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Katona Csete Doktori (Ph.D.) értekezés KATONA CSETE A VARÉG-RUSZOK ÉS A STEPPEI NÉPEK VISZONYA A VIKING KORBAN (9–11. SZÁZAD KÖZEPE) DEBRECENI EGYETEM BDT 2019 A VARÉG-RUSZOK ÉS A STEPPEI NÉPEK VISZONYA A VIKING KORBAN (9–11. SZÁZAD KÖZEPE) Értekezés a doktori (Ph.D.) fokozat megszerzése érdekében a történelem tudományágban Írta: Katona Csete Készült a Debreceni Egyetem Történelmi- és Néprajzi doktori iskolája (Történelem programja) keretében Témavezető: Dr. (olvasható aláírás) A doktori szigorlati bizottság: elnök: Dr. ………………………… tagok: Dr. ………………………… Dr. ………………………… A doktori szigorlat időpontja: 200… . ……………… … . Az értekezés bírálói: Dr. ........................................... Dr. …………………………… Dr. ........................................... A bírálóbizottság: elnök: Dr. ........................................... tagok: Dr. ………………………….. Dr. ………………………….. Dr. ………………………….. Dr. ………………………….. A nyilvános vita időpontja: 200… . ……………… … . „Én Katona Csete teljes felelősségem tudatában kijelentem, hogy a benyújtott értekezés önálló munka, a szerzői jog nemzetközi normáinak tiszteletben tartásával készült, a benne található irodalmi hivatkozások egyértelműek és teljesek. Nem állok doktori fokozat visszavonására irányuló eljárás alatt, illetve 5 éven belül nem vontak vissza tőlem odaítélt doktori fokozatot. Jelen értekezést korábban más intézményben nem nyújtottam be és azt nem utasították el.” Debrecen, 2019. 08. 30. Katona Csete TARTALOMJEGYZÉK Bevezetés. A témaválasztás indoklása és a célkitűzések ................................................. 4 A viking-nomád (és skandináv-magyar) kapcsolatok szakirodalma ............................. 10 A forrásbázis és a kutatás módszertana ......................................................................... 16 Írott források ..................................................................................................................................... 16 Régészeti leletanyag........................................................................................................................... 26 Módszertan ........................................................................................................................................ 26 A viking-nomád kapcsolatok előzményei és kezdetei ................................................... 27 Háborúban a nomádokkal ............................................................................................. 46 Kazár-rusz háborúk .......................................................................................................................... 47 Magyar-rusz háborúk ........................................................................................................................ 51 Besenyő-rusz háborúk ...................................................................................................................... 58 Egyéb nomád-rusz összecsapások .................................................................................................. 63 Összefoglalás ..................................................................................................................................... 65 Kereskedelem a nomádokkal ......................................................................................... 66 A vízi utak .......................................................................................................................................... 66 Kereskedelem a Volga térségben .................................................................................................... 73 Kereskedelem a Dnyeper térségben ............................................................................................... 79 Összefoglalás ..................................................................................................................................... 93 Hadi együttműködés a nomádokkal .............................................................................. 94 A kíséret .............................................................................................................................................. 95 Kijevi Rusz ......................................................................................................................................... 96 Bizánci Birodalom ........................................................................................................................... 100 Kazár Kaganátus ............................................................................................................................. 103 Magyarország ................................................................................................................................... 108 Régészeti emlékek és történeti vonatkozásaik ............................................................................ 112 Összefoglalás ................................................................................................................................... 127 Vallás és szokások ........................................................................................................ 128 Források és problémák ................................................................................................................... 130 A pogány vallások hasonlóságai .................................................................................................... 131 Hitbéli változások ........................................................................................................................... 137 Gyakorlati változások ..................................................................................................................... 140 Kevert szokások .............................................................................................................................. 142 Korábbi tapasztalatok ..................................................................................................................... 145 Összefoglalás ................................................................................................................................... 146 Kommunikáció a nomádokkal ..................................................................................... 147 Nyelvek Kelet-Európában ............................................................................................................. 148 Beszéd nélküli kommunikáció ....................................................................................................... 150 Fordító-tolmácsok .......................................................................................................................... 152 Közvetítiői nyelv használata .......................................................................................................... 155 Egymás nyelvének elsajátítása ....................................................................................................... 157 Összefoglalás ................................................................................................................................... 164 A Magyar Királyság és a vikingek ................................................................................ 164 A magyarországi varég-rusz testőrség .......................................................................................... 166 Örvar Odds saga és a Képes Krónika .......................................................................................... 173 Összegzés ..................................................................................................................... 192 Bibliográfia ................................................................................................................... 202 Rövidítések ....................................................................................................................................... 202 Források ........................................................................................................................................... 202 Szakirodalom ................................................................................................................................... 206 Absztrakt ....................................................................................................................... 236 Summary ....................................................................................................................... 237 Mellékletek ................................................................................................................... 238 Térképek ........................................................................................................................................... 238 Képek ................................................................................................................................................ 243 Bevezetés. A témaválasztás indoklása és a célkitűzések Előszó. Tanulmányaim alatt történelmi kutatásaim középpontjában mindvégig a középkori Skandinávia állt. Már az alapképzésen, majd később mindkét mesterképzésen (DE-BTK Történelem, University of Iceland Viking and Medieval Norse Studies) ebből írtam szakdolgozatomat. Elsősorban a skandináv történelem eseményeivel és primer forrásaival – az izlandi sagákkal – foglalkoztam. A második (izlandi-dán) mesterképzés során tanultam a sagák irodalmi és kézirati tanulmányozásához elengedhetetlen óészaki és (modern) dán nyelven. Különböző ösztöndíjakkal elnyert kutatóutak során együttműködtem már az izlandi Régészeti Intézettel (Fornleifastofnun Íslands)
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