of tbe regimental rccon forward at key choke points and POZ come from the divisional en companies, or separately. have route marking nags to assist gineer battalion and consist of three The IRD is organized according the movement of the main attack of armored tracked mechanical mine co the situation and assigned mis the regiment. laycr vehicles (GMZ). This platoon sions. It could consist of squad size The engineers supporting the 32d sized element will have two LO lhree elements or up Lo a platoon of en Guards Molorized Rifle Regiment trucks carrying mines for immediate gineer recon troops and at times in (GMRR), rhe OPFOR, provide a resupply. For the regimental POZ, cludes one or more chemical war mechanized engineer squad the regimental engineer company fare (CW) scouts. To reconnoiter mounted in a visually modified can provide a platoon si7.ed unit especially important objectives and M113 (which looks like a BMP), which is equipped with two or three get more precise technical informa MTLB, or BTR 50 Lo the Rccon mine laying trucks pulling the PMR tion on the enemy and terrain, the Company for reconnaissance prior 3 mechanical minelaying trailer. lRD will be commanded by lhe en to regimental or division auacks. This platoon would travel in their gineer platoon leader. This squad is led by a Ranger or l3TR-50/(i(), have 600 antitank mines Sapper-qualified, NTC-cxpcricnccd and 200 kilograms of explosive. The TRD has the mission to d1,;Ler licutenanc or scaff sergeant who un Borh systems dispense surface-laid mine the following: derstands patrolling, security, nav TM-62 antilank mines at a predeter igation, and actions al the objective mined spacing of 4 to 5.5 meters. • Obstacles to be overcome. area. The OPFOR recon company Mine-laying helicopcers can also be • Engineer equipment required 10 and IRD provide important route employed and they dispense mines accomplish I.he mission. and obstacle information to the from a chute while flying at a height Chief of Intelligence, which helps of about 5 melers. Artillery fired • Location and quantity of ma him recommend a course of action FASCAM could also support the terial which be used to can un to the Regimental Commander. POZ. provc the march route. In lhc 32d GMRR, the divisional • Nature of tbe terrain and the MOBILE OBSTACLE POZ assets are replicated by VIS location of areas that do not af DETACHMENT (POZ) MOD Ml13s Lhal have ~oldkrs dis ford natural concealment. pensing mines out the back door or To accomplish I.he mission of from the back of a t.railer as tbe The TRD missions will include: rapid laying of mines and placcmenl vehicle travels cross country. Each of obstacles, a special team called M113 will carry 150-200 AT mines • Detecting enemy engineer efforts the Mobile Obstacle Detachment lo have the same capability as the lo prepare occupied positions (POZ) is form1;d from regimental GMZ. The vehicle has a four man and strongpoints, selting up mine and divisional engineer assets. The crew consisting of a track com fields, and demolition work. POZ wiJI place antitank mines on mander, driver, soldier arming the • Delermining t.be condition of the most likely avenues for armored mines, and soldier placing mines on roads and bridges. attacks or counterattacks. Addition the ground. The mines would be ally, they are equipped Lo crater placed 4 lo 6 meters apart with 3 • Determining the location of Jocal roads or destroy bridges along these rows placed 30 LO 40 meters apart. building materials and water routes. POZs are positioned on the The division POZ could lay 1000 supply locations. flanks of a march formation for meters of minefield in approximate • Determining protective and rapid deployment and are normally ly 30 minutes. In the future a BTR camouflage terrain properties. in close proximity Lo lhe antitank 50 or MTLB could be V lSMODed reserves. During the march they to look like Lhe GMZ. The regimen • An IRD can observe, raid, carry reconnoiter the avenues into the tal POZ assets are currently repli out direct examination, and flanks for suitability and identify the cated by VISMOD Mll3s and photograph objective areas. most likely avenues for tank move could be replicated by 2 1/2 or 5 ton Engineer 39 dump or cargo rrucks that have a lines, and also assisls the maneuver radiation level in the terrain. Two mine chute attached on the side. forces deploy into battle posicions in variants of the OOD's organization The mine capacity is Lhc same as accordance with combat arms opera are shown on page 41. Lhe divisional POZ. tions. An OOD is task organized The OOD usually moves in ad The OPFOR minefields placed from divisional and regimental en vance of the main body with an ad by lhe POZs are covered by an gineer assets with support from in vance guard or forward security ele litank reserves from Lhc.: anlitank fantry squad(s), based on the mis ment (FSE) and in some cases with company equipped with AT-5s. The sion and availability of troops. The a combat reconnaissance patrol minefields are placed 500 to 1200 OOD wilJ be Crom platoon to com (CRP). With information provided meters in front of the AT-5 posi pany strength and is equipped with by the chiefs of intelligence and lions. They are placed with 3 rows special route and mine clearing operations, the OOD reconnoiters spaced 30 to 40 meters apart, gjving vehicles and equipment. and marks the routes on the terrain, them a depth of 80 meters and are Tbe OOD can fill craters, clear breaches and marks crossings rn the usually 200 to 300 meters long. The mines and obstacles, prepare bypas obstacles, determines the type minefield intent is to disrupt the ses around major obstruclions, and deslruction on the line of march, command and control of the attack identify contaminated areas. The searches for and marks the detours. ing force. The POZ has enough composilion and equipment of an and scouts for engineer construc mines lo emplace 4 to 5 minefields. 000 depends on the terrain condi tion materials. tions, the nalure of the enemy The divisional engineer ballalion MOVEMENT SUPPORT operations, the volume of tasks at can form two or three OODs. These DETACHMENT (OOD) hand, the assigned column speed, 00Ds are employed on the and on the availability of engineer divisional main routes and arc al A Movement Suppon Detach forces and equipment. An OOD ways under the protection of an ment (OOD) is created from or usually includes a reconnaissance advance guard or forward securily ganic or attached engineer units by and mine clearing group, one or element. On other routes, the lead the combined arms commander two road and bridge repair and con ing regiments provide OODs from before a march to provide direct en struction groups, and a route mark their organic engineer companie~. A gineer support to the routes of ing group. The OOD can be allo common OOD at Lhis level would movemenl. The OOD guarantees cated combat arm!' subunits LO consist of up to an engineer platoon mobility along the main roule, time provide security and may have wiLh the BAT-2M dozers or up lo ly passage of phase and deployment chemical scouts to determine lhe three lanks filled with the BTU 875th Combat Engineer Battalion (ARK NG) sappers placing pickets for a Lucias double concertina wire fence. Note they use two two-man picket pounding teams. 40 Engineer MOVEMENT SUPPORT DETACHMENT (000) VARIANTS Variant I Variant2 RECON OBST DEST GROUP RECON OBST DEST GROUP Tank w/mlne plow Tank w/mlne plow CBTENG SOD CBTENGSQD Bridge-laying vehicle Bridge-laying tank Chem Dosimetrists Chem Dosimetrists ROAD BRIDGE GROUP ROAD GROUP Truck launched bridge Tractor dozer Tracked dozer CBT ENG SOD(-) ENG Bridge SOD MRP(-) BRIDGE GROUP Truck launched bridge ROUTE MARKING GROUP MRP(-) MRP w/marking equipment ROUTE MARKING GROUP MTR Rifle SOD CBT ENG SOD w/marking equipment dozer blades. These OODs are squad will manually breach other Obstacle Vehicle (COY) Lo repli proLecLed by up lo a plaloon of in lanes with explosives and engineer cate the JMR. The UR-67 is repli fanLry or lanks and can be accom tools. The UR-67 and lMR can catc Engineer 41 his force lo overcome these • The priority for nonexplosive (Past in Review, continued from page obstacles. obstacles is fuse ro protect the 49) force, then forward in the fire dears the road ahead with a mine • METT-T is used in offensive and sacks. Wire obstacles are used Lo detector. defensive planning operations. protect Lhe nanks and support American engineers served, the explosive obstacles. • The Motorized Rifle Company fought. and died in every theater of Commander's obstacle concern • The friendly side of obstacles are operation in World War ll. From is for self protection. The protec marked. Iceland to Burma, from Alaska to tive obstacles would be placed Europe and beyond, engineers • Deception survivability positions out 50 lo 500 meters from the planned, built, destroyed, and and obstacles will be planned. defensive positions. rebuilt their way around the globe. • Soviet graphics are very specific The World War Il interpretation • The Motorized Rifle Baltalioo and will be followed closely. ends with an original " fal man" Commander's obstacle concern atomic bomb. This artifact repre is for lhe flanks of subunits and • The obstacle priorities are: sents the most important engineer the MRB, and to shape the fire -Protection: project of the war. sacks. (Using sound military judg Flanks. Turning right, you will see the ment, obstacles are placed out destructive capacity of the engineers Seams between units. about half the effective range of as they withdrew to the Pusan the AT weapon systems.) Front of positions. Perimeter in the fall of 1950. The • The Combat Outpost Com -Tactical: Shape of lire sacks. Korean conflict will merge into mander's obstacle concern is to another cold war confrontation in look Like an MRB and Lo support As we hope this article has the southeast Asian country of Viel· the mission to delay and disrupt shown, the Soviet (OPFOR) com nam. In the Vietnam exhibit, you the enemy. This is the first place mander depends on his combat en will walk past a command post of a you see obstacles. (Using sound gineer soldiers to give him mobility, Delta lire base. lo front of the military judgment, obstacles are countennobility and survivability. sandbag-covered walls is a rare placed LO allow the unit to He has equipped his engineers wilh Jccp-mounled electronic mine de withdraw and would be placed specially designed equipment to ac tector. Using this and other objects out about two-thirds the effective complish these casks. (The Soviet of the conffict, you see Lhe classic range of the AT weapon systems.) bridgi11g assets were not covered be dash of cultures: American in cause this equipment is not current dustrial high technology versus in • Obstacle type is determined by ly used al the NTC.) It is therefore digenous Viet Cong low technology. who emplaccs the obstacle. important to the U.S. maneuver Moving past Vietnam, you will Maneuver and artillery soldiers commanders to identify these cle pass through a corridor dedicated inslall simple single system ments early on and then destroy or lo engineer heroes. The walls are obstacles, which are usually neutralize them. By destroying the lined with photographs and material protective. Engineer soldiers in enemy's engineer support, you deny from such a diverse lot as Robert E. stall complex obstacles that can him an extremely valuable combat Lee, Corporal Terry Kawamura, have antihandling systems. En multiplier and at the same time d ras Sergeant George Libby, and Thad gineer obstacle placement is tically reduce his mobility. T his shat deus Kosduszko. At the end of this usually equipmenl intensive and ters bis rigid timing and synchroniza hall of heroes stands a modem com can have a mix of AP and AT tion, allowing our own force:) to bat engineer in full balllc dress, a mines and wire. engage and dest-roy him at our reminder that the memory of the • lo contact with the enemy, the choosing, not his. heroes and history of the past maneuver soldiers do liuJe depend on the men and women of obstacle empJacemenL Most all LTC Roger J. Somerville. a combat the presenL obstacles are placed by engineers engineer, is currently assigned as the Now you have completed a tour and lherefore arc placed with XO, 177tli Amrored Brigade of the first phase of the U.S. Army equipment and are complex. (OPFOR) at the Natio11al Training Engineer Museum, Fort Leonard Center, Forl. Irwin, Califomia. He Wood. An additional 27,000 square • With no enemy contacc, infantry, graduated from Montana Stace feet of space will be ready for oc armor, artillery, and engineer sol University with a degree in civil en cupation in JuJy 1991. This is just diers emplace obstacles. gineering. the beginning. (biography on page 33) 42 Engineer RISK MANAGEMENT b y D e a n J 0 h n s 0 n oday's Army uses bigh rnent is a process used to assess the tech equ.ipment that is risks, decide which are necessary, complex, expensive, and and reduce or eliminate unneces easily damaged. The sary ones. Trisk of losing this equ.ipment or There no difference between is malting a mistake with it due Lo this process and a good leadership human error can jeopardize a mis process. Good leadership considers sion. While Army leaders Lradition safety a critical element of mission Accidents that damage ally consider risks imposed by the success. To be successful, a mission enemy when planning missions, they must be accomplished al maximum modern sophisticated must also consider risks imposed by efficiency with mjnimum cost or los equipment may destroy our own actions. ses. Every man or piece of equip Army leaders must be smart ment lost, and all time lost due to our mission capability decision makers. If we are to accidents or equipment failure, before the enemy is engage the enemy, we must reach detract from mission efficiency. our objective and sustain the battle. A key to efficient mission accom engaged. Accidents that damage modem plishmenL is good risk management. sophisticated equipment roay de This includes safety, the resources stroy our mission capability before needed to accomplish the mission, the enemy is engaged. The loss of a and the use or those resources. tank, bridge vehicle, or other criti Training missions must be ac cal equipment may mean the dif complished in a realistic manner. By ference between victory and defeat. the sam.e token, our high-tech, ex Risk management is a tool smart pensive equipment is not easily decision makers use to make more replaced and must be conserved. effective decisions. Risk manage- Thus, improved risk management Engineer 43 The loss of a tank, bridge vehicle, or other critical equipment may mean the difference between victory and defeat. :-:~ techniques are needed lo increase aJternatives and make quality For example, a commander deter the realism in training while effec decisions based on the benefits to mines that mission complexity, sol Livcly using our resources. be derived from the operalion. In dier selection, soldier endurance, These resources include man formation on accident risks and tac equipment, weather, and terrain are power, materials, equipmen1, and tical risks, as part of the operation, crilical elements for a planned mis the envirorunenL is included in the operation plan. sion. These are rated between 1 and When planning an operaLion, con lesson plan, LOT, elc. Safely aspects 5, 1 being optimal (low risk) condi sider each resource and the effects arc integrated into the operation tions and 5 being minimal (bigb the operation will have on iL Ask where they are appropriate. They risk) conditions. Tb.us, specific questions: Do we have adequate are not relegated to an annex or ap guidance and in-depth preparation manpower, equipment, and ma pendix, where they may be over are optimum and are valued al 1. terials lo perform the operalion? looked or ignored. Minimal and vague instructions are What effect wiU the environment Risk management is beneficial. poor and arc valued al 4 or 5. have on Lhe operation? By integrating safecy into the opcra After all risks are assessed, they If lhe environment seems unim Lional plan, the monitoring proces~ are totaled and applied to the fol portant to you, think back to the is in sequence with 1he now of the Jowing reference scale: A low risk Normandy invasion in World War mission. The after-action report will or optimal area is anything 12 or IT. The decision lo invade was based provide information about succes less. A rating between 13 and 23 sig on weather conditions. Allied forces ses, failures. and lessons learned. nifies an adequate or caution area, took a considerable risk, but the al These will fall in a sequence that and values 24 or more are high lernatives warranted a high risk be pinpoints where adjustments or risks. Smart leaders make decisions cause the potentiaJ gain was greal. changes arc needed. For repelilive that are consistent with the level of Other environmental factors impor operations, such as those at a train risk and are at lhe lowest super lant in Lhe decision-making process ing facility. required improvements visory level possible. al Normandy were sho r~ tide, and ca.n be made immediately and An example will show how a risk wave conditions. Tide levels af others made when the situation assessment is made. An engineer fected our ability to Land, base,d on changes. One-time or field tactical unit is participating in a bridging the shoreline, and high waves mighl situations provide reference data opcra1ion at Forr Leonard Wood. have made off-loading impossible. useful when planning similar opera You, Lhe decision maker, are given Two points are significant: tions. plenty of lead time and clear, cou Risk assessment worksheets are a cise guidance. The mission risk fac • The balance of benefit lo be valuable loot for decision mal 44 Engineer The risk factor and bridge requirements can change quickly due to weather at the site or upstream. whjch means the endurance risk fac crease ro at least 3. Mission com local safety office for assistance m tor is 2. Clear weather condilions plexity has changed drastically and developing alternatives. are forecasl, wilh temperatures in is now rated at least 4. Unless the The risk management process can the mid-60s and winds less than soldiers are trained for fast water be simple or technical, depending 10 mph. A weather risk factor of 1 operations and are experienced, on the operation's complexity. is assigned. Because streambanks their risk factor will increase. In this Much depends on the way risk are conducive lo operational needs, case, they are trained and have management is considered. lf you water depth is normal, and the some experience, so the risk factor think or risk management as a water is clear, the water condition rises to 3. The equipment will be separate task in mission planning, risk factor is 1. under more stress, wbich increases the process probably will be dif The sum of these risk factors is that figure to 3. The soldiers' en ficult. If you think of risk manage 10, which means it is a low risk durance factor rises to 3 because ment as part of the job, safety will operation. Therefore, decisions work wiU be more difficult. The be a byproduct of your profes about mission completion should be weather probably will affect work sionalism. made by the site chief. during the day, so that factor chan Safety is a byproduct of profes Let's change the conditions in ges to 3. Due Lo the deep, fast, sional leadership. rt is not a this example. H eavy thunderstorms debris-laden water, the shoreline product, it is an essential ingredient occur upstream lhe night before the and working conditions jump to 5. of a good product. Be a smart operation begins. When the unit ar These changes compute to a total decision maker- train safely, not rives at the site, the waler level is of 24, a high risk factor. Therefore, safely train! nearly al flood stage. The muddy the decision on whether t11e training Contact your branch safety office. water is fuJJ of debris, and the cur is worth the risk is made al the com We care and want to help. Call AV rent js swift. To complicate the mand level. 581-7174 or (314) 368-7174. situation. the weather forecast states The method used Lo prepare a that a fast moving front will hit risk assessment depends on what Dean Jolu1so11 is a safety specialist at around noon. High winds and you are assessing. Tbis example, the Engineer Branch Safety Office thunderstorms are expected. dfrected toward field training, can and is a member of the World Safety We must now re-evaluate the af be used down to the lowest decision Orga11i:.atio11. Mr. lollnso11 has a fected elements in the risk assess making (squad) level. If this method B.A. i11 safety managment. ment. The mission risks will in does not fit your needs, ask your Engineer 45 LESSONS LEARNED The following lessons learned recently came to the Using the volume method to calculate the ribbon attention of the Engineer School. They have been charge, you need 3.99 blocks, rounded up to 4 added to the lessons learned electronic data base blocks, of the large M112 explosive, with a volume of maintained by the Directorate of Evaluation and Stan 22 cubic inches. For the small M112 explosive with a dardization (DOES). volume of 20 cubic inches, you need 4.39 blocks, rounded up to 5 blocks, of explosives to cut the same I-beam. M 112 C4 block demolition charge In this example, 25 percent more explosive is re Issue: Dimension discrepancies for the M112 C4 quired to do the same job using the small M112 block demolition charge. demolition blocks. Remarks: Not all M 112 block demolition charges POC is CPT Ashcraft. Department of Military En currently in use meet the dimensions given in FM gineering, AV 354-3411 or commercial (703) 664 5-25, dated March 1986. The FM states that the dimen 6901/3411. sions for the M112 block demolition charges are 2 1/6" x 1/16" x 11 1/4." Random sampling revealed that some M112 blocks measure 2" x 1" x 10." The relative One third/two thirds rule effectiveness (RE) factor of 1.34 and weight of one Issue: Adherence to the one third/two thirds plan quarter pound per block remain unchanged, accord ning rule. ing to the Director of Logistics. The validity of this is Remarks: During an exercise at the National Train under investigation. ing Center (NTC). the brigade staff mismanaged time The volume of the larger M112 demolition blocks is by not having a structured or detailed wargaming 22 cubic inches, while the volume of the smaller plan. A plan should have been prepared during the blocks is 20 cubic inches. Users must recognize the first one-third of the time available but was not. As a 2 cubic-Inch difference. Otherwise, calculations for rib result, units were unable to effectively conduct re bon and special purpose charges may be In error hearsals or take the steps needed to adequately when the volume method is used to determine the synchronize the battle. amount of explosives required. Also, additional shor Solution: Strictly enforce the one third/two thirds ing materials may be needed during charge place planning rule. Wargaming must be structured and ment when using the smaller blocks. detailed. Preparation and planning must be done as Solution: To avoid calculation problems with the early as possible and result in a detailed and authorita Ml 12 demolition blocks, personnel should verify the tive warning order. This ensures that units are able to block size before use. Measure a sample block from effectively prepare for the upcoming battle or mission. each case of C4. An example follows: Engineer work priorities Ribbon charge example Issue: Priorities for engineer missions and effort Your mission Is to cut an I-beam bridge. One Remarks: During an exercise at NTC. the task force I-beam measures 1 inch for web and flange thickness, commander specified the priorities of effort for each 1 foot for flange width, and 8 feet for web height. phase of the exercise. During the defense phase, the 46 Engineer engineer mission priorities were not specified. Brigade completed the m1ss1on. later, the demolitions were and task-force directed obstacles were not prioritized. emplaced and the target was executed, but tracked Therefore, the task force engineer installed the and wheeled vehicles could easily drive through the obstacles as he saw fit This resulted in a haphazard resulting crater. obstacle plan that did not reflect the task force com Solution: First, the demolition should have been mander's Intent for the defense. emplaced early, as directed. Trenches for the detonat Solution: The task force engineer must be actively ing cord should have been dug (6 inches deep) prior Involved In the planning phase and clearly understand to backfilling. U-shaped pickets should have been the commander's plan. The task force engineer must placed over the branch lines and ring mains for added specify what can and cannot be accomplished and protection. These efforts would have ensured that recommend priorities for the engineer missions and ef friendly vehicles did not damage the detonating cord. fort. If the task force commander fails to specify pri Second, a report should have been sent to the task orities in the operation order (OPORD), the task force force commander letting him know the status of the engineer must be prepared to ask the right questions. obstacle's readiness. Code words are an efficient method of doing this, and they should be In the Mine laying operations demolition firing order. Without this Information, the Issue: Lack of skill and experience accounts for maneuver commander operated in a vacuum. many problems during mine operations. Remarks: Problems surfaced when row minefields Family of scatterable mines were installed. Leaders did not know how to correctly (FASCAM) (IAW doctrine) emplace the minefields, so they could Issue: Inappropriate use of FASCAM. not properly supervise the mission. Perimeter mark Remarks: On one occasion, the FASCAM fire mis ings were not used properly, and lanes were placed sion was late and, therefore, ineffective. In addition, on roads. the brigade S3, with input from the brigade englneer, Solution: It Is a command responsibility to ensure planned other FASCAM missions that did not support subordinate leaders are technically and tactically profi the tactical plan. When the FASCAM rounds were cient. Otherwise, leaders cannot effectively carry out fired, they effectively bracketed the brigade engineer their mission. Minefields must be marked and units so they could not move. recorded. This is not left to the platoon leader's discre Solution: Close, detailed coordination between the tion. Unless there is no alternative, do not install task force engineer and fire support officer is neces minefield lanes on existing roads. When removing the sary. This will ensure that FASCAM is properly and ef lane markings, close the gap with mines to slow or fectively Integrated Into the tactical plan. prevent enemy passage. Reserve demolitions Lessons learned come from many sources, includ Issue: How to employ craters as reserve targets. ing the National Training Center and the Joint Readi ness Training Center. After-action reports or lessons Remarks: An engineer unit executed a road crater learned from all sources are welcome and needed. between two antitank ditches as a reserve target. Call, write or forward reports to Directorate of Evalua There was no demolition guard. The task force en tion and Standardization, ATTN: ATSE-ESA, Fort gineer decided not to prepare the demolition until all Leonard Wood, Missouri 65473-6630. friendly vehicles had withdrawn across It. This violated the demolition orders, and the demolition was not at Information Is avallable from the data base. Forward state 1 when required. Thus, when ordered to requests to the above address. Please be as specific detonate, the charges were just being put In the about your requests as possible. ground. The firing party was killed on site and never E11gi11eer 47 Since 1775, Army Engineers have built a proud heritage of accomplishments and hnve served the nation in both war and peace. The Civil War was 110 exception. In tllis dmwing from the late 1880's, Union soldiers conduct experimental pontooning techniques and construct rope suspension and rubber pontoon bridges at Camp Alexander, near Washington, D.C. According to the original caption accompanying the drawing, General George B. McClellen and his staff were in attendance at the operations. The drawing originally appeared in one of a series of magazines entitled "The Soldiers In Our Civil War," published in 1884. The magazines were sponsored by the Grand Army of the Republic, a veterans' organization. The new U.S. Army Engineer Museum at Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri, scheduled for construction later this year, will include a similar Civil War scene in a diroama setting. 48 Engi11eer ------.....;.._---Past in Review A Walk Through History The history of U.S. Army engineers is an unbroken line spanning 214 years of war, peace, and accomplishment. by Robert K Combs T be history of U.S. Army en Visitors will be imruersed in an en Round Top. The date is 2 July 1864, gineers is an unbroken line vironment designed to evoke the and engineer general Gouverneur spanning 214 years of war, peace, feeling of the particular time period K. Warren is seen surveying terrain. and accomplishment. Every Army being interpreted. Instead of view Surrounding you is equipment used engineer is responsible for keeping ing glass cases containing rows of by engineers who fought the blood that important heritage alive. To neatly arranged objects, visitors will iest war in American history. preserve, document, and incerprec encounter a scene or diorama in Moving past exhibics on the Lhc malerial culture (artifacts) from which artiracts are realisticalJy dis Spanish-American War and through lhat unbroken line is a monumental played in a setting similar to that in the locks of the Panama Canal, you task, and a new museum will be which they were originally used. descend into a World War I crench. built to help accomplish this mis Upon entering Lhe museum, you The walls arc corrugated tin, wood, sion. Construction of the U.S. Army will first notice the artifact main and dirl. The musty smell of moist Engineer Museum, Fort Leonard tenance and collection rooms that earth is apparent. Through period Wood, will begin in December 1989. are visible on the left through noor periscopes you can look into the The primary goal of the new to-ceiling windows. Within these hell known as no-man's-land. museum is to support Lhc Engineer rooms Lhe curator of the collections Relieved to be through the claus Center and School, with a major em will maintain the thousands of ar Lrophobic trench, you can use scale phasis on combat engineering. Civil tifacts in the m.uscum's holding models to better understand the ex works will be addressed as neces area. A highlighted seaJ of the tent lo which American engineers al sary to give a complete, rounded Corps of Engineers will draw your tered the battlefield with field for picture of the role military engineer atlcntion forward until you are "in" tifications. ing has played in developing the American Revolution. The tex After World War 1, civil en America. The new facility will also ture of the floor changes to earth, gineers altered the face of our na serve as the Regimental heritage and on your right a Continental en tion with 20 years of construction. center, in support of the Engineer gineer is hurriedly constructing for Projects such as buildings, dams, Regimental Association. This or tillcations on Breeds Hill. Tools, and riverways will be interpreted ganization is devoted to promoting weapons, and period objects will be thorough photographs and didactic the history and traditions of the En scattered throughout the diorama materials, bringing you to America's gineer Regiment. and arranged in subtle display cases entrance into World War IT. On The new U.S. Army Engineer on the right. your left is a diorama 12 feet high Museum, Fort Leonard Wood, will A forest of trees rises through the and 20 feel long. You are standing begin with a 5,000 square foot gal 14-foot ceiling ahead of you. The in a rubble-strewn street in the lery. In it, Lhe engineer story will Crees draw you past exhibits on the Italian port city of Anzio. A small chronologically follow the unbroken westward expansion of the early D-4 bulldo1.cr is straining to cleat line of engineer history, from the 19th century and the Mexican War. away the debris in front of several battle of Bunker Hlll, Lo the training Following a path through the forest, two-story homes and shops whose of today, and on into our future. you find another environment, chat front walls have collapsed into the The museum will feature a new of the Civil War. Above your head street. On the right an engineer environmental display technique. on the right is the crest of Little (continued on page 42) Engineer 49 DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY SECOND-CLASS MAIL ENGINEER PROFESSIONAL BULLETIN POSTAGE ANO FEES PAID US ARMY ENGINEER SCHOOL DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY ATTN : ATSE·TDM ·P ISSN 00'16-1989 FORT LEONARD WOOD, MO 65473-6650 OFFICIAL BUSINESS PIN· 066588-000