ISPEC Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi E-ISSN:2717-7238 ISPEC Journal of Agr. Sciences 2020 : 4(2) 2020 : 4(2) © Telif hakkı ISPEC’e aittir Copyright © ISPEC Araştırma Makalesi Research Article www.ispecjournal.com
*Arzu ALTUNTAŞ Benefit From Natural Plants In Landscape Architecture:
Orcid No: 0000-0003-1258-3875 Example of Siirt Geophytes
*Department of Landscape Architecture, Faculty of Agriculture, Abstract Siirt University The use of natural plants in landscaping provides many
advantages. The adaptation to the climate and soil conditions [email protected] of the region where they grow increases the chances of living
compared to other exotic species; the cost of maintenance is DOI low compared to other types. Our country is extremely rich https://doi.org/10.46291/ISPECJASv
ol4iss2pp125-136 about natural plants. The aim of this study is to investigate
the natural geophyte species that growing in Siirt province in southeastern Turkey about possibilities of using landscape Geliş Tarihi: 15/02/2020 designs. Firstly a literature review was made on the subject. Kabul Tarihi: 20/04/2020 Afterwards, the geophyte species growing in Siirt were investigated and their possibilities of using in different landscape design areas were utilized about their various
characteristics. Accordingly, 27.7% of the 54 geofit species
growing in Siirt are suitable for use as medicinal and
aromatic plants, 40.8% are in flower parters, 9.3% are in
refuges and 24% are in natural and artificial water sides. %63 of them are suitable for use for exhibition and demonstration purposes and 72.2% of them are suitable for use in rock gardens.
Keywords
Landscape architecture, endemic plant, geophyte, natural plant, Siirt
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INTRODUCTION Dönmez, 2016). According to Özhatay et. Plants, which are one of the indispensable al. (2003) Turkey is home to up to about elements of humankind and his 12500 plant taxa (Duman, 2010). environment, form a connection between According to Güner et. al. (1991) the structural environments we live and approximately 800 of this number is nature. Plants have been used for food, fuel composed of geophyte plants (Güner, and medical purposes due to their many 2006). Geofits are found in almost every characteristics from past to present, and part of the world but their origin is accepted with their contribution to human life and as the Mediterranean basin (Ekim and comfort, they have been tried to be depicted Koyuncu, 1992; Seyidoğlu, 2009; from natural samples in the landscape. They Kılıçaslan and Dönmez, 2016). have entered our daily life with planting The aim of this study is to investigate the design applications (Atik et al., 2013). usage possibilities of the natural geophyte Turkey, has a huge biodiversity potential species that growing in Siirt province in from the point of cultural and natural landscape architecture. diversity. This diversity is called plant MATERIAL and METHOD genetic resources and so that Anatolia, The main material of the study is the Mediterranean and Near East are accepted geophyte species found in the natural as a gene center. Turkey is placed near the landscape of Siirt province. Siirt province is top in the location because of its natural one of the 9 provinces in the Southeastern plant diversity. The reasons for this richness Anatolia Region. It is a rich city in terms of include climate differences, topographic natural and historical values like the other variations, geological and provinces of our country. As a result of the geomorphological variations, different climatic and topographic characteristics of water environment variations such as sea, the geography it is located in, there are 54 lake, river, altitude differences ranging geophyte species belonging to 6 families in from 0-5000 m, and being located at the the province and 7 of these species are junction of three different geography endemic (Figure 1). regions (Ekim, 2005; Kılıçaslan and
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Figure 1. Endemic geophyte species growing in Siirt (Top row left to right: Fritillaria armena Boiss., Ophrys cilicica, Hycantella siirtensis; bottom row left to right: Crocus biflorus ssp. pseudonubigena, Ophrys phrygia, Crocus karduchorum, Ophrys bornmullerie)
The study was performed in three stages. In edge, use for exhibition and demonstration the first stage, natural plant species of Siirt purposes, use in rock gardens) as in province were examined and information Kılıçaslan and Dönmez (2016). In the last about the geophytes which have a potential stage, all available data were evaluated in in terms of endemic species diversity was terms of landscape architecture. collected. In the second stage, the RESULTS AND DISCUSSION information related to these geophytes was Geophytes (bulb plants) and their use in evaluated and a table was created by landscape architecture works considering the possibilities of using them The term geophyte, first used by Danish in landscape design for 10 features (it is or botanist Christian Raunkier (Ekim and not endemic, flower colour, blossoming Koyuncu, 1992), is found in Angiospermae time (from month to month), medical and from Spermatophyta. This group includes aromatic use, shade and semi-shade monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous resistance, use in flower beds, use at species, which are divided into two groups medians, use at natural and artificial water's as bulbous and tuberous plants. In addition,
262 ISPEC Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi E-ISSN:2717-7238 ISPEC Journal of Agr. Sciences 2020 : 4(2) 2020 : 4(2) © Telif hakkı ISPEC’e aittir Copyright © ISPEC Araştırma Makalesi Research Article www.ispecjournal.com geophytes divide into groups such as real and Asur, 2006; Hansen, 2011; Alp et al., onions, onions, tubers, corm (cormy tubers) 2016). According to Seyidoğlu (2009) and and so on by many researchers (De Hertogh Onat (2012) the use of geophytes in and Le Nard, 1993; Zencirkıran, 2002; landscape designs is as follows (Kılıçaslan Kılıçaslan and Dönmez, 2016). and Dönmez; 2016): The first salient features of the plants that Due to their variety of species and can be used in a landscape design are size, form, planted at different periods, geophytes use texture and color. Among these, especially at curb plantings. plant size and color are the first perceived They can effective appearances in single or features compared to other features. People groups with shrub groups or herbaceous at firstly look at the appearance of the plants, curb plantings (Rees, 1992; Giles and so the size and color of the plants directly Cornwell, 2004; Evans, 2005; Alp and affects the interestingness and all the frame Asur, 2006). of the design. A person who feels a In grass lands, spring flowering species are successful design in terms of color, scale generally preferred. They are used in single and proportion; it should perceive the space color or multi-colored groups. But it should without weighing the scale in his mind and be carefull that not to mow grass until feeling uncomfortable (Robinson, 1992; bulbous plants’ leaves turn yellow (Leholm, Kalın, 2004; Bell, 2004; Hansen, 2011; 1998; Evans, 2005). Karaşah and Var, 2012; Alp et al., 2016). For humid conditions, it must be choosen The dominant structure and skeleton in suitable species of bulbous plants to planting design are trees and shrubs, and arrangements at natural and artificial lakes secondly, seasonal flowers and bulbous and ponds (Leholm, 1998; Cornwell, 2004). tubers plants shape the structure. These Species such as Allium, Colchicum, plants are immediately noticed with their Fritillaria, Lilium, Narcissus, Galanthus, vivid colors and abundant flowering and as Muscari, Scilla can be used in arrangements well as remarkable forms. Due to its of rock gardens. Group plantings are dendrological and aesthetic features, preferred in designs (Rees, 1992; Leholm, seasonal flowers and bulbous plants are 1998; Giles and Cornwell, 2004). widely used in urban areas, especially in Bulbous species are suitable for use with flower beds (Kalın, 2004; Bell, 2004; Alp deciduous shrubs and trees, but it is
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unadvisable for use with evergreen species support the body of bulbous plants. Thus, as they can’t get enough light. It can the flowers do not mud with rain or facilitate movement that using them with at irrigation water (Leholm, 1998; Avans, the bottom of the trees around the buildings, 2005). Among the bulbous plants, tulips are on the edges of narrow-leaved trees or mostly used for show and exhibition bushes as combinations (Leholm, 1998; purposes, followed by hyacinths and Sarıbaş, 1999; Giles and Cornwell, 2004). daffodils. These are followed by species In flower beds, informal arrangements with large and showy flowers such as should be preferred instead of formal (De Dahlia, Fritillaria, Lilium, Crocus. They Hertog and Powell, 1999; Giles and can be used with single or small/large Cornwell, 2004; Alp and Aşur, 2006). groups in designs (Leeds, 2001; Evans, They can use in large pots (container) and 2005). according to Gutterman [27], the use of Bulbous plants with pleasant scents and bulbous plants may be preferred where showy flowers may be preferred in green areas are at a minimum level such as fragrance gardens. For example, Narcissus urban areas, squares, airports, bus species have an effective appearance with terminals, railway stations, pier squares. their fragrant flowers. Liliums blossom in Plantations with geophytes in places as summer are one of the indispensable species plazas, hotel gardens, in the office, with their excellent scents (Relf, 1997; shopping centers, home gardens and so on Leeds, 2001). is provided a pleasant and effective Geofit species grown in Siirt province and appearance (Rees, 1992; Leholm, 1998; Alp their usage in landscape architecture and Aşur, 2006). There are 54 geophyte species growing in The use of bulbous plants with groundcover Siirt province (Table 1) and 7 of these plants together can create beautiful species are endemic species. These species combinations. In designs, the height are Hyacinthella siirtensis, Fritillaria relationship between ground cover plants armena, Crocus biflorus subsp. and bulbous plant species should be Pseudonubigena, Crocus karduchorum, considered. Groundcover species should Ophrys cilicica, Ophrys Phrygia and not be more than half height of bulbous Ophrys bornmuelleri subsp. carduchorum. plants. In addition, the ground cover plants
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Table 1. List of geophytes growing in Siirt FAMILY SPECIES FAMILY SPECIES Ranunculus diversifolius Crocus biflorus subsp. Ranunculaceae Pseudonubigena (Endemic) Araceae Biarum carduchorum Crocus karduchorum (Endemic) Allium paniculatum Iridaceae Gladiolus antekiensis Allium akaka Gladiolus kotschyanus Allium chrysantherum Iris persica Scilla persica Hausskn Cephalanthera longifolia Scilla hyacinthoides L. Epipactis helleborine Muscari comosum (L.)Miller Limodorum abortivum var abortivum Bellevalia pycnantha (C.Koch) Platanthera chlorantha A.Los.-Los. Hyacinthella siirtensis Mathew Ophrys transhyrcana subsp. (Endemic) transhyrcana Fritillaria imperialis L. Ophrys reinholdii subsp. straussii Fritillaria armena Boiss. Ophrys cilicica (Endemic) (Endemic) Lilaceae Fritillaria pinardii Boiss. Ophyrs holoserica subsp. holoserica Fritillaria assyriaca subsp. Ophyrs bornmuelleri subsp. assyriaca grandiflora Fritillaria uva-vulpis Ophyrs oestrifera subsp. oestrifera Gagea villosa var. Villosa Orchidaceae Ophrys phrygia (Endemic) Scilla persica Ophrys umbilicata subps. Khuzestanica Ornithogalum narbonense Ophyrs schulzei Ornithogalum umbellatum Himantoglossum afine Muscari comosum Anacamptis pyramidalis Tulipa sintenesii Comperia comperiana Gynandriris sisyrinchium Orchis tridenta Gladiolus antakiensis Orchis simia Amaryllidaceae Narcissus tazetta subsp. tazetta Orchis spitzelli Iris aucheri Dactylorhiza romana subsp. georgica Iris pseudocaucasica Ophrys bornmulleri subps. Iridaceae Bornmulleri Gynandriris sisyrinchium Ophrys bornmuelleri subsp. carduchorum (Endemic)
In order to determine the use of geophytes (from month to month), medical and grown in Siirt in the landscape designs, their aromatic use, shade and semi-shade properties such as color, size, growing area, resistance, use in flower beds, use at etc. were investigated and it is discussed medians, use at natural and artificial water's their features for 10 parameters (it is or not edge, use for exhibition and demonstration endemic, flower colour, blossoming time purposes, use in rock gardens) (Table 2).
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Table 2. Evaluation of Siirt geophytes in terms of their usage in landscape architecture works
shade
-
flower beds
resistance
Latin Name
water's edge
Flower colour
use atuse medians
use in use
It is It oris not endemic
use in rockuse gardens
shade and semi
use foruse exhibition and
demonstration purposes
blossoming time (month)
use atuse natural and artificial
medical and aromatic usage
Ranunculus diversifolius Yellow 6 – 9
Biarum carduchorum Purple 8 – 9
Allium paniculatum Lilac 6 – 8
Allium akaka Light 5 – 6 purple
Allium chrysantherum Yellow 5 – 6
Scilla persica Hausskn Blue 4 – 5
Scilla hyacinthoides L. Light 4 – 5 lilac
Muscari comosum (L.)Miller Purple 3 – 8
Bellevalia phcnantha (C.Koch) A.Los.- Purple 5 – 6 Los.
Hyacinthella siirtensis Mathew Light 3 – 3 blue
Fritillaria imperialis L. Orange 3 – 5
Fritillaria armena Boiss. Purple 4 – 7
Fritillaria pinardi Boiss. Purple 4 – 6
Fritillaria assyriaca subsp. assyriaca Purple 3 – 5
Fritillaria uva-vulpis Purple
Gagea villosa var. Villosa Yellow 3 – 5
Scilla persica White 4 – 5
Ornithogalum narbonense White
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Ornithogalum umbellatum Purple 3 – 5
Muscari comosum Purple 3 – 8
Tulipa sintenesii White 4 – 5
Gynandriris sisyrinchium Purple 2 – 5
Gladiolus antakiensis Purple 5 – 5
Narcissus tazetta subsp. tazetta White 11 – 5
Iris aucheri Light 2 – 4 blue
Iris pseudocaucasica Yellow 3 – 4
Gynandriris sisyrinchium Blue 2 – 5
Crocus biflorus subsp. Pseudonubigena White 2 – 6
Crocus karduchorum Lilac 9 – 10
Gladiolus antekiensis Purple 5 – 5
Gladiolus kotschyanus Purple 4 – 8
Iris persica Light 3 – 4 blue
Cephalanthera longifolia Purple 4 – 6
Epipactis helleborine Purple 6 – 7
Limodorum abortivum var abortivum Purple 4 – 7
Platanthera chlorantha White 6 – 7
Ophrys transhyrcana subsp. transhyrcana Purple 4 – 5
Ophrys reinholdii subsp. straussii Lilac 4 – 5
Ophrys cilicica Purple 4 – 5
Ophyrs holoserica subsp. holoserica Orange 3 – 5
Ophyrs bornmuelleri subsp. grandiflora Purple 3 – 4
Ophyrs oestrifera subsp. oestrifera Yellow 5 – 7
Ophrys phrygia Yellow 4 – 6
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Ophrys umbilicata subps. Khuzestanica Yellow 4 – 5
Ophyrs schulzei Tile red 4 – 5
Himantoglossum afine Purple 5 – 7
Anacamptis pyramidalis Light 4 – 6 purple
Comperia comperiana Purple 4 – 7
Orchis tridenta White 4 – 5
Orchis simia White 4 – 5
Orchis spitzelli White 4 – 5
Dactylorhiza romana subsp. georgica Pink 4 – 6
Ophrys bornmulleri subps. Bornmulleri White 4 – 5
Ophrys bornmuelleri subsp. carduchorum Yellow 4 – 5
The geophytes growing in Siirt and CONCLUSION generally blooming in April remain Natural species are distributed under natural flowering for an average of 3-4 months. conditions and without human intervention. Flower colors range from purple to lilac, Therefore, natural species are more durable blue to yellow and white. 27.7% of them are and satisfied than the cultivated species. used as medicinal and aromatic plants. The ability of natural species to tolerate Approximately 29.7% of them resist shade extreme conditions also ensures their and semi-shade and 40.8% is suitable for sustainability. The usage of natural species use in flower beds. Only 9.3% of Siirt is great importance in landscape designs geophytes are suitable for use in medians because of reducing maintenance costs, and 24% of them can be used in natural and providing a healthy plant texture, adapting artificial water sides. 63% of the species can to the local environment, and improving be used for exhibition and demonstration environmental quality. According to purposes. The rate of species that can be Ozhatay (2009) the installation and used in rock gardens is 72.2%. maintenance costs of natural plants are
268 ISPEC Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi E-ISSN:2717-7238 ISPEC Journal of Agr. Sciences 2020 : 4(2) 2020 : 4(2) © Telif hakkı ISPEC’e aittir Copyright © ISPEC Araştırma Makalesi Research Article www.ispecjournal.com lower than other cultural or exotic species demonstration purposes as well as in rock (Atik et al., 2013). gardens, water sides and under forest cover. Geophytes are quite abstemious with regard It is very important to take the concrete to grow. Especially the naturally growing steps to establish the necessary geophytes have very low irrigation infrastructure for producing and requirements. For this reason, the use of reproducing of these species in nurseries, naturally grown geophytes in xeriscape for carrying out researches and for bringing designs is important both in aesthetic and these species to landscape architecture ecological aspects (Kılıçaslan and Dönmez, works. 2016). REFERENCES Natural plant species which are very low Alp, S., Asur, F. 2006. Geofitlerin peyzaj costs and maintenance can be successfully planlama çalışmalarındaki önemi ve genel to be used in urban and rural landscape kullanım esasları. III. Ulusal Süs Bitkileri designs. In order to use natural species Kongresi Bildiri Kitabı, 8-10 Kasım, İzmir. widely, they should be cultured, especially Alp, S., Aşur, F., Aytin, O.F. 2016. Van endemic species should be adapted, kentinde kamusal yeşil alanların produced and sold in nurseries. Catalogs düzenlemelerinde kullanılan mevsimlik ve should be prepared to identify the natural soğanlı bitkilerin peyzaj mimarlığı plant species sold in nurseries. Thus, by açısından değerlendirilmesi. VI. Sus using natural vegetation effectively and Bitkileri Kongresi, 19-22 Nisan, Antalya, consciously in landscape designs, it will 140-144 s. contribute to the national economy in terms Atik, M., Karagüzel, O., Durak, A., of sustainable designs and development 2013. Bitkisel tasarimda doğal bitki türleri (Cengiz et al., 2016). ve Antalya örneğinde kullanım potansiyeli. As a result, the geophytes grown naturally V. Süs Bitkileri Kongresi, Yalova, 117-125. in Siirt province were investigated for Bell, S. 2004. Elements of visual design landscape designs and it was precipitated in the landscape, E & FN Spon. London. that the species were generally showy Cengiz, C., Cengiz, B., Yıldız, S. 2016. flowers, they could be used in landscape Fidanlıklarda doğal bitki materyalinin designs, flower beds, exhibition and kullanım düzeyinin saptanması: Bartın
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