Childhood Memories

Part One: Toys & Stories

History | Health | Happiness Let’s Reminisce: Our Childhoods Every single one of us has unique and special memories of our formative childhood years. This booklet will help remind us of this magical time of adventure, exploration and fun. We will look at Toys, Comic Books, Nursery Rhymes and Schools across generations, because it’s interesting to share and compare our childhood experiences with that of others. You will find a mixture of puzzles throughout the booklet for a bit of fun but also as an opportunity to reflect on the memories that were important to you. We would also love to hear about your own childhood experiences and ask that you email [email protected] with anything you might like to share.

Childhood Our own childhood experiences are shaped by factors such as location, education, expectation, responsibility and conflict. For example, the experiences of Roman children were very different from the children born today. Throughout history our experiences of childhood have been shaped by various influences, in classrooms, factory floors, mines, family homes, orphanages, battlefields, in front of television sets and so on. Over the last 200 years we have seen significant transformations that have taken place surrounding children’s lives, in the ways they are thought about, and how they are treated. For example, a hundred years ago, a twelve-year-old working in a factory in Britain would have been perfectly acceptable. Now, it would cause social services' intervention, causing both the parents and factory owner to face charges of exploitation and neglect. With this in mind you might want to reflect upon the similarities and differences between your childhood and that of your parents, or grandparents. As you make your way through the activities and information in this booklet, feel free to jot down your thoughts on the pages. First of all, let’s look at Toys…

Toys Quiz Before we look at the history of toys why not have a go at numbering these

popular historical toys in order of invention, starting with the oldest toy.

(1970s). Uno 8. (1960s), Sketch A Etch 7. , (1950s) Playdoh 6. , (1940s) Slinky 5. , Century) (19

th

Kaleidoscope 4. , Century) (14 cup & Ball 3. , BC) (500 Yoyo 2. , BC) (1000 Hooping 1. Answers: th History of Toys The word ‘toy’ dates from the 16th century. At that time, it was applied to objects such as buttons and buckles, as well as playthings. Many toys as we know them today were likely to have originated as playthings and amusements for adults. Children have always played with toys, whether they were born 2,000 years ago or last week. But the toys themselves have evolved over the centuries in the way the look and what they’re made from. Among the earliest known toys are small stone and clay balls or marbles. Such marbles were found in a child’s grave in Nagada, Egypt and date from 4000 BC. The earliest known toy in Britain is about 2000 years old and was found near Stonehenge. It seems to be a carving of an animal, but nobody knows what kind of animal it is. By medieval times, there were a various wooden toys available to Britons, including dolls, yo-yos, cup and ball toys and tops. The 18th and 19th Centuries saw the invention of hobbyhorses, stick horses, kites and puzzles and the production of more dolls. Technological advances meant that printing on paper became widespread and jigsaw puzzles started to be produced. Puzzles were educational tools, often featuring historic figures such as Kings and Queens of England. The 1820s - 1890s saw the production of dominoes, playing cards, counters and spinning tops. Toy trains also appeared, as the rail networks began to develop and expand across Britain and educational toys, such as abacuses, were produced due to changes in education policies. By the end of the 1890s the industrial revolution was in full swing, which meant that toys could now be mass-produced and more readily available. This eventually led to the production of more elaborate toys in the 20th century. Let’s have a look at some popular toys through the decades…

2013.22: Rocking Horse from Denaby Clinic (1950-1955) For centuries, horses were a vital part of life, crucial to transportation, hunting and sport. The earliest rocking horses served as a safe way for children to learn riding skills, balance and build confidence, without the danger of being thrown off an actual horse. 16th century models were very basic, looking more like cradles than a horse. It wasn't until the 18th century that the rocking horse took on its modern form. By the mid- to late-19th century, mass production made the rocking horse more accessible to middle class families, and the toy enjoyed a golden age of popularity through to the 20th century. Did you have a rocking horse? What did it look like? Did it have a name?

Dolls It very likely that dolls have been around since the first century but were made from fragile, natural materials and, therefore, were less likely to survive long enough for archaeologists to find. Ancient Egyptian children, for example, made dolls from scraps of rags and papyrus. Many of the earliest- known dolls recorded were made of other natural materials such as wood, stone and pottery. Rag dolls, made from spare scraps of cloth material, have been popular 2014.29 for centuries - the earliest dating back to Roman times. When the industrial revolution began in the 2019.57b 18th century, new materials such as porcelain became available and dolls began to be mass-produced. During the 20th century store- bought dolls became more accessible to children in Britain. At this point, many dolls were being made of plastic and more other materials, causing many children to push aside their old rag dolls in favour of dolls made of exciting, new modern materials. The rag doll enjoyed a brief comeback during the 1970s, when Holly Hobbie, appeared on the shelves. 2013.13.1 - Sindy doll in Swimming Costume (1960- 1970) Sindy is a British fashion doll created by Pedigree Dolls & Toys in 1963. A rival to Barbie, Sindy's wholesome look and fashion sense made her the best-selling toy in the United Kingdom in 1968 - 1970.

Do you remember playing with dolls? What materials were they made out of? Did they have lots of outfits? Did they live in a house, or a pram, a cot or a backpack? ______

Cut-Out Dolls and Paper Airplanes During World War Two, toy making came to a standstill as the factories and materials needed to used to make weapons instead. Cheaper toys were made from card or paper such as cut out paper dolls and paper airplanes. Marianne and Betty Sue Paper dolls were also popular in the United States. These paper dolls are from a 1943 American paper doll set called Boarding School.

Feel free to cut out and dress up these dolls. You might need to stick them onto some card to keep them upright - Cardboard from a cereal box would do! If you don’t fancy cutting out paper dolls, why not try your hand at making and paper planes! Or if you have time, why not try both?

Building Kits Engineering and vehicle making kits were originally designed for children to be both fun and educational. They involve constructing buildings and/or vehicles at a smaller scale. These kits became very popular through the 1950s and still prove popular in their modern forms today.

2017.31 Meccano Construction Set (1970-1980) In 1901, Frank Hornby invented the toy construction system ‘Meccano’ to teach his children the basics of mechanics. The model making kits contained metal strips, wheels, nuts and bolts to create a vast range of models such as motor vehicles and iconic landmarks. Meccano continues to make toys for children today. This particular set was made in the 1970s. 2011.2.3 LEGO ‘experts’ guide (1976) While the invention of the interlocking LEGO brick occurred in 1950s, LEGO sets as we know them today weren’t widely available in Britain until 1964. The DUPLO series was introduced for younger children in 1969. 2011.2.2 LEGO Do you remember playing with Meccano or Lego? Perhaps you enjoyed other forms of model making. Did you build any planes, boats or cars? Write your thoughts below… ______

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______Teddy Bears Animals have long been an inspiration for toy makers and in early 20th century a new toy bear was produced by German maker Steiff. The bear had jointed arms and legs, and thanks to the American President Theodore ‘Teddy’ Roosevelt, the toy was given the name ‘Teddy’. This was inspired by an American cartoon which told the story of how the President had refused to shoot a baby bear while on a hunting expedition. ‘Teddy Bears’ were soon produced as toys in America, Germany and rest of Europe. The name became synonymous with toy bears worldwide. 2014.30.2 Teddy This teddy bear was gifted to a one-year-old girl from Woodlands, Doncaster in 1927. The shoes were knitted by a neighbour to protect the bears feet as the little girl would drag it across the floor by its ear! Teddies prove to be very popular amongst children and adults today. Did you have a favourite teddy when you were little?

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______Paddington Bear One of the most famous bears is of course Paddington Bear. He first appeared on 13 October 1958 in the children's book, A Bear Called Paddington, and has been featured in more than twenty books written by British author Michael Bond. It may surprise you that this friendly bear from ‘darkest Peru’ has a very close connection to Doncaster! Do you know what this connection might be?

Who is Paddington Bear? Paddington was effectively born in 1956, when BBC cameraman Michael Bond bought a small toy bear, left alone on the shelves of a Selfridges store, for his wife. The purchase inspired the author to write several stories detailing the bear's life, a character he named Paddington after the train station close to his home. In 1958, the first stories were published. ‘A Delightful Little Bear Called Paddington’ One day a lady called Shirley Clarkson decided she wanted to design and craft a Paddington teddy bear for her children. Having recently read and loved Michael Bond's book about a 'delightful little bear called Paddington', illustrated by Peggy Fortnum, she knew it be a hit! She had already made a success out of her craft business, Gabrielle Designs, selling various popular crafts from her home in Doncaster, and soon got to work on the bear, studying Peggy Fortnum’s illustrations as she created a prototype that she would gift to her children Joanna and Jeremy as a Christmas present in 1971. Yes, that little boy is the very same Jeremy Clarkson that would grow up to become the famous British TV presenter and motoring enthusiast we know today! Michael Bond was very taken by the bear, and gave Gabrielle Designs the contract to make Paddington. This led to the formation of a factory, right here in Doncaster, and the only one to produce Paddington bears in the country. It eventually became known as the Bear Garden. During 1978, the factory sold 87,000 bears to the public, who fell in love with the curious and polite little bear. The firm produced Paddingtons of several designs until 1998, when sadly it was forced to close. The handmade bears from Gabrielle Designs’ early years are now popular collectors’ items today. Marmalade Thumbprint Biscuits Paddington bear was known for his old hat, his battered suitcase and his duffel coat but, most importantly, he was known for his love of marmalade! If you love marmalade too, why not have a go at making some Marmalade Thumbprint Biscuits inspired by our, much loved, Paddington Bear! If not, you can substitute the marmalade with your favourite jam instead.

Estimated prep time: 10 minutes Cooking time: 15 minutes Total Time: 25 minutes

Ingredients • 227g softened butter • 100g sugar (brown sugar is best) • 1 egg • 3/4 tsp salt • 2 tsp of vanilla extract • 280g plain flour • A sprinkling of granulated sugar  orange marmalade

Instructions

1. Preheat oven at 180˚ C/160˚ C fan/gas mark 4. Line a baking tray with parchment paper and set aside. 2. Cream together butter and sugar. Butter should be soft and at room temperature. 3. Beat in everything except for flour. Once the ingredients are well-mixed then slowly add in flour until mixed and the dough begins to form a ball. 4. Roll into small balls, about 1 inch in size. Roll in granulated sugar, then place on the lined baking tray and press down in the middle of the ball with your thumb causing an indentation. Spoon a small amount of marmalade or jam into the indentation. 5. Bake for 10-15 minutes or until the biscuits are set but not brown. Remove carefully to a wire rack and allow to cool completely before eating.

Do have any recipes for marmalade treats that Paddington would just love? Send us pictures of your Marmalade Thumbprint Biscuits and other marmalade treats, along with your name, to [email protected]. Children’s Stories Adults have entertained children with stories, fables, folk and fairy tales since the beginning of time. Stories would be passed orally from generation to generation but few were actually written down for children until the 16th century and even then, there is little difference between books for adults and those for children. The modern children’s story book, as we know it, was born in the 18th and 19th centuries and became popular when books became cheaper to produce! At this time, the middle-class were beginning to look at childhood as something precious and worth nurturing and protecting. Prior to this you could say that children were ‘little adults’. Children were expected to contribute to society as soon as they could walk!

Nursery Rhymes The earliest rhymes are thought to have originated in the 14th Century. By the 1740s, a few London publishers began to produce books aimed at educating and entertaining children. This lead to the publication of the very first collection of English nursery rhymes in 1744. Tommy Thumb's Song Book and a sequel, Tommy Thumb's Pretty Song Book, were published by a Mary Cooper. The sequel contained forty nursery rhymes, some of which are still popular today. Do you recognise any of them?  Baa Baa Black Sheep  Ladybird Ladybird  Little Robin Redbreast  Girls and Boys Come Out to Play  Hickory Dickory Dock  Mary Mary Quite Contrary  Oranges and Lemons  Little Tommy Tucker  London Bridge is Falling Down  There Was an Old Woman Who Lived Under a Hill

How well do you know your Nursery Rhymes? Why don’t you have a go at the Rhymes Quiz on the next page… Nursery Rhyme Quiz

1. Baa, baa, black ______. Have you any wool?

2. Goosey Goosey Gander, where shall I ______? Upstairs and ______and in my lady’s chamber.

3. Jack and Jill went up the ______to fetch a pail of ______.

4. Mary, Mary, quite contrary. How does your ______grow?

5. Here we go round the ______bush. So early in the morning.

6. London bridge is ______. My ______lady.

7. Ring around the ______, a pocketful of full of ______.

8. Three ______mice, three ______mice. See how they ______.

9. Rock-a-bye baby on the ______. When the wind blows the ______will rock.

10. Georgie Porgie pudding and ______, kissed the girls and made them ______.

Find the full rhymes on the next few pages! The Sinister Origins of 10 Childhood Nursery Rhymes It might surprise you that many of the nursery rhymes we all grew up singing have very sinister origins. Some of them talk of plagues, human sacrifice, and burning at the stake. Not usually the subjects you would talk to a young child about, yet these nursery rhymes still prove popular today.

1. BAA, BAA, BLACK SHEEP (1731) Baa baa black sheep, Have you any wool? Yes sir, yes sir, Three bags full. One for the Master, One for the Dame, And one for the little boy Who lives down the lane

It is thought that ‘Baa, Baa, Black Sheep’ is about the Great Custom, a tax on wool that was introduced in 1275. While this rhyme might seem innocent, it actually dates back to feudal England when King Edward I imposed a harsh wool tax on the farmers. One-third of the wool was taken for the king or ‘the Master’, one-third for the Church or ‘the Dame’, and one-third for the farmers. It may surprise you that older versions of this rhyme ended with ‘But none for the little boy / Who cries down the lane,’ explaining to us how very little was left for the farmers.

2. GOOSEY GOOSEY GANDER (1784) Goosey, goosey, gander, Whither dost thou wander? Upstairs and downstairs And in my lady's chamber. There I met an old man Who wouldn't say his prayers; I took him by the left leg, And threw him down the stairs

After England turned Protestant following King Henry VIII's creation of the Anglican Church, there were many Catholic priests who refused to follow the Protestant faith. To avoid punishment, the priests set up small rooms in their homes, called ‘priest's holes’, to pray in. If they were found praying in Latin, they would be ‘thrown down the stairs,’ or rather, they would be put to death.

3. JACK AND JILL (1765) Jack and Jill went up the hill, To fetch a pail of water. Jack fell down and broke his crown; And Jill came tumbling after.

Up Jack got, and home did trot, As fast as he could caper, To old Dame Dob, who patched his nob With vinegar and brown paper.

One of the most common theories surrounding the story’s origin is that Jack and Jill are actually France’s Louis XVI and his wife, Marie Antoinette, who were convicted of treason during the French Revolution and beheaded. ‘Jack’ or Louis XVI, lost his ‘crown,’ i.e. his throne and his head. And ‘Jill’, or Marie Antoinette's head soon came tumbling after. Unfortunately, these events took place nearly 30 years after ‘Jack and Jill’ was first written. It’s more likely an account of King Charles I’s attempt to reform the tax on liquid measures. When Parliament rejected his suggestion, he made sure that the volume was reduced on half and quarter-pints, which were known as jacks and gills.

4. MARY, MARY, QUITE CONTRARY (1744) Mary, Mary, quite contrary How does your garden grow? With silver bells and cockleshells And pretty maids all in a row.

The rhyme is about Mary I (aka bloody Mary), daughter of Henry VIII and his first wife, Katherine of Aragon. When Henry wanted to marry Anne Boleyn, he petitioned the Catholic Church for a divorce. The Church refused, so he isolated himself from them, and created the Anglican Church. Soon England found itself divided between the Catholic and Protestant faiths. When Mary came to the throne she wanted to convert England back to Catholicism again, going ‘contrary’ to the wishes of the English people. Her short reign (1553 to 1558) was thus marked by the slaughter of thousands of Protestants. The ‘silver bells’ and ‘cockleshells’ were torture devices in her time, and the ‘pretty maids all in a row’ represent the many women burnt at the stake for being Protestant.

5. HERE WE GO ROUND THE MULBERRY BUSH (1840) Here we go round the mulberry bush, The mulberry bush, The mulberry bush. Here we go round the mulberry bush So early in the morning.

We all sung this as kids in school, not really knowing who was going around the mulberry bush. According to historian R. S. Duncan, a former governor of England’s Wakefield Prison, the song originated with that 420-year-old institution’s female prisoners, who were exercised around a mulberry tree. Which is probably not your six-year-old self-imagined when enacting this in the school playground!

6. LONDON BRIDGE IS FALLING DOWN (1744) London Bridge is falling down, Falling down, falling down. London Bridge is falling down, My fair lady. Set a man to watch all night, Watch all night, watch all night, Set a man to watch all night, My fair lady. Suppose the man should fall asleep, Fall asleep, fall asleep, Suppose the man should fall asleep? My fair lady.

There are several theories behind the origin of this rhyme, but the most disturbing is the theory of human sacrifice. It was once believed that a bridge would collapse unless a human sacrifice was buried at the foundations. The practice is called immurement, which is the ‘practice of entombing someone within a structure, where they slowly die from lack of food and water.’ 7. RING AROUND THE ROSIE (1881) Ring around the rosie A pocketful of posies Ashes, ashes We all fall down!

This rhyme is maybe the most infamous. Though its lyrics and title have gone through some changes, the most popular theory is that rhyme refers to the 1665 Great Plague of London. The ‘rosie’, from the rhyme, is the rash that covered the ones who contracted the disease and the ‘pocket full of posies’ was used to cover up the bad smell! The plague killed 15 percent of the country’s population. The last line reads, ‘Ashes! Ashes! We all fall down’, which refers to the cremation of the deceased.

8. THREE BLIND MICE (1805) Three blind mice, three blind mice, See how they run, see how they run, They all ran after the farmer's wife, Who cut off their tails with a carving knife, Did you ever see such a thing in your life, As three blind mice?

This is another rhyme about Mary I's reign. The three mice are believed to be the three Protestant bishops who conspired to overthrow Mary; Hugh Latimer, Nicholas Radley, and the Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Cranmer. When they were found out they were burned at the stake for treason and heresy. It was mistakenly believed that she also blinded and dismembered them as the poem suggests, whilst some scholars have reasoned that the blindness could refer to the religious beliefs of the men. 9. ROCK-A-BYE BABY (1765) Rock-a-bye baby, on the treetops, When the wind blows, the cradle will rock, When the bough breaks, the cradle will fall, And down will come baby, cradle and all.

One interpretation of this famous lullaby is that it is about the son of King James II of England and Mary of Modena. It is widely believed that the boy was not their son at all, but a child who was brought into the birthing room and passed off as their own in order to ensure a Roman Catholic heir to the throne.

10. GEORGIE PORGIE PUDDING AND PIE (Mid-19th Century). Georgie Porgie pudding and pie, Kissed the girls and made them cry When the boys came out to play, Georgie Porgie ran away.

Georgie Porgie refers to English courtier George Villiers, Duke of Buckingham, who was rumoured to be King James I's lover. While there is no proof of a sexual relationship, it is evident that George was very close to King James. Within a couple of years of their meeting, George was given titles and riches. George was considered a good looking man too, who loved women. Apparently he earned the wrath of several husbands whose wives he had his wicked way with. Understandably, the girls cried, and Georgie Porgie ran away when the ‘boys came out to play.’ Comic Books For many of us, comic books were an important part of our childhoods and one of the few major ways to be entertained before children’s Television became firmly established and widely accessible. British comics are thought to have evolved from the Victorian ‘Penny Dreadful’, first published in the 1830s. Mass-produced, the publications were a cheap and accessible way to entertain young, working class, men. They told sensational stories of adventure, from pirates and highwaymen, to crime and detection. The booklets typically only had 8 pages and replaced text-based stories with picture-based stories, which were less challenging for semi-literate readers. As public education improved, working-class became more literate and the comic became increasingly seen as childish. The publications were, therefore, marketed exclusively towards children by the mid-20th century. The two most popular publications we associate with British comics today are The Beano and The Dandy, which were released by DC Thomson in the 1930s and became widely popular in the 1950s and 60s. There have been hundreds of comics in the UK over the years, including:

 2000 AD  Knockout  Bunty  Mandy  Buster  Tiger  Cor!!  Valiant  The Eagle  Viz  Jackpot  Warrior  Jack and Jill  Wham!

Did you read any comics when you were growing up?

Do you remember any of the characters from these comics? Why not have a go at the quiz on the two next pages! Heroes from Our Childhoods (1950 – 1990) Do you recognise any of these characters? Draw a line from the image to the description that best matches it.

He-Man originated as an action figure, but soon featured in a popular series of comic books and in a television series by 1983. He-Man is characterised by his superhuman strength.

Billy Whizz is a character featured in the British comic The Beano, first appearing in 1964. Billy is characterised by his ability to run extraordinarily fast. His speed often causes chaos but his ability can be very useful too.

Roy Race is the main character from comic strip, Roy of the Rovers, first published in the British children’s comic Tiger, 1954. Roy is a fictional footballer, and later a manager, for Melchester Rovers.

Tintin first appeared in English in the weekly British children's comic Eagle in 1951 with the story King Ottokar's Sceptre. Tintin is a courageous young Belgian reporter and adventurer.

Lady Penelope is a character from the British TV programme Thunderbirds, which began its first run on ITV in 1965. It was later adapted for radio and a series of comics was also published. Penelope is a secret agent, skilled skier and linguist. Buffalo Bill is a character based on a real-life American soldier, bison hunter and showman. The comic character appeared in the Buffalo Bill Wild West Annuals, published by TV Boardman, just before Christmas, every year from 1949 to 1961.

Captain Scarlet is the main character in British science-fiction television series Captain Scarlet and the Mysterons, first broadcast in 1967. He is a Spectrum agent who acquires the self- healing power of retro-metabolism and is thus rendered ‘indestructible’, being able to recover from otherwise fatal injuries.

Dan Dare first appeared in English in the weekly British children's comic Eagle in 1950 He is chief pilot of the Interplanet Space Fleet. An exceptional pilot, he can pull off incredible stunts, and is extraordinarily lucky. He excels at jujutsu, but he often finds non-violent solutions to predicaments.

Emma Peel is in the British 1960s adventure television series The Avengers. Peel is a heroine; she is rarely defeated in fights and is capable of rescuing her partner John Steed if he is in trouble. She is a master of martial arts and a formidable fencer. A certified genius, she specialises in chemistry and other sciences

Batman is a well known American-born hero. Reprints of his adventures can be found in British publications from the 1950s onwards. Smash! was the first British comic to feature him. He is first-class martial artist, and his vast wealth affords him an extraordinary arsenal of weaponry and equipment. Do you have a favourite character from children’s comic books or cinema? ______

Perhaps they have special abilities or magical powers like Billy and his magical boots…

2019.48 Are they a hero or a villain? Or perhaps they’re a lovable rogue like Dennis the Menace and his companion Gnasher! ______

2019.7.1 2019.81.1 Or are they based on real-life people like Buffalo Bill? ______

See more comics on the next few pages. Star the comics you remember reading when you were growing up and write down any thoughts you might have. 2019.49 ______2019.50

______collection item collection - Non

______2013.7.12 ______Non-collection item ______collection item collection - Non

______2019.81.3 ______Real-life Heroes from History Do you recognise any of the faces below? Match each face to their description.

1 2 3 4

5

6 7 8

12 10 9 11

A) A social rights activist, politician and philanthropist. Became South Africa’s first black president from 1994 to 1999.

B) A famous scientist, awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics 1921. He did not speak until the age of three and was known for being very forgetful!

C) German-born, diarist who called her diary Kitty. The diary, written between 1942-1944, remains one of the most widely read books today.

D) Of mixed race, this person faced unfairness and discrimination when they tried to volunteer as a nurse during the Crimean War (1854-56).

E) The youngest person (at the time) to be awarded the noble peace prize and is the only non-president to have a national holiday in his name.

F) This person began as a social activist in 1893, in South Africa. He was nominated for the Nobel Peace prize 4 times during his lifetime but was sadly never awarded one. G) A legendary engineer, sculptor, painter and vegetarian! Considered the most talented person that ever lived. A compassionate person, he would buy caged animals to set them free!

H) Born in Albania, and studied in Ireland. This person is famous for helping the poor, the starving and other unfortunate people.

I) A polish-born physicist. They were turned away from the University of Warsaw and were forced to find an alternative education. Awarded the Nobel Prize in 1903 and another in 1911.

J) A famous British scientist and mathematician. It is said that he was inspired to research gravity when an apple fell on his head.

K) Born into poverty in 1915, this American-born artist, entertainer and reality TV star once auditioned to become a dancer. She later became hugely influential in jazz music.

L) A leading birth control activist and feminist. She wanted to become a Doctor but couldn’t

afford the fees so she became a nurse instead.

Margaret Sanger. Sanger. Margaret – L9 Holliday, Billie – K8 Newton, Isaac – J12 Curie, Marie – I11 Teresa,

Mother Mother – H7 Vinci, da Leonardo – G5 Gandhi, Mahatma - F10 Jr., King Luther Martin – E6

, , Seacole Mary – D2 Frank, Anne – C4 Einstein, Albert – B1 , Mandela Nelson – A3 Answers: Who are your real-life heroes? This could be a parent, a teacher, a famous person, a close friend. Write your thoughts below...