Andrzej B. Zakrzewski
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Arkadiusz Czwołek, Piórem I Buławą. Działalność
186 Recenzje i omówienia [186] nych indeksów nie zostały sporządzone z należytą starannością. Niestety dość często zapomina się o tym, że są to niezwykle istotne partie każdej publikacji źródłowej, sta- nowiące swego rodzaju klucz do jej poprawnego zrozumienia i mające bezdyskusyjny wpływ na jej późniejsze funkcjonowanie w nauce. Paweł A. Jeziorski (Toruń) http://dx.doi.org/10.15762/ZH.2016.11 Arkadiusz Czwołek, Piórem i buławą. Działalność polityczna Lwa Sapie- hy, kanclerza litewskiego, wojewody wileńskiego, Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Mikołaja Kopernika, Toruń 2012, ss. 748, ISBN 978-83- -231-2956-1. Lew Sapieha to postać, która odcisnęła trwałe i wyraźne piętno na historii Rzecz- pospolitej Obojga Narodów. Będąc kanclerzem wielkim litewskim, wojewodą wi- leńską, a nawet hetmanem wielkim litewskim, miał ogromny wpływ na politykę ze- wnętrzną i wewnętrzną państwa. Dziwić zatem musi to, że jego osoba przez tak wiele lat nie doczekała się solidnego opracowania naukowego. Ten niekorzystny dla polskiej historiografii stan rzeczy postanowił zmienić Arkadiusz Czwołek, poświęcając L. Sa- pieże swoją dysertację, którą po obronie wydał drukiem. „Jednym z głównych celów tej publikacji jest dokładne prześledzenie kariery Lwa Sapiehy oraz zrekonstruowanie jego aktywności na forum publicznym” (s. 9). Tym jednym, jedynym zdaniem autor na pierwszej stronie Wstępu wyjaśnił czytelniko- wi główne założenie pracy. Trudno nie zauważyć, że jak na książkę naukową, liczącą w dodatku ponad 700 stron, takie ukazanie celu wydaje się daleko niewystarczające. Arkadiusz Czwołek nie rozwinął swojej myśli, nie postawił pytań, na które chciały odpowiedzieć, nie wymienił problemów badawczych, z którymi pragnął się zmierzyć. Z zacytowanego zdania wynika, że planował tylko skrupulatnie prześledzić i zrekon- struować dochodzenie L. -
The Triumphant Genealogical Awareness of the Nobility In
LITHUANIAN HISTORICAL STUDIES 22 2018 ISSN 1392-2343 PP. 29–49 THE TRIUMPHANT GENEALOGICAL AWARENESS OF THE NOBILITY IN THE GRAND DUCHY OF LITHUANIA IN THE 17TH AND 18TH CENTURIES Agnė Railaitė-Bardė (Lithuanian Institute of History) ABSTRACT This article attempts to show how the manifestation of ancestors was expressed in the genealogical awareness of the nobility in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, using publications to mark special occasions in the 17th and 18th centuries, genealogical trees and diagrams. The research seeks to establish what effect the exaltation of various battles had on the genealogical memory of the nobility in the Grand Duchy, bearing in mind the context of its involvement in one of the most famous battles it ever fought. The genealogical sources mentioned were examined in order to ascertain which battles and what memories of the commanders who fought in them were important to the genealogical awareness of the nobility, and why this memory was selective, for some battles and notable heroes from these battles are remembered and glorified, while others are simply forgotten. Memories of which battles were important to the genealogical presentation of certain families, how was it expressed, and in what period were the ancestors who participated in these battles remembered? The first part of the study presents the memory of ancestors as soldiers, and the ways this memory was expressed. The second part focuses on an- cestors who distinguished themselves in specific battles, and which family members who participated in battles are remembered and honoured, in this way distinguishing them from other ancestors. KEYWORDS: Grand Duchy of Lithuania; nobility; genealogical awareness; militaristic; heraldry. -
Konferencijos Skelbimas4 ENG
VYTAUTAS MAGNUS UNIVERSITY Faculty of Humanities Department of History Department of Lithuanian Studies THE NOBLE FAMILY OF (PACOWIE) PACAI OF THE GRAND DUCHY OF LITHUANIA AND LITHUANIAN BAROQUE International scientific conference, dedicated to the 400th birth anniversary of the GDL Chancellor Krzysztof Zygmunt Pac (1621–1684) Krzysztof Zygmunt Pac and his wife Claire Isabelle Mailly de Lascaris (ČDM Mt 1357) (ČDM Mt 1358) May 13–14, 2021 The noble family of Pacowie (Pacai) is important to the history of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in many respects. The members of the family – famous statesmen, public figures, the mouthpieces of religious culture, the patrons of art. The prominent members of the family: the Chancellor of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania Krzysztof Zygmunt Pac, his father Stefan Pac, the Vice-chancellor of the GDL, the Grand Hetman of the GDL Michał Kazimierz Pac, the Bishop of Vilnius Mikołaj Stefan Pac, the Bishop of Samogitia Kazimierz Pac, Samogitian Doyen Piotr Pac and the others. The noblemen Pacowie (Pacai) were extremely active and profitable in the Baroque period. The Baroque of the GDL is hardly imaginable without the churches and monasteries establishes by them. Not only their mansions in Vilnius and Warsaw astonished everybody with magnificent architecture, but the palaces in the provinces (in Jieznas, for example) as well. Nevertheless there are not enough fullscale research works analysing the influence of Pacowie (Pacai) on social-political life in the GDL and on the development of artistic culture. Krzysztof Zygmunt Pac was the Chancellor of the GDL for a long period of time, during the reign of three kings (1658–1684); he was the founder of several churches and of the monastery, had his residence in several mansion-houses and constantly participated in diplomatic contests in the Commonwealth of Both Nations and abroad. -
Księstwa Rzeczpospolitej Państwo Magnackie Jako Region Polityczny
1 INSTYTUT GEOGRAFII I PRZESTRZENNEGO ZAGOSPODAROWANIA IM. STANISŁAWA LESZCZYCKIEGO POLSKA AKADEMIA NAUK PRACE GEOGRAFICZNE NR 238 2 GEOGRAPHICAL STUDIES No. 238 THE DUCHIES OF THE POLISH-LITHUANIAN COMMONWEALTH THE MAGNATE LORDSHIP AS A POLITICAL REGION 3 INSTYTUT GEOGRAFII I PRZESTRZENNEGO ZAGOSPODAROWANIA IM. STANISŁAWA LESZCZYCKIEGO POLSKA AKADEMIA NAUK PRACE GEOGRAFICZNE NR 238 Mariusz Kowalski KSIĘSTWA RZECZPOSPOLITEJ PAŃSTWO MAGNACKIE JAKO REGION POLITYCZNY WARSZAWA 2013 4 KOMITET REDAKCYJNY REDAKTOR: Grzegorz Węcławowicz CZŁONKOWIE: Jerzy Grzeszczak, Barbara Krawczyk, Jan Matuszkiewicz, Jerzy J. Parysek RADA REDAKCYJNA Bolesław Domański, Adam Kotarba, Jan Łoboda, Andrzej Richling, Jan S. Kowalski, Andrzej Lisowski, Eamonn Judge, Lydia Coudroy RECENZENCI TOMU Urszula Augustyniak, Marek Sobczyński ADRES REDAKCJI PRAC GEOGRAFICZNYCH IGiPZ PAN ul. Twarda 51/55, 00–818 Warszawa Zgłoszenie pracy do druku jest jednoznaczne z wyrażeniem zgody na opublikowanie w wersji papierowej i elektronicznej Opracowanie redakcyjne i techniczne: Ewa Jankowska Zdjęcie na okładce: fragment mapy Magni Ducatus Lithuaniae... (wydanie z 1613 r.) © Copyright by Instytut Geografi i i Przestrzennego Zagospodarowania PAN im. Stanisława Leszczyckiego, Warszawa 2013 PL ISSN 0373-6547 ISBN 978-83-61590-27-9 Łamanie wykonano w IGiPZ PAN Druk i oprawa: Drukarnia Klimiuk ul. Zwierzyniecka 8A, 00-719 Warszawa 5 SPIS TREŚCI 1. Wstęp ...............................................................................................................................9 2. Perspektywa -
The Republic of Poland at the Crossroads of Two Cultures
ARTICLES THE JAGIELLONIAN IDEA DOI: https://doi.org/10.12797/Politeja.14.2017.51.04 Hanna KOWALSKA-STUS Jagiellonian University in Kraków [email protected] THE REPUBLIC OF POLAND AT THE CROSSROADS OF TWO CULTURES ABSTRACT The boundary of the Latin and Orthodox Church in the Piast times was a po- litical border. These two boundaries fostered intensification of cultural differ- ences. Christianity shaped the image of man, state, history, esthetic views as well as religious, social and political customs within two distinct cultures: Latin and Hellenic. On the Orthodox side, the patronage of faith in these areas was more unequivocal. In the times of the First Polish Republic both cultures met in one state. The political factor dominated in Latin American countries. It dic- tated the methods of action also to the Church. The conflict that was begun by the reign of Władysław Jagiełło and deepened by Sigismund III. Due to the Union of Brest, it triggered the conflict between Poland, Polish and Lithuanian Ruthenia and as a consequence – Moscow. The adaptation that Ruthenia had undergone in the Republic of Poland had far-reaching political, social, economic and cultural consequences. As a result of Moscow’s subsequent consolidation of Ruthenian lands, these processes affected all of these areas in the Moscow State. The conversion that occurred in the Republic of Poland on Ruthenian lands cre- ated a foundation for forming Ukrainian identity created by Austria. This fact is perceived in Russia as separatism used in geopolitical interests of many countries, including Poland, against Russia. Jagiellonian Poland that came to existence in the period of confessional tensions in Europe was subjected to internal contra- dictory cultural trends and political conflicts in the region, whereas Rome made efforts to control Christianity. -
OSW Report | Opposites Put Together. Belarus's Politics of Memory
OPPOSITES PUT TOGETHER BELARUS’S POLITICS OF MEMORY Kamil Kłysiński, Wojciech Konończuk WARSAW OCTOBER 2020 OPPOSITES PUT TOGETHER BELARUS’S POLITICS OF MEMORY Kamil Kłysiński, Wojciech Konończuk © Copyright by Centre for Eastern Studies CONTENT EDITOR Adam Eberhardt EDITOR Szymon Sztyk CO-OPERATION Tomasz Strzelczyk, Katarzyna Kazimierska TRANSLATION Ilona Duchnowicz CO-OPERATION Timothy Harrell GRAPHIC DESIGN PARA-BUCH DTP IMAGINI PHOTOGRAPH ON COVER Jimmy Tudeschi / Shutterstock.com Centre for Eastern Studies ul. Koszykowa 6a, 00-564 Warsaw, Poland tel.: (+48) 22 525 80 00, [email protected] www.osw.waw.pl ISBN 978-83-65827-56-2 Contents MAIN POINTS | 5 INTRODUCTION | 11 I. THE BACKGROUND OF THE BELARUSIAN POLITICS OF MEMORY | 14 II. THE SEARCH FOR ITS OWN WAY. ATTEMPTS TO DEFINE HISTORICAL IDENTITY (1991–1994) | 18 III. THE PRO-RUSSIAN DRIFT. THE IDEOLOGISATION OF THE POLITICS OF MEMORY (1994–2014) | 22 IV. CREATING ELEMENTS OF DISTINCTNESS. A CAUTIOUS TURN IN MEMORY POLITICS (2014–) | 27 1. The cradle of statehood: the Principality of Polotsk | 28 2. The powerful heritage: the Grand Duchy of Lithuania | 32 3. Moderate scepticism: Belarus in the Russian Empire | 39 4. A conditional acceptance: the Belarusian People’s Republic | 47 5. The neo-Soviet narrative: Belarusian territories in the Second Polish Republic | 50 6. Respect with some reservations: Belarus in the Soviet Union | 55 V. CONCLUSION. THE POLICY OF BRINGING OPPOSITES TOGETHER | 66 MAIN POINTS • Immediately after 1991, the activity of nationalist circles in Belarus led to a change in the Soviet historical narrative, which used to be the only permit ted one. However, they did not manage to develop a coherent and effective politics of memory or to subsequently put this new message across to the public. -
Introduction to the Catalogue of the Smolensk Archives (1609–1611)1
Introduction to the Catalogue of the Smolensk Archives (1609–1611)1 1. Background The digital catalogue of what are referred to as the Smolensk Archives contains descriptions of almost 850 archival units, the great majority of which originate from Smolensk during the Polish siege of 1609 to 1611. More than 600 of these units are held at the Swedish National Archives in Stockholm, the remainder in the archives of the St Petersburg Institute of History of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IISPbRAN). Until the 1830s, the whole of the collection was kept at Skokloster Castle in Sweden, to which it had been taken as spoils of war in the middle of the 17th century. In 1611 Smolensk fell to the Poles, and the documents from the city’s Chancellery were taken by the Lithuanian chancellor Lew Sapieha to Poland-Lithuania, where they ended up on the Sapieha family estate at Biaroza (in present-day Belarus).2 On the way there, they were mixed together with documents from the camp of the Polish king Sigismund III outside Smolensk. Lew Sapieha also took the field archives of his deceased relative Jan Piotr Sapieha to his family estate. In the mid 17th century, the documents there were seized by the troops of the Swedish king Charles X (Karl X Gustav) and carried off to Sweden. In the 1830s, the Russian collection at Skokloster was discovered by Sergej Vasil’evič Solov’ev, a professor of Russian literature at Helsinki University who had been sent by the Archaeographical Commission in St Petersburg in search of interesting Russian manuscripts in Swedish libraries and archives. -
Acta 122.Indd
Acta Poloniae Historica 122, 2020 PL ISSN 0001–6829 Artur Goszczyński https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6643-5416 Society for Science and Culture ‘Libra’ THE INSTITUTION OF COUNCIL OF THE SENATE IN THE POLITICAL SYSTEM OF THE POLISH-LITHUANIAN COMMONWEALTH UNDER THE RULE OF LADISLAUS IV VASA (1632–48) Abstract Established under the Henrician Articles of 1573, the institution of Council of the Senate was supposed to be a standing advisory body to the rulers of the Polish- -Lithuanian Commonwealth. Over the fi rst few decades of its existence, the mon- archs did not respect the obligation to appoint resident senators as the Council’s members. This changed only in 1607, as a result of a confl ict between the king and the estates and the Rebellion of Sandomierz – the events that mobilised the nobility to enforce the monarch to observe the law in this respect. Since the beginning of his reign, Ladislaus IV Vasa fairly readily convened meetings of the Council, at which its members expressed their opinions on the current problems. The deliberations were usually about the state’s foreign policy, the functioning and internal security of the state, the affairs of war and peace, the military and the treasury, the king’s or the royal family’s private affairs, the Commonwealth’s feoffs, and matters related to private affairs of members of the power elite. Resulting from the monarch’s actions that did not win popularity in the nobility-dominated society, the Chamber of Deputies started with time perceive the Council as an institution detrimental to the state’s interest. -
56 Zbigniew Wójcik
Acta Poloniae Historica 69, 1994 PL ISSN 0001 -6829 Zbigniew Wójcik THE SEPARATIST TENDENCIES IN THE GRAND DUCHY OF LITHUANIA IN THE 17th CENTURY The legal nature of the Polish-Lithuanian union established at the memorable Sejm (parliament) in Lublin in 1569 has been given various interpretations in Polish and foreign historiography. As is usual in such cases, the interpretations have depended not only on scholarly considerations but also on the scholars' political opinions and, generally speaking, on the political reality existing at the time, when a respective study was written. Oswald Balzer, a prominent Polish historian of political systems and law, wrote more than fifty years ago that "from 1569 the entire Polish-Lithuanian state constituted one entity, with unified laws. Lithuania was only one of the components of the state, like Little Poland or Great Poland"1. These opinions were clearly echoed at the Congress of Polish Historians, held in Poznań in September 1984. Balzer had even earlier expressed the opinion that the 1569 union should be called a federal union rather then a real union, a name used after Stanisław Kutrzeba by many historians2. Among the latest researchers into this question special mention should be made of Juliusz Bardach and Henryk Wisner. The former said in a thorough though small study: "The Polish-Lithuanian union in the shape it was finally given at Lublin was a compromise ensuring the stability of a political connexion in the interest of both nations, a compromise which at the same time guaranteed the internal independence of the Grand Duchy within the multinational Polish- Lithuanian Commonwealth"3. -
Informacje O Sejmach I Sejmikach W Korespondencji Sapiehów W Centralnym Państwowym Historycznym Archiwum W Kijowie
http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/7171-955-8.15 ANNA FILIPCZAK-KoCUR (Opole) Informacje o sejmach i sejmikach w korespondencji Sapiehów w Centralnym Państwowym Historycznym Archiwum w Kijowie Informationen ober Parlamente und Landtage in der Korrespondenz der Familie Sapieha im Zentralstaatsarchiv ftir Geschichte der Ukraine von Kiev 1. Informacje o sejmach w przekazach epistolarnych. 2. Leon Sapieha do syna z sejmu 1620 r. 3. Krzysztof Zawisza o sejmie warszawskim 1626 r. 4. Andrzej Zawisza o sejmie 1629 r. 5. Opinie Stefana Paca o przebiegu sejmu 1638 r. 6. Informacje o konwokacjach litewskich i sejmikach. 1. Informationen iiber Reichstage in Briefen. 2. Leon Sapiehas Korrespondenz an seinen Sohn vom Parlamenten 1620. 3. Krzysztof Zawisza iiber das Warschauer Parlament 1626. 4. An- drzej Zawisza iiber das Parlament 1629. 5. Verlauf des Parlament 1638 aus der Sicht von Stefan Pac. 6. Information iiber Iitauiche Einberufungen und Landtage. 1 Zespół ten liczy 1052 jednostki z lat 1402-1831 i pochodzi z Dereczynal. Najciekawsze informacje w sprawach sejmowych znalazłam w korespondencji Leona Sapiehy oraz Krzysztofa Zawiszy do Jana Stanisława Sapiehy, a dotyczą one sejmów z lat 1620, 1626 (zwyczajnego), 1629 (zwyczajnego) oraz 1638. Korespondencja ta nie była do tej pory wykorzystana przez autorów biografii trzech pierwszych sejmów. 2 Jan Stanisław Sapieha był synem Leona; w 1617 r. został marszałkiem nadwornym, w 1621 r. marszałkiem wielkim litewskim. Nie był obecny na l Centralne Państwowe Historyczne Archiwum Ukrainy w Kijowie [dalej: CPHAUKj F. 48; A. R a c h u b a, Archiwa Sapiehów - ich losy i slan obecny, Miscellanea Historico-Archivistica 1998, t. IX, s. -
Ruthenian Protestants of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Their Relationship with Orthodoxy, 1569–1
LiTHuAniAn HiSToRiCAL STuDiES 12 2007 iSSn 1392-2343 pp. 41–62 ruthenian protestants of the grand Duchy of Lithuania anD their reLationship With OrthoDoxy, 1569–1767 Andrej Kotljarchuk ABSTrACT In the nineteenth century when the process of the formation of modern ethnic identity in Eastern Europe started, Belarus lost its educated strata, the ruthenian elite, the potential leadership of this movement. That happened for a number of reasons. Among them, there was the success of the Counter-reformation over Protestantism and Orthodoxy in Belarus and Lithuania. After 1667 Catholicism became the sign of political loyalty to the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. As a result, step by step the ruthenian nobility and the upper class of townspeople of Orthodox and Protestant faiths adopted Polish religious and cultural identity under the formula ‘gente ruthenus, natione polonus.’ Very little has been written about the ethnic ruthenian nobility of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, especially its Protestant group. The aim of this article is to present an overview of the relationship between the early modern Protestant and Orthodox parts of the ruthenian elite and their correlated identity. introduction in the nineteenth century, when the process of the for mation of modern ethnic identities in Eastern Europe started, Belarus lost its educated strata, the Ruthenian elite, which formed a potential leadership of this movement. That happened for a number of reasons. Among them, there was the success of the Counter-Reformation over Protestantism and orthodoxy in Belarus and Lithuania. After 1667 Catholicism became the sign of political loyalty to the Polish-Lithu anian Commonwealth. As a result step by step the Ruthenian nobility and the upper lass of townspeople of orthodox and Protestant faiths adopted Polish religious and cultural identity under the formula of ‘gente ruthenus, natione polonus.’ Very little has been written about the ethnic Ruthenian nobility of the grand Duchy of Lithuania, especially its Protestant group. -
Żywoty Hetmanów Królestwa Polskiego I Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego
www.cbw.plCBW ŻYWOTY HETMANÓW KRÓLESTWA POLSKIEGO I WIELKIEGO KSIĘSTWA LITEWSKIEGO Z MATERYAŁOW PO SAMUELU BRODOWSKIM W PODHORCACH ZNALEZIONYCH WYDAŁ Ż E GOTA P A ULI OZDOBIONE HERBAMI I RYTOWANEMI W IZERUNKAMI LWÓW, STANISŁ A W ÓW I TARNÓW NAKŁAD J ANA MILIKOWSKIEGO. 1850. www.cbw.plCBW www.cbw.pl www.cbw.plCBW OD NAKŁADCY. Wydając dzieło niniejsze, sądzę iż publiczności pragnącej z liistoryą ojczystą głębiej się obznajomić, niemałą uczynię przysługę; główniej szy albowiem wątek minionych dziejów naszego kraju, stanowią czyny wo jenne; życiopisma przeto mężów walecznych, których dzieła są naszą i potomków naszych drogą spuścizną, i których sława jest częścią sławy narodowćj — nie- powinny też być obojętne. Maluje się w nich jak naj wyraźniej obraz wieków zeszłych, a bohaterskie dzieła ich, poświęcanie się dla ojczyzny, oraz rozliczne cnoty służyć będą za wskazówkę i naukę najodleglejszym naw7et pokoleniom. Nieszczędziłem przetoż kosztów^, żeby dzieło to po żyteczne i co do powierzchowności wewnętrznej war tości swój godnie odpowiedzieć mogło: obok ozdobnego druku dodałem drzeworyty herbów, jakie się w pier wotnym rękopisie Samuela Brodowskiego narysowane znajdowały, oraz wizerunki niektórych hetmanów po dług oryginalnych ówczesnych obrazów familijnych, wiernie i starannie przez słynnych za granicą rytowni ków wykonane. www.cbw.plCBW Za miły obowiązek poczytuję sobie objawić w tein miejscu publicznie mą wdzięczność JW. Hr. Leonowi Rzeiouskiemu za łaskawe udzielenie pierwotnego rę kopisu Brodowskiego, oraz za dostarczenie trzech ry- towanych wizerunków hetmanów: Stanisława, W a cława i Seweryna Rzewuskich 5 JO. Ks. Jerzemu Lubomirskiemu za dostarczenie dwóch rytowanych wizerunków Hieronima i Jerzego Ks. Lubomirskich; JO. Ks. Romanowi Sanguszce za dostarczenie ryto- wanego wizerunku llomana Ks.