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The European Union, Immigration and Inequality: “Albanian” Labor in the Political Economy of Rural Greece

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The European Union, Immigration and Inequality: “Albanian” Labor in the Political Economy of Rural Greece City University of New York (CUNY) CUNY Academic Works All Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects 2005 The European Union, Immigration and Inequality: “Albanian” Labor in the Political Economy of Rural Greece Christopher M. Lawrence Graduate Center, City University of New York How does access to this work benefit ou?y Let us know! More information about this work at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu/gc_etds/1753 Discover additional works at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu This work is made publicly available by the City University of New York (CUNY). Contact: [email protected] NOTE TO USERS This reproduction is the best copy available. ® UMI Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. THE EUROPEAN UNION, IMMIGRATION AND INEQUALITY: “ALBANIAN” LABOR IN THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF RURAL GREECE by CHRISTOPHER M. LAWRENCE A dissertation submitted to the Graduate Faculty in Anthropology in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, The City University of New York 2005 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. UMI Number: 3169948 Copyright 2005 by Lawrence, Christopher M. All rights reserved. INFORMATION TO USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleed-through, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. ® UMI UMI Microform 3169948 Copyright 2005 by ProQuest Information and Learning Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest Information and Learning Company 300 North Zeeb Road P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ©2005 CHRISTOPHER M. LAWRENCE All Rights Reserved Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. This manuscript has been read and accepted for the Graduate Faculty in Anthropology satisfaction for the dissertation requirement for the degree of doctor of Philosophy. [signature] Chair of Examining Committee [signature] Executive Officer Dr. Michael Blim Dr. Jane Schneider Dr. Gerald Sider Supervisory Committee Dr. Gavin A. Smith Outside reader THE CITY UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Abstract THE EUROPEAN UNION, IMMIGRATION AND INEQUALITY: “ALBANIAN” LABOR IN THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF RURAL GREECE By Christopher M. Lawrence Advisor: Professor Gerald Sider Many early studies of globalization hypothesized a withering away of thee nation­ state as a significant arena for the production of identity and social regulation. From this perspective the persistence of nationalism and resurgence of neo-racism in Europe have often been seen as a futile rear-guard defense by downwardly mobile classes or class fractions. More recent studies have suggested that rather than fading away, the nation and state have been undergoing a process of re-articulation. However, exactly how the nation and state are being re-articulated, and the implications of this process for our understanding of nationalism and national identity formation, are still unclear. Drawing on ethnographic data gathered from fieldwork in rural Greece during 2002-2004,1 argue that the resurgence of ethnic nationalism has been instrumental to the incorporation of rural Greek communities into the globalized political economy of the European Union and its particular type of neoliberal political system. Greek farmers today are almost totally dependent on immigrant labor from Albania and other Eastern European countries. The presence of immigrants resolves a fundamental contradiction in the political economy of the E.U., namely the labor crisis created by social and economic liberalization. Racism and nationalism have become, paradoxically, fundamental elements of neoliberal govemmentality and crucial techniques in the production of social Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. elements of neoliberal govemmentality and crucial techniques in the production of social relations of production and consumption. In contrast with earlier eras, the complex of racial, ethnic and national identities are being produced through a novel arrangement of nation and state. As institutions that focus and shape national identities, such as the mass media, have been largely privatized, the nation has come to be perceived as “against” the state. The resistance of the nation against the state appears on the one hand to absorb the opposition to the neoliberal project of the state while at the same time subsidizing and facilitating its implementation. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. PREFACE My research seeks to document and explain the relationship between new forms of neo-liberal capitalism and racism by an investigation into the production of social inequality in several rural communities in Greece that have begun to feel the direct impact of global capitalism relatively recently. Research was conducted mainly in Midea township in the Argolida region of the Peloponnesos, the southernmost part of the Greek mainland. Initial fieldwork was begun in the summer of 2000 when, thanks to a Summer Travel Fellowship from the City University of New York Graduate Center I was able to spend six weeks in the area. Additional work was done in the summers of 2001 and 2002. In 2003 I was able to spend eight months (January through August) in Midea township thanks to a dissertation research grant from the National Science Foundation. Finally, I spent four months in the area during the spring and summer o f2004, thanks to a sabbatical from the New York City Department of Education which allowed me to fill in the gaps from my previous research and begin writing my dissertation. My fieldwork involved several different methods of ethnographic research. In my research I focused on qualitative data. I conducted interviews with over 80 households in three villages of Midea township. Households were selected both at random and through “snowballing”. Although I interviewed over 20 immigrants in the area, the bulk of my research focused on the experiences and perceptions of local Greeks. The households in my sample covered the range of occupational and generational characteristics of households in the area. I found that data from this initial survey was only of limited value for my purposes. During cross-checking and verification I realized that for many of the issues that I was interested in researching I was not able to get reliable data due to the Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. sensitivity of the subjects and the reluctance of informants to “open up” to an unknown interviewer. However, these interviews were valuable in that they provided me with an introduction to the community and allowed me to establish relations with a group of households that proved very useful for my research. Out of these 80 households I selected 20 with whom I conducted more in depth and unstructured interviews. These interviews provide the bulk of my interview data. In addition I carried out participant observation. By living and working in the community I was able to establish social relationships with various residents and thereby gain a better understanding of the ways in which residents perceive, negotiate and resist the changing political, economic and social environment of the villages. I worked alongside residents and immigrants in the citrus harvest, accompanied shepherds in their daily tasks, hung out in the cafes and tavernas, attended community meetings and social events and observed daily family life in the villages. In short, I felt that I was able to become part of the community, if only for a brief period of time. While I do not claim in this dissertation to represent the perspective of the villagers, a task that is anyway impossible given the diversity and divisions among them, I believe that participating and observing the community on such an intimate basis gave me insights and taught me lessons available to few other “outsiders”. There are many people who gave me assistance and encouragement during this project. First and foremost, I am extremely grateful for the help and comradeship of Dr. Gerald Sider. As my advisor and mentor, his unflagging enthusiasm and confidence sustained me through many periods of frustration and uncertainty. His insight and nuanced critiques of successive drafts provoked me to re-examine many of my assumptions and helped me to organize and present this work in a more coherent manner. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. I am also indebted to Dr. Jane Schneider and Dr. Michael Blim, who both gave generously
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