Analyse Socioéconomique Du «Phénomène De Don En Retour»: Les Footballeurs Africains En Europe Et L’Aide À Leurs Communautés D’Origine
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THÈSE Pour obtenir le grade de DOCTEUR DE LA COMMUNAUTÉ UNIVERSITÉ GRENOBLE ALPES Spécialité: CIA-Ingénierie de la Cognition, de l'interaction, de l'Apprentissage et de la création. Arrêté ministériel: 25 Mai 2016 Présentée par Ernest Yeboah ACHEAMPONG Thèse dirigée par Michel RASPAUD (EDISCE), UJF, et codirigée par Malek BOUHAOUALA préparée au sein du Laboratoire Sport et Environnement Social dans l'École Doctorale Ingénierie pour la Santé, la Cognition et l'Environnement. Analyse socioéconomique du «phénomène de don en retour»: Les footballeurs africains en Europe et l’aide à leurs communautés d’origine. Thèse soutenue publiquement le 2 Juin 2017, devant le jury composé de: Monsieur Claude SOBRY, Président de jury Professeur des universités, Université Lille 2, Rapporteur Monsieur Pierre LANFRANCHI Professeur des universités, De Montfort University, Rapporteur Monsieur Michel RASPAUD (EDISCE) Professor, Université Grenoble Alpes/UFR APS-SENS, Directeur de thèse Monsieur Malek BOUHAOUALA Maître de conférences, Université Grenoble Alpes/ UFRAPS-SENS, Co- Directeur de thèse Monsieur James ESSON Professeur assistant, Loughborough University, Examinateur Monsieur Stanislas FRENKIEL Maître de conférences, Université d'Artois, Examinateur UNIVERSITÉ GRENOBLE ALPES THESIS For obtaining the grade of DOCTORATE OF THE COMMUNITY UNIVERSITY GRENOBLE ALPES Speciality: CIA. Ingénierie de la Cognition, de l'interaction, de l'Apprentissage et de la création. Ministerial order: 25th May 2016 Presented by Ernest Yeboah ACHEAMPONG Thesis directed by Michel RASPAUD and co-director Malek BOUHAOUALA Prepared within the Laboratory of Sport and Social Environment in the Doctoral School of Engineering for Health, Cognition and Environment. Socioeconomic analysis of ‘Give Back Phenomenon’: African footballers in Europe and their assistance to the communities of origin. Thesis defended publicly on 2nd June 2017, before the jury composed of: Monsieur Claude SOBRY, President of the jury Professeur des universités, Université Lille 2, Evaluator Monsieur Pierre LANFRANCHI Professeur des universités, De Montfort University, Evaluator Monsieur Michel RASPAUD (EDISCE) Professor, Université Grenoble Alpes/UFR APS-SENS, Thesis Director Monsieur Malek BOUHAOUALA Maître de conférences, Université Grenoble Alpes/ UFRAPS-SENS, Co- Thesis Director Monsieur James ESSON Professeur assistant, Loughborough University, Examiner Monsieur Stanislas FRENKIEL Maître de conférences, Université d'Artois, Examiner Acknowledgements It has been a long journey for my continuous studies through to the completion of a PhD degree. Thanks to the Almighty God who has guided and protected me throughout my academic career up to this level. My educational journey started from Ghana particularly from the city of Kumasi and with determination, and hard work has gotten me this far not forgotten the supports of significant others along my path. Finally, obtaining a PhD in France, one of the world’s developed countries, developed in all aspects- socially, culturally and most importantly scientifically. The journey has been a great challenge. However, the journey would not have been possible without adequate support, encouragement and motivation from my family members, especially my parents and siblings and others. So, at first, I take the opportunity to thank and express my gratitude to them. I feel blessed that I got the opportunity to work with Prof. Michel RASPAUD (Université Grenoble Alpes/UFR APS-SENS Laboratory) and Dr Malek BOUHAOUALA (Université Grenoble Alpes/UFR APS-SENS Laboratory) under their supervision. I have no word to express my gratitude for all kinds of assistances rendered to me that nothing can repay them. Without their consistent scientific and moral supports, encouragements and motivations I would not have been able to finish my PhD. I especially thank them for their innovative and unique ideas and directions, and many discussions in solving different issues during the thesis project leading to producing a fantastic and unique piece of work. This research was supported with the help from the Institut Français at the French Embassy, Ghana for the training scholarship offered for 18months at the Université Grenoble Alpes, France. I wish to thank Arnaud DORNON, now the Head of Coopération at the French Embassy in Nigeria for his encouragement and motivation. Special thank goes to the Osei-Tutu’s family (Swiss), Marcel DESAILLY, ABEDI Pele, Anthony BAFFOE and other African professional footballers for their contributions to the subject. I also express my sincere thanks to all other members of the Campusfrance both in Ghana and France for their administrative support during my stay in Grenoble for the entire period of my studies. I would like to extend my greatest respect and gratitude to the Jury members for accepting the invitation to be present during the defense and evaluate the work. I am grateful to the referees: M. Pierre LANFRANCHI (ICSHC) and M. Claude SOBRY (FSSEP) for their careful reading, valuable comments and evaluation of the thesis. I have the honour to get M. James ESSON (Department of Geography, Loughborough) and Stanislas FRENKIEL (Université d'Artois) as examiners of the thesis. In this special moment, I would like to take the opportunity to thank and express my warmest gratitude to members of the SENS-Laboratory group for their cooperation and social integration that provided me with an enabling environment during the last three years. I would also like to thank the UF RAPS, SENS-Laboratory especially, the people in the administrative service for their voluntary assistance. It would be disgraceful if I do not mention about the hospitality and affection that Prof. Michel RASPAUD and Dr Malek BOUHAOUALA and their family members delivered upon my arrival in France. I sincerely appreciate and thankful for that, especially the delicious Algerian meals and mountaineering walking. Special appreciation goes to my backbone Yvonne Yaa, Ellis Akwaa-Sekyi, Fauna, Aikins, Chessman, and Joshua for their constant encouragement and support. During these three years, I came across many people but few of them made my stay really memorable in some or other ways. I would like to thank them. I want to thank my parents, Peter Yeboah Acheampong and Christiana Akwamu, my sisters Rosemond, Harriet, Vivian, Mavis, Joycelyn and my brother Prince. I am incredibly grateful for your support, my studies and professional career-I would not have been where I am today without you. I also apologise if I forgot to mention any person who helped me during the course of my work. Finally, I beg pardon for anything that may have inconvenient anybody during the last three years. Dated, 2nd June 2017. Ernest Yeboah ACHEAMPONG My favourite quote “To live is to choose. But to choose well, You must know who you are And what you stand for, Where you want to go and Why you want to get there” Kofi Annan (born in 1938) (Former UN Secretary General), Nobel Peace Prize in 2001; Confucius Peace Prize award in 2012. Summary GENERAL INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................... 1 i) Background ................................................................................................................................. 1 ii) The Give Back Phenomenon (GBP) ............................................................................................. 4 iii) Objectives ................................................................................................................................ 6 iv) Research questions ................................................................................................................... 7 v) Organisation of the thesis manuscript ........................................................................................... 8 CHAPTER 1: GENERAL CONTEXT .................................................................................................................. 10 1.1 THE EUROPEAN FOOBALL IS A SPECIFIC LABOUR MARKET: Incentives and Dynamics .............................................................................................................................................. 12 1.2 SITUATION AND EVOLUTION OF AFRICAN FOOTBALL ............................................. 18 1.3 GENERAL VIEWS ON THE CONCEPT OF MIGRATION .................................................. 23 1.4 AFRICAN MIGRATION: Description and Analysis .............................................................. 26 1.4.1 Transnationalism: General views and definitions ............................................................ 35 1.4.2 Mobility and the new market of football in Europe ......................................................... 43 1.5 DEFINITIONS OF FOOTBALLERS MIGRATION .............................................................. 46 1.6 MIGRATION OF AFRICAN FOOTBALL PLAYERS TO EUROPE .................................... 48 1.7 AFRICAN FOOTBALLERS WAGES IN EUROPEAN LEAGUES ...................................... 49 1.8 TYPOLOGIES OF FOOTBALL MIGRANTS ....................................................................... 52 CHAPTER 2: THEORETICAL MODEL .............................................................................................................. 59 2.1 A BRIEF ANALYSIS OF ECONOMIC SOCIOLOGY ............................................................... 59 2.1.1 CONCEPT OF SOCIAL RATIONALITY IN ECONOMIC SOCIOLOGY ........................... 61 2.2 CONTRIBUTIONS