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Insecta Zeitschrift Für Entomologie Und Naturschutz Insecta Zeitschrift für Entomologie und Naturschutz Heft 10/2007 Insecta Bundesfachausschuss Entomologie Zeitschrift für Entomologie und Naturschutz Heft 10/2007 Impressum © 2007 NABU – Naturschutzbund Deutschland e.V. Herausgeber: NABU-Bundesfachausschuss Entomologie Schriftleiter: Dr. JÜRGEN DECKERT Museum für Naturkunde der Humbolt-Universität zu Berlin Institut für Systematische Zoologie Invalidenstraße 43 10115 Berlin E-Mail: [email protected] Redaktion: Dr. JÜRGEN DECKERT, Berlin UWE LEHMANN, Großenhain JOACHIM SCHULZE, Berlin Dr. PETER SPRICK, Hannover Verlag: NABU Postanschrift: NABU, 10108 Berlin Telefon: 030.28 49 84-0 Telefax: 030.28 49 84-20 00 E-Mail: [email protected] Internet: www.NABU.de Titelbild: Gallen der Eichenknospen-Gallwespe Andricus foecundatrix (HARTIG, 1840) Foto: J. DECKERT, (siehe Beitrag von Prof. Dr. U. SEDLAG ab S. 49) Gesamtherstellung: Satz- und Druckprojekte TEXTART Verlag, ERIK PIECK, Karl-Haberland-Straße 17, 42699 Solingen, Telefon 0212.43343 E-Mail: [email protected] Insecta erscheint in etwa jährlichen Abständen ISSN 1431-9721 Insecta, Heft 10, 2007 Inhalt ACHTZIGER, R., FRIEß, T., Die Eignung von Wanzen (Insecta, Heteroptera) als Indikatoren im RABITSCH, W.: Naturschutz . .5 DOBLER, S.: Anpassungen an Pflanzensekundärstoffe in der Evolution von Blattkäfern (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae) . .41 SEDLAG, U.: Gallen und Gallinsekten – Musterbeispiele der Koevolution? . .49 GLADIS, T.: Beobachtungen zu Rosskastanienminiermotten sowie zum Besuch und Verhalten alt- und neuweltlicher Bestäuber auf Kürbisblüten . .53 WERNER, D. J.: Verbreitung, Wirtspflanzenwechsel und Naturschutzaspekte bei Wanzen (Heteroptera) an Zypressengewächsen (Cupressaceae) in Deutschland . .59 SIMON, H.-R.: Das Ökosystem Apfelbaumkrone im Spiegel seiner Raubarthropoden- Synusien . .61 SIMON, H.-R.: Collembolen-Synusien in Apfelbaumkronen – Ergebnisse einer Monitoring-Serie (1999-2005) in Süd-Hessen . .85 RINGEL, H., HAMPEL, J., Brachen und extensiv genutzte Äcker als Lebensraum für MÜLLER-MOTZFELD, G.: Käfer (Coleoptera) . .113 WINKEL, S., SCHROTH, M., BRESSLER, W., Wiederfund der Kleinen Zangenlibelle im Natura 2000-Gebiet 5818-401 FLÖßER, E., „Main bei Mühlheim und NSG Rumpenheimer & Bürgeler Kiesgruben“ KUPRIAN, M.: und Rückkehr der Art an den Untermain . .123 Auslieferung: Oktober 2007 Redaktionelle Hinweise Manuskripte für Tagungsberichte, wissenschaftliche Beiträge, Tätigkeitsberichte, Kurzmeldungen, Buchbesprechungen usw. sind bitte an die Redaktion zu richten. Für die Abgabe der Manuskripte gelten folgende Hinweise: neue Rechtschreibung, einspaltiger Fließtext ohne Silbentrennung, Zeilenabstand 1 ½-zeilig, Rand von mindestens 3 cm, Nummerierung der Seiten, Art und Gattungsnamen in kursiv, Autorennamen in KAPITÄLCHEN, Hervorzuhebendes kann fett gedruckt werden. Beispiele für die Abfassung der Literaturzitate sind dem vorliegenden Heft zu entnehmen. Der Beitrag sollte getrennt nach Text und Abbildungen entweder als E-Mail oder auf CD übermittelt werden. Bei Abbildungen und Tabellen ist auf eine ausreichende Auflösung und eindeutige Beschriftung zu achten. Ein zusätzlicher Papierausdruck ist wünschenswert, Abbildungen wie Strichzeichnungen, Karten etc. sind auf reinweißem Karton oder Transparentpapier auf gesondertem Bogen beizufügen. Die Autoren verantworten den Inhalt ihrer Beiträge selbst. Honorare werden nicht gezahlt. Von jeder Arbeit werden den Autoren 30 Separatdrucke kostenlos zugestellt. Darüber hinaus gehende Heftbestellungen sind gebührenpflichtig. Ein Nachdruck – auch auszugsweise – bedarf der Zustimmung des Herausgebers. Insecta, Heft 10, 2007, Seite 5-39 ROLAND ACHTZIGER, Freiberg, THOMAS FRIEß, Graz & WOLFGANG RABITSCH, Wien Die Eignung von Wanzen (Insecta, Heteroptera) als Indikatoren im Naturschutz Abstract True bugs (Insecta: Heteroptera) as suitable indicators for nature conservation. True bugs (Insecta, Heteroptera) are rarely used as indicators in conservation biology. They are regarded un- suitable either because of low explanatory power or lack of specialists. The aim of the present paper is - with a focus on Germany, Austria and Switzerland - to reconsider this judgement by taking a closer look upon current taxonomic and faunistic knowledge, availability of standardized collect- ing techniques and sampling designs, indicatory value, availability of red lists of endangered species and cost-benefit analyses of collecting and determination. Suggestions for standardized col- lecting techniques are given for different habitat types. The paper emphasizes the high cost-benefit value of Heteroptera due to their high indicatory value at low costs for collecting and determina- tion. Heteroptera are considered to be very profitable and highly suitable indicators for nature conservation. Key words: Heteroptera, nature conservation, indicators, evaluation, biodiversity. 1 Einleitung et al. 2002). Zu solchen „Stiefkindern“ der Ento- mologie (KLAUSNITZER 1997) gehören ohne In naturschutzfachlichen Gutachten, bei Ar- Zweifel auch die Wanzen (Heteroptera), die mit tenschutzprojekten, in den europäischen Natur- etwa 1100 Spezies in Mitteleuropa die arten- schutzrichtlinien, der Naturschutzforschung so- reichste und ökologisch vielfältigste hemimeta- wie bei Planungen von umweltrelevanten Pro- bole Insektengruppe bilden (z. B. MELBER jekten (z. B. UVS, UVE) sind Insekten im Allge- 1999a): Zusammen mit den Zikaden („Auche- meinen nicht mit jener Präsenz vertreten, wie es norrhyncha“), Blattläusen (Aphidina), Blattflö- ihnen aufgrund ihrer Artenvielfalt, Individuen- hen (Psyllina), Schildläusen (Coccina) und zahlen und funktionellen Bedeutung sowie ihrer Weißen Fliegen (Aleyrodina) gehören die Wan- Indikatoreigenschaften in fast allen Biotoptypen zen zu den Hemiptera oder Rhynchota (Schna- Mitteleuropas zustehen würde (u. a. HAVELKA belkerfe), die allesamt durch einen charakteris- 1978, PLACHTER 1994, RIECKEN 1997, GEPP 1999, tisch gebauten Stechrüssel gekennzeichnet sind. 2001, MÜLLER-MOTZFELD 2000, DUELLI & OBRIST Im Unterschied zu den anderen Insektengrup- 2003a). Die entomologische Komponente wird pen besitzen Wanzen so genannte Stinkdrüsen, im Rahmen raumrelevanter Studien, wenn die Sekrete zur Verteidigung produzieren und überhaupt, meist nur durch eine „planungsrele- auch Signalwirkung haben können. Außerdem vante“ Insektengruppe, wie etwa Heuschrecken, ist der Vorderflügel der meisten Wanzen typi- Libellen, Laufkäfer oder Tagfalter abgedeckt scherweise in zwei verschiedene Teile, das ver- (GÜNTHER et al. 2005). Gegenüber diesen Mo- stärkte Corium und die häutige Membran, auf- dellgruppen werden andere Insektentaxa, die geteilt (daher Heteroptera, Verschiedenflügler). ebenfalls über ein hohes Indikationspotenzial Außerdem gibt es bei den Wanzen neben pflan- für naturschutzfachliche Aussagen verfügen, zensaugenden Arten auch räuberisch oder para- vernachlässigt bzw. aufgrund verschiedener Kri- sitisch lebende Arten sowie Gruppen, die auf der terien als weniger geeignet angesehen (PLACHTER Gewässeroberfläche (z. B. Gerridae, Wasserläu- 6 Insecta, Heft 10, 2007 fer) oder in Gewässern leben (z. B. Corixidae, können, wie etwa Alter und Reifegrad, Lebens- Ruderwanzen). Als hemimetabole Insekten glei- raumdynamik oder innere und äußere Biotop- chen sich die Larven und die Adulten einer Art struktur (RIECKEN 1992). Je nach Funktion und hinsichtlich Morphologie, Aussehen und häufig Ziel der Indikation wird zwischen Zustandsin- auch in der Lebensweise. dikatoren (Indikatorarten, Zeigerarten, Biode- In den Arbeiten von DECKERT & HOFFMANN skriptoren), Klassifikationsindikatoren (Cha- (1993), MELBER (1999a) und im Besonderen rakterarten, Leitarten), Wert-/Bewertungsindi- von ZIMMERMANN & MORKEL (2001) werden z. katoren (wertgebende Arten) und Zielindikato- T. detaillierte Ausführungen über wichtige Rah- ren (Zielarten, Arten als Zielindikatoren) menbedingungen bei der Verwendung von unterschieden (PLACHTER et al. 2002). Damit Heteropteren als Bioindikatoren gegeben und Arten als Indikatoren z. B. im Sinne von Zeiger- das hohe Indikationspotenzial herausgestellt. arten geeignet sind, muss eine hohe Korrelation Als Weiterführung dieser Arbeiten ist das Ziel zwischen ihrem Auftreten und bestimmten unseres Beitrages, anhand verschiedener Krite- Umweltfaktoren gegeben sein. Meist handelt es rien die Eignung der Wanzen als Indikatoren sich dabei um Arten mit einer geringen ökolo- für naturschutzfachliche Aussagen und Planun- gischen Reaktionsbreite bezüglich des zu indi- gen sowie als Indikatoren für die Biodiversität zierenden Faktors. Auf der Ebene der lokalen herauszuarbeiten. Dabei wird ein Überblick Artengemeinschaft werden Arten mit ähnlichen über die ökologisch-naturschutzfachlich rele- ökologischen Ansprüchen (z. T. zusammenge- vante Literatur mit Schwerpunkt im deutsch- fasst zu Indikatorgilden) auf bestimmte Lebens- sprachigen Raum (Deutschland, Österreich, raumveränderungen ähnlich reagieren (Zunah- Schweiz) sowie über Erfassungs- und Auswerte- me oder Abnahme), so dass sich die Einflüsse in methoden gegeben und die Einsatzmöglichkei- einer (veränderten) Artenzusammensetzung ten der Wanzen als Indikatoren im Naturschutz widerspiegeln (s. Kap. 4. 2). anhand ausgewählter Beispiele verdeutlicht. Dadurch soll erreicht werden, dass die Wanzen 2.2 Derzeitige Einschätzung der Eignung der in Zukunft verstärkt für die Bearbeitung natur- Wanzen als Indikatoren schutzfachlicher Fragestellungen herangezogen In der Literatur zur Auswahl geeigneter In- werden und damit auch die derzeit noch beste- dikator-
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